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Reinhardt R, Leonard TA. A critical evaluation of protein kinase regulation by activation loop autophosphorylation. eLife 2023; 12:e88210. [PMID: 37470698 PMCID: PMC10359097 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of proteins is a ubiquitous mechanism of regulating their function, localization, or activity. Protein kinases, enzymes that use ATP to phosphorylate protein substrates are, therefore, powerful signal transducers in eukaryotic cells. The mechanism of phosphoryl-transfer is universally conserved among protein kinases, which necessitates the tight regulation of kinase activity for the orchestration of cellular processes with high spatial and temporal fidelity. In response to a stimulus, many kinases enhance their own activity by autophosphorylating a conserved amino acid in their activation loop, but precisely how this reaction is performed is controversial. Classically, kinases that autophosphorylate their activation loop are thought to perform the reaction in trans, mediated by transient dimerization of their kinase domains. However, motivated by the recently discovered regulation mechanism of activation loop cis-autophosphorylation by a kinase that is autoinhibited in trans, we here review the various mechanisms of autoregulation that have been proposed. We provide a framework for critically evaluating biochemical, kinetic, and structural evidence for protein kinase dimerization and autophosphorylation, and share some thoughts on the implications of these mechanisms within physiological signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Reinhardt
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical BiochemistryViennaAustria
| | - Thomas A Leonard
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical BiochemistryViennaAustria
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Tkacik E, Li K, Gonzalez-Del Pino G, Ha BH, Vinals J, Park E, Beyett TS, Eck MJ. Structure and RAF family kinase isoform selectivity of type II RAF inhibitors tovorafenib and naporafenib. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104634. [PMID: 36963492 PMCID: PMC10149214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon activation by RAS, RAF family kinases initiate signaling through the MAP kinase cascade to control cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Among RAF isoforms (ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF), oncogenic mutations are by far most frequent in BRAF. The BRAFV600E mutation drives more than half of all malignant melanoma and is also found in many other cancers. Selective inhibitors of BRAFV600E (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, encorafenib) are used clinically for these indications, but they are not effective inhibitors in the context of oncogenic RAS, which drives dimerization and activation of RAF, nor for malignancies driven by aberrantly dimerized truncation/fusion variants of BRAF. By contrast, a number of "type II" RAF inhibitors have been developed as potent inhibitors of RAF dimers. Here, we compare potency of type II inhibitors tovorafenib (TAK-580) and naporafenib (LHX254) in biochemical assays against the three RAF isoforms and describe crystal structures of both compounds in complex with BRAF. We find that tovorafenib and naporafenib are most potent against CRAF but markedly less potent against ARAF. Crystal structures of both compounds with BRAFV600E or WT BRAF reveal the details of their molecular interactions, including the expected type II-binding mode, with full occupancy of both subunits of the BRAF dimer. Our findings have important clinical ramifications. Type II RAF inhibitors are generally regarded as pan-RAF inhibitors, but our studies of these two agents, together with recent work with type II inhibitors belvarafenib and naporafenib, indicate that relative sparing of ARAF may be a property of multiple drugs of this class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Tkacik
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kunhua Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gonzalo Gonzalez-Del Pino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Byung Hak Ha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Javier Vinals
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler S Beyett
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J Eck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Wang MS, Wang ZZ, Li ZL, Gong Y, Duan CX, Cheng QH, Huang W, Yang GF. Discovery of Macrocycle-Based HPK1 Inhibitors for T-Cell-Based Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:611-626. [PMID: 36542759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a negative regulator of T-cell activation, and targeting HPK1 is considered a promising strategy for improving responses to antitumor immune therapies. The biggest challenge of HPK1 inhibitor design is to achieve a higher selectivity to GLK, an HPK1 homology protein as a positive regulator of T-cell activation. Herein, we report the design of a series of macrocycle-based HPK1 inhibitors via a conformational constraint strategy. The identified candidate compound 5i exhibited HPK1 inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.8 nM and 101.3-fold selectivity against GLK. Compound 5i also displayed good oral bioavailability (F = 27-49%) in mice and beagles and favorable metabolic stability (T1/2 > 186.4 min) in human liver microsomes. More importantly, compound 5i demonstrated a clear synergistic effect with anti-PD-1 in both MC38 (MSI) and CT26 (MSS) syngeneic tumor mouse models. These results showed that compound 5i has a great potential in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. of China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. of China
| | - Zi-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. of China
| | - Yi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. of China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. of China
| | - Qian-Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. of China
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Seo JW, Jo S, Jung YS, Mijan MA, Cha J, Hong S, Byun S, Lim TG. Rosa gallica and its active compound, cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, improve skin hydration via the GLK signaling pathway. Biofactors 2022; 49:415-427. [PMID: 36573713 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rosa gallica has been previously reported to display anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-skin wrinkle activities. However, the effect of Rosa gallica on skin hydration and its active components are largely unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the skin hydration effect of rose petal extract (RPE) in humans and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. A double-blinded clinical study was performed to investigate the effect of RPE on skin hydration. Stratum corneum moisture analysis demonstrated that RPE treatment significantly improved hydration levels in human skin. Furthermore, HAS2 and hyaluronic acid levels were notably increased by RPE in keratinocytes and 3D human skin equivalent model. By comparing the modulatory effect on HAS2 expression, cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside (CDG) was identified as the most potent compound in RPE likely responsible for skin hydration. The kinase activity of GLK, an upstream regulator of MAPK signaling, was increased by CDG in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, silencing GLK reversed CDG-mediated HAS2 upregulation, further supporting the involvement of GLK in the CDG-mediated effects. Binding of CDG to GLK was confirmed by pull-down assay and computer modeling. These findings suggest that RPE and its active component CDG increases skin hydration by upregulating HAS2 expression through modulating the GLK-MAP2K-MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongin Jo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mohammad-Al Mijan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joy Cha
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, NOVAWells Co., Ltd., Cheongju, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Zhu Q, Chen N, Tian X, Zhou Y, You Q, Xu X. Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 in Tumor Immunology: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8065-8090. [PMID: 35696642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), a hematopoietic cell-restricted member of the serine/threonine Ste20-related protein kinases, is a negative regulator of the T cell receptor, B cell receptor, and dendritic cells. Loss of HPK1 kinase function increases cytokine secretion and enhances T cell signaling, virus clearance, and tumor growth inhibition. Therefore, HPK1 is considered a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. Several HPK1 inhibitors have been reported to regulate T cell function. In addition, HPK1-targeting PROTACs, which can induce the degradation of HPK1, have also been developed. Here, we provide an overview of research concerning HPK1 protein structure, function, and inhibitors and propose perspectives and insights for the future development of agents targeting HPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangsheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Nannan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinjian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yeling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - QiDong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Malchow S, Korepanova A, Panchal SC, McClure RA, Longenecker KL, Qiu W, Zhao H, Cheng M, Guo J, Klinge KL, Trusk P, Pratt SD, Li T, Kurnick MD, Duan L, Shoemaker AR, Gopalakrishnan SM, Warder SE, Shotwell JB, Lai A, Sun C, Osuma AT, Pappano WN. The HPK1 Inhibitor A-745 Verifies the Potential of Modulating T Cell Kinase Signaling for Immunotherapy. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:556-566. [PMID: 35188729 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is an MAP4K family member within the Ste20-like serine/threonine branch of the kinome. HPK1 expression is limited to hematopoietic cells and has a predominant role as a negative regulator of T cell function. Because of the central/dominant role in negatively regulating T cell function, HPK1 has long been in the center of interest as a potential pharmacological target for immune therapy. The development of a small molecule HPK1 inhibitor remains challenging because of the need for high specificity relative to other kinases, including additional MAP4K family members, that are required for efficient immune cell activation. Here, we report the identification of the selective and potent HPK1 chemical probe, A-745. In unbiased cellular kinase-binding assays, A-745 demonstrates an excellent cellular selectivity binding profile within pharmacologically relevant concentrations. This HPK1 selectivity translates to an in vitro immune cell activation phenotype reminiscent of Hpk1-deficient and Hpk1-kinase-dead T cells, including augmented proliferation and cytokine production. The results from this work give a path forward for further developmental efforts to generate additional selective and potent small molecule HPK1 inhibitors with the pharmacological properties for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Malchow
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alla Korepanova
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Sanjay C. Panchal
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ryan A. McClure
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Wei Qiu
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Min Cheng
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kelly L. Klinge
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Patricia Trusk
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven D. Pratt
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Tao Li
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Matthew D. Kurnick
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lishu Duan
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alex R. Shoemaker
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Scott E. Warder
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - J. Brad Shotwell
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Albert Lai
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Augustine T. Osuma
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - William N. Pappano
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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7
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Kalogirou AS, East MP, Laitinen T, Torrice CD, Maffuid KA, Drewry DH, Koutentis PA, Johnson GL, Crona DJ, Asquith CRM. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 1,2,6-Thiadiazinone Kinase Inhibitors as Potent Inhibitors of Solid Tumors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195911. [PMID: 34641454 PMCID: PMC8513058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A focused series of substituted 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones was designed and synthesized to probe the anti-cancer properties of this scaffold. Insights from previous kinase inhibitor programs were used to carefully select several different substitution patterns. Compounds were tested on bladder, prostate, pancreatic, breast, chordoma, and lung cancer cell lines with an additional skin fibroblast cell line as a toxicity control. This resulted in the identification of several low single digit micro molar compounds with promising therapeutic windows, particularly for bladder and prostate cancer. A number of key structural features of the 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one scaffold are discussed that show promising scope for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S. Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (C.R.M.A.); Tel.: +357-22-559655 (A.S.K.); +1-919-491-3177 (C.R.M.A.)
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Chad D. Torrice
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Kaitlyn A. Maffuid
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel J. Crona
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher R. M. Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (C.R.M.A.); Tel.: +357-22-559655 (A.S.K.); +1-919-491-3177 (C.R.M.A.)
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Linney ID, Kaila N. Inhibitors of immuno-oncology target HPK1 - a patent review (2016 to 2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:893-910. [PMID: 33956554 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1924671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hematopoietic progenitor kinase (HPK1), a serine/threonine kinase, which is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor and B cell signaling. Studies using genetic disruption of HPK1 function show enhanced T-cell signaling, cytokine production, and in vivo tumor growth inhibition. This profile of enhanced immune response highlights small molecule inhibition of HPK1 as an attractive approach for the immunotherapy of cancer.Areas covered: This article summarizes the biological rationale for the inhibition of HPK1 as a potential adjunct to the current immuno-oncology (IO) therapies. The article primarily discloses the current state of development of HPK1 inhibitors.Expert Opinion: The rapid increase in the identification of small molecule inhibitors of HPK1 should translate into a fuller understanding of the role of HPK1 inhibition in the IO setting. This understanding will be of huge importance in determining whether HPK1 inhibition alone will be sufficient for tumor growth inhibition or if combination with current IO therapies will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Linney
- Medicinal Chemistry, Charles River, Chesterford Park Research Park, Saffron Walden, United Kingdom
| | - Neelu Kaila
- Medicinal Chemistry, Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Konstantinidou M, Boiarska Z, Butera R, Neochoritis CG, Kurpiewska K, Kalinowska‐Tłuscik J, Dömling A. Diaminoimidazopyrimidines: Access via the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé Reaction and Structural Data Mining. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markella Konstantinidou
- Department of Pharmacy Group of Drug Design University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Zlata Boiarska
- Department of Pharmacy Group of Drug Design University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Roberto Butera
- Department of Pharmacy Group of Drug Design University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
| | | | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University ul. Gronostajowa 2 30‐387 Krakow Poland
| | - Justyna Kalinowska‐Tłuscik
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University ul. Gronostajowa 2 30‐387 Krakow Poland
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmacy Group of Drug Design University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
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Chuang HC, Tan TH. MAP4K3/GLK in autoimmune disease, cancer and aging. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:82. [PMID: 31640697 PMCID: PMC6806545 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MAP4K3 (also named GLK) is a serine/threonine kinase, which belongs to the mammalian Ste20-like kinase family. At 22 years of age, GLK was initially cloned and identified as an upstream activator of the MAPK JNK under an environmental stress and proinflammatory cytokines. The data derived from GLK-overexpressing or shRNA-knockdown cell lines suggest that GLK may be involved in cell proliferation through mTOR signaling. GLK phosphorylates the transcription factor TFEB and retains TFEB in the cytoplasm, leading to inhibition of cell autophagy. After generating and characterizing GLK-deficient mice, the important in vivo roles of GLK in T-cell activation were revealed. In T cells, GLK directly interacts with and activates PKCθ through phosphorylating PKCθ at Ser-538 residue, leading to activation of IKK/NF-κB. Thus, GLK-deficient mice display impaired T-cell-mediated immune responses and decreased inflammatory phenotypes in autoimmune disease models. Consistently, the percentage of GLK-overexpressing T cells is increased in the peripheral blood from autoimmune disease patients; the GLK-overexpressing T cell population is correlated with disease severity of patients. The pathogenic mechanism of autoimmune disease by GLK overexpression was unraveled by characterizing T-cell-specific GLK transgenic mice and using biochemical analyses. GLK overexpression selectively promotes IL-17A transcription by inducing the AhR-RORγt complex in T cells. In addition, GLK overexpression in cancer tissues is correlated with cancer recurrence of human lung cancer and liver cancer; the predictive power of GLK overexpression for cancer recurrence is higher than that of pathologic stage. GLK directly phosphorylates and activates IQGAP1, resulting in induction of Cdc42-mediated cell migration and cancer metastasis. Furthermore, treatment of GLK inhibitor reduces disease severity of mouse autoimmune disease models and decreases IL-17A production of human autoimmune T cells. Due to the inhibitory function of HPK1/MAP4K1 in T-cell activation and the promoting effects of GLK on tumorigenesis, HPK1 and GLK dual inhibitors could be useful therapeutic drugs for cancer immunotherapy. In addition, GLK deficiency results in extension of lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans and mice. Taken together, targeting MAP4K3 (GLK) may be useful for treating/preventing autoimmune disease, cancer metastasis/recurrence, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Johnson E, McTigue M, Gallego RA, Johnson TW, Timofeevski S, Maestre M, Fisher TS, Kania R, Sawasdikosol S, Burakoff S, Cronin CN. Multiple conformational states of the HPK1 kinase domain in complex with sunitinib reveal the structural changes accompanying HPK1 trans-regulation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9029-9036. [PMID: 31018963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.007466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1 or MAP4K1) is a Ser/Thr kinase that operates via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways to dampen the T-cell response and antitumor immunity. Accordingly, selective HPK1 inhibition is considered a means to enhance antitumor immunity. Sunitinib, a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor approved for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and pancreatic cancer, has been reported to inhibit HPK1 in vitro In this report, we describe the crystal structures of the native HPK1 kinase domain in both nonphosphorylated and doubly phosphorylated states, in addition to a double phosphomimetic mutant (T165E,S171E), each complexed with sunitinib at 2.17-3.00-Å resolutions. The native nonphosphorylated cocrystal structure revealed an inactive dimer in which the activation loop of each monomer partially occupies the ATP- and substrate-binding sites of the partner monomer. In contrast, the structure of the protein with a doubly phosphorylated activation loop exhibited an active kinase conformation with a greatly reduced monomer-monomer interface. Conversely, the phosphomimetic mutant cocrystal structure disclosed an alternative arrangement in which the activation loops are in an extended domain-swapped configuration. These structural results indicate that HPK1 is a highly dynamic kinase that undergoes trans-regulation via dimer formation and extensive intramolecular and intermolecular remodeling of the activation segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Johnson
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Michele McTigue
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Rebecca A Gallego
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Ted W Johnson
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Sergei Timofeevski
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Michael Maestre
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Timothy S Fisher
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Robert Kania
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
| | - Sansana Sawasdikosol
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Steven Burakoff
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ciarán N Cronin
- From the La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121 and
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12
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Gógl G, Kornev AP, Reményi A, Taylor SS. Disordered Protein Kinase Regions in Regulation of Kinase Domain Cores. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:300-311. [PMID: 30611608 PMCID: PMC6592696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since publication of the crystal structure of protein kinase (PK)A three decades ago, a structural portrait of the conserved kinase core has been drawn. The next challenge is to elucidate structures of full-length kinases and to address the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that typically flank the core as well as the small linear motifs (SLiMs) that are embedded within the IDRs. It is increasingly apparent that unstructured regions integrate the kinase catalytic chassis into multienzyme-based regulatory networks. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase-ribosomal S6 PK-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (ERK-RSK-PDK) complex is an excellent example to demonstrate how IDRs and SLiMs govern communication between four different kinase catalytic cores to mediate activation and how in molecular terms these promote the formation of kinase heterodimers in a context dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Gógl
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0654, USA
| | - Attila Reményi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0654, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0654, USA.
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13
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Wu P, Sneeringer CJ, Pitts KE, Day ES, Chan BK, Wei B, Lehoux I, Mortara K, Li H, Wu J, Franke Y, Moffat JG, Grogan JL, Heffron TP, Wang W. Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase-1 Structure in a Domain-Swapped Dimer. Structure 2018; 27:125-133.e4. [PMID: 30503777 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of antigen-specific T cell immunity has shown significant therapeutic benefit in infectious diseases and cancer. Hematopoietic progenitor kinase-1 (HPK1) is a negative-feedback regulator of T cell receptor signaling, which dampens T cell proliferation and effector function. A recent report showed that a catalytic dead mutant of HPK1 phenocopies augmented T cell responses observed in HPK1-knockout mice, indicating that kinase activity is critical for function. We evaluated active and inactive mutants and determined crystal structures of HPK1 kinase domain (HPK1-KD) in apo and ligand bound forms. In all structures HPK1-KD displays a rare domain-swapped dimer, in which the activation segment comprises a well-conserved dimer interface. Biophysical measurements show formation of dimer in solution. The activation segment adopts an α-helical structure which exhibits distinct orientations in active and inactive states. This face-to-face configuration suggests that the domain-swapped dimer may possess alternative selectivity for certain substrates of HPK1 under relevant cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Keith E Pitts
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric S Day
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bryan K Chan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Binqing Wei
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Isabelle Lehoux
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kyle Mortara
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yvonne Franke
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John G Moffat
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jane L Grogan
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Timothy P Heffron
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Weiru Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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14
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May-Dracka TL, Arduini R, Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, Bhisetti G, Brickelmaier M, Cahir-McFarland E, Enyedy I, Fontenot JD, Hesson T, Little K, Lyssikatos J, Marcotte D, McKee T, Murugan P, Patterson T, Peng H, Rushe M, Silvian L, Spilker K, Wu P, Xin Z, Burkly LC. Investigating small molecules to inhibit germinal center kinase-like kinase (GLK/MAP4K3) upstream of PKCθ phosphorylation: Potential therapy to modulate T cell dependent immunity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1964-1971. [PMID: 29636220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Germinal center kinase-like kinase (GLK, also known as MAP4K3) has been hypothesized to have an effect on key cellular activities, including inflammatory responses. GLK is required for activation of protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) in T cells. Controlling the activity of T helper cell responses could be valuable for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. This approach circumvents previous unsuccessful approaches to target PKCθ directly. The use of structure based drug design, aided by the first crystal structure of GLK, led to the discovery of several inhibitors that demonstrate potent inhibition of GLK biochemically and in relevant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia L May-Dracka
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
| | - Robert Arduini
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Andrea Bertolotti-Ciarlet
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Govinda Bhisetti
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Margot Brickelmaier
- Acute Neurology Research, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Ellen Cahir-McFarland
- Acute Neurology Research, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Istvan Enyedy
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Jason D Fontenot
- Acute Neurology Research, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Thomas Hesson
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Kevin Little
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Joe Lyssikatos
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Douglas Marcotte
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Timothy McKee
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Paramasivam Murugan
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Thomas Patterson
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Hairuo Peng
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Mia Rushe
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Laura Silvian
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Kerri Spilker
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Ping Wu
- Acute Neurology Research, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Zhili Xin
- Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Linda C Burkly
- Acute Neurology Research, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
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15
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How can the structure of germinal-center kinase-like kinase help us in drug discovery? Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1583-1585. [PMID: 28828898 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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