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Zhang L, Chen R, Li X, Xu X, Xu Z, Cheng J, Wang Y, Li Y, Shao X, Li Z. Synthesis, Insecticidal Activities, and 3D-QASR of N-Pyridylpyrazole Amide Derivatives Containing a Phthalimide as Potential Ryanodine Receptor Activators. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12651-12662. [PMID: 36134897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To develop potent and environment-friendly insecticides, novel N-pyridylpyrazole amide derivatives containing a phthalimide were designed and synthesized. The preliminary bioassay results showed that most of the target compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities. For oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata), compounds E5, E29, E30, and E33 displayed higher than 90% lethal rates at 25 mg L-1. In particular, compound E33 displayed 60% mortality at a lower concentration of 6.25 mg L-1. Besides, compound E33 also showed a 30% lethal rate at 5 mg L-1 against diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella). Molecular docking between the most active compound E33 and DBM ryanodine receptor (RyR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted and discussed. Furthermore, according to vitro studies using a calcium imaging technique, compound E33 was a potent novel lead targeting insect RyR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruijia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiagao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - XuSheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Eason K, Grey T, Cabrera M, Basinger N, Hurdle N. Assessment of flumioxazin soil behavior and thermal stability in aqueous solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132477. [PMID: 34634276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flumioxazin is a preemergence, N-phenylpththalimide herbicide that can be applied to control a broad spectrum of weeds in a variety of cropping systems. Limited information exists concerning the environmental fate of flumioxazin, therefore the present studies investigated the kinetic behavior of flumioxazin in soil and aqueous solution using field and analytical techniques to establish its degradation properties. Flumioxazin half-life in a Greenville sandy clay loam and Faceville loamy sand was 26.6 d. Flumioxazin was determined to have a groundwater ubiquity score of 1.79, indicating a low leachability potential. There was an inverse correlation between flumioxazin concentration in soil, rainfall, and solar radiation. There was no direct correlation between flumioxazin concentration and soil temperature. Flumioxazin activation energy was 58.4 (±1.2) kJ mol-1 with a Q10 value of 2.2. Even at the lowest amount of solar radiation and soil temperature, the energy from these environmental measures exceeded the activation energy needed for flumioxazin degradation. Flumioxazin stability in solution and field dissipation indicate that, with the input of thermal energy, degradation can be rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Eason
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, 31793, GA, USA.
| | - Timothy Grey
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, 31793, GA, USA
| | - Miguel Cabrera
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Basinger
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Hurdle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, 31793, GA, USA
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Gao W, Li X, Ren D, Sun S, Huo J, Wang Y, Chen L, Zhang J. Design and Synthesis of N-phenyl Phthalimides as Potent Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234363. [PMID: 31795340 PMCID: PMC6930678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) has been identified as one of the most promising targets for herbicide discovery. A series of novel phthalimide derivatives were designed by molecular docking studies targeting the crystal structure of mitochondrial PPO from tobacco (mtPPO, PDB: 1SEZ) by using Flumioxazin as a lead, after which the derivatives were synthesized and characterized, and their herbicidal activities were subsequently evaluated. The herbicidal bioassay results showed that compounds such as 3a (2-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenyl) isoindoline-1,3-dione), 3d (methyl 2-(4-chloro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-5-fluorobenzoate), 3g (4-chloro-2-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) isoindoline-1,3-dione), 3j (4-chloro-2-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl) isoindoline-1,3-dione) and 3r (2-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoroisoindoline-1,3-dione) had good herbicidal activities; among them, 3a showed excellent herbicidal efficacy against A. retroflexus and B. campestris via the small cup method and via pre-emergence and post-emergence spray treatments. The efficacy was comparable to that of the commercial herbicides Flumioxazin, Atrazine, and Chlortoluron. Further, the enzyme activity assay results suggest that the mode of action of compound 3a involves the inhibition of the PPO enzyme, and 3a showed better inhibitory activity against PPO than did Flumioxazin. These results indicate that our molecular design strategy contributes to the development of novel promising PPO inhibitors.
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Vebrosky EN, Basirico LM, Armbrust KL. Degradation of Dicloran in Irradiated Water-Sediment Systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7609-7615. [PMID: 31257874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shallow water systems are uniquely susceptible to environmental processes such as photolysis and hydrolysis that can influence the dissipation of pesticides into sediments. The fungicide dicloran has previously been shown to undergo photolysis and is reported to dissipate in soils and sediments. The photodegradation and dissipation of dicloran in freshwater and seawater was monitored in a laboratory-simulated shallow water system. While no difference was observed between freshwater and seawater systems in the presence of simulated sunlight, the dissipation of dicloran in dark trial systems differed between salinities; 30% of the applied mass dissipated into the sediment in freshwater vs 22% in seawater, and the photodegradation rate and half-life were also impacted by the presence of sediment. The potential for dicloran to dissipate and photodegrade affects the overall behavior of dicloran between waters. Differences in chemical behavior with sediment presence and potential for photodegradation have the capacity to impact organisms within the ecosystem and suggest that these factors may need to be implemented into chemical exposure assessments dependent upon location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Vebrosky
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Laura M Basirico
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Kevin L Armbrust
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
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Song S, Zhang C, Chen Z, Wei J, Tan H, Li X. Hydrolysis and photolysis of bentazone in aqueous abiotic solutions and identification of its degradation products using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10127-10135. [PMID: 30746627 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis and photolysis of bentazone in abiotic aqueous solutions were examined under laboratory conditions. Hydrolysis was studied in different buffer solutions (pH 4.0 ± 0.1, 7.0 ± 0.1, and 9.0 ± 0.1), at different temperatures (15 °C ± 2 °C, 25 °C ± 2 °C, 35 °C ± 2 °C, and 45 °C ± 2 °C), and at different Fe3+ concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/L). Photolysis was assessed in different buffer solutions and at different solvent (methanol and ethyl acetate) concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%) or Fe3+ (1, 5, and 10 mg/L) concentrations and under mercury or xenon light irradiation. Hydrolysis half-lives ranged 46-99 days at three different conditions. Photolysis half-lives ranged 2.3-7.5 h in three different conditions under mercury and xenon irradiation. Hydrolysis and photolysis of bentazone were accelerated by both alkaline conditions and elevated temperatures, and solvents and Fe3+ strongly enhanced bentazone degradation. Photodecomposition was much faster under a mercury lamp than under a xenon lamp. N-methyl bentazone and 6-OH bentazone/8-OH bentazone were identified as degradation products using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The data generated from this study could be useful for risk assessment of pesticides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Song
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Cuifang Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zhaojie Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Huihua Tan
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Ando D, Fujisawa T, Katagi T. Fate of Flumioxazin in Aquatic Plants: Two Algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Synechococcus sp.), Duckweed (Lemna sp.), and Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum elatinoides). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8813-8822. [PMID: 28920683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flumioxazin separately 14C-labeled at 1,2-positions of the tetrahydrophthalimide moiety or uniformly labeled at the phenyl ring was exposed to two algae and duckweed via the water layer and water milfoil via the water layer or bottom sediment for 14 days to investigate uptake and metabolic profiles in these aquatic plants. While 14C-flumioxazin received immediate hydrolysis through maleimide ring opening and amide bond cleavage with its hydrolytic half-life of <1 day in both water and sediment, the 14C-plant uptake was ≤4.7% of the applied radioactivity (%AR) with water exposure for all plants and 0.9%AR with sediment exposure for water milfoil. No 14C-translocation between shoot/leaves and roots occurred in water milfoil. The components of 14C residues in plants were common among the species, which were the above hydrolysates and their transformation products, that is, dicarboxylic acid derivative metabolized via hydroxylation at the double bond of the cyclohexene ring followed by sugar conjugation with its counterpart amine derivative via acid conjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ando
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 4-2-1, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 4-2-1, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Katagi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. , 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Zhu YQ, Liu Y, Wang HN, Liu WB, Li CJ. Reaction of alkenecarboxylic acids with isocyanates via rhodium(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation: a versatile route to cyclic imides. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00119j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A versatile cascade route to cyclic imides via direct functionalization of the β-alkenyl C–H bond of alkenoic acids was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Quan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada H3A 0B8
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Hai ning Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Wen bo Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada H3A 0B8
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Reddy PVL, Kim KH. A review of photochemical approaches for the treatment of a wide range of pesticides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 285:325-335. [PMID: 25528231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are renowned as some of the most pernicious chemicals known to humankind. Nine out of twelve most hazardous and persistent organic chemicals on planet have been identified as pesticides and their derivatives. Because of their strong recalcitrant nature, it often becomes a difficult task to treat them by conventional approaches. It is well perceived that many factors can interfere with the degradation of pesticides under ambient conditions, e.g., media, light intensity, humic content, and other biological components. However, for the effective treatment of pesticides, photochemical methods are viewed as having clear and perceivable advantages. In this article, we provide a review of the fundamental characteristics of photochemical approaches for pesticide treatment and the factors governing their capacity and potential in such a process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Venkata Laxma Reddy
- Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Texas Elpaso, Elpaso, TX 79902, USA; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 50003, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
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Umphres GD, Roelke DL, Netherland MD. A chemical approach for the mitigation of Prymnesium parvum blooms. Toxicon 2012; 60:1235-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shibata A, Kodaka R, Fujisawa T, Katagi T. Degradation of flumioxazin in illuminated water-sediment systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11186-11195. [PMID: 21919467 DOI: 10.1021/jf202542v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aerobic aquatic metabolism of flumioxazin was studied in two water-sediment systems under illumination and in darkness to investigate its degradation profiles. (14)C-Flumioxazin separately labeled at the 1- and 2-positions of the tetrahydrophthalimide moiety or uniformly labeled at the phenyl ring was applied to a overlying water at a rate equivalent to 600 g ai/ha by assuming uniform distribution in the water layer to a depth of 100 cm. Flumioxazin was rapidly degraded at 20 °C in the overlying waters irrespective of irradiation with half-lives of 0.1-0.4 day. Both various modes of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses showed four major degradates under irradiation. Two of them were formed via successive hydrolysis of the cyclic imide ring, and the others were 2-arizidinone derivatives via photoinduced rearrangement. The presence of sediment under illumination greatly reduced the formation of these degradates and accelerated their degradation. The partitions of flumioxazin and its degradates to the bottom sediment not only reduced their fractions in the water layer subjected to hydrolysis and photolysis but also enhanced their microbial degradation in the sediment. The illuminated water-sediment systems were considered to more adequately represent the behavior of flumioxazin and its degradates in the environment than the corresponding studies of aqueous photolysis and water-sediment in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shibata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., Takatsukasa 4-chome, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-8555, Japan.
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Jiang LL, Zuo Y, Wang ZF, Tan Y, Wu QY, Xi Z, Yang GF. Design and syntheses of novel N-(benzothiazol-5-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione and N-(benzothiazol-5-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as potent protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6172-6179. [PMID: 21517076 DOI: 10.1021/jf200616y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitors has been one of the hottest research areas in the field of herbicide development for many years. As a continuation of our research work on the development of new PPO-inhibiting herbicides, a series of novel N-(benzothiazol-5-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-diones (1a-p) and N-(benzothiazol-5-yl)isoindoline-1,3-diones (2a-h) were designed and synthesized according to the ring-closing strategy of two ortho-substituents. The bioassay results indicated that some newly synthesized compounds exhibited higher PPO inhibition activity than the control of sulfentrazone. Compound 1a, S-(5-(1,3-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindol-2(3H)-yl)-6-fluorobenzothiazol-2-yl) O-methyl carbonothioate, was identified as the most potent inhibitor with k(i) value of 0.08 μM, about 9 times higher than that of sulfentrazone (k(i) = 0.72 μM). Further green house assay showed that compound 1b, methyl 2-((5-(1,3-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindol-2(3H)-yl)-6-fluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)thio)acetate, exhibited herbicidal activity comparable to that of sulfentrazone even at a concentration of 37.5 g ai/ha. In addition, among six tested crops, wheat exhibited high tolerance to compound 1b even at a dosage of 300 g ai/ha. These results indicated that compound 1b might have the potential to be developed as a new herbicide for weed control of wheat field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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Guo C, Li D, Chen J, Guo B, Wang H, Li J. Degradation of furan tebufenozide in laboratory and field trials. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-3168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Alister C, Rojas S, Gómez P, Kogan M. Dissipation and movement of flumioxazin in soil at four field sites in Chile. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:579-583. [PMID: 18200616 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flumioxazin is a soil-applied herbicide recommended for broadleaf weed control in soybeans and peanuts, and was recently introduced for vineyard weed management. Considering the limited information available in relation to flumioxazin field soil behaviour, the main objectives of this study were to determine the persistence, adsorption and movement of flumioxazin in soil in four Chilean vineyard production areas. RESULTS DT(50) values ranged from 10.6 +/- 1.0 to 32.1 +/- 3.1 days between localities, being correlated with rain events, time between herbicide application and first heavy rain event, and soil pH. Flumioxazin soil residue found at 90 days after application (DAA) varied from 9.6 to 24.9% of the initial amount applied, and depended on the total rainfall amount that occurred during the first 90 DAA. Herbicide leaching below 15 cm was approximately 45% of the flumioxazin detected at 90 DAA in the whole soil profile. Flumioxazin maximum leaching soil depth was 45 cm at all locations. K(d) values varied from 2.54 to 6.51 mg L(-1), depending on localities and soil profile depth, and correlated positively with organic carbon and clay content. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that flumioxazin is a herbicide with low environmental risk owing to its short DT(50), reduced soil residues 3 months after application and low effective dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alister
- Centro de Investigación Agrícola y Ambiental (CIAA), Universidad de Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile.
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