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Yuan X, Zhang Y, Hu L, Sang W, Yang Z. Investigating the effects of species niche shifts on the potential distribution of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) by using global occurrence data. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:8. [PMID: 38771255 PMCID: PMC11107378 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Invasive species may occupy quite different environments in their invaded areas to native ones, which may intensively interfere with predicting potential distribution through ecological niche modeling (ENM). Here, we take the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a tomato pest, as an example to investigate this topic. We analyzed niche expansion, stability, unfilling, and Schoener's D by principal component analysis (PCA) ordination method to examine its realized niche shifts and to explore how ENM approaches are affected by niche shifts. We used 5 datasets: Asian, African, European, South American, and global occurrence records in this study. Results showed that high niche unfilling for the species' invaded areas in Asia (20%), Africa (12%), and Europe (37%), possibly due to T. absoluta being in the early stages of invasion. High niche expansion was observed in Asia (38%) and Europe (19%), implying that some European and Asian populations had reached new climatic areas. African niche had the most niche stability (94%) and was equivalent to the native one in climate space (PCA ordination method), but the n-dimensional climate space framework showed that they were different. When projecting the native model to Asia and Europe, the native model performed poorly, implying that the niche shifts affected the transferability of the native model. ENM based on global data outperformed than other models, and our results suggested that T. absoluta has a large potential distribution in Asia, Mexico, South Europe, the United States, and Australia. Meanwhile, we recommend updating ENMs based on the species' invasion stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Yuan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100076, China
- Beijing Biodiversity Conservation Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Luyi Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weiguo Sang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100076, China
- Beijing Biodiversity Conservation Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100076, China
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Ong'onge MA, Ajene IJ, Runo S, Sokame BM, Khamis FM. Population dynamics and insecticide resistance in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), an invasive pest on tomato in Kenya. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21465. [PMID: 38027621 PMCID: PMC10660591 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuta absoluta feeds on solanaceous plants with preference on tomato. Management of the pest is mostly with chemical insecticides. This study identified insecticide resistant populations and predicted resistance to insecticides. Insecticide resistance development was modelled using system thinking, and system dynamics approaches. The model showed the pest resistance development is alarming with an exponential increase of the resistance strength mostly in recent years. Furthermore, we used seven insecticide-resistance gene markers to resolve the population structure and genetic differentiation of insecticide-resistant populations in Kenya. The genes for resistance (knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and voltage gated sodium channel (para)) were detected in all populations. Population structure analyses separated T. absoluta populations into three genetic clusters with resistant genes that are interconnected. A better insight on the population dynamics and the genetic structure T. absoluta resistant genes in Kenya will help estimate resistance strength and determine the most effective pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Adhiambo Ong'onge
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Inusa Jacob Ajene
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Steven Runo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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İnak E, Özdemir E, Atış AE, Randa Zelyüt F, İnak A, Demir Ü, Roditakis E, Vontas J. Population structure and insecticide resistance status of Tuta absoluta populations from Turkey. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4741-4748. [PMID: 34151488 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuta absoluta is a devastating pest in tomato production areas worldwide. After its first introduction to Turkey in 2009, it quickly became the major pest of tomato-growing areas. Although some biocontrol agents have been used, especially in greenhouses, the main control of T. absoluta relies heavily on chemical insecticides. However, failure in chemical control has often been reported due to resistance development. In this study, we investigated (i) the population structure of 22 T. absoluta populations across Turkey by analysing haplotypes, based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene; (ii) the efficacy of three registered insecticides from different classes (metaflumizone, chlorantraniliprole and spinosad) in real field-greenhouse conditions; and (iii) the geographic distribution of target-site mutations associated with insecticide resistance. RESULTS The efficacy of spinosad was higher than that of chlorantraniliprole and metaflumizone in the greenhouse trials, as documented by the mortality rates obtained, up to 14 days post application. Known resistance mutations in ryanodine receptors (RyR) (i.e. the I4790M/K and G4946E), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (G275E), acetylcholinesterases (A201S) and voltage-gated sodium channels (F1845Y and V1848I) were found at various frequencies across the populations genotyped. The I4790K diamide resistance mutation in the RyR has been reported for the first time in T. absoluta populations. Although a total of eight haplotypes were found, the overall mean genetic distance was lower than 0.001, indicating the high genetic homogeneity among Turkish T. absoluta populations. CONCLUSION The results will contribute to design area-wide resistance management programs in T. absoluta control in Turkey. However, more monitoring studies are needed to implement evidence-based insecticide resistance management strategies in the frame of integrated pest management. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre İnak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esengül Özdemir
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Şırnak University, İdil, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Emre Atış
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Randa Zelyüt
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture and Natural Science Faculty, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Arda İnak
- BASF, Department of Agricultural Products, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ünver Demir
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Antalya Akev University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emmanouil Roditakis
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hajiahmadi Z, Shirzadian-Khorramabad R, Kazemzad M, Sohani MM, Khajehali J. A novel, simple, and stable mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based gene transformation approach in Solanum lycopersicum. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:370. [PMID: 32832330 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel and stable gene transformation system was developed under control of Maize Proteinase Inhibitor (MPI) as an inducible promoter using the Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs). The functionalized MSNs with a proper particle size were synthesized and attached to a recombinant construct (pDNA) containing cryIAb gene under the control of MPI promoter (pPZP122:MPI:cryIAb:MSN [pDNA: MSN]) following transformation of tomato plants through injection of the pDNA: MSN complex into tomato red fruit at early ripening stage and then, putative transgenic seeds were collected. As an initial selection, gentamicin-resistant seedlings of T1 (24.24%) and T2 (61.37%) plants were identified. The transgene integration and expression were confirmed through the PCR, RT-PCR, and western blot approaches in the selected seedlings. PCR analysis showed that transformation frequency was equal to 10.71% in T1 plants. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed the transcript expression of cryIAb in all the T1 and T2 PCR-positive plants. Western blot analysis confirmed the existence of CryIAb protein in the leaves of T2 putative transgenic plants. Accordingly, the results demonstrated that the transgene has more likely integrated into the tomato genome through homologous recombination. Bioassay was carried out for further assessment of the plant responses to Tuta absoluta resulting in an enhanced tolerance of the plant. In conclusion, the MSN-mediated stable transformation system under the MPI as an inducible promoter can be used as a suitable alternative for conventional genetic transformation methods due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, cost and time-effectiveness, and positive effect on the plant defense against pathogens and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hajiahmadi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, 4199613776 Iran
| | - Reza Shirzadian-Khorramabad
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, 4199613776 Iran
| | - Mahmood Kazemzad
- Department of Energy, Materials and Energy Research Center, Tehran, 14155-477 Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sohani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, 4199613776 Iran
| | - Jahangir Khajehali
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111 Iran
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Unraveling the Genetic Structure of the Coconut Scale Insect Pest ( Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne) Outbreak Populations in the Philippines. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110374. [PMID: 31717772 PMCID: PMC6920999 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that massive outbreaks of the coconut scale insect pest, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are inflicting significant economic losses to the Philippines' coconut industry, little is known about the population and dispersal history of this invasive pest in the country. Here, we examined the genetic diversity, structure and demographic history of A. rigidus sampled from localities with reported outbreaks from 2014 to 2017. We analyzed the genetic structure of the outbreak populations using mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF-1α markers. Both markers and all methods of population genetic structure analyses indicate clear differentiation among the A. rigidus populations separating the north from the southern regions of the Philippines. Very low or no genetic differentiation was observed within and amongst the populations per geographic region indicating two unrelated outbreak events of the pest originating from two genetically uniform populations isolated in each respective region. Historical data supports the resurgence of an established A. rigidus population in the south which could have been driven by sudden climatic changes or human-induced habitat imbalance. Our study provides valuable information on the genetic differentiation of the two A. rigidus groups that would be useful for developing and implementing biological control strategies against this pest in the Philippines.
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Genetic homogeneity in South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta: a new invasive pest to oriental region. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:350. [PMID: 30073135 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important invasive pest of Tomato which invaded India and Nepal in 2014 and 2016, respectively. In the present study, samples from five localities of India and one from Nepal were used for the investigation of genetic diversity of T. absoluta by employing a fragment in the mtDNA gene-encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Based on the partial COI gene, high genetic homogeneity was detected in T. absoluta populations of India and Nepal with rest of the world. Less nucleotide diversity (π 0.00137) was also detected in the populations of T. absoluta from different countries. This is first attempt to analyze molecular data for this new invasive species from India and Nepal.
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Never Z, Patrick AN, Musa C, Ernest M. Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917), an emerging agricultural pest in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current and prospective management strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajar2016.11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Camargo RA, Barbosa GO, Possignolo IP, Peres LEP, Lam E, Lima JE, Figueira A, Marques-Souza H. RNA interference as a gene silencing tool to control Tuta absoluta in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2673. [PMID: 27994959 PMCID: PMC5162399 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), a gene-silencing mechanism that involves providing double-stranded RNA molecules that match a specific target gene sequence, is now widely used in functional genetic studies. The potential application of RNAi-mediated control of agricultural insect pests has rapidly become evident. The production of transgenic plants expressing dsRNA molecules that target essential insect genes could provide a means of specific gene silencing in larvae that feed on these plants, resulting in larval phenotypes that range from loss of appetite to death. In this report, we show that the tomato leafminer ( Tuta absoluta ), a major threat to commercial tomato production, can be targeted by RNAi. We selected two target genes (Vacuolar ATPase-A and Arginine kinase) based on the RNAi response reported for these genes in other pest species. In view of the lack of an artificial diet for T. absoluta, we used two approaches to deliver dsRNA into tomato leaflets. The first approach was based on the uptake of dsRNA by leaflets and the second was based on "in planta-induced transient gene silencing" (PITGS), a well-established method for silencing plant genes, used here for the first time to deliver in planta-transcribed dsRNA to target insect genes. Tuta absoluta larvae that fed on leaves containing dsRNA of the target genes showed an ∼60% reduction in target gene transcript accumulation, an increase in larval mortality and less leaf damage. We then generated transgenic 'Micro-Tom' tomato plants that expressed hairpin sequences for both genes and observed a reduction in foliar damage by T. absoluta in these plants. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of RNAi as an alternative method for controlling this critical tomato pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme O Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Isabella Presotto Possignolo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lazaro E P Peres
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo , Piracicaba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology & Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , NJ , United States
| | - Joni E Lima
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo , Piracicaba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Henrique Marques-Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
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Camargo RDA, Herai RH, Santos LN, Bento FMM, Lima JE, Marques-Souza H, Figueira A. De novo transcriptome assembly and analysis to identify potential gene targets for RNAi-mediated control of the tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:635. [PMID: 26306628 PMCID: PMC4550053 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to insects has been proven to silence target genes, and this approach has emerged as a potential method to control agricultural pests by engineering plants to express insect dsRNAs. A critical step of this technology is the screening of effective target genes essential for insect development and/or survival. The tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) is a major Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) pest that causes significant yield losses and has recently invaded Europe, from where it is spreading at an alarming rate. To explore RNA interference (RNAi) against T. absoluta, sequence information on potential target genes is necessary, but only a few sequences are available in public databases. RESULTS We sequenced six libraries from RNA samples from eggs, adults, and larvae at four stages, obtaining an overall total of around 245 million reads. The assembled T. absoluta transcriptome contained 93,477 contigs with an average size of 1,574 bp, 59.8 % of which presented positive Blast hits, with 19,995 (21.4 %) annotated by gene ontology. From the transcriptome, most of the core genes of the RNAi mechanism of Lepidoptera were identified indicating the potential suitability of T. absoluta for gene silencing. No contigs displayed significant similarity with a RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase. Genes from the juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathways were identified, representing potential target genes for systemic silencing. Comparisons of transcript profiles among stages revealed 1,577 genes differentially expressed at earlier larval stages, from which potential gene targets were identified. Five of these genes were evaluated using in vitro transcribed dsRNA absorbed by tomato leaflets, which were fed to 1(st) instar T. absoluta larvae, resulting in significant reduction of larval body weight while exhibiting significant knockdown for three of the genes. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptome we generated represents a valuable genomic resource for screening potential gene targets that affect the development or survival of T. absoluta larvae. Five novel genes that showed greater expression at the 1(st) larval stage were demonstrated to be effective potential RNAi targets by reducing larval weight and can be considered good candidates for use in RNAi-mediated crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto de A Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil. .,Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Department of Pediatrics, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Torrey Pines Scenic Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA. .,Graduate Program in Health Science, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Luana N Santos
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Charles Darwin, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-863, Brazil.
| | - Flavia M M Bento
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil. .,Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Joni E Lima
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Marques-Souza
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Charles Darwin, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-863, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil.
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Campos MR, Rodrigues ARS, Silva WM, Silva TBM, Silva VRF, Guedes RNC, Siqueira HAA. Spinosad and the tomato borer Tuta absoluta: a bioinsecticide, an invasive pest threat, and high insecticide resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103235. [PMID: 25122089 PMCID: PMC4133407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of an agricultural pest species into a new environment is a potential threat to agroecosystems of the invaded area. The phytosanitary concern is even greater if the introduced pest's phenotype expresses traits that will impair the management of that species. The invasive tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one such species and the characterization of the insecticide resistance prevailing in the area of origin is important to guide management efforts in new areas of introduction. The spinosad is one the main insecticides currently used in Brazil for control of the tomato borer; Brazil is the likely source of the introduction of the tomato borer into Europe. For this reason, spinosad resistance in Brazilian populations of this species was characterized. Spinosad resistance has been reported in Brazilian field populations of this pest species, and one resistant population that was used in this study was subjected to an additional seven generations of selection for spinosad resistance reaching levels over 180,000-fold. Inheritance studies indicated that spinosad resistance is monogenic, incompletely recessive and autosomal with high heritability (h(2) = 0.71). Spinosad resistance was unstable without selection pressure with a negative rate of change in the resistance level ( = -0.51) indicating an associated adaptive cost. Esterases and cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases titration decreased with spinosad selection, indicating that these detoxification enzymes are not the underlying resistance mechanism. Furthermore, the cross-resistance spectrum was restricted to the insecticide spinetoram, another spinosyn, suggesting that altered target site may be the mechanism involved. Therefore, the suspension of spinosyn use against the tomato borer would be a useful component in spinosad resistance management for this species. Spinosad use against this species in introduced areas should be carefully monitored to prevent rapid selection of high levels of resistance and the potential for its spread to new areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus R. Campos
- Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Agna Rita S. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Wellington M. Silva
- Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Barbosa M. Silva
- Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Vitória Regina F. Silva
- Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Herbert Alvaro A. Siqueira
- Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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