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Kim K, Park MH. Advancing Cancer Treatment: Enhanced Combination Therapy through Functionalized Porous Nanoparticles. Biomedicines 2024; 12:326. [PMID: 38397928 PMCID: PMC10887220 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of innovative treatment strategies. This review focuses on the functionalization of porous nanoparticles for combination therapy, a promising approach to enhance cancer treatment efficacy while mitigating the limitations associated with conventional methods. Combination therapy, integrating multiple treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and others, has emerged as an effective strategy to address the shortcomings of individual treatments. The unique properties of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) and other porous materials, like nanoparticles coated with mesoporous silica (NP@MS), metal-organic frameworks (MOF), mesoporous platinum nanoparticles (mesoPt), and carbon dots (CDs), are being explored for drug solubility, bioavailability, targeted delivery, and controlled drug release. Recent advancements in the functionalization of mesoporous nanoparticles with ligands, biomaterials, and polymers are reviewed here, highlighting their role in enhancing the efficacy of combination therapy. Various research has demonstrated the effectiveness of these nanoparticles in co-delivering drugs and photosensitizers, achieving targeted delivery, and responding to multiple stimuli for controlled drug release. This review introduces the synthesis and functionalization methods of these porous nanoparticles, along with their applications in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibeom Kim
- Convergence Research Center, Nanobiomaterials Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myoung-Hwan Park
- Convergence Research Center, Nanobiomaterials Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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Waseem M, Wang BD. Promising Strategy of mPTP Modulation in Cancer Therapy: An Emerging Progress and Future Insight. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5564. [PMID: 36982637 PMCID: PMC10051994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been progressively a major global health concern. With this developing global concern, cancer determent is one of the most significant public health challenges of this era. To date, the scientific community undoubtedly highlights mitochondrial dysfunction as a hallmark of cancer cells. Permeabilization of the mitochondrial membranes has been implicated as the most considerable footprint in apoptosis-mediated cancer cell death. Under the condition of mitochondrial calcium overload, exclusively mediated by oxidative stress, an opening of a nonspecific channel with a well-defined diameter in mitochondrial membrane allows free exchange between the mitochondrial matrix and the extra mitochondrial cytosol of solutes and proteins up to 1.5 kDa. Such a channel/nonspecific pore is recognized as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). mPTP has been established for regulating apoptosis-mediated cancer cell death. It has been evident that mPTP is critically linked with the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase II to defend cellular death and reduce cytochrome c release. However, elevated mitochondrial Ca2+ loading, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial depolarization are critical factors leading to mPTP opening/activation. Although the exact mechanism underlying mPTP-mediated cell death remains elusive, mPTP-mediated apoptosis machinery has been considered as an important clamp and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several types of cancers. In this review, we focus on structure and regulation of the mPTP complex-mediated apoptosis mechanisms and follow with a comprehensive discussion addressing the development of novel mPTP-targeting drugs/molecules in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA;
| | - Bi-Dar Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA;
- Hormone Related Cancers Program, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Chen MM, Guo W, Chen SM, Guo XZ, Xu L, Ma XY, Wang YX, Xie C, Meng LH. Xanthine dehydrogenase rewires metabolism and the survival of nutrient deprived lung adenocarcinoma cells by facilitating UPR and autophagic degradation. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:772-788. [PMID: 36778128 PMCID: PMC9909990 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.78948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in purine catabolism by converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. The altered expression and activity of XDH are associated with the development and prognosis of multiple types of cancer, while its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that XDH was highly expressed in LUAD and was significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Though inhibition of XDH displayed moderate effect on the viability of LUAD cells cultured in the complete medium, it significantly attenuated the survival of starved cells. Similar results were obtained in XDH-knockout cells. Nucleosides supplementation rescued the survival of starved LUAD cells upon XDH inhibition, while inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase abrogated the process, indicating that nucleoside degradation is required for the XDH-mediated survival of LUAD cells. Accordingly, metabolic flux revealed that ribose derived from nucleoside fueled key carbon metabolic pathways to sustain the survival of starved LUAD cells. Mechanistically, down-regulation of XDH suppressed unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagic flux in starved LUAD cells. Inhibition of XDH decreased the level of amino acids produced by autophagic degradation, which was accompanied with down-regulation of mTORC1 signaling. Supplementation of amino acids including glutamine or glutamate rescued the survival of starved LUAD cells upon knockout or inhibition of XDH. Finally, XDH inhibitors potentiated the anti-cancer activity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose that induced UPR and/or autophagy in vitro and in vivo. In summary, XDH plays a crucial role in the survival of starved LUAD cells and targeting XDH may improve the efficacy of drugs that induce UPR and autophagy in the therapy of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Chen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si-Meng Chen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Ma
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling-Hua Meng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Mishra J, Bhatti GK, Sehrawat A, Singh C, Singh A, Reddy AP, Reddy PH, Bhatti JS. Modulating autophagy and mitophagy as a promising therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2022; 311:121153. [PMID: 36343743 PMCID: PMC9712237 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has become a major public health challenge and is associated with a tremendous burden on individuals, society and federal governments worldwide. Protein misfolding and aggregation are the major pathological hallmarks of several neurodegenerative disorders. The cells have evolved several regulatory mechanisms to deal with aberrant protein folding, namely the classical ubiquitin pathway, where ubiquitination of protein aggregates marks their degradation via lysosome and the novel autophagy or mitophagy pathways. Autophagy is a catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that allows the lysosome to recycle the cell's own contents, such as organelles and proteins, known as autophagic cargo. Their most significant role is to keep cells alive in distressed situations. Mitophagy is also crucial for reducing abnormal protein aggregation and increasing organelle clearance and partly accounts for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Furthermore, substantial data indicate that any disruption in these homeostatic mechanisms leads to the emergence of several age-associated metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. So, targeting autophagy and mitophagy might be a potential therapeutic strategy for a variety of health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayapriya Mishra
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Autophagy Mediates MMP-2 Expression in Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork Cells. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:6026464. [PMID: 36211598 PMCID: PMC9536984 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6026464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and starvation on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods Primary TM cells were cultured and divided into three groups. The control group was treated with a normal medium, the 3-MA group was stimulated with 3-MA, and the starvation group received nutrient depletion by replacing the normal media with Earle's balanced salt solution. Cellular mRNA and protein were measured at different 3-MA concentrations and starvation time periods. The level of autophagy was accessed by monodansylcadaverine fluorescent staining and expression of specific autophagy-related genes, light chain 3 (LC3), and Beclin1. The effects of 3-MA and starvation on cell proliferation were determined with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay kit. The mRNA and protein expression of LC3-II, Beclin1, and MMP-2 were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Results Compared to the control group, starvation significantly upregulated LC3-II and Beclin1 in TM cells after 3 h of stimulation, which peaked at 6 h and 9 h, respectively. Increased MDC-labeled cells were also observed. Starvation downregulated the expression of MMP-2. On the contrary, 3-MA suppressed the activation of autophagy, as shown by the marked downregulation of LC3-II and Beclin1. The expressions of MMP-2 were higher in the 3-MA group compared to the control group, reaching a peak at a concentration of 5 mM. Conclusion Autophagy may be involved in the pathogenesis of POAG via regulating the expression of MMP-2 and, subsequently, the deposition of the extracellular matrix.
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Zhang Y, Song XL, Yu B, Foong LC, Shu Y, Mai CW, Hu J, Dong B, Xue W, Chua CW. TP53 loss-of-function causes vulnerability to autophagy inhibition in aggressive prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2022; 29:1085-1094. [PMID: 35975690 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES TP53 loss-of-function is commonly found in aggressive prostate cancer. However, a highly-efficient therapy for this tumor subtype is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between TP53 mutation status and autophagy in prostate cancer and assessed the efficacy of autophagy inhibitors on TP53-deficient tumors. METHODS We first evaluated the expression patterns of p53 and autophagy-related proteins, namely LC3B, ULK1 and BECLIN1, as well as their relationship in treatment-naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancer specimens through immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, we generated a Trp53-deleted genetically-engineered mouse model, established prostate tumor organoid lines from the mice and assessed the efficacy of autophagy inhibitors in overcoming Enzalutamide resistance in the tumor organoid model. We also investigated the impact of TP53 re-expression in modulating responses to autophagy inhibitors using LNCaP cell line, which harbored a TP53 missense mutation. Lastly, we attempted to identify potential autophagy-related genes that were crucial for TP53-deficient tumor maintenance. RESULTS TP53 loss-of-function was associated with increased levels of autophagy-related proteins in aggressive prostate cancers and Trp53-deleted genetically-engineered mouse-derived tumors. Moreover, the generated androgen receptor-independent tumor organoids were highly vulnerable to autophagy inhibition. Upon TP53 re-expression, not only did the surviving LNCaP cells demonstrate resistance, but they also showed growth advantage in response to autophagy inhibition. Lastly, PEX14, an important peroxisomal regulator was differentially upregulated in aggressive tumors with TP53 loss-of-function mutations, thus implying the importance of peroxisome turnover in this tumor subtype. CONCLUSION Our results support the potential use of autophagy inhibitors in prostate cancers that contain TP53 loss-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Li Song
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian-Chee Foong
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu Shu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chee Wai Chua
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Autophagy and EMT in cancer and metastasis: Who controls whom? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166431. [PMID: 35533903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis consists of hallmark events, including Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), angiogenesis, initiation of inflammatory tumor microenvironment, and malfunctions in apoptosis. Autophagy is known to play a pivotal role in the metastatic process. Autophagy has pulled researchers towards it in recent times because of its dual role in the maintenance of cancer cells. Evidence states that cells undergoing EMT need autophagy in order to survive during migration and dissemination. Additionally, it orchestrates EMT markers in certain cancers. On the other side of the coin, autophagy plays an oncosuppressive role in impeding early metastasis. This review aims to project the interrelationship between autophagy and EMT. Targeting EMT via autophagy as a useful strategy is discussed in this review. Furthermore, for the first time, we have covered the possible reciprocating roles of EMT and autophagy and its consequences in cancer metastasis.
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Autophagic Flux Unleashes GATA4-NF- κB Axis to Promote Antioxidant Defense-Dependent Survival of Colorectal Cancer Cells under Chronic Acidosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:8189485. [PMID: 34987705 PMCID: PMC8720590 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8189485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are usually associated with extracellular acidosis due to their increased dependence on glycolysis and poor vascularization. Cancer cells gradually become adapted to acidic microenvironment and even acquire increased aggressiveness. They are resistant to apoptosis but exhibit increased autophagy that is essential for their survival. We here show that NF-κB, a master regulator of cellular responses to stress, is upregulated in colorectal cancer cells adapted to acidosis (CRC-AA). NF-κB is more relied upon for survival in CRC-AA than in their parental cells and drives a robust antioxidant response. Supplementation of antioxidant abolishes the increased sensitivity of CRC-AA to NF-κB inhibition or depletion, suggesting that NF-κB supports the survival of CRC-AA by maintaining redox homeostasis. Because SQSTM1/p62 is known to mediate the selective autophagy of GATA4 that augments NF-κB function, we tested whether the enhanced autophagic flux and consequently the reduction of SQSTM1/p62 in CRC-AA cells could activate the GATA4-NF-κB axis. Indeed, GATA4 is upregulated in CRC-AA cells and augments the NF-κB activity that underlies the increased expression of cytokines, inhibition of apoptosis, and reduction of reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, secretory factors derived from HCT15-AA cells, the soluble ICAM-1 in particular, also possess antioxidant cytoprotective effect against acidic stress. Together, our results demonstrate a prosurvival role of the p62-restricted GATA4-NF-κB axis in cancer cells adapted to acidic microenvironment.
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Pandey A, Yadav P, Shukla S. Unfolding the role of autophagy in the cancer metabolism. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101158. [PMID: 34754952 PMCID: PMC8564564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is considered an indispensable process that scavenges toxins, recycles complex macromolecules, and sustains the essential cellular functions. In addition to its housekeeping role, autophagy plays a substantial role in many pathophysiological processes such as cancer. Certainly, it adapts cancer cells to thrive in the stress conditions such as hypoxia and starvation. Cancer cells indeed have also evolved by exploiting the autophagy process to fulfill energy requirements through the production of metabolic fuel sources and fundamentally altered metabolic pathways. Occasionally autophagy as a foe impedes tumorigenesis and promotes cell death. The complex role of autophagy in cancer makes it a potent therapeutic target and has been actively tested in clinical trials. Moreover, the versatility of autophagy has opened new avenues of effective combinatorial therapeutic strategies. Thereby, it is imperative to comprehend the specificity of autophagy in cancer-metabolism. This review summarizes the recent research and conceptual framework on the regulation of autophagy by various metabolic pathways, enzymes, and their cross-talk in the cancer milieu, including the implementation of altered metabolism and autophagy in clinically approved and experimental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchala Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Nomikos T, Gioti K, Tsoukala M, Tenta R. Pumpkin Seed Extracts Inhibit Proliferation and Induce Autophagy in PC-3 Androgen Insensitive Prostate Cancer Cells. J Med Food 2021; 24:1076-1082. [PMID: 33978471 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pumpkin seed is a rich source of polyphenols and other bioactive compounds that may act as chemopreventive agents against cancer. In this study, five different extracts of pumpkin seeds were evaluated for their ability to affect proliferation and autophagy on PC-3 prostate cancer cells. All extracts (water [W], methanolic, acetone, ethylacetate, and polar lipid [PL]) inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of cells with the PL extract increased cell distribution in the S phase, whereas PL and W extracts induced autophagy significantly. Moreover, PL extract induced a remarkable increase of glutathione and oxidized glutathione levels, whereas nitrite and hydrogen peroxide levels were not altered. In conclusion, pumpkin seed extracts affect PC-3 cell viability, oxidative parameters, and autophagic mechanism, thus demonstrating their potential pharmacological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Gioti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Magafoula Tsoukala
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Roxane Tenta
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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11
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Sadeghian M, Rahmani S, Khalesi S, Hejazi E. A review of fasting effects on the response of cancer to chemotherapy. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1669-1681. [PMID: 33153820 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies suggest that fasting before or during chemotherapy may induce differential stress resistance, reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy and enhancing the efficacy of drugs. In this article, we review the effects of fasting, including intermittent, periodic, water-only short-term fasting, and caloric restriction on the responsiveness of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs, their protective effect on normal cells, and possible mechanisms of action. METHODS We could not perform a systematic review due to the wide variation in the study population, design, dependent measures, and outcomes (eg, type of cancer, treatment variation, experimental setting, etc.). However, a systematic approach to search and review literature was used. The electronic databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Embase were searched up to July 2020. RESULTS Fasting potentially improves the response of tumor cells to chemotherapy by (1) repairing DNA damage in normal tissues (but not tumor cells); (2) upregulating autophagy flux as a protection against damage to organelles and some cancer cells; (3) altering apoptosis and increasing tumor cells' sensitivity to the apoptotic stimuli, and preventing apoptosis-mediated damage to normal cells; (4) depleting regulatory T cells and improving the stimulation of CD8 cells; and (5) accumulating unfolded proteins and protecting cancer cells from immune surveillance. We also discuss how 'fasting-mimicking diet' as a modified form of fasting enables patients to eat a low calorie, low protein, and low sugar diet while achieving similar metabolic outcomes of fasting. CONCLUSION This review suggests the potential benefits of fasting in combination with chemotherapy to reduce tumor progression and increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. However, with limited human trials, it is not possible to generalize the findings from animal and in vitro studies. More human studies with adequate sample size and follow-ups are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sadeghian
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rahmani
- Department of Nutrition, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saman Khalesi
- Physical Activity Research Group, Appleton Institute & School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ehsan Hejazi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Laussel C, Léon S. Cellular toxicity of the metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose and associated resistance mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114213. [PMID: 32890467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most malignant cells display increased glucose absorption and metabolism compared to surrounding tissues. This well-described phenomenon results from a metabolic reprogramming occurring during transformation, that provides the building blocks and supports the high energetic cost of proliferation by increasing glycolysis. These features led to the idea that drugs targeting glycolysis might prove efficient in the context of cancer treatment. One of these drugs, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), is a synthetic glucose analog that can be imported into cells and interfere with glycolysis and ATP generation. Its preferential targeting to sites of cell proliferation is supported by the observation that a derived molecule, 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) accumulates in tumors and is used for cancer imaging. Here, we review the toxicity mechanisms of this drug, from the early-described effects on glycolysis to its other cellular consequences, including inhibition of protein glycosylation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and its interference with signaling pathways. Then, we summarize the current data on the use of 2-DG as an anti-cancer agent, especially in the context of combination therapies, as novel 2-DG-derived drugs are being developed. We also show how the use of 2-DG helped to decipher glucose-signaling pathways in yeast and favored their engineering for biotechnologies. Finally, we discuss the resistance strategies to this inhibitor that have been identified in the course of these studies and which may have important implications regarding a medical use of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Laussel
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Léon
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France.
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Increased mTOR and suppressed autophagic flux in the heart of a hypomorphic Pkd1 mouse model of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109730. [PMID: 32730856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is common in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients. We found increased heart weight in Pkd1RC/RC and Pkd2WS25/+ mouse models of ADPKD. As there is a link between increased heart weight and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the aim of the study was to determine mTOR complex 1 and 2 signaling proteins in the heart in the Pkd1RC/RC mouse model of PKD. In 70 day old Pkd1RC/RC hearts, on immunoblot analysis, there was a large increase in p-AMPKThr172, a known autophagy inducer, and an increase in p-AktSer473 and p-AktThr308, but no increase in other mTORC1/2 proteins (p-S6Ser240/244, p-mTORSer2448). In 150 day old Pkd1RC/RC hearts, there was an increase in mTORC1 (p-S6Ser240/244) and mTOR-related proteins (p-AktThr308, p-GSK3βSer9, p-AMPKThr172). As the mTOR pathway is the master regulator of autophagy, autophagy proteins were measured. There was an increase in p-Beclin-1 (BECN1), an autophagy regulator and activating molecule in Beclin-1-regulated autophagy (AMBRA1), a regulator of Beclin that play a role in autophagosome formation, an early stage of autophagy. There was a defect in the later stage of autophagy, the fusion of the autophagosome with the lysosome, known as autophagic flux, as evidenced by the lack of an increase in LC3-II, a marker of autophagosomes, with the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin, in both 70 day old and 150 day old hearts. To determine the role of autophagy in causing increased heart weight, Pkd1RC/RC were treated with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) or Tat-Beclin1 peptide, agents known to induce autophagy. 2-DG treatment from 150 to 350 days of age, a time period when increased heart weight developed, did not reduce the increased heart weight. Unexpectedly, Tat-Beclin 1 peptide treatment from 70 to 120 days of age resulted in increased heart weight. In summary, there is suppressed autophagic flux in the heart at an early age in Pkd1RC/RC mice. Increased mTOR signaling in older mice is associated suppressed autophagic flux. There was a large increase in p-AMPKThr172, a known autophagy inducer, in both young and old mice. 2-DG treatment did not impact increased heart weight and Tat-Beclin1 peptide increased heart weight.
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Curcumin, a Multifaceted Hormetic Agent, Mediates an Intricate Crosstalk between Mitochondrial Turnover, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3656419. [PMID: 32765806 PMCID: PMC7387956 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3656419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has extensive therapeutic potential because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. Multiple preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo have proven curcumin to be effective against various cancers. These potent effects are driven by curcumin's ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, induce autophagy, activate apoptosis, disrupt molecular signaling, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and increase the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics. Here, we focus on the hormetic behavior of curcumin. Frequently, low doses of natural chemical products activate an adaptive stress response, whereas high doses activate acute responses like autophagy and cell death. This phenomenon is often referred to as hormesis. Curcumin causes cell death and primarily initiates an autophagic step (mitophagy). At higher doses, cells undergo mitochondrial destabilization due to calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and die. Herein, we address the complex crosstalk that involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial destabilization accompanied by mitophagy, and cell death.
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Gao Z, Ding B, An P, Zhang X, Sun B, Sun B. Mesoporous Silica-Coated Silver Nanoframes as Drug-Delivery Vehicles for Chemo/Starvation/Metal Ion Multimodality Therapy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6345-6351. [PMID: 32388995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cutting off the energy supply by glucose oxidase (GOx) to starve cancer cells has been a feasible and efficient oncotherapy strategy. The employment of GOx can effectively starve tumor cells by aerobic hydrolysis of glucose hopefully strengthening the abnormality (including the decrease in pH, the increase of hypoxia, and toxic hydrogen peroxide) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). On this basis, we designed and fabricated a GOx-conjugated yolk-shell Ag@mSiO2 nanoframe with Ag NPs and GOx-conjugated mesoporous silica as the yolk and the shell, respectively, to make full use of changes the GOx induces in TME. Specifically, lower pH and H2O2 could accelerate the transformation of Ag nanoparticles to poisonous Ag ions. At the same time, the anabatic hypoxia condition in turn activated chemotherapy drug tirapazamine (TPZ) to exert a chemotherapeutic effect, thereby achieving effective chemo/starvation and metal ion multimodality therapy. The drug release experiment in vitro demonstrated that the GOx is the key to the nanocarriers, which can activate the whole system. The excellent cellular uptake performances of nanocarriers were corroborated by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). In addition, its superb cancer-killing effect has been confirmed by cytotoxicity and apoptosis experiments. These results indicated that the drug-delivery system achieved the cascade cancer-killing process in situ and synergistic chemo/starvation/metal ion therapy, which has a bright prospect for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, P. R. China
| | - Yaojia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, P. R. China
| | - Peijing An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, P. R. China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, P. R. China
| | - Baiwang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, P. R. China
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Abstract
The rediscovery and reinterpretation of the Warburg effect in the year 2000 occulted for almost a decade the key functions exerted by mitochondria in cancer cells. Until recent times, the scientific community indeed focused on constitutive glycolysis as a hallmark of cancer cells, which it is not, largely ignoring the contribution of mitochondria to the malignancy of oxidative and glycolytic cancer cells, being Warburgian or merely adapted to hypoxia. In this review, we highlight that mitochondria are not only powerhouses in some cancer cells, but also dynamic regulators of life, death, proliferation, motion and stemness in other types of cancer cells. Similar to the cells that host them, mitochondria are capable to adapt to tumoral conditions, and probably to evolve to ‘oncogenic mitochondria' capable of transferring malignant capacities to recipient cells. In the wider quest of metabolic modulators of cancer, treatments have already been identified targeting mitochondria in cancer cells, but the field is still in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Grasso
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luca X Zampieri
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tânia Capelôa
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justine A Van de Velde
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Wang H, Wang Z, Tu Y, Li Y, Xu T, Yang M, Wang P, Gu Y. Homotypic targeting upconversion nano-reactor for cascade cancer starvation and deep-tissue phototherapy. Biomaterials 2020; 235:119765. [PMID: 31991338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer starvation therapy based on catalytic chemistry of glucose oxidase (GOx) offers great potential for multimodal treatment, benefiting from both nutrition shutting-off and the oxidization product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Herein, further optimization of such combined therapy was achieved by a cascade Nano-reactor, which was constructed by incorporating GOx into a bio-mimic upconversion nanosystem. The cascade began when GOx was delivered into tumor sites through homotypic targeting, facilitating selective starving of cancer cells and H2O2 generation. Then, upon 980 nm laser excitation, the 470 nm light emitted by upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4: Yb, Tm) photolyzed H2O2 into hydroxyl radical for phototherapy, superior to direct photolysis by blue light with limited tissue penetration depth. Meanwhile, the 800 nm emission of UCNPs was used to track the in vivo fate and tumor targeting ability of the Nano-reactor. Radionuclide imaging further confirmed the targeting of the Nano-reactor to subcutaneous 4T1 tumor and lung metastasis. Significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy of this cascade starvation-phototherapy was validated in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the Nano-reactor as a smart, simple and strong system for cancer multimodal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanbiao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yongkuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Man Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yueqing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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TIPRL potentiates survival of lung cancer by inducing autophagy through the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:959. [PMID: 31862913 PMCID: PMC6925247 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular system of degrading damaged organelles and misfolded proteins, is essential for cancer cell survival. Despite the progress made towards understanding the mechanism, identification of novel autophagy regulators presents a major obstacle in developing anticancer therapies. Here, we examine the association between the TOR signaling pathway regulator-like (TIPRL) protein and autophagy in malignant transformation of tumors. We show that TIPRL upregulation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) potentiated autophagy activity and enabled autophagic clearance of metabolic and cellular stress, conferring a survival advantage to cancer cells. Importantly, the interaction of TIPRL with eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) led to eIF2α phosphorylation and activation of the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, thereby inducing autophagy. Conversely, TIPRL depletion increased apoptosis by reducing autophagic clearance, which was markedly enhanced in TIPRL-depleted A549 xenografts treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Overall, the study indicated that TIPRL is a potential regulator of autophagy and an important drug target for lung cancer therapy.
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Wang Q, Guo X, Li L, Gao Z, Ji M. Treatment with metformin and sorafenib alleviates endometrial hyperplasia in polycystic ovary syndrome by promoting apoptosis via synergically regulating autophagy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1339-1348. [PMID: 31256441 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian‐qing Wang
- Gynecologic Oncology Department Xinxiang City Central Hospital in Henan Province Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Xiang‐cui Guo
- Gynecologic Oncology Department Xinxiang City Central Hospital in Henan Province Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Li Li
- Gynecologic Oncology Department Xinxiang City Central Hospital in Henan Province Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Zhi‐hui Gao
- Gynecologic Oncology Department Xinxiang City Central Hospital in Henan Province Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Mei Ji
- Gynecology Department Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
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20
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Shafaee A, Pirayesh Islamian J, Zarei D, Mohammadi M, Nejati-Koshki K, Farajollahi A, Aghamiri SMR, Rahmati Yamchi M, Baradaran B, Asghari Jafarabadi M. Induction of Apoptosis by a Combination of 2-Deoxyglucose and Metformin in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Cancer Cell Metabolism. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 44:99-107. [PMID: 30936596 PMCID: PMC6423430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both mitochondrial dysfunction and aerobic glycolysis are signs of growing aggressive cancer. If altered metabolism of cancer cell is intended, using the glycolysis inhibitor (2-deoxyglucose (2DG)) would be a viable therapeutic method. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as a metabolic sensor, could be activated with metformin and it can also launch a p53-dependent metabolic checkpoint and might inhibit cancer cell growth. METHODS After treatment with 5 mM metformin and/or 500 µM 2DG, the TE1, TE8, and TE11 cellular viability and apoptosis were assessed by MTT, TUNEL, and ELISA methods. The changes in p53 and Bcl-2 genes expression levels were examined using real-time PCR method. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test using the SPSS 17.0 software. RESULTS Metformin and 2DG, alone and in combination, induced apoptosis in the cell lines. Real-time PCR revealed that metformin induced apoptosis in TE8 and TE11 cells by activating p53, down-regulating Bcl-2 expression. The induced apoptosis by 2DG raised by metformin and the combination modulated the expression of Bcl-2 protein in all cell lines and it was more effective in TE11 cell line. CONCLUSION Metformin induced apoptosis in ESCC by down-regulating Bcl-2 expression, and up-regulating p53 and induced apoptosis increased by 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Thus, the combination therapy is an effective therapeutic strategy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shafaee
- Department of Radiology-Faculty of Paramedicine- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Jalil Pirayesh Islamian
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Davoud Zarei
- Department of Medical Radiation Science, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Radiation Science, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran;
| | - Alireza Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Reza Aghamiri
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Nuclear Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Rahmati Yamchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
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21
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Propranolol sensitizes prostate cancer cells to glucose metabolism inhibition and prevents cancer progression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7050. [PMID: 29728578 PMCID: PMC5935740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Propranolol, a widely used non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, was recently shown to display anticancer properties. Its potential to synergize with certain drugs has been also outlined. However, it is necessary to take into account all the properties of propranolol to select a drug that could be efficiently combined with. Propranolol was reported to block the late phase of autophagy. Hence, we hypothesized that in condition enhancing autophagy flux, cancer cells should be especially sensitive to propranolol. 2DG, a glycolysis inhibitor, is an anti-tumor agent having limited effect in monotherapy notably due to induction of pro-survival autophagy. Here, we report that treatment of cancer cells with propranolol in combination with the glycolysis inhibitor 2DG induced a massive accumulation of autophagosome due to autophagy blockade. The propranolol +2DG treatment efficiently prevents prostate cancer cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, alters mitochondrial morphology, inhibits mitochondrial bioenergetics and aggravates ER stress in vitro and also suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Our study underlines for the first time the interest to take advantage of the ability of propranolol to inhibit autophagy to design new anti-cancer therapies.
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22
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Wang L, Kim D, Wise JTF, Shi X, Zhang Z, DiPaola RS. p62 as a therapeutic target for inhibition of autophagy in prostate cancer. Prostate 2018; 78:390-400. [PMID: 29368435 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To test the hypothesis that p62 is an optimal target for autophagy inhibition and Verteporfin, a clinically available drug approved by FDA to treat macular degeneration that inhibits autophagy by targeting p62 protein, can be developed clinically to improve therapy for advanced prostate cancer. METHODS Forced expression of p62 in PC-3 cells and normal prostate epithelial cells, RWPE-1 and PZ-HPV7, were carried out by transfection of these cells with pcDNA3.1/p62 or p62 shRNA plasmid. Autophagosomes and autophagic flux were measured by transfection of tandem fluorescence protein mCherry-GFP-LC3 construct. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V/PI staining. Tumorigenesis was measured by a xenograft tumor growth model. RESULTS Verteporfin inhibited cell growth and colony formation in PC-3 cells. Verteporfin generated crosslinked p62 oligomers, resulting in inhibition of autophagy and constitutive activation of Nrf2 as well as its target genes, Bcl-2 and TNF-α. In normal prostate epithelial cells, forced expression of p62 caused constitutive Nrf2 activation, development of apoptosis resistance, and Verteporfin treatment exhibited inhibitory effects. Verteporfin treatment also inhibited starvation-induced autophagic flux of these cells. Verteporfin inhibited tumorigenesis of both normal prostate epithelial cells with p62 expression and prostate cancer cells and decreased p62, constitutive Nrf2, and Bcl-xL in xenograft tumor tissues, indicating that p62 can be developed as a drug target against prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS p62 has a high potential to be developed as a therapeutic target. Verteporfin represents a prototypical agent with therapeutic potential against prostate cancer through inhibition of autophagy by a novel mechanism of p62 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Donghern Kim
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - James T F Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Robert S DiPaola
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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23
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Gonzalez-Menendez P, Hevia D, Mayo JC, Sainz RM. The dark side of glucose transporters in prostate cancer: Are they a new feature to characterize carcinomas? Int J Cancer 2017; 142:2414-2424. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gonzalez-Menendez
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology; Redox Biology Unit, University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA). University of Oviedo. Facultad de Medicina.; Oviedo Spain
| | - David Hevia
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology; Redox Biology Unit, University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA). University of Oviedo. Facultad de Medicina.; Oviedo Spain
| | - Juan C. Mayo
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology; Redox Biology Unit, University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA). University of Oviedo. Facultad de Medicina.; Oviedo Spain
| | - Rosa M. Sainz
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology; Redox Biology Unit, University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA). University of Oviedo. Facultad de Medicina.; Oviedo Spain
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24
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Tenta R, Fragopoulou E, Tsoukala M, Xanthopoulou M, Skyrianou M, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D. Antiproliferative Effects of Red and White Wine Extracts in PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:952-961. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1340489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Tenta
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Magafoula Tsoukala
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Skyrianou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Harris Pratsinis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
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25
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Allison KE, Coomber BL, Bridle BW. Metabolic reprogramming in the tumour microenvironment: a hallmark shared by cancer cells and T lymphocytes. Immunology 2017. [PMID: 28621843 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancers, including shifting oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and up-regulating glutaminolysis to divert carbon sources into biosynthetic pathways that promote proliferation and survival. Therefore, metabolic inhibitors represent promising anti-cancer drugs. However, T cells must rapidly divide and survive in harsh microenvironments to mediate anti-cancer effects. Metabolic profiles of cancer cells and activated T lymphocytes are similar, raising the risk of metabolic inhibitors impairing the immune system. Immune checkpoint blockade provides an example of how metabolism can be differentially impacted to impair cancer cells but support T cells. Implications for research with metabolic inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E Allison
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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26
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Wokoun U, Hellriegel M, Emons G, Gründker C. Co-treatment of breast cancer cells with pharmacologic doses of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and metformin: Starving tumors. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2418-2424. [PMID: 28350075 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of tumor cells is the increased aerobic glycolysis for energy production. Thus, inhibition of glycolysis represents a selective therapeutic option. It has been shown that glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) induces apoptotic cell death in different tumor entities. In addition, the antitumor activity of the anti-diabetic drug metformin has been demonstrated. In the present study, we aimed to ascertain whether the combination of pharmacologic doses of 2DG with metformin increases the antitumor efficacy. Cell viability of MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells treated without or with 2DG or with metformin alone or with the combination of both agents was measured using Alamar Blue assay. Induction of apoptosis was quantified by measurement of the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cleavage of PARP. Treatment of breast cancer cells with glycolysis inhibitor 2DG or with the anti-diabetic drug metformin resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis. Treatment with 2DG in combination with metformin resulted in significantly reduced viability compared with the single agent treatments. The observed reduction in viability was due to induction of apoptosis. In addition, in regards to apoptosis induction a stronger effect in the case of co-treatment compared with single agent treatments was observed. The glycolytic phenotype of human breast cancer cells can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. Co-treatment with doses of the glycolysis inhibitor 2DG and anti-diabetic drug metformin is tolerable in humans and may be a suitable therapy for human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Wokoun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hellriegel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Günter Emons
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Gründker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Kaizuka T, Morishita H, Hama Y, Tsukamoto S, Matsui T, Toyota Y, Kodama A, Ishihara T, Mizushima T, Mizushima N. An Autophagic Flux Probe that Releases an Internal Control. Mol Cell 2016; 64:835-849. [PMID: 27818143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular degradation system that utilizes the autophagosome to deliver cytoplasmic components to the lysosome. Measuring autophagic activity is critically important but remains complicated and challenging. Here, we have developed GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG, a fluorescent probe to evaluate autophagic flux. This probe is cleaved by endogenous ATG4 proteases into equimolar amounts of GFP-LC3 and RFP-LC3ΔG. GFP-LC3 is degraded by autophagy, while RFP-LC3ΔG remains in the cytosol, serving as an internal control. Thus, autophagic flux can be estimated by calculating the GFP/RFP signal ratio. Using this probe, we re-evaluated previously reported autophagy-modulating compounds, performed a high-throughput screen of an approved drug library, and identified autophagy modulators. Furthermore, we succeeded in measuring both induced and basal autophagic flux in embryos and tissues of zebrafish and mice. The GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG probe is a simple and quantitative method to evaluate autophagic flux in cultured cells and whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kaizuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institute of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kodama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ishihara
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Kosic M, Arsikin-Csordas K, Paunovic V, Firestone RA, Ristic B, Mircic A, Petricevic S, Bosnjak M, Zogovic N, Mandic M, Bumbasirevic V, Trajkovic V, Harhaji-Trajkovic L. Synergistic Anticancer Action of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and Glycolysis Inhibition. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22936-22948. [PMID: 27587392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effect of combining lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP)-inducing agent N-dodecylimidazole (NDI) with glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG). NDI-triggered LMP and 2DG-mediated glycolysis block synergized in inducing rapid ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, and reactive oxygen species production, eventually leading to necrotic death of U251 glioma cells but not primary astrocytes. NDI/2DG-induced death of glioma cells was partly prevented by lysosomal cathepsin inhibitor E64 and antioxidant α-tocopherol, suggesting the involvement of LMP and oxidative stress in the observed cytotoxicity. LMP-inducing agent chloroquine also displayed a synergistic anticancer effect with 2DG, whereas glucose deprivation or glycolytic inhibitors iodoacetate and sodium fluoride synergistically cooperated with NDI, thus further indicating that the anticancer effect of NDI/2DG combination was indeed due to LMP and glycolysis block. The two agents synergistically induced ATP depletion, mitochondrial depolarization, oxidative stress, and necrotic death also in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Moreover, the combined oral administration of NDI and 2DG reduced in vivo melanoma growth in C57BL/6 mice by inducing necrotic death of tumor cells, without causing liver, spleen, or kidney toxicity. Based on these results, we propose that NDI-triggered LMP causes initial mitochondrial damage that is further increased by 2DG due to the lack of glycolytic ATP required to maintain mitochondrial health. This leads to a positive feedback cycle of mitochondrial dysfunction, ATP loss, and reactive oxygen species production, culminating in necrotic cell death. Therefore, the combination of LMP-inducing agents and glycolysis inhibitors seems worthy of further exploration as an anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Kosic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Arsikin-Csordas
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Paunovic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Raymond A Firestone
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Ristic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Mircic
- the Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Petricevic
- the Institute of Biomedical Research, Galenika a.d., Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, and
| | - Mihajlo Bosnjak
- the Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Zogovic
- the Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Mandic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Bumbasirevic
- the Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia,
| | - Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic
- the Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Oladghaffari M, Islamian JP, Baradaran B, Monfared AS, Farajollahi A, Shanehbandi D, Mohammadi M. High Efficiency Apoptosis Induction in Breast Cancer Cell Lines by MLN4924/2DG Co-Treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016. [PMID: 26225696 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.13.5471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
2-deoxy-D-Glucose (2DG) causes cytotoxicity in cancer cells by disrupting thiol metabolism. It is an effective component in therapeutic strategies. It targets the metabolism of cancer cells with glycolysis inhibitory activity. On the other hand, MLN4924, a newly discovered investigational small molecule inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8 activating enzyme), inactivates SCF E3 ligase and causes accumulation of its substrates which triggers apoptosis. Combination of these components might provide a more efficient approach to treatment. In this research, 2DG and MLN4924 were co-applied to breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and SKBR-3) and cytotoxic and apoptotic activity were evaluated the by Micro culture tetrazolium test (MTT), TUNEL and ELISA methods. Caspase3 and Bcl2 genes expression were evaluated by real time Q-PCR methods. The results showed that MLN4924 and MLN4924/2DG dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of MCF7 and SKBR-3 cells. Cell survival of breast cancer cells exposed to the combination of 2DG/MLN4924 was decreased significantly compared to controls (p<0.05), while 2DG and MLN4924 alone had less pronounced effects on the cells. The obtained results suggest that 2DG/MLN4924 is much more efficient in breast cancer cell lines with enhanced cytotoxicity via inducing a apoptosis cell signaling gene, caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Oladghaffari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran E-mail :
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Zhang D, Fei Q, Li J, Zhang C, Sun Y, Zhu C, Wang F, Sun Y. 2-Deoxyglucose Reverses the Promoting Effect of Insulin on Colorectal Cancer Cells In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151115. [PMID: 26939025 PMCID: PMC4777557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased risk of colorectal cancer is related to the development of metabolic syndromes including hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. The high circulatory levels of glucose and/or insulin or the application of exogenous insulin may promote carcinogenesis, cancer progression and metastasis, which can be attributed to the Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis. We attempted to resolve these existing questions by applying the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). According to the in vitro studies we performed, the glycolysis of colorectal cancer cells could be interrupted by 2DG as it decreased the cellular productions of ATP and lactate. In addition, 2DG induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of these cells. Since insulin can stimulate the cellular uptake of hexose, including 2DG, the combination of 2DG and insulin improved the cytotoxicity of 2DG and meanwhile overcame the cancer-promoting effects of insulin. This in vitro study provided a viewpoint of 2DG as a potential therapeutic agent against colorectal cancer, especially for patients with concomitant hyperinsulinemia or treated with exogenous insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueming Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
Cancer cells are distinguished from normal cells by increased proliferation and metabolism, loss of polarity control, and the potential to invade other tissues of the body. As hubs of signaling transduction, primary cilia have been linked to diverse developmental and degenerative disorders. Interestingly, loss of cilia has been observed in multiple malignant tumors, suggesting a potential suppressive role of cilia in cancer development. More recently, emerging studies began to unveil the bidirectional interaction of cilia and autophagy, a basic cellular clearance and recycling mechanism to regulate cell homeostasis. Here, we summarize the interplay between cilia and autophagy and discuss the roles of cilia in both autophagy and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Cao
- Center for Autophagy Research; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Center for Autophagy Research; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
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32
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Xu DW, Zhang GQ, Wang ZW, Xu XY, Liu TX. Autophagy in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2167-75. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Calcium homeostasis and ER stress in control of autophagy in cancer cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:352794. [PMID: 25821797 PMCID: PMC4363509 DOI: 10.1155/2015/352794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a basic catabolic process, serving as an internal engine during responses to various cellular stresses. As regards cancer, autophagy may play a tumor suppressive role by preserving cellular integrity during tumor development and by possible contribution to cell death. However, autophagy may also exert oncogenic effects by promoting tumor cell survival and preventing cell death, for example, upon anticancer treatment. The major factors influencing autophagy are Ca2+ homeostasis perturbation and starvation. Several Ca2+ channels like voltage-gated T- and L-type channels, IP3 receptors, or CRAC are involved in autophagy regulation. Glucose transporters, mainly from GLUT family, which are often upregulated in cancer, are also prominent targets for autophagy induction. Signals from both Ca2+ perturbations and glucose transport blockage might be integrated at UPR and ER stress activation. Molecular pathways such as IRE 1-JNK-Bcl-2, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4, or ATF6-XBP 1-ATG are related to autophagy induced through ER stress. Moreover ER molecular chaperones such as GRP78/BiP and transcription factors like CHOP participate in regulation of ER stress-mediated autophagy. Autophagy modulation might be promising in anticancer therapies; however, it is a context-dependent matter whether inhibition or activation of autophagy leads to tumor cell death.
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Mansilla S, Vizcaíno C, Rodríguez-Sánchez MA, Priebe W, Portugal J. Autophagy modulates the effects of bis-anthracycline WP631 on p53-deficient prostate cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:786-98. [PMID: 25689150 PMCID: PMC4395193 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of p53-deficient PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cells with nanomolar concentrations of bis-anthracycline WP631 induced changes in gene expression, which resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest, autophagy and cell death. The presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), which induces metabolic stress and autophagy, enhanced the antiproliferative effects of WP631. Changes induced by WP631, 2-DG, or co-treatments with both compounds, in the expression of a variety of genes involved in autophagy and apoptosis were quantified by real-time PCR. They were consistent with a raise in autophagy followed by cell death. Some cells dying from G2/M phase showed features of necrosis like early changes in membrane permeability, while others were dying by apoptosis that occurred in presence of little caspase-3 activity. Our results indicate that WP631 is not only an antiproliferative agent acting on gene transcription, but it can also induce autophagy regardless of the presence of other pro-autophagy stimuli. The development of autophagy seemed to improve the cytotoxicity of WP631 in PC-3 cells. Our results indicate that autophagy would enhance the activity of DNA-binding drugs like WP631 that are potent inhibitors of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mansilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Cao J, Lou S, Ying M, Yang B. DJ-1 as a human oncogene and potential therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 93:241-50. [PMID: 25498803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1 is a cancer- and Parkinson's disease-associated protein that participates in different intracellular signaling pathways to protect cells from toxic stresses. DJ-1 expression, oxidation, localization, and phosphorylation are often altered in human tumors, and DJ-1 has been implicated in various aspects of transformation, including uncontrolled proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and apoptosis. Despite the strong relationship between DJ-1 and cancer, which made it a particularly attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment, the detailed mechanisms of how this oncogene coordinates altered signaling with cell survival remains elusive. In this commentary, we discuss the role of DJ-1 in transformation, highlight some of the significant aspects of and prospects for therapeutically targeting the DJ-1 signaling in cancer, and describe what the future may hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyue Lou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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36
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Roberts DJ, Miyamoto S. Hexokinase II integrates energy metabolism and cellular protection: Akting on mitochondria and TORCing to autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:248-57. [PMID: 25323588 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals that metabolic and cell survival pathways are closely related, sharing common signaling molecules. Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose, the rate-limiting first step of glycolysis. Hexokinase II (HK-II) is a predominant isoform in insulin-sensitive tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues. It is also upregulated in many types of tumors associated with enhanced aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells, the Warburg effect. In addition to the fundamental role in glycolysis, HK-II is increasingly recognized as a component of a survival signaling nexus. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the protective role of HK-II, controlling cellular growth, preventing mitochondrial death pathway and enhancing autophagy, with a particular focus on the interaction between HK-II and Akt/mTOR pathway to integrate metabolic status with the control of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Autophagic effects of Chaihu (dried roots of Bupleurum Chinense DC or Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium WILD). Chin Med 2014; 9:21. [PMID: 25228909 PMCID: PMC4165614 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaihu, prepared from the dried roots of Bupleurum Chinense DC (also known as bei Chaihu in Chinese) or Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium WILD (also known as nan Chaihu in Chinese), is a herbal medicine for harmonizing and soothing gan (liver) qi stagnation. Substantial pharmacological studies have been conducted on Chaihu and its active components (saikosaponins). One of the active components of Chaihu, saikosaponin-d, exhibited anticancer effects via autophagy induction. This article reviews the pharmacological findings for the roles of autophagy in the pharmacological actions of Chaihu and saikosaponins.
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38
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Zhang D, Li J, Wang F, Hu J, Wang S, Sun Y. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose targeting of glucose metabolism in cancer cells as a potential therapy. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:176-83. [PMID: 25218591 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by altered glucose metabolism known as the Warburg effect in which aerobic glycolysis is increased. Glucose is converted to lactate even under sufficient oxygen tension. Interfering with this process may be a potential effective strategy to cause cancer cell death because these cells rely heavily on glucose metabolism for survival and proliferation. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a glucose analog, targets glucose metabolism to deplete cancer cells of energy. In addition, 2DG increases oxidative stress, inhibits N-linked glycosylation, and induces autophagy. It can efficiently slow cell growth and potently facilitate apoptosis in specific cancer cells. Although 2DG itself has limited therapeutic effect in many types of cancers, it may be combined with other therapeutic agents or radiotherapy to exhibit a synergistic anticancer effect. In this review, we describe the Warburg effect and discuss 2DG and its underlying mechanisms and potential application for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueming Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Kuntz S, Mazerbourg S, Boisbrun M, Cerella C, Diederich M, Grillier-Vuissoz I, Flament S. Energy restriction mimetic agents to target cancer cells: comparison between 2-deoxyglucose and thiazolidinediones. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:102-11. [PMID: 25083915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of energy restriction mimetic agents (ERMAs) to selectively target cancer cells addicted to glycolysis could be a promising therapeutic approach. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are synthetic agonists of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ that were developed to treat type II diabetes. These compounds also display anticancer effects which appear mainly to be independent of their PPARγ agonist activity but the molecular mechanisms involved in the anticancer action are not yet well understood. Results obtained on ciglitazone derivatives, mainly in prostate cancer cell models, suggest that these compounds could act as ERMAs. In the present paper, we introduce how compounds like 2-deoxyglucose target the Warburg effect and then we discuss the possibility that the PPARγ-independent effects of various TZD could result from their action as ERMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kuntz
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Sabine Mazerbourg
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Michel Boisbrun
- Université de Lorraine, SRSMC, UMR 7565, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, SRSMC, UMR 7565, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Claudia Cerella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer. Hôpital Kirchberg, L-2540, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer. Hôpital Kirchberg, L-2540, Luxembourg; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Isabelle Grillier-Vuissoz
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Stephane Flament
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France.
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40
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Hao CL, Li Y, Yang HX, Luo RZ, Zhang Y, Zhang MF, Cheng YF, Wang X. High level of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 predicts poor prognosis in resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:4213-4221. [PMID: 25120801 PMCID: PMC4129036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is a key mediator bridging autophagy, apoptosis and differentiation. However, its role and clinical significance in resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still scanty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of LC3 by immunohistochemistry in a group of patients with ESCC treated with surgical resection. Tissue microarray that included 253 surgically resected ESCC specimens was successfully generated for immunohistochemical evaluation. The clinical/prognostic significance of LC3 expression was analyzed statistically. The association of LC3 expression with the ESCC survival rate was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional-hazards regression. The results showed that the immunostaining of LC3 was distributed in cytoplasm and plasma-membrane. Significantly high LC3 expression was found in ESCC cells compared with that of normal esophageal epithelial cells. Patients with low expression of LC3 demonstrated higher overall survival compared with those with high expression of LC3 (mean of 71.1 months versus 55.5 months, P = 0.022). A similar result was observed for disease-free survival (mean of 68.7 months versus 51.8 months, P = 0.021). In subgroup analysis, LC3 expression could stratify pN0 patients with ESCC. Multivariate analysis showed that the level of LC3 expression was an independent prognostic factor in ESCC (RR = 1.407, P = 0.049). This paper shows high level of LC3 suggests poor prognosis for resectable ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Li Hao
- Oncology Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan City, Shandong Province, China
- Oncology Center, Tengzhou Central People’s HospitalTengzhou City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Xian Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Luo
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Feng Cheng
- Oncology Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
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41
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Queiroz EAIF, Puukila S, Eichler R, Sampaio SC, Forsyth HL, Lees SJ, Barbosa AM, Dekker RFH, Fortes ZB, Khaper N. Metformin induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest mediated by oxidative stress, AMPK and FOXO3a in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98207. [PMID: 24858012 PMCID: PMC4032293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the anti-diabetic drug, metformin, can exhibit direct antitumoral effects, or can indirectly decrease tumor proliferation by improving insulin sensitivity. Despite these recent advances, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in decreasing tumor formation are not well understood. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative role and mechanism of action of metformin in MCF-7 cancer cells treated with 10 mM of metformin for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Using BrdU and the MTT assay, it was found that metformin demonstrated an antiproliferative effect in MCF-7 cells that occurred in a time- and concentration- dependent manner. Flow cytometry was used to analyze markers of cell cycle, apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress. Exposure to metformin induced cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 phase and increased cell apoptosis and necrosis, which were associated with increased oxidative stress. Gene and protein expression were determined in MCF-7 cells by real time RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. In MCF-7 cells metformin decreased the activation of IRβ, Akt and ERK1/2, increased p-AMPK, FOXO3a, p27, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K and Bcl-2 protein expression. Co-treatment with metformin and H2O2 increased oxidative stress which was associated with reduced cell number. In the presence of metformin, treating with SOD and catalase improved cell viability. Treatment with metformin resulted in an increase in p-p38 MAPK, catalase, MnSOD and Cu/Zn SOD protein expression. These results show that metformin has an antiproliferative effect associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which is mediated by oxidative stress, as well as AMPK and FOXO3a activation. Our study further reinforces the potential benefit of metformin in cancer treatment and provides novel mechanistic insight into its antiproliferative role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline A. I. F. Queiroz
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Puukila
- Biology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosangela Eichler
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra C. Sampaio
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidi L. Forsyth
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon J. Lees
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Biology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aneli M. Barbosa
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert F. H. Dekker
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuleica B. Fortes
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ZBF); (NK)
| | - Neelam Khaper
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Biology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (ZBF); (NK)
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42
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Xi H, Kurtoglu M, Lampidis TJ. The wonders of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:110-21. [PMID: 24578297 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Through the eons of time, out of all possible configurations, nature has selected glucose not only as a vital source of energy to sustain life but also as the molecule who's structure supplies the appropriate elements required for a cell to grow and multiply. This understanding, at least in part, explains the profound effects that the analog of glucose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, has been shown to have on as common and widespread diseases as cancer, viral infection, aging-related morbidity, epilepsy, and others. This review is confined to summarizing some of the salient findings of this remarkable compound as they relate mainly to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Xi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Klarer AC, O'Neal J, Imbert-Fernandez Y, Clem A, Ellis SR, Clark J, Clem B, Chesney J, Telang S. Inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3) induces autophagy as a survival mechanism. Cancer Metab 2014; 2:2. [PMID: 24451478 PMCID: PMC3913946 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike glycolytic enzymes that directly catabolize glucose to pyruvate, the family of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases (PFKFBs) control the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to and from fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a key regulator of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1). One family member, PFKFB3, has been shown to be highly expressed and activated in human cancer cells, and derivatives of a PFKFB3 inhibitor, 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO), are currently being developed in clinical trials. However, the effectiveness of drugs such as 3PO that target energetic pathways is limited by survival pathways that can be activated by reduced ATP and nutrient uptake. One such pathway is the process of cellular self-catabolism termed autophagy. We hypothesized that the functional glucose starvation induced by inhibition of PFKFB3 in tumor cells would induce autophagy as a pro-survival mechanism and that inhibitors of autophagy could increase the anti-tumor effects of PFKFB3 inhibitors. Results We found that selective inhibition of PFKFB3 with either siRNA transfection or 3PO in HCT-116 colon adenocarcinoma cells caused a marked decrease in glucose uptake simultaneously with an increase in autophagy based on LC3-II and p62 protein expression, acridine orange fluorescence of acidic vacuoles and electron microscopic detection of autophagosomes. The induction of autophagy caused by PFKFB3 inhibition required an increase in reactive oxygen species since N-acetyl-cysteine blocked both the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and the increase in acridine orange fluorescence in acidic vesicles after exposure of HCT-116 cells to 3PO. We speculated that the induction of autophagy might protect cells from the pro-apoptotic effects of 3PO and found that agents that disrupt autophagy, including chloroquine, increased 3PO-induced apoptosis as measured by double staining with Annexin V and propidium iodide in both HCT-116 cells and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. Chloroquine also increased the anti-growth effect of 3PO against LLCs in vivo and resulted in an increase in apoptotic cells within the tumors. Conclusions We conclude that PFKFB3 inhibitors suppress glucose uptake, which in turn causes an increase in autophagy. The addition of selective inhibitors of autophagy to 3PO and its more potent derivatives may prove useful as rational combinations for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Chesney
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Hexokinase-II positively regulates glucose starvation-induced autophagy through TORC1 inhibition. Mol Cell 2014; 53:521-33. [PMID: 24462113 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase-II (HK-II) catalyzes the first step of glycolysis and also functions as a protective molecule; however, its role in protective autophagy has not been determined. Results showed that inhibition of HK-II diminished, while overexpression of HK-II potentiated, autophagy induced by glucose deprivation in cardiomyocyte and noncardiomyocyte cells. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that HK-II binds to and inhibits the autophagy suppressor, mTOR complex 1 (TORC1), and that this binding was increased by glucose deprivation. The TOS motif, a scaffold sequence responsible for binding TORC1 substrates, is present in HK-II, and mutating it blocked its ability to bind to TORC1 and regulate protective autophagy. The transition from glycolysis to autophagy appears to be regulated by a decrease in glucose-6 phosphate. We suggest that HK-II binds TORC1 as a decoy substrate and provides a previously unrecognized mechanism for switching cells from a metabolic economy, based on plentiful energy, to one of conservation, under starvation.
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45
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D’Alessandro A, Zolla L. Proteomics and metabolomics in cancer drug development. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 10:473-88. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2013.840440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Ramírez-Peinado S, León-Annicchiarico CL, Galindo-Moreno J, Iurlaro R, Caro-Maldonado A, Prehn JHM, Ryan KM, Muñoz-Pinedo C. Glucose-starved cells do not engage in prosurvival autophagy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30387-30398. [PMID: 24014036 PMCID: PMC3798503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.490581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to nutrient shortage or organelle damage, cells undergo macroautophagy. Starvation of glucose, an essential nutrient, is thought to promote autophagy in mammalian cells. We thus aimed to determine the role of autophagy in cell death induced by glucose deprivation. Glucose withdrawal induces cell death that can occur by apoptosis (in Bax, Bak-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts or HeLa cells) or by necrosis (in Rh4 rhabdomyosarcoma cells). Inhibition of autophagy by chemical or genetic means by using 3-methyladenine, chloroquine, a dominant negative form of ATG4B or silencing Beclin-1, Atg7, or p62 indicated that macroautophagy does not protect cells undergoing necrosis or apoptosis upon glucose deprivation. Moreover, glucose deprivation did not induce autophagic flux in any of the four cell lines analyzed, even though mTOR was inhibited. Indeed, glucose deprivation inhibited basal autophagic flux. In contrast, the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose induced prosurvival autophagy. Further analyses indicated that in the absence of glucose, autophagic flux induced by other stimuli is inhibited. These data suggest that the role of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ramírez-Peinado
- From the Cell Death Regulation Group, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Spain
| | - Clara Lucía León-Annicchiarico
- From the Cell Death Regulation Group, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Spain
| | - Javier Galindo-Moreno
- From the Cell Death Regulation Group, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Spain
| | - Raffaella Iurlaro
- From the Cell Death Regulation Group, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Spain
| | - Alfredo Caro-Maldonado
- From the Cell Death Regulation Group, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Spain
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland, and
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Tumour Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- From the Cell Death Regulation Group, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Spain,.
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47
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Structural and some medicinal characteristics of the copper(II)–hydroxychloroquine complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4453-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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48
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Deng L, Lei Y, Liu R, Li J, Yuan K, Li Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Lu Y, Edwards CK, Huang C, Wei Y. Pyrvinium targets autophagy addiction to promote cancer cell death. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e614. [PMID: 23640456 PMCID: PMC3674351 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process by which long-lived proteins and damaged organelles are degradated by lysosomes. Activation of autophagy is an important survival mechanism that protects cancer cells from various stresses, including anticancer agents. Recent studies indicate that pyrvinium pamoate, an FDA-approved antihelminthic drug, exhibits wide-ranging anticancer activity. Here we demonstrate that pyrvinium inhibits autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. We further demonstrate that the inhibition of autophagy is mammalian target of rapamycin independent but depends on the transcriptional inhibition of autophagy genes. Moreover, the combination of pyrvinium with autophagy stimuli improves its toxicity against cancer cells, and pretreatment of cells with 3-MA or siBeclin1 partially protects cells from pyrvinium-induced cell death under glucose starvation, suggesting that targeted autophagy addiction is involved in pyrvinium-mediated cytotoxicity. Finally, in vivo studies show that the combination therapy of pyrvinium with the anticancer and autophagy stimulus agent, 2-deoxy-𝒟-glucose (2-DG), is significantly more effective in inhibiting tumor growth than pyrvinium or 2-DG alone. This study supports a novel cancer therapeutic strategy based on targeting autophagy addiction and implicates using pyrvinium as an autophagy inhibitor in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to improve their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li JL, Han SL, Fan X. Modulating autophagy: a strategy for cancer therapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 30:655-68. [PMID: 21959043 PMCID: PMC4012266 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process in which long-lived proteins, damaged cell organelles, and other cellular particles are sequestered and degraded. This process is important for maintaining the cellular microenvironment when the cell is under stress. Many studies have shown that autophagy plays a complex role in human diseases, especially in cancer, where it is known to have paradoxical effects. Namely, autophagy provides the energy for metabolism and tumor growth and leads to cell death that promotes tumor suppression. The link between autophagy and cancer is also evident in that some of the genes that regulate Carcinogenesis, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, participate in or impact the autophagy process. Therefore, modulating autophagy will be a valuable topic for cancer therapy. Many studies have shown that autophagy can inhibit the tumor growth when autophagy modulators are combined with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. These findings suggest that autophagy may be a potent target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Lin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou City, Yongzhou, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Autophagy and Prostate Cancer Therapeutics. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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