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Kim KH. Outliers in SAR and QSAR: 4. effects of allosteric protein-ligand interactions on the classical quantitative structure-activity relationships. Mol Divers 2022; 26:3057-3092. [PMID: 35192113 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of allosteric interactions on the classical structure-activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative SAR (QSAR) have been investigated. Apprehending the outliers in SAR and QSAR studies can improve the quality, predictability, and use of QSAR in designing unknown compounds in drug discovery research. We explored allosteric protein-ligand interactions as a possible source of outliers in SAR/QSAR. We used glycogen phosphorylase as an example of a protein that has an allosteric site. Examination of the ligand-bound x-ray crystal structures of glycogen phosphorylase revealed that many inhibitors bound at more than one binding site. The results of QSAR analyses of the inhibitors included a QSAR that recognized an outlier bound at a distinctive allosteric binding site. The case provided an example of constructive use of QSAR identifying outliers with alternative binding modes. Other allosteric QSARs that captured our attention were the inverted parabola/bilinear QSARs. The x-ray crystal structures and the QSAR analyses indicated that the inverted parabola QSARs could be associated with the conformational changes in the allosteric interactions. Our results showed that the normal parabola, as well as the inverted parabola QSARs, can describe the allosteric interactions. Examination of the ligand-bound X-ray crystal structures of glycogen phosphorylase revealed that many inhibitors bound at more than one binding site. The results of QSAR analyses of the inhibitors included a QSAR that recognized an outlier bound at a distinctive allosteric binding site.
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2
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Marinova P, Marinov M, Kazakova M, Feodorova Y, Blazheva D, Slavchev A, Georgiev D, Nikolova I, Sbirkova-Dimitrova H, Sarafian V, Stoyanov N. Copper(II) Complex of Bis(1',3'-Hydroxymethyl)-Spiro-(Fluorene-9,4'-Imidazolidine)-2',5'-Dione, Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity of Its Derivative and Crystal Structure of Free Ligand. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621130052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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La Ferla B, D’Orazio G. Pyranoid Spirosugars as Enzyme Inhibitors. Curr Org Synth 2021; 18:3-22. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200924152648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Pyranoid spirofused sugar derivatives represent a class of compounds with a significant
impact in the literature. From the structural point of view, the rigidity inferred by the spirofused entity has made
these compounds object of interest mainly as enzymatic inhibitors, in particular, carbohydrate processing enzymes.
Among them glycogen phosphorylase and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 are important target enzymes
for diverse pathological states. Most of the developed compounds present the spirofused entity at the C1 position
of the sugar moiety; nevertheless, spirofused entities can also be found at other sugar ring positions. The main
spirofused entities encountered are spiroacetals/thioacetals, spiro-hydantoin and derivatives, spiro-isoxazolines,
spiro-aminals, spiro-lactams, spiro-oxathiazole and spiro-oxazinanone, but also others are present.
Objectives:
The present review focuses on the most explored synthetic strategies for the preparation of this class
of compounds, classified according to the position and structure of the spirofused moiety on the pyranoid scaffold.
Moreover, the structures are correlated to their main biological activities or to their role as chiral auxiliaries.
Conclusion:
It is clear from the review that, among the different derivatives, the spirofused structures at position
C1 of the pyranoid scaffold are the most represented and possess the most relevant enzymatic inhibitor activities.
Nevertheless, great efforts have been devoted to the introduction of the spirofused entity also in the other positions,
mainly for the preparation of biologically active compounds but also for the synthesis of chiral auxiliaries
useful in asymmetric reactions; examples of such auxiliaries are the spirofused chiral 1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones and
1,3-oxazolidine-2-thiones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara La Ferla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Orazio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Identification of Antifungal Targets Based on Computer Modeling. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030081. [PMID: 29973534 PMCID: PMC6162656 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic, cosmopolitan fungus that attacks patients with a weak immune system. A rational solution against fungal infection aims to manipulate fungal metabolism or to block enzymes essential for Aspergillus survival. Here we discuss and compare different bioinformatics approaches to analyze possible targeting strategies on fungal-unique pathways. For instance, phylogenetic analysis reveals fungal targets, while domain analysis allows us to spot minor differences in protein composition between the host and fungi. Moreover, protein networks between host and fungi can be systematically compared by looking at orthologs and exploiting information from host⁻pathogen interaction databases. Further data—such as knowledge of a three-dimensional structure, gene expression data, or information from calculated metabolic fluxes—refine the search and rapidly put a focus on the best targets for antimycotics. We analyzed several of the best targets for application to structure-based drug design. Finally, we discuss general advantages and limitations in identification of unique fungal pathways and protein targets when applying bioinformatics tools.
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5
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Mikulskis P, Genheden S, Ryde U. A large-scale test of free-energy simulation estimates of protein-ligand binding affinities. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2794-806. [PMID: 25264937 DOI: 10.1021/ci5004027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have performed a large-scale test of alchemical perturbation calculations with the Bennett acceptance-ratio (BAR) approach to estimate relative affinities for the binding of 107 ligands to 10 different proteins. Employing 20-Å truncated spherical systems and only one intermediate state in the perturbations, we obtain an error of less than 4 kJ/mol for 54% of the studied relative affinities and a precision of 0.5 kJ/mol on average. However, only four of the proteins gave acceptable errors, correlations, and rankings. The results could be improved by using nine intermediate states in the simulations or including the entire protein in the simulations using periodic boundary conditions. However, 27 of the calculated affinities still gave errors of more than 4 kJ/mol, and for three of the proteins the results were not satisfactory. This shows that the performance of BAR calculations depends on the target protein and that several transformations gave poor results owing to limitations in the molecular-mechanics force field or the restricted sampling possible within a reasonable simulation time. Still, the BAR results are better than docking calculations for most of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Mikulskis
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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6
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Czifrák K, Páhi A, Deák S, Kiss-Szikszai A, Kövér KE, Docsa T, Gergely P, Alexacou KM, Papakonstantinou M, Leonidas DD, Zographos SE, Chrysina ED, Somsák L. Glucopyranosylidene-spiro-iminothiazolidinone, a new bicyclic ring system: Synthesis, derivatization, and evaluation for inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase by enzyme kinetic and crystallographic methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4028-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Malde AK, Mark AE. Challenges in the determination of the binding modes of non-standard ligands in X-ray crystal complexes. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 25:1-12. [PMID: 21053051 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite its central role in structure based drug design the determination of the binding mode (position, orientation and conformation in addition to protonation and tautomeric states) of small heteromolecular ligands in protein:ligand complexes based on medium resolution X-ray diffraction data is highly challenging. In this perspective we demonstrate how a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and free energy (FE) calculations can be used to correct and identify thermodynamically stable binding modes of ligands in X-ray crystal complexes. The consequences of inappropriate ligand structure, force field and the absence of electrostatics during X-ray refinement are highlighted. The implications of such uncertainties and errors for the validation of virtual screening and fragment-based drug design based on high throughput X-ray crystallography are discussed with possible solutions and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpeshkumar K Malde
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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8
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Tsirkone VG, Tsoukala E, Lamprakis C, Manta S, Hayes JM, Skamnaki VT, Drakou C, Zographos SE, Komiotis D, Leonidas DD. 1-(3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-β-d-glucopyranosyl) pyrimidine derivatives as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase b: Kinetic, crystallographic and modelling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3413-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of 1-(d-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,3-triazoles and their evaluation as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Regioselective synthesis and biological evaluation of spiro-sulfamidate glycosides from exo-glycals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Martins JPA, Barbosa EG, Pasqualoto KFM, Ferreira MMC. LQTA-QSAR: A New 4D-QSAR Methodology. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:1428-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ci900014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo A. Martins
- Laboratory for Theoretical and Applied Chemometrics, Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13084-971, POB 6154, Brazil
| | - Euzébio G. Barbosa
- Laboratory for Theoretical and Applied Chemometrics, Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13084-971, POB 6154, Brazil
| | - Kerly F. M. Pasqualoto
- Laboratory for Theoretical and Applied Chemometrics, Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13084-971, POB 6154, Brazil
| | - Márcia M. C. Ferreira
- Laboratory for Theoretical and Applied Chemometrics, Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13084-971, POB 6154, Brazil
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12
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Chrysina ED, Bokor É, Alexacou KM, Charavgi MD, Oikonomakos GN, Zographos SE, Leonidas DD, Oikonomakos NG, Somsák L. Amide-1,2,3-triazole bioisosterism: the glycogen phosphorylase case. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Somsák L, Nagy V, Vidal S, Czifrák K, Berzsényi E, Praly JP. Novel design principle validated: Glucopyranosylidene-spiro-oxathiazole as new nanomolar inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase, potential antidiabetic agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5680-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Oligo- and polysaccharides are infamous for being extremely flexible molecules, populating a series of well-defined rotational isomeric states under physiological conditions. Characterization of this heterogeneous conformational ensemble has been a major obstacle impeding high-resolution structure determination of carbohydrates and acting as a bottleneck in the effort to understand the relationship between the carbohydrate structure and function. This challenge has compelled the field to develop and apply theoretical and experimental methods that can explore conformational ensembles by both capturing and deconvoluting the structural and dynamic properties of carbohydrates. This review focuses on computational approaches that have been successfully used in combination with experiment to detail the three-dimensional structure of carbohydrates in a solution and in a complex with proteins. In addition, emerging experimental techniques for three-dimensional structural characterization of carbohydrate-protein complexes and future challenges in the field of structural glycobiology are discussed. The review is divided into five sections: (1) The complexity and plasticity of carbohydrates, (2) Predicting carbohydrate-protein interactions, (3) Calculating relative and absolute binding free energies for carbohydrate-protein complexes, (4) Emerging and evolving techniques for experimental characterization of carbohydrate-protein structures, and (5) Current challenges in structural glycoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari L DeMarco
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-4712, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-4712, USA
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15
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Alexacou KM, Hayes JM, Tiraidis C, Zographos SE, Leonidas DD, Chrysina ED, Archontis G, Oikonomakos NG, Paul JV, Varghese B, Loganathan D. Crystallographic and computational studies on 4-phenyl-N-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-1-acetamide, an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase: Comparison with α-D-glucose, N-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamine and N-benzoyl-N′-β-D-glucopyranosyl urea bin. Proteins 2007; 71:1307-23. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Juhász L, Docsa T, Brunyászki A, Gergely P, Antus S. Synthesis and glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor activity of 2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4048-56. [PMID: 17451960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel 5-benzyl and 5-benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones carrying 2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin pharmacophore were synthesized and their glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor activity was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Juhász
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary.
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17
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Oikonomakos NG, Tiraidis C, Leonidas DD, Zographos SE, Kristiansen M, Jessen CU, Nørskov-Lauritsen L, Agius L. Iminosugars as Potential Inhibitors of Glycogenolysis: Structural Insights into the Molecular Basis of Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibition. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5687-701. [PMID: 16970395 DOI: 10.1021/jm060496g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iminosugars DAB (5), isofagomine (9), and several N-substituted derivatives have been identified as potent inhibitors of liver glycogen phosphorylase a (IC(50) = 0.4-1.2 microM) and of basal and glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis (IC(50) = 1-3 microM). The X-ray structures of 5, 9, and its N-3-phenylpropyl analogue 8 in complex with rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (GPb) shows that iminosugars bind tightly at the catalytic site in the presence of the substrate phosphate and induce conformational changes that characterize the R-state conformation of the enzyme. Charged nitrogen N1 is within hydrogen-bonding distance with the carbonyl oxygen of His377 (5) and in ionic contact with the substrate phosphate oxygen (8 and 9). Our findings suggest that the inhibitors function as oxocarbenium ion transition-state analogues. The conformational change to the R state provides an explanation for previous findings that 5, unlike inhibitors that favor the T state, promotes phosphorylation of GPb in hepatocytes with sequential inactivation of glycogen synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos G Oikonomakos
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece.
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18
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Petsalakis EI, Chrysina ED, Tiraidis C, Hadjiloi T, Leonidas DD, Oikonomakos NG, Aich U, Varghese B, Loganathan D. Crystallographic studies on N-azidoacetyl-β-d-glucopyranosylamine, an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase: Comparison with N-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosylamine. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5316-24. [PMID: 16616506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (NAG) is a potent inhibitor (Ki=32 microM) of glycogen phosphorylase b (GPb), and has been employed as a lead compound for the structure-based design of new analogues, in an effort to utilize its potential as a hypoglycaemic agent. Replacement of the acetamido group by azidoacetamido group resulted in an inhibitor, N-azidoacetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (azido-NAG), with a Ki value of 48.7 microM, in the direction of glycogen synthesis. In order to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition, we determined the ligand structure in complex with GPb at 2.03 A resolution, and the structure of the fully acetylated derivative in the free form. The molecular packing of the latter is stabilized by a number of bifurcated hydrogen bonds of which the one involving a bifurcated C-H...N...H-C type hydrogen bonding is rather unique in organic azides. Azido-NAG can be accommodated in the catalytic site of T-state GPb at approximately the same position as that of NAG and stabilizes the T-state conformation of the 280 s loop by making several favourable contacts to residues of this loop. The difference observed in the Ki values of the two analogues can be interpreted in terms of desolvation effects, subtle structural changes of protein residues and changes in water structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia I Petsalakis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
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19
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Hadjiloi T, Tiraidis C, Chrysina ED, Leonidas DD, Oikonomakos NG, Tsipos P, Gimisis T. Binding of oxalyl derivatives of β-d-glucopyranosylamine to muscle glycogen phosphorylase b. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3872-82. [PMID: 16464598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Five oxalyl derivatives of beta-d-glucopyranosylamine were synthesized as potential inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase (GP). The compounds 1-4 were competitive inhibitors of rabbit muscle GPb (with respect to alpha-d-glucose-1-phosphate) with K(i) values of 0.2-1.4 mM, while compound 5 was not effective up to a concentration of 10 mM. In order to elucidate the structural basis of their inhibition, we analysed the structures of compounds 1-4 in complex with GPb at 1.93-1.96 Angstrom resolution. The complex structures reveal that the inhibitors can be accommodated at the catalytic site at approximately the same position as alpha-d-glucose and stabilize the T-state conformation of the 280 s loop by making several favourable contacts to Asp283 and Asn284 of this loop. Comparison with the lead compound N-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosylamine (6) shows that the hydrogen bonding interaction of the amide nitrogen with the main-chain carbonyl oxygen of His377 is not present in these complexes. The differences observed in the K(i) values of the four analogues can be interpreted in terms of subtle conformational changes of protein residues and shifts of water molecules in the vicinity of the catalytic site, variations in van der Waals interactions, conformational entropy and desolvation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Hadjiloi
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
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20
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Czifrák K, Hadady Z, Docsa T, Gergely P, Schmidt J, Wessjohann L, Somsák L. Synthesis of N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl) monoamides of dicarboxylic acids as potential inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:947-56. [PMID: 16564511 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
O-peracetylated N-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)imino trimethylphosphorane obtained in situ from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl azide and PMe3 was reacted with saturated and unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, or their anhydrides, or monoesters to give the corresponding N-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) monoamides of dicarboxylic acids or derivatives. The acetyl protecting groups were removed according to the Zemplén protocol to give a series of compounds which showed moderate inhibitory effects against rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b. The best inhibitor was 3-(N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-carbamoyl)propanoic acid (7) with Ki = 20 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Czifrák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, PO Box 20, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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Baker DJ, Greenhaff PL, Timmons JA. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibition as a therapeutic target: a review of the recent patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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