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Derderian S, Vesval Q, Wissing MD, Hamel L, Côté N, Vanhuyse M, Ferrario C, Bladou F, Aprikian A, Chevalier S. Liquid biopsy-based targeted gene screening highlights tumor cell subtypes in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2597-2612. [PMID: 36172886 PMCID: PMC9652435 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) clinical heterogeneity underscores tumor heterogeneity, which may be best defined by cell subtypes. To test if cell subtypes contributing to progression can be assessed noninvasively, we investigated whether 14 genes representing luminal, neuroendocrine, and stem cells are detectable in whole blood RNA of patients with advanced PCa. For each gene, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were first validated using RNA from PCa cell lines, and their traceability in blood was assessed in cell spiking experiments. These were next tested in blood RNA of 40 advanced PCa cases and 40 healthy controls. Expression in controls, which was low or negative, was used to define stringent thresholds for gene overexpression in patients to account for normal variation in white blood cells. Thirty-five of 40 patients overexpressed at least one gene. Patients with more genes overexpressed had a higher risk of death (hazard ratio 1.42, range 1.12-1.77). Progression on androgen receptor inhibitors was associated with overexpression of stem (odds ratio [OR] 7.74, range 1.68-35.61) and neuroendocrine (OR 13.10, range 1.24-142.34) genes, while luminal genes were associated with taxanes (OR 2.7, range 1.07-6.82). Analyses in PCa transcriptomic datasets revealed that this gene panel was most prominent in metastases of advanced disease, with diversity among patients. Collectively, these findings support the contribution of the prostate cell subtypes to disease progression. Cell-subtype specific genes are traceable in blood RNA of patients with advanced PCa and are associated with clinically relevant end points. This opens the door to minimally invasive liquid biopsies for better management of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seta Derderian
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute (RI)‐McGill University Health Center (MUHC)MontrealCanada,Department of Surgery (Urology Division)MUHC and McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Quentin Vesval
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute (RI)‐McGill University Health Center (MUHC)MontrealCanada,Department of UrologyCentre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire (CHRU) de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Michel D. Wissing
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute (RI)‐McGill University Health Center (MUHC)MontrealCanada,Department of OncologyMUHC and McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Lucie Hamel
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute (RI)‐McGill University Health Center (MUHC)MontrealCanada
| | - Nathalie Côté
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute (RI)‐McGill University Health Center (MUHC)MontrealCanada
| | - Marie Vanhuyse
- Department of OncologyMUHC and McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Cristiano Ferrario
- Department of OncologyJewish General Hospital (JGH) and McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Franck Bladou
- Department of UrologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Armen Aprikian
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute (RI)‐McGill University Health Center (MUHC)MontrealCanada,Department of Surgery (Urology Division)MUHC and McGill UniversityMontrealCanada,Department of OncologyMUHC and McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Simone Chevalier
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute (RI)‐McGill University Health Center (MUHC)MontrealCanada,Department of Surgery (Urology Division)MUHC and McGill UniversityMontrealCanada,Department of OncologyMUHC and McGill UniversityMontrealCanada,Department of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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2
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Mao F, Kong Y, Liu J, Rao X, Li C, Donahue K, Zhang Y, Jones K, Zhang Q, Xu W, Liu X. Diptoindonesin G antagonizes AR signaling and enhances the efficacy of antiandrogen therapy in prostate cancer. Prostate 2022; 82:917-932. [PMID: 35322879 PMCID: PMC9035130 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway has been well demonstrated to play a crucial role in the development, progression, and drug resistance of prostate cancer. Although the current anti-androgen therapy could significantly benefit prostate cancer patients initially, the efficacy of the single drug usually lasts for a relatively short period, as drug resistance quickly emerges. METHODS We have performed an unbiased bioinformatics analysis using the RNA-seq results in 22Rv1 cells to identify the cell response toward Dip G treatment. The RNA-seq results were validated by qRT-PCR. Protein levels were detected by western blot or staining. Cell viability was measured by Aquabluer and colony formation assay. RESULTS Here, we identified that Diptoindonesin G (Dip G), a natural extracted compound, could promote the proteasome degradation of AR and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) through modulating the activation of CHIP E3 ligase. Administration of Dip G has shown a profound efficiency in the suppression of AR and PLK1, not only in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells but also in castration-resistant and enzalutamide-resistant cells in a CHIP-dependent manner. Through co-targeting the AR signaling, Dip G robustly improved the efficacy of HSP90 inhibitors and enzalutamide in both human prostate cancer cells and in vivo xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that Dip G-mediated AR degradation would be a promising and valuable therapeutic strategy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Mao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Yifan Kong
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jinghui Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Xiongjian Rao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chaohao Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kristine Donahue
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yanquan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Katelyn Jones
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Qiongsi Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. Tel: (859) 562-2006;
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3
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Vasseur A, Kiavue N, Bidard F, Pierga J, Cabel L. Clinical utility of circulating tumor cells: an update. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1647-1666. [PMID: 33289351 PMCID: PMC8169442 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been clearly demonstrated in many types of cancer. However, their roles in diagnostic and treatment strategies remain to be defined. In this review, we present an overview of the current clinical validity of CTCs in nonmetastatic and metastatic cancer, and the main studies or concepts investigating the clinical utility of CTCs. In particular, we focus on breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Two major topics concerning the clinical utility of CTC are discussed: treatment based on CTC count or CTC variations, and treatment based on the molecular characteristics of CTCs. Although some of these studies are inconclusive, many are still ongoing, and their results could help to define the role of CTCs in the management of cancers. A summary of published or ongoing phase II-III trials is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Vasseur
- Department of Medical OncologyParis and Saint‐Cloud Institut CurieFrance
| | - Nicolas Kiavue
- Department of Medical OncologyParis and Saint‐Cloud Institut CurieFrance
| | - François‐Clément Bidard
- Department of Medical OncologyParis and Saint‐Cloud Institut CurieFrance
- UVSQParis‐Saclay UniversityFrance
- Circulating Tumor Biomarkers laboratoryInserm CIC‐BT 1428Institut CurieParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Yves Pierga
- Department of Medical OncologyParis and Saint‐Cloud Institut CurieFrance
- Circulating Tumor Biomarkers laboratoryInserm CIC‐BT 1428Institut CurieParisFrance
- Paris UniversityFrance
| | - Luc Cabel
- Department of Medical OncologyParis and Saint‐Cloud Institut CurieFrance
- Circulating Tumor Biomarkers laboratoryInserm CIC‐BT 1428Institut CurieParisFrance
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Chemi F, Mohan S, Guevara T, Clipson A, Rothwell DG, Dive C. Early Dissemination of Circulating Tumor Cells: Biological and Clinical Insights. Front Oncol 2021; 11:672195. [PMID: 34026650 PMCID: PMC8138033 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.672195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a causal role in the development of metastasis, the major cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. In the past decade, the development of powerful cellular and molecular technologies has led to a better understanding of the molecular characteristics and timing of dissemination of CTCs during cancer progression. For instance, genotypic and phenotypic characterization of CTCs, at the single cell level, has shown that CTCs are heterogenous, disseminate early and could represent only a minor subpopulation of the primary tumor responsible for disease relapse. While the impact of molecular profiling of CTCs has not yet been translated to the clinic, CTC enumeration has been widely used as a prognostic biomarker to monitor treatment response and to predict disease relapse. However, previous studies have revealed a major challenge: the low abundance of CTCs in the bloodstream of patients with cancer, especially in early stage disease where the identification and characterization of subsequently "lethal" cells has potentially the greatest clinical relevance. The CTC field is rapidly evolving with development of new technologies to improve the sensitivity of CTC detection, enumeration, isolation, and molecular profiling. Here we examine the technical and analytical validity of CTC technologies, we summarize current data on the biology of CTCs that disseminate early and review CTC-based clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chemi
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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Electrochemical Detection and Point-of-Care Testing for Circulating Tumor Cells: Current Techniques and Future Potentials. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216073. [PMID: 33114569 PMCID: PMC7663783 DOI: 10.3390/s20216073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that escaped from the primary tumor or the metastasis into the blood and they play a major role in the initiation of metastasis and tumor recurrence. Thus, it is widely accepted that CTC is the main target of liquid biopsy. In the past few decades, the separation of CTC based on the electrochemical method has attracted widespread attention due to its convenience, rapidness, low cost, high sensitivity, and no need for complex instruments and equipment. At present, CTC detection is not widely used in the clinic due to various reasons. Point-of-care CTC detection provides us with a possibility, which is sensitive, fast, cheap, and easy to operate. More importantly, the testing instrument is small and portable, and the testing does not require specialized laboratories and specialized clinical examiners. In this review, we summarized the latest developments in the electrochemical-based CTC detection and point-of-care CTC detection, and discussed the challenges and possible trends.
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6
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Loudas NB, Killeen AA, Palamalai V, Weight CJ, Rao A, Cho LC. Falsely Undetectable Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Due to Presence of an Inhibitory Serum Factor: A Case Report and Review of Pertinent Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:1248-1252. [PMID: 31444319 PMCID: PMC6717398 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.917137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 63 Final Diagnosis: Recurrent prostate cancer Symptoms: Falsely undetectable PSA Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Serum dilution Specialty: Urology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Loudas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anthony A Killeen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vikram Palamalai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher J Weight
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Arpit Rao
- Deartment of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - L Chinsoo Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Broncy L, Paterlini-Bréchot P. Clinical Impact of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070676. [PMID: 31277346 PMCID: PMC6678597 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The main issue concerning localized prostate cancers is the lack of a suitable marker which could help patients’ stratification at diagnosis and distinguish those with a benign disease from patients with a more aggressive cancer. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) are spread in the blood by invasive tumors and could be the ideal marker in this setting. Therefore, we have compiled data from the literature in order to obtain clues about the clinical impact of CTC in patients with localized prostate cancer. Forty-three publications have been found reporting analyses of CTC in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer. Of these, we have made a further selection of 11 studies targeting patients with clinical or pathological stages T1 and T2 and reporting the clinical impact of CTC. The results of this search show encouraging data toward the use of CTC in patients with early-stage cancer. However, they also highlight the lack of standardized methods providing a highly sensitive and specific approach for the detection of prostate-derived CTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Broncy
- INSERM Unit 1151, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Patrizia Paterlini-Bréchot
- INSERM Unit 1151, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Biochimie A, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France.
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8
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Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C. Liquid biopsy and minimal residual disease — latest advances and implications for cure. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:409-424. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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van der Toom EE, Axelrod HD, de la Rosette JJ, de Reijke TM, Pienta KJ, Valkenburg KC. Prostate-specific markers to identify rare prostate cancer cells in liquid biopsies. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:7-22. [PMID: 30479377 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in early detection and advances in treatment, patients with prostate cancer continue to die from their disease. Minimal residual disease after primary definitive treatment can lead to relapse and distant metastases, and increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and bone marrow-derived disseminated tumour cells (BM-DTCs) can offer clinically relevant biological insights into prostate cancer dissemination and metastasis. Using epithelial markers to accurately detect CTCs and BM-DTCs is associated with difficulties, and prostate-specific markers are needed for the detection of these cells using rare cell assays. Putative prostate-specific markers have been identified, and an optimized strategy for staining rare cancer cells from liquid biopsies using these markers is required. The ideal prostate-specific marker will be expressed on every CTC or BM-DTC throughout disease progression (giving high sensitivity) and will not be expressed on non-prostate-cancer cells in the sample (giving high specificity). Some markers might not be specific enough to the prostate to be used as individual markers of prostate cancer cells, whereas others could be truly prostate-specific and would make ideal markers for use in rare cell assays. The goal of future studies is to use sensitive and specific prostate markers to consistently and reliably identify rare cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley D Axelrod
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Dowling M, Samuelson J, Fadl-Alla B, Pondenis HC, Byrum M, Barger AM, Fan TM. Overexpression of prostate specific membrane antigen by canine hemangiosarcoma cells provides opportunity for the molecular detection of disease burdens within hemorrhagic body cavity effusions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210297. [PMID: 30601866 PMCID: PMC6314605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine hemangiosarcoma (cHSA) is a highly metastatic mesenchymal cancer that disseminates by hematogenous and direct implantation routes. Therapies for cHSA are generally ineffective, in part due to advanced clinical disease stage at the time of diagnosis. The validation of conventional molecular methods for detecting novel biomarkers preferentially expressed by cHSA could lead to more timely diagnosis, earlier therapeutic interventions, and improved outcomes. In humans, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein overexpressed by prostate carcinoma and tumor-associated endothelium of various solid cancer histologies. Importantly, the preferential overexpression of PSMA by certain cancers has been leveraged for the development of diagnostic molecular imaging reagents and targeted therapeutics. Recently, PSMA has been qualitatively demonstrated to be expressed in cHSA cell lines, however, quantitative PSMA expressions and the potential utility of PSMA transcript identification in biologic fluids to support the presence of microscopic cHSA burden has not been reported. Therefore, this study sought to characterize the differential quantitative expressions of PSMA between cHSA and non-malignant tissues, and to determine the potential diagnostic utility of PCR-generated PSMA amplicons as a surrogate of rare cHSA cells dwelling within peritoneal and pericardial cavities. Methods Quantitative gene and protein expressions for PSMA were compared between one normal endothelial and six cHSA cell lines by RT-PCR, western blot analysis, and fluorescent microscopy. Additionally, gene and protein expressions of PSMA in normal canine tissues were characterized. Graded expressions of PSMA were determined in spontaneously-arising cHSA tumor samples and the feasibility of qualitative PCR as a molecular diagnostic to detect PSMA transcripts in whole blood from healthy dogs and hemorrhagic effusions from cHSA-bearing dogs were evaluated. Results PSMA gene and protein expressions were elevated (up to 6-fold) in cHSA cells compared with non-malignant endothelium. By immunohistochemistry, protein expressions of PSMA were detectable in all cHSA tissue samples evaluated. As predicted by human protein atlas data, PSMA’s expression was comparably identified at substantial levels in select normal canine tissues including kidney, liver, and intestine. In young healthy pet dogs, PSMA amplicons could not be identified in circulating whole blood yet were detectable in hemorrhagic effusions collected from pet dogs with confirmed cHSA or PSMA-expressing cancer. Conclusions PSMA is quantitatively overexpressed in cHSA compared to normal endothelium, but its protein expression is not restricted to only cHSA tumor tissues, as specific visceral organs also substantively express PSMA. Optimized qualitative PCR methods failed to amplify PSMA amplicons sufficiently for visible detection in circulating whole blood derived from healthy young dogs, yet PSMA transcripts were readily identifiable in hemorrhagic effusions collected from pet dogs with histologically confirmed cHSA or PSMA-expressing cancer. While preliminary, findings derived from a limited cohort of normal and diseased pet dogs provocatively raise the potential value of PSMA amplicon detection as an ancillary molecular diagnostic test for supporting the presence of microscopic cHSA disease burden within hemorrhagic body cavity effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dowling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Samuelson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Bahaa Fadl-Alla
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Holly C. Pondenis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark Byrum
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Barger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ye X, Li G, Han C, Han Q, Shang L, Su H, Han B, Gong Y, Lu G, Peng T. Circulating tumor cells as a potential biomarker for postoperative clinical outcome in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5639-5647. [PMID: 30532586 PMCID: PMC6245351 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s175489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine if the number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and changes in their numbers affected tumor recurrence and metastasis after surgical resection in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). A total of 42 patients with HCC were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical College from 2014 to 2017. CTCs were counted 1 day prior to and 30 days after surgical excision of HCC using the CanPatrol™ system. RESULTS Numbers of CTCs (> 2 CTCs and > 5 CTCs per 5 ml peripheral blood) were significantly associated with Edmondson stage in HBV-related HCC prior to surgery (P = 0.004 and 0.014, respectively). However there were no significant associations between other tested clinicopathological factors and CTC counts. Postoperative CTC counts (> 2 and > 5) and pre/postoperative change in CTC counts were significantly associated with PFS (P = 0.02, 0.009, and 0.001, respectively), but not with OS. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that pre/postoperative changes in the CTC count were a better predictor of performance than absolute count. The postoperative CTC count was also significantly associated with positive TP53 expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that postoperative CTC counts (> 2 and > 5) and changes in CTC counts may be independent prognostic indicators for PFS in patients with HBV-related HCC, with the change in number of CTCs showing better predictive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China,
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China,
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China,
| | - Quanfa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China,
| | - Liming Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China,
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China,
| | - Bowen Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China,
| | - Yizhen Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China,
| | - Guodong Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China, ,Correspondence: Tao Peng, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China, Tel +86 771 535 6528, Fax +86 771 535 0031, Email
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12
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mei T, Lu X, Sun N, Li X, Chen J, Liang M, Zhou X, Fang Z. Real-time quantitative PCR detection of circulating tumor cells using tag DNA mediated signal amplification strategy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:204-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Kaittanis C, Andreou C, Hieronymus H, Mao N, Foss CA, Eiber M, Weirich G, Panchal P, Gopalan A, Zurita J, Achilefu S, Chiosis G, Ponomarev V, Schwaiger M, Carver BS, Pomper MG, Grimm J. Prostate-specific membrane antigen cleavage of vitamin B9 stimulates oncogenic signaling through metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Exp Med 2017; 215:159-175. [PMID: 29141866 PMCID: PMC5748857 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaittanis et al. show that the processing of glutamated folates by prostate-specific membrane antigen induces the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and initiation of PI3K–Akt signaling in prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) or folate hydrolase 1 (FOLH1) is highly expressed on prostate cancer. Its expression correlates inversely with survival and increases with tumor grade. However, the biological role of PSMA has not been explored, and its role in prostate cancer remained elusive. Filling this gap, we demonstrate that in prostate cancer, PSMA initiates signaling upstream of PI3K through G protein–coupled receptors, specifically via the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). PSMA’s carboxypeptidase activity releases glutamate from vitamin B9 and other glutamated substrates, which activate mGluR I. Activated mGluR I subsequently induces activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) through phosphorylation of p110β independent of PTEN loss. The p110β isoform of PI3K plays a particularly important role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, but the origin of its activation was so far unknown. PSMA expression correlated with PI3K–Akt signaling in cells, animal models, and patients. We interrogated the activity of the PSMA–PI3K axis through positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Inhibition of PSMA in preclinical models inhibited PI3K signaling and promoted tumor regression. Our data present a novel oncogenic signaling role of PSMA that can be exploited for therapy and interrogated with imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Kaittanis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Haley Hieronymus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ninghui Mao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Catherine A Foss
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Weirich
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Palak Panchal
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Genitourinary Division, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Juan Zurita
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Brett S Carver
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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14
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Liu W, Yin B, Wang X, Yu P, Duan X, Liu C, Wang B, Tao Z. Circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer: Precision diagnosis and therapy. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1223-1232. [PMID: 28789337 PMCID: PMC5529747 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of tumor-associated mortality in prostate cancer (PCa) remains distant metastasis. The dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant sites through the bloodstream cannot be detected early by standard imaging methods. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent an effective prognostic and predictive biomarker, which are able to monitor efficacy of adjuvant therapies, detect early development of metastases, and finally, assess therapeutic responses of advanced disease earlier than traditional diagnostic methods. In addition, since repeated tissue biopsies are invasive, costly and not always feasible, the assessment of tumor characteristics on CTCs, by a peripheral blood sample as a liquid biopsy, represents an attractive opportunity. The implementation of molecular and genomic characterization of CTCs may contribute to improve the treatment selection and thus, to move toward more precise diagnosis and therapy in PCa. The present study summarizes the current advances in CTC enrichment and detection strategies and reviews how CTCs may contribute to significant insights in the metastatic process, as well as how they may be utilized in clinical application in PCa. Although it is proposed that CTCs may offer insights into the prognosis and management of PCa, there are a number of challenges in the study of circulating tumor cells, and their clinical utility remains under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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15
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Gauthé M, Belissant O, Girard A, Zhang Yin J, Ohnona J, Cottereau AS, Nataf V, Balogova S, Pontvert D, Lebret T, Guillonneau B, Cussenot O, Talbot JN. TEP/TDM et récidive biologique d’adénocarcinome prostatique : apport du 68 Ga-PSMA-11 lorsque la 18 F-fluorocholine n’est pas contributive. Prog Urol 2017; 27:474-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Gorges TM, Riethdorf S, von Ahsen O, Nastały P, Röck K, Boede M, Peine S, Kuske A, Schmid E, Kneip C, König F, Rudolph M, Pantel K. Heterogeneous PSMA expression on circulating tumor cells: a potential basis for stratification and monitoring of PSMA-directed therapies in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:34930-41. [PMID: 27145459 PMCID: PMC5085200 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is the only clinically validated marker for therapeutic decisions in prostate cancer (PC). Characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) obtained from the peripheral blood of PC patients might provide an alternative to tissue biopsies called "liquid biopsy". The aim of this study was to develop a reliable assay for the determination of PSMA on CTCs. PSMA expression was analyzed on tissue samples (cohort one, n = 75) and CTCs from metastatic PC patients (cohort two, n = 29). Specific signals for the expression of PSMA could be seen for different prostate cancer cell line cells (PC3, LaPC4, 22Rv1, and LNCaP) by Western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry (ICC), and FACS. PSMA expression was found to be significantly increased in patients with higher Gleason grade (p = 0.0011) and metastases in lymph nodes (p = 0.0000085) or bone (p = 0.0020) (cohort one). In cohort two, CTCs were detectable in 20 out of 29 samples (69 %, range from 1 - 1000 cells). Twelve out of 20 CTC-positive patients showed PSMA-positive CTCs (67 %, score 1+ to 3+). We found intra-patient heterogeneity regarding the PSMA status between CTCs and the corresponding primary tumors. The results of our study could help to address the question whether treatment decisions based on CTC PSMA profiling will lead to a measurable benefit in clinical outcome for prostate cancer patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M. Gorges
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver von Ahsen
- BPH-DD-TRG-CIPL-Biomarker Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paulina Nastały
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Röck
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sven Peine
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andra Kuske
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Schmid
- BPH-DD-TRG-CIPL-Biomarker Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Kneip
- BPH-DD-TRG-CIPL-Biomarker Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marion Rudolph
- BPH-DD-TRG-CIPL-Biomarker Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Lianidou ES. Gene expression profiling and DNA methylation analyses of CTCs. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:431-42. [PMID: 26880168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of molecular assays have been developed for CTCs detection and molecular characterization. Molecular assays are based on the nucleic acid analysis in CTCs and are based on total RNA isolation and subsequent mRNA quantification of specific genes, or isolation of genomic DNA that can be for DNA methylation studies and mutation analysis. This review is mainly focused on gene expression and methylation studies in CTCs in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi S Lianidou
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Lab, Lab of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, 15771, Greece.
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18
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Takeuchi T, Okuno Y, Hattori-Kato M, Zaitsu M, Mikami K. Detection of AR-V7 mRNA in whole blood may not predict the effectiveness of novel endocrine drugs for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Res Rep Urol 2016; 8:21-5. [PMID: 26870716 PMCID: PMC4734820 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s98877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A splice variant of androgen receptor (AR), AR-V7, lacks in androgen-binding portion and leads to aggressive cancer characteristics. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and subsequent nested PCRs for the amplification of AR-V7 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) transcripts were done for whole blood of patients with prostate cancer and male controls. With primary reverse transcription PCRs, AR-V7 and PSA were detected in 4.5% and 4.7% of prostate cancer, respectively. With nested PCRs, AR-V7 messenger RNA (mRNA) was positive in 43.8% of castration-sensitive prostate cancer and 48.1% of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), while PSA mRNA was positive in 6.3% of castration-sensitive prostate cancer and 18.5% of CRPC. Whole-blood samples of controls showed AR-V7 mRNA expression by nested PCR. Based on multivariate analysis, expression of AR-V7 mRNA in whole blood was not significantly correlated with clinical parameters and PSA mRNA in blood, while univariate analysis showed a correlation between AR-V7 mRNA and metastasis at initial diagnosis. Detection of AR-V7 mRNA did not predict the reduction of serum PSA in patients with CRPC following abiraterone and enzalutamide administration. In conclusion, AR-V7 mRNA expression in normal hematopoietic cells may have annihilated the manifestation of aggressiveness of prostate cancer and the prediction of the effectiveness of abiraterone and enzalutamide by the assessment of AR-V7 mRNA in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Takeuchi
- Department of Urology, Kanto Rosai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Okuno
- Department of Urology, Kanto Rosai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Koji Mikami
- Department of Urology, Kanto Rosai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
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19
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Kidd M, Modlin IM, Drozdov I. Gene network-based analysis identifies two potential subtypes of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:595. [PMID: 25023465 PMCID: PMC4124138 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor transcriptomes contain information of critical value to understanding the different capacities of a cell at both a physiological and pathological level. In terms of clinical relevance, they provide information regarding the cellular "toolbox" e.g., pathways associated with malignancy and metastasis or drug dependency. Exploration of this resource can therefore be leveraged as a translational tool to better manage and assess neoplastic behavior. The availability of public genome-wide expression datasets, provide an opportunity to reassess neuroendocrine tumors at a more fundamental level. We hypothesized that stringent analysis of expression profiles as well as regulatory networks of the neoplastic cell would provide novel information that facilitates further delineation of the genomic basis of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. RESULTS We re-analyzed two publically available small intestinal tumor transcriptomes using stringent quality control parameters and network-based approaches and validated expression of core secretory regulatory elements e.g., CPE, PCSK1, secretogranins, including genes involved in depolarization e.g., SCN3A, as well as transcription factors associated with neurodevelopment (NKX2-2, NeuroD1, INSM1) and glucose homeostasis (APLP1). The candidate metastasis-associated transcription factor, ST18, was highly expressed (>14-fold, p < 0.004). Genes previously associated with neoplasia, CEBPA and SDHD, were decreased in expression (-1.5 - -2, p < 0.02). Genomic interrogation indicated that intestinal tumors may consist of two different subtypes, serotonin-producing neoplasms and serotonin/substance P/tachykinin lesions. QPCR validation in an independent dataset (n = 13 neuroendocrine tumors), confirmed up-regulated expression of 87% of genes (13/15). CONCLUSIONS An integrated cellular transcriptomic analysis of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors identified that they are regulated at a developmental level, have key activation of hypoxic pathways (a known regulator of malignant stem cell phenotypes) as well as activation of genes involved in apoptosis and proliferation. Further refinement of these analyses by RNAseq studies of large-scale databases will enable definition of individual master regulators and facilitate the development of novel tissue and blood-based tools to better understand diagnose and treat tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kidd
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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20
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Targeted inhibition of prostate cancer metastases with an RNA aptamer to prostate-specific membrane antigen. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1910-22. [PMID: 24954476 PMCID: PMC4429728 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-targeted therapies (smart drugs), which selectively control cancer cell progression with limited toxicity to normal cells, have been developed to effectively treat some cancers. However, many cancers such as metastatic prostate cancer (PC) have yet to be treated with current smart drug technology. Here, we describe the thorough preclinical characterization of an RNA aptamer (A9g) that functions as a smart drug for PC by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Treatment of PC cells with A9g results in reduced cell migration/invasion in culture and metastatic disease in vivo. Importantly, A9g is safe in vivo and is not immunogenic in human cells. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies in mice confirm target specificity and absence of non-specific on/off-target effects. In conclusion, these studies provide new and important insights into the role of PSMA in driving carcinogenesis and demonstrate critical endpoints for the translation of a novel RNA smart drug for advanced stage PC.
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21
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Ranc V, Srovnal J, Kvítek L, Hajduch M. Discrimination of circulating tumor cells of breast cancer and colorectal cancer from normal human mononuclear cells using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2014; 138:5983-8. [PMID: 23945652 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells present an important marker of the progress of several cancer diseases including breast and colorectal cancer, and enables an interesting prognosis and diagnostic options that can complement convenient diagnostic techniques based on several imaging methods. Based on its relevance, the analysis of such kinds of cells is within the scope of many research and clinical institutes; however, it still presents a difficult task. Here we used a state-of-the-art micro-Raman microscopic technique to enhance possibilities in the study of circulating tumor cells and their further differentiation. As cytospins present a convenient form of sample collection and preparation, we used this form of sampling as the initial point. Raman presents a non-destructive form of sample analysis and thus the samples can be further used for a method validation. We have considered the influence of fixation methods of the cells, where we found out that the ability of Raman spectroscopy to differentiate between three cell lines strictly depends upon the sample preparation method used. Namely breast (BT 549) and colorectal (HCT 116) circulating tumor cell lines and human mononuclear cells were compared. Methanol and paraformaldehyde methods of fixation were compared to simple drying out of the sample. It has been shown that drying out of the cells enables the best performance to be obtained in cell differentiation and this is demonstrated by the use of principal component analysis, where all three given cell lines were differentiated with a high level of confidence. Next, the cells were also scanned using 1 μm spatial resolution. The acquired data were visualized using both chemigrams and hierarchical clustering analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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22
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Friedlander TW, Premasekharan G, Paris PL. Looking back, to the future of circulating tumor cells. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:271-80. [PMID: 24362084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with metastatic malignancies have become active areas of research in recent years. CTC enumeration has already proven useful in establishing prognosis for patients with metastatic breast, colon, and prostate cancer. More recently, studies are going beyond enumeration, exploring the CTCs as a means to better understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis and the value of CTC characterization for prognosis and tailoring of treatment. Analysis of CTC subpopulations, for example, is highlighting the importance of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process which may be crucial for allowing tumors to invade into and grow at sites distant from the original tumor site. Similarly, the detection of CTCs expressing markers of stemness may also have important implications for treatment resistance. Genomic analysis of CTC and CTC subpopulations may allow for selection of novel therapeutic targets to combat treatment resistance. CTCs become a particularly valuable biospecimen resource when tissue biopsies are unavailable or not feasible and liquid biopsies allow for serial monitoring. Lastly, cultures of patient-derived CTCs may allow for an evaluation of therapeutic strategies performed ex vivo and in real time. This review article will focus on these developments, starting with the CTC pathogenesis, going on to discuss the different platforms available for CTC isolation and their use to date in these arenas, then will explore multiple topics including the existing data concerning CTC subpopulations and their clinical relevance, genomic characterization, and lastly, avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence W Friedlander
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States.
| | - Gayatri Premasekharan
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Pamela L Paris
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
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23
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Circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1676-90. [PMID: 24305656 PMCID: PMC3875960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can provide a non-invasive, repeatable snapshot of an individual patient's tumor. In prostate cancer, CTC enumeration has been extensively studied and validated as a prognostic tool and has received FDA clearance for use in monitoring advanced disease. More recently, CTC analysis has been shifting from enumeration to more sophisticated molecular characterization of captured cells, which serve as a "liquid biopsy" of the tumor, reflecting molecular changes in an individual's malignancy over time. Here we will review the main CTC studies in advanced and localized prostate cancer, highlighting the important gains as well as the challenges posed by various approaches, and their implications for advancing prostate cancer management.
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24
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Becker TM, Caixeiro NJ, Lim SH, Tognela A, Kienzle N, Scott KF, Spring KJ, de Souza P. New frontiers in circulating tumor cell analysis: A reference guide for biomolecular profiling toward translational clinical use. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2523-33. [PMID: 24122526 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are now routinely isolated from blood, and measurement of CTC concentrations appears to correlate well with survival in patients with cancer. Interrogation of the molecular profile of CTCs for expression of protein biomarkers, genetic variants and gene expression provides opportunities to use this information to guide personalized treatment, monitor therapy and detect emerging resistance. However, successful application of profiling techniques requires analyses that deliver a reliable and clinically relevant representation of a patient's cancer as it changes with time. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of therapeutically relevant biomarkers in isolated CTCs obtained by fluorescence imaging and genomic profiling approaches. The reviewed data support the notion that molecular profiling of CTCs will provide a reliable representation or surrogate index of tumor burden. Large-scale translational trials, many currently in progress, will provide critical data to progress CTC analysis toward wider clinical use in personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Becker
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medical Oncology, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia; University of New South Wales, School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Kasperzyk JL, Finn SP, Flavin R, Fiorentino M, Lis R, Hendrickson WK, Clinton SK, Sesso HD, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Loda M, Mucci LA. Prostate-specific membrane antigen protein expression in tumor tissue and risk of lethal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2354-63. [PMID: 24130224 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in tumor tissue and serum has been linked to increased risk of biochemical recurrence in surgically treated prostate cancer patients, but none of the studies have assessed its association with disease-specific mortality. METHODS We examined whether high PSMA protein expression in prostate tumor tissue was associated with lethal disease, and with tumor biomarkers of progression, among participants of two U.S.-based cohorts (n = 902, diagnosed 1983-2004). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate multivariable HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of lethal prostate cancer, defined as disease-specific death or development of distant metastases (n = 95). Partial Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to correlate PSMA with tumor biomarkers. RESULTS During an average 13 years of follow-up, higher PSMA expression at prostatectomy was significantly associated with lethal prostate cancer (age-adjusted HRQuartile(Q)4vs.Q1 = 2.42; Ptrend < 0.01). This association was attenuated and nonsignificant (multivariable-adjusted HRQ4vs.Q1 = 1.01; Ptrend = 0.52) after further adjusting for Gleason score and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis. High PSMA expression was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with higher Gleason score and PSA at diagnosis, increased tumor angiogenesis, lower vitamin D receptor and androgen receptor expression, and absence of ets-related gene (ERG) expression. CONCLUSIONS High tumor PSMA expression was not an independent predictor of lethal prostate cancer in the current study. PSMA expression likely captures, in part, malignant features of Gleason grade and tumor angiogenesis. IMPACT PSMA is not a strong candidate biomarker for predicting prostate cancer-specific mortality in surgically treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Kasperzyk
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, Sant' Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; and Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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26
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Esmaeilsabzali H, Beischlag TV, Cox ME, Parameswaran AM, Park EJ. Detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells: principles and methods. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1063-84. [PMID: 23999357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the clinical management of several cancers include finding better methods for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). However, detection and isolation of CTCs from the blood circulation is not a trivial task given their scarcity and the lack of reliable markers to identify these cells. With a variety of emerging technologies, a thorough review of the exploited principles and techniques as well as the trends observed in the development of these technologies can assist researchers to recognize the potential improvements and alternative approaches. To help better understand the related biological concepts, a simplified framework explaining cancer formation and its spread to other organs as well as how CTCs contribute to this process has been presented first. Then, based on their basic working-principles, the existing methods for detection and isolation of CTCs have been classified and reviewed as nucleic acid-based, physical properties-based and antibody-based methods. The review of literature suggests that antibody-based methods, particularly in conjunction with a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip setting, offer the highest overall performance for detection and isolation of CTCs. Further biological and engineering-related research is required to improve the existing methods. These include finding more specific markers for CTCs as well as enhancing the throughput, sensitivity, and analytic functionality of current devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Esmaeilsabzali
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, V3T 0A3, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada; School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
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27
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Modlin IM, Drozdov I, Kidd M. The identification of gut neuroendocrine tumor disease by multiple synchronous transcript analysis in blood. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63364. [PMID: 23691035 PMCID: PMC3655166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are increasing in both incidence and prevalence. A delay in correct diagnosis is common for these lesions. This reflects the absence of specific blood biomarkers to detect NENs. Measurement of the neuroendocrine secretory peptide Chromogranin A (CgA) is used, but is a single value, is non-specific and assay data are highly variable. To facilitate tumor detection, we developed a multi-transcript molecular signature for PCR-based blood analysis. NEN transcripts were identified by computational analysis of 3 microarray datasets: NEN tissue (n = 15), NEN peripheral blood (n = 7), and adenocarcinoma (n = 363 tumors). The candidate gene signature was examined in 130 blood samples (NENs: n = 63) and validated in two independent sets (Set 1 [n = 115, NENs: n = 72]; Set 2 [n = 120, NENs: n = 58]). Comparison with CgA (ELISA) was undertaken in 176 samples (NENs: n = 81). 51 significantly elevated transcript markers were identified. Gene-based classifiers detected NENs in independent sets with high sensitivity (85–98%), specificity (93–97%), PPV (95–96%) and NPV (87–98%). The AUC for the NEN gene-based classifiers was 0.95–0.98 compared to 0.64 for CgA (Z-statistic 6.97–11.42, p<0.0001). Overall, the gene-based classifier was significantly (χ2 = 12.3, p<0.0005) more accurate than CgA. In a sub-analysis, pancreatic NENs and gastrointestinal NENs could be identified with similar efficacy (79–88% sensitivity, 94% specificity), as could metastases (85%). In patients with low CgA, 91% exhibited elevated transcript markers. A panel of 51 marker genes differentiates NENs from controls with a high PPV and NPV (>90%), identifies pancreatic and gastrointestinal NENs with similar efficacy, and confirms GEP-NENs when CgA levels are low. The panel is significantly more accurate than the CgA assay. This reflects its utility to identify multiple diverse biological components of NENs. Application of this sensitive and specific PCR-based blood test to NENs will allow accurate detection of disease, and potentially define disease progress enabling monitoring of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvin M Modlin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Diamond E, Lee GY, Akhtar NH, Kirby BJ, Giannakakou P, Tagawa ST, Nanus DM. Isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:131. [PMID: 23087897 PMCID: PMC3468833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells found in the peripheral blood that putatively originate from established sites of malignancy and likely have metastatic potential. Analysis of CTCs has demonstrated promise as a prognostic marker as well as a source of identifying potential targets for novel therapeutics. Isolation and characterization of these cells for study, however, remain challenging owing to their rarity in comparison with other cellular components of the peripheral blood. Several techniques that exploit the unique biochemical properties of CTCs have been developed to facilitate their isolation. Positive selection of CTCs has been achieved using microfluidic surfaces coated with antibodies against epithelial cell markers or tumor-specific antigens such as EpCAM or prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Following isolation, characterization of CTCs may help guide clinical decision making. For instance, molecular and genetic characterization may shed light on the development of chemotherapy resistance and mechanisms of metastasis without the need for a tissue biopsy. This paper will review novel isolation techniques to capture CTCs from patients with advanced prostate cancer, as well as efforts to characterize the CTCs. We will also review how these analyzes can assist in clinical decision making. CONCLUSION The study of CTCs provides insight into the molecular biology of tumors of prostate origin that will eventually guide the development of tailored therapeutics. These advances are predicated on high yield and accurate isolation techniques that exploit the unique biochemical features of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan Diamond
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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[Perioperative analgesia in urology and potential influence of anesthesia on oncologic outcomes of surgery]. Prog Urol 2012; 22:503-9. [PMID: 22732641 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the current article was to present a review concerning current concepts of perioperative analgesia in urology and to assess the potential influence of anesthesia on oncologic outcomes after surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data on general anesthesia and perioperative analgesia were explored on Medline using the following MeSH terms: anesthesia; analgesia; pain urology; cancer; morphine; nefopam; tramadol; ketamine; local anesthetics; non-steroid anti-inflammatory treatments; surgery; cancer. Publications were considered on the following criteria: methodology, relevance and date of publication. RESULTS The concepts of acute and chronic pain after surgery are discussed, as well as prevention and treatment. Types of available pharmacological substances are listed and the possible routes of administration for these products. The concept of multimodal analgesia and preemptive analgesia are exposed and their role for the prevention of perioperative pain. Recent studies suggest a relationship between the modes of anesthesia and analgesia in cancer surgery, and recurrence of the disease after surgery. CONCLUSION Current concepts of perioperative analgesia offer new perspectives to urologists in the management of pain. Current scientific literature advocates regional anesthesia, the fight against pain and stress, and decreased use of opioids. In addition, the use of a multimodal analgesia seems to be an option for an optimal oncologic management of urologic tumours.
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