1
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Adhikari K, Vanermen M, Da Silva G, Van den Wyngaert T, Augustyns K, Elvas F. Trans-cyclooctene-a Swiss army knife for bioorthogonal chemistry: exploring the synthesis, reactivity, and applications in biomedical breakthroughs. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 38844698 PMCID: PMC11156836 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs) are highly strained alkenes with remarkable reactivity towards tetrazines (Tzs) in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions. Since their discovery as bioorthogonal reaction partners, novel TCO derivatives have been developed to improve their reactivity, stability, and hydrophilicity, thus expanding their utility in diverse applications. MAIN BODY TCOs have garnered significant interest for their applications in biomedical settings. In chemical biology, TCOs serve as tools for bioconjugation, enabling the precise labeling and manipulation of biomolecules. Moreover, their role in nuclear medicine is substantial, with TCOs employed in the radiolabeling of peptides and other biomolecules. This has led to their utilization in pretargeted nuclear imaging and therapy, where they function as both bioorthogonal tags and radiotracers, facilitating targeted disease diagnosis and treatment. Beyond these applications, TCOs have been used in targeted cancer therapy through a "click-to-release" approach, in which they act as key components to selectively deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. However, the search for a suitable TCO scaffold with an appropriate balance between stability and reactivity remains a challenge. CONCLUSIONS This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the synthesis of TCOs, and its challenges, and their development throughout the years. We describe their wide ranging applications as radiolabeled prosthetic groups for radiolabeling, as bioorthogonal tags for pretargeted imaging and therapy, and targeted drug delivery, with the aim of showcasing the versatility and potential of TCOs as valuable tools in advancing biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Adhikari
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vanermen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gustavo Da Silva
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
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2
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Schlein E, Rokka J, Odell LR, van den Broek SL, Herth MM, Battisti UM, Syvänen S, Sehlin D, Eriksson J. Synthesis and evaluation of fluorine-18 labelled tetrazines as pre-targeting imaging agents for PET. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:21. [PMID: 38446356 PMCID: PMC10917718 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain is a challenging target for antibody-based positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging due to the restricted access of antibody-based ligands through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To overcome this physiological obstacle, we have previously developed bispecific antibody ligands that pass through the BBB via receptor-mediated transcytosis. While these radiolabelled ligands have high affinity and specificity, their long residence time in the blood and brain, typical for large molecules, poses another challenge for PET imaging. A viable solution could be a two-step pre-targeting approach which involves the administration of a tagged antibody that accumulates at the target site in the brain and then clears from the blood, followed by administration of a small radiolabelled molecule with fast kinetics. This radiolabelled molecule can couple to the tagged antibody and thereby make the antibody localisation visible by PET imaging. The in vivo linkage can be achieved by using the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction (IEDDA), with trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and tetrazine groups participating as reactants. In this study, two novel 18F-labelled tetrazines were synthesized and evaluated for their potential use as pre-targeting imaging agents, i.e., for their ability to rapidly enter the brain and, if unbound, to be efficiently cleared with minimal background retention. RESULTS The two compounds, a methyl tetrazine [18F]MeTz and an H-tetrazine [18F]HTz were radiolabelled using a two-step procedure via [18F]F-Py-TFP synthesized on solid support followed by amidation with amine-bearing tetrazines, resulting in radiochemical yields of 24% and 22%, respectively, and a radiochemical purity of > 96%. In vivo PET imaging was performed to assess their suitability for in vivo pre-targeting. Time-activity curves from PET-scans showed [18F]MeTz to be the more pharmacokinetically suitable agent, given its fast and homogenous distribution in the brain and rapid clearance. However, in terms of rection kinetics, H-tetrazines are advantageous, exhibiting faster reaction rates in IEDDA reactions with dienophiles like trans-cyclooctenes, making [18F]HTz potentially more beneficial for pre-targeting applications. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a significant potential of [18F]MeTz and [18F]HTz as agents for pre-targeted PET brain imaging due to their efficient brain uptake, swift clearance and appropriate chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schlein
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rokka
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R Odell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Umberto M Battisti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
- PET Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Mehak, Singh G, Singh R, Singh G, Stanzin J, Singh H, Kaur G, Singh J. Clicking in harmony: exploring the bio-orthogonal overlap in click chemistry. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7383-7413. [PMID: 38433942 PMCID: PMC10906366 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In the quest to scrutinize and modify biological systems, the global research community has continued to explore bio-orthogonal click reactions, a set of reactions exclusively targeting non-native molecules within biological systems. These methodologies have brought about a paradigm shift, demonstrating the feasibility of artificial chemical reactions occurring on cellular surfaces, in the cell cytosol, or within the body - an accomplishment challenging to achieve with the majority of conventional chemical reactions. This review delves into the principles of bio-orthogonal click chemistry, contrasting metal-catalyzed and metal-free reactions of bio-orthogonal nature. It comprehensively explores mechanistic details and applications, highlighting the versatility and potential of this methodology in diverse scientific contexts, from cell labelling to biosensing and polymer synthesis. Researchers globally continue to advance this powerful tool for precise and selective manipulation of biomolecules in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
| | - Gurleen Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
| | - Riddima Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
| | - Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh-160014 India
| | - Jigmat Stanzin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh-160014 India
| | - Harminder Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Gujranwala Guru Nanak Khalsa College Civil Lines Ludhiana-141001 Punjab India
| | - Jandeep Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara-144411 Punjab India
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4
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Chai GL, Wang X, Hou YJ, Ren WH, Chang J. Chiral-Boron-Complex Catalyzed Asymmetric Inverse-Electron-Demand Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction of β-Trifluoromethyl α,β-Unsaturated Ketones with Cyclic N-Sulfonyl Ketimines. Org Lett 2023; 25:6982-6986. [PMID: 37721381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient asymmetric inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of β-trifluoromethyl α,β-unsaturated ketone with cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimines catalyzed by (R)-3,3'-I2-BINOL-boron-complex was developed. A broad range of fused piperidine derivatives bearing stereogenic carbon containing CF3 motifs were prepared in high yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, and >99% ee). This protocol had the characteristics of mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and high stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Li Chai
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ya-Jing Hou
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Wen-Hui Ren
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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5
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Otaru S, Martinmäki T, Kuurne I, Paulus A, Helariutta K, Sarparanta M, Airaksinen AJ. Radiolabelling of peptides with tetrazine ligation based on the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction: rapid, catalyst-free and mild conversion of 1,4-dihydropyridazines to pyridazines. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22606-22615. [PMID: 37501774 PMCID: PMC10369045 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02807k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry reactions, such as the tetrazine ligation, based on the inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA), are chemoselective cycloaddition reactions widely used for chemical modifications and synthesis of biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET). The reactions have potential also for pretargeted PET imaging. When used as a bioconjugation method in production of biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals, IEDDA-based tetrazine ligation has one significant drawback, namely the formation of a mixture comprising reduced metastable dihydropyridazines (DHPs) and oxidized cycloadducts. Conversion of the reduced DHPs to stable pyridazines requires oxidation, which is typically achieved by using oxidants or by photo-irradiated air-oxidation, both methods requiring added reagents or reaction times of several hours, not compatible with short-lived radionuclides. Here we report a mild, rapid, and catalyst-free conversion of the DHPs to pyridazines. In this study, a model peptide Tyr3-octreotide (TOC) was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers and with trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs) for rapid IEDDA-mediated radiolabeling. Fluorine-18-labelled alkylammoniomethyltrifluoroborate ([18F]AmBF3) tetrazines were conjugated to the TCO-TOC analogs at room temperature for rapid synthesis of PET imaging agent candidates. The formed DHPs were successfully converted to the oxidized form, after heating the radiolabelled bioconjugates in aqueous solution (≥95% water) at 60 °C for a minimum of 10 minutes in the presence of air, resulting in one-pot back-to-back IEDDA reaction and DHP conversion. The water content of the reaction mixture was to be found critical for the coversion. Our finding offers a straightforward method for conversion of the metastable DHPs from the IEDDA-based tetrazine ligation to stable, oxidized pyridazines. The method is especially suitable for applications requiring rapid conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Otaru
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Tatu Martinmäki
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Iida Kuurne
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Andreas Paulus
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Mirkka Sarparanta
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Anu J Airaksinen
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki Finland
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8 FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku Finland
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6
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Vu TT, Yadav S, Reddy OS, Jo SH, Joo SB, Kim BK, Park EJ, Park SH, Lim KT. Reduction-Responsive Chitosan-Based Injectable Hydrogels for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:841. [PMID: 37375788 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective delivery of anticancer drug molecules to the tumor site enhances local drug dosages, which leads to the death of cancer cells while simultaneously minimizing the negative effects of chemotherapy on other tissues, thereby improving the patient's quality of life. To address this need, we developed reduction-responsive chitosan-based injectable hydrogels via the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine groups of disulfide-based cross-linkers and norbornene groups of chitosan derivatives, which were applied to the controlled delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). The swelling ratio, gelation time (90-500 s), mechanical strength (G'~350-850 Pa), network morphology, and drug-loading efficiency (≥92%) of developed hydrogels were investigated. The in vitro release studies of the DOX-loaded hydrogels were performed at pH 7.4 and 5.0 with and without DTT (10 mM). The biocompatibility of pure hydrogel and the in vitro anticancer activity of DOX-loaded hydrogels were demonstrated via MTT assay on HEK-293 and HT-29 cancer cell lines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Thang Vu
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonyabapu Yadav
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung-Han Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Bin Joo
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Kook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Park
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Taek Lim
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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7
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Timperanza C, Jensen H, Bäck T, Lindegren S, Aneheim E. Pretargeted Alpha Therapy of Disseminated Cancer Combining Click Chemistry and Astatine-211. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040595. [PMID: 37111352 PMCID: PMC10145095 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance targeting efficacy in the radioimmunotherapy of disseminated cancer, several pretargeting strategies have been developed. In pretargeted radioimmunotherapy, the tumor is pretargeted with a modified monoclonal antibody that has an affinity for both tumor antigens and radiolabeled carriers. In this work, we aimed to synthesize and evaluate poly-L-lysine-based effector molecules for pretargeting applications based on the tetrazine and trans-cyclooctene reaction using 211At for targeted alpha therapy and 125I as a surrogate for the imaging radionuclides 123, 124I. Poly-L-lysine in two sizes was functionalized with a prosthetic group, for the attachment of both radiohalogens, and tetrazine, to allow binding to the trans-cyclooctene-modified pretargeting agent, maintaining the structural integrity of the polymer. Radiolabeling resulted in a radiochemical yield of over 80% for astatinated poly-L-lysines and a range of 66-91% for iodinated poly-L-lysines. High specific astatine activity was achieved without affecting the stability of the radiopharmaceutical or the binding between tetrazine and transcyclooctene. Two sizes of poly-L-lysine were evaluated, which displayed similar blood clearance profiles in a pilot in vivo study. This work is a first step toward creating a pretargeting system optimized for targeted alpha therapy with 211At.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Timperanza
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Holger Jensen
- PET and Cyclotron Unit, KF-3982, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom Bäck
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sture Lindegren
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Aneheim
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Colombano A, Dalponte L, Dall'Angelo S, Clemente C, Idress M, Ghazal A, Houssen WE. Chemoenzymatic Late-Stage Modifications Enable Downstream Click-Mediated Fluorescent Tagging of Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215979. [PMID: 36815722 PMCID: PMC10946513 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic prenyltransferases from cyanobactin biosynthetic pathways catalyse the chemoselective and regioselective intramolecular transfer of prenyl/geranyl groups from isoprene donors to an electron-rich position in these macrocyclic and linear peptides. These enzymes often demonstrate relaxed substrate specificity and are considered useful biocatalysts for structural diversification of peptides. Herein, we assess the isoprene donor specificity of the N1-tryptophan prenyltransferase AcyF from the anacyclamide A8P pathway using a library of 22 synthetic alkyl pyrophosphate analogues, of which many display reactive groups that are amenable to additional functionalization. We further used AcyF to introduce a reactive moiety into a tryptophan-containing cyclic peptide and subsequently used click chemistry to fluorescently label the enzymatically modified peptide. This chemoenzymatic strategy allows late-stage modification of peptides and is useful for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Colombano
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Ashgrove Road WestAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
| | - Luca Dalponte
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Ashgrove Road WestAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Ashgrove Road WestAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
| | - Claudia Clemente
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Ashgrove Road WestAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
| | - Mohannad Idress
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Ashgrove Road WestAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUK
- Abzena, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Ahmad Ghazal
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Ashgrove Road WestAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUK
| | - Wael E. Houssen
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Ashgrove Road WestAberdeenAB25 2ZDUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUK
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9
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Gokulu IS, Banta S. Biotechnology applications of proteins functionalized with DNA oligonucleotides. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:575-585. [PMID: 36115723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of proteins with DNA through the formation of covalent bonds enables a wide range of biotechnology advancements. For example, single-molecule analytical methods rely on bioconjugated DNA as elastic biolinkers for protein immobilization. Labeling proteins with DNA enables facile protein identification, as well as spatial and temporal organization and control of protein within DNA-protein networks. Bioconjugation reactions can target native, engineered, and non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs) within proteins. In addition, further protein engineering via the incorporation of peptide tags and self-labeling proteins can also be used for conjugation reactions. The selection of techniques will depend on application requirements such as yield, selectivity, conjugation position, potential for steric hindrance, cost, commercial availability, and potential impact on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Simay Gokulu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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10
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Kishore DR, Mounika K, Satyanarayana G, Goel K, Naveen J. Microwave-Assisted Domino Povarov-Type [4+2] Cycloaddition: A Rapid Access to 7-Phenyl-6H-chromeno[4,3-b]quinolines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1738429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA convenient, facile, and eco-friendly approach to synthesizing 7-phenyl-6H-chromeno[4,3-b]quinolines under microwave irradiation is presented. The current strategy enabled the synthesis of chromenoquinoline frameworks at 80 °C under shorter reaction times via intermolecular Schiff base formation followed by an intramolecular inverse demand hetero-Diels–Alder [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction by using a catalytic amount of copper triflate as the sole catalyst. Consequently, one C–N and two C–C bonds are constructed in a single pot, and a wide spread of 7-phenyl-6H-chromeno[4,3-b]quinolines have been synthesized with good functional group tolerance.
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11
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Schlein E, Syvänen S, Rokka J, Gustavsson T, Rossin R, Robillard M, Eriksson J, Sehlin D. Functionalization of Radiolabeled Antibodies to Enhance Peripheral Clearance for High Contrast Brain Imaging. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4111-4122. [PMID: 36201682 PMCID: PMC9644377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule imaging agents such as [11C]PiB, which bind to the core of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrils, are useful tools in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, diagnostics, and drug development. However, the [11C]PiB PET signal saturates early in the disease progression and does not detect soluble or diffuse Aβ pathology which are believed to play important roles in the disease progression. Antibodies, modified into a bispecific format to enter the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis, could be a suitable alternative because of their diversity and high specificity for their target. However, the circulation time of these antibodies is long, resulting in an extended exposure to radiation and low imaging contrast. Here, we explore two alternative strategies to enhance imaging contrast by increasing clearance of the antibody ligand from blood. The bispecific Aβ targeting antibody RmAb158-scFv8D3 and the monospecific RmAb158 were radiolabeled and functionalized with either α-d-mannopyranosylphenyl isothiocyanate (mannose) or with trans-cyclooctene (TCO). While mannose can directly mediate antibody clearance via the liver, TCO-modified antibody clearance was induced by injection of a tetrazine-functionalized, liver-targeting clearing agent (CA). In vivo experiments in wild type and AD transgenic mice demonstrated the ability of both strategies to drastically shorten the circulation time of RmAb158, while they had limited effect on the bispecific variant RmAb158-8D3. Furthermore, single photon emission computed tomography imaging with TCO-[125I]I-RmAb158 in AD mice showed higher contrast 1 day after injection of the tetrazine-functionalized CA. In conclusion, strategies to enhance the clearance of antibody-based imaging ligands could allow imaging at earlier time points and thereby open the possibility to combine antibodies with short-lived radionuclides such as fluorine-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schlein
- Department
of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala
University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department
of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala
University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rokka
- Department
of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala
University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Department
of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala
University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raffaella Rossin
- Tagworks
Pharmaceuticals, Toernooiveld
1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marc Robillard
- Tagworks
Pharmaceuticals, Toernooiveld
1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jonas Eriksson
- PET
Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department
of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala
University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Li X, Xiong Y. Application of "Click" Chemistry in Biomedical Hydrogels. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36918-36928. [PMID: 36312409 PMCID: PMC9608400 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since "click" chemistry was first reported in 2001, it has remained a popular research topic in the field of chemistry due to its high yield without byproducts, fast reaction rate, simple reaction, and biocompatibility. It has achieved good applications in various fields, especially for the preparation of hydrogels. The development of biomedicine presents new challenges and opportunities for hydrogels, and "click" chemistry provides a library of chemical tools for the preparation of various innovative hydrogels, including cell culture, 3D bioprinting, and drug release. This article summarizes several common "click" reactions, including copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions, strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction, thiol-ene reaction, the Diels-Alder reaction, and the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction. We introduce the "click" reaction in the nucleic acid field to expand the concept of "click" chemistry. This article focuses on the application of "click" chemistry for preparing various types of biomedical hydrogels and highlights the advantages of "click" reactions for cross-linking to obtain hydrogels. This review also discusses applications of "click" chemistry outside the field of hydrogels, such as drug synthesis, targeted delivery, and surface modification, hydrogels have great application potential in these fields in the future and hopefully inspire other applications of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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13
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Liu L, Zhang D, Johnson M, Devaraj NK. Light-activated tetrazines enable precision live-cell bioorthogonal chemistry. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1078-1085. [PMID: 35788560 PMCID: PMC10198265 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal cycloaddition reactions between tetrazines and strained dienophiles are widely used for protein, lipid and glycan labelling because of their extremely rapid kinetics. However, controlling this chemistry in the presence of living mammalian cells with a high degree of spatial and temporal precision remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate a versatile approach to light-activated formation of tetrazines from photocaged dihydrotetrazines. Photouncaging, followed by spontaneous transformation to reactive tetrazine, enables live-cell spatiotemporal control of rapid bioorthogonal cycloaddition with dienophiles such as trans-cyclooctenes. Photocaged dihydrotetrazines are stable in conditions that normally degrade tetrazines, enabling efficient early-stage incorporation of bioorthogonal handles into biomolecules such as peptides. Photocaged dihydrotetrazines allow the use of non-toxic light to trigger tetrazine ligations on living mammalian cells. By tagging reactive phospholipids with fluorophores, we demonstrate modification of HeLa cell membranes with single-cell spatial resolution. Finally, we show that photo-triggered therapy is possible by coupling tetrazine photoactivation with strategies that release prodrugs in response to tetrazine ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mai Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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14
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Miao YH, Hua YZ, Gao HJ, Mo NN, Wang MC, Mei GJ. Catalytic asymmetric inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-diazadienes with 3-vinylindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7515-7518. [PMID: 35687078 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02458f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A facile chiral phosphoric-acid catalyzed asymmetric inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-diazadienes with 3-vinylindoles was established. By using this mild and practical protocol, a broad range of benzothiazolopyrimidines with three contiguous stereogenic centers were prepared in good yields and excellent diastereo- and enantio-selectivities (43 examples, up to 83% yield, >99% ee and all >20 : 1 dr). A plausible concerted reaction pathway enabled by the dual hydrogen-bonding effect was proposed to account for the observed excellent enantioselectivity and specific trans-trans diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hang Miao
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhao Hua
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hao-Jie Gao
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Nan-Nan Mo
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Min-Can Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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15
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Handula M, Verhoeven M, Chen KT, Haeck J, de Jong M, Dalm SU, Seimbille Y. Towards Complete Tumor Resection: Novel Dual-Modality Probes for Improved Image-Guided Surgery of GRPR-Expressing Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010195. [PMID: 35057090 PMCID: PMC8778164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear and optical dual-modality probes can be of great assistance in prostate cancer localization, providing the means for both preoperative nuclear imaging and intraoperative surgical guidance. We developed a series of probes based on the backbone of the established GRPR-targeting radiotracer NeoB. The inverse electron demand of the Diels–Alder reaction was used to integrate the sulfo-cyanine 5 dye. Indium-111 radiolabeling, stability studies and a competition binding assay were carried out. Pilot biodistribution and imaging studies were performed in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice, using the best two dual-labeled probes. The dual-modality probes were radiolabeled with a high yield (>92%), were proven to be hydrophilic and demonstrated high stability in mouse serum (>94% intact labeled ligand at 4 h). The binding affinity for the GRPR was in the nanomolar range (21.9–118.7 nM). SPECT/CT images at 2 h p.i. clearly visualized the tumor xenograft and biodistribution studies, after scanning confirmed the high tumor uptake (8.47 ± 0.46%ID/g and 6.90 ± 0.81%ID/g for probe [111In]In-12 and [111In]In-15, respectively). Receptor specificity was illustrated with blocking studies, and co-localization of the radioactive and fluorescent signal was verified by ex vivo fluorescent imaging. Although optimal tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-kidney ratios might not yet have been reached due to the prolonged blood circulation, our probes are promising candidates for the preoperative and intraoperative visualization of GRPR-positive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana Handula
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
| | - Marjolein Verhoeven
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
| | - Kuo-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan;
| | - Joost Haeck
- AMIE Core Facility, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
| | - Simone U. Dalm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (M.V.); (S.U.D.)
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-703-8961
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16
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Mueller E, Poulin I, Bodnaryk WJ, Hoare T. Click Chemistry Hydrogels for Extrusion Bioprinting: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:619-640. [PMID: 34989569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of 3D bioprinting has allowed a variety of hydrogel-based "bioinks" to be printed in the presence of cells to create precisely defined cell-loaded 3D scaffolds in a single step for advancing tissue engineering and/or regenerative medicine. While existing bioinks based primarily on ionic cross-linking, photo-cross-linking, or thermogelation have significantly advanced the field, they offer technical limitations in terms of the mechanics, degradation rates, and the cell viabilities achievable with the printed scaffolds, particularly in terms of aiming to match the wide range of mechanics and cellular microenvironments. Click chemistry offers an appealing solution to this challenge given that proper selection of the chemistry can enable precise tuning of both the gelation rate and the degradation rate, both key to successful tissue regeneration; simultaneously, the often bio-orthogonal nature of click chemistry is beneficial to maintain high cell viabilities within the scaffolds. However, to date, relatively few examples of 3D-printed click chemistry hydrogels have been reported, mostly due to the technical challenges of controlling mixing during the printing process to generate high-fidelity prints without clogging the printer. This review aims to showcase existing cross-linking modalities, characterize the advantages and disadvantages of different click chemistries reported, highlight current examples of click chemistry hydrogel bioinks, and discuss the design of mixing strategies to enable effective 3D extrusion bioprinting of click hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mueller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Isabelle Poulin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - William James Bodnaryk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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17
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Ketkaew R, Creazzo F, Luber S. Closer Look at Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions on s-Tetrazines Using Enhanced Sampling Methods. Top Catal 2021; 65:1-17. [PMID: 35153451 PMCID: PMC8816378 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inverse electron demand [4+2] Diels–Alder (iEDDA) reactions as well as unprecedented nucleophilic (azaphilic) additions of R-substituted silyl-enol ethers (where R is Phenyl, Methyl, and Hydrogen) to 1,2,4,5-tetrazine (s-tetrazine) catalyzed by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$\end{document}BF3 have recently been discovered (Simon et al. in Org Lett 23(7):2426–2430, 2021), where static calculations were employed for calculation of activation energies. In order to have a more realistic dynamic description of these reactions in explicit solution at ambient conditions, in this work we use a semiempirical tight-binding method combined with enhanced sampling techniques to calculate free energy surfaces (FESs) of the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions. Relevant products of not only s-tetrazine but also its derivatives such as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$\end{document}BF3-mediated s-tetrazine adducts are investigated. We reconstruct the FESs of the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions using metadynamics and blue moon ensemble, and compare the ability of different collective variables (CVs) including bond distances, Social PeRmutation INvarianT (SPRINT) coordinates, and path-CV to describe the reaction pathway. We find that when a bulky Phenyl is used as a substituent at the dienophile the azaphilic addition is preferred over the iEDDA reaction. In addition, we also investigate the effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {BF}_{3}$$\end{document}BF3 in the diene and steric hindrance in the dienophile on the competition between the iEDDA and azaphilic addition reactions, providing chemical insight for reaction design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangsiman Ketkaew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Creazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Laina-Martín V, Humbrías-Martín J, Mas-Ballesté R, Fernández-Salas JA, Alemán J. Enantioselective Inverse-Electron Demand Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction: ipso,α-Selectivity of Silyl Dienol Ethers. ACS Catal 2021; 11:12133-12145. [PMID: 34621594 PMCID: PMC8491166 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A highly
efficient enantioselective inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels–Alder
reaction between aza-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes and silyl (di)enol
ethers has been developed. The presented methodology allows the synthesis
of benzofuran-fused 2-piperidinol derivatives with three contiguous
stereocenters in a highly selective manner, as even the hemiaminal
center is completely stereocontrolled. Density functional theory (DFT)
calculations support that the hydrogen-bond donor-based bifunctional
organocatalyst selectively triggers the reaction through the ipso,α-position
of the dienophile, in contrast to the reactivity observed for dienolates
in situ generated from β,γ-unsaturated derivatives. Moreover,
the calculations have clarified the mechanism of the reaction and
the ability of the hydrogen-bond donor core to hydrolyze selectively
the E isomer of the dienol ether. Furthermore, to
demonstrate the applicability of silyl enol ethers as nucleophiles
in the asymmetric synthesis of interesting benzofuran-fused derivatives,
the catalytic system has also been implemented for the highly efficient
installation of an aromatic ring in the piperidine adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Laina-Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Humbrías-Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica (módulo 7), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Fernández-Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica (módulo 7), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica (módulo 7), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Hui E, Sumey JL, Caliari SR. Click-functionalized hydrogel design for mechanobiology investigations. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2021; 6:670-707. [PMID: 36338897 PMCID: PMC9631920 DOI: 10.1039/d1me00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of click-functionalized hydrogels in recent years has coincided with rapid growth in the fields of mechanobiology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Click chemistries represent a group of reactions that possess high reactivity and specificity, are cytocompatible, and generally proceed under physiologic conditions. Most notably, the high level of tunability afforded by these reactions enables the design of user-controlled and tissue-mimicking hydrogels in which the influence of important physical and biochemical cues on normal and aberrant cellular behaviors can be independently assessed. Several critical tissue properties, including stiffness, viscoelasticity, and biomolecule presentation, are known to regulate cell mechanobiology in the context of development, wound repair, and disease. However, many questions still remain about how the individual and combined effects of these instructive properties regulate the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, we discuss several click chemistries that have been adopted to design dynamic and instructive hydrogels for mechanobiology investigations. We also chart a path forward for how click hydrogels can help reveal important insights about complex tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jenna L Sumey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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20
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Santos T, Rivero DS, Pérez‐Pérez Y, Martín‐Encinas E, Pasán J, Daranas AH, Carrillo R. Dynamic Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Tetrazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18783-18791. [PMID: 34085747 PMCID: PMC8457238 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of tetrazines (SN Tz) is presented herein. It combines all the advantages of dynamic covalent chemistry with the versatility of the tetrazine moiety. Indeed, libraries of compounds or sophisticated molecular structures can be easily obtained, which are susceptible to post-functionalization by inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction, which also locks the exchange. Additionally, the structures obtained can be disassembled upon the application of the right stimulus, either UV irradiation or a suitable chemical reagent. Moreover, SN Tz is compatible with the imine chemistry of anilines. The high potential of this methodology has been proved by building two responsive supramolecular systems: A macrocycle that displays a light-induced release of acetylcholine; and a truncated [4+6] tetrahedral shape-persistent fluorescent cage, which is disassembled by thiols unless it is post-stabilized by IEDDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanausú Santos
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - David S. Rivero
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Yaiza Pérez‐Pérez
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Endika Martín‐Encinas
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químicos (MAT4LL)Departamento de FísicaUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)38206La LagunaTenerifeSpain
| | - Antonio Hernández Daranas
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
| | - Romen Carrillo
- Functional Molecular Systems GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC)Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 338206La LagunaSpain
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21
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Çetinkaya A, Sadak AE, Ayhan MM, Zorlu Y, Kahveci MU. Porphyrin-based covalent organic polymer by inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Handula M, Chen KT, Seimbille Y. IEDDA: An Attractive Bioorthogonal Reaction for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154640. [PMID: 34361793 PMCID: PMC8347371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pretargeting strategy has recently emerged in order to overcome the limitations of direct targeting, mainly in the field of radioimmunotherapy (RIT). This strategy is directly dependent on chemical reactions, namely bioorthogonal reactions, which have been developed for their ability to occur under physiological conditions. The Staudinger ligation, the copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and the strain-promoted [3 + 2] azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) were the first bioorthogonal reactions introduced in the literature. However, due to their incomplete biocompatibility and slow kinetics, the inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction was advanced in 2008 by Blackman et al. as an optimal bioorthogonal reaction. The IEDDA is the fastest bioorthogonal reaction known so far. Its biocompatibility and ideal kinetics are very appealing for pretargeting applications. The use of a trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and a tetrazine (Tz) in the reaction encouraged researchers to study them deeply. It was found that both reagents are sensitive to acidic or basic conditions. Furthermore, TCO is photosensitive and can be isomerized to its cis-conformation via a radical catalyzed reaction. Unfortunately, the cis-conformer is significantly less reactive toward tetrazine than the trans-conformation. Therefore, extensive research has been carried out to optimize both click reagents and to employ the IEDDA bioorthogonal reaction in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana Handula
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Kuo-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan;
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-703-8961
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23
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Li W, Separovic F, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Wade JD. Chemically modified and conjugated antimicrobial peptides against superbugs. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4932-4973. [PMID: 33710195 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to human health that, by 2050, will lead to more deaths from bacterial infections than cancer. New antimicrobial agents, both broad-spectrum and selective, that do not induce AMR are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a novel class of alternatives that possess potent activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and positive bacteria with little or no capacity to induce AMR. This has stimulated substantial chemical development of novel peptide-based antibiotics possessing improved therapeutic index. This review summarises recent synthetic efforts and their impact on analogue design as well as their various applications in AMP development. It includes modifications that have been reported to enhance antimicrobial activity including lipidation, glycosylation and multimerization through to the broad application of novel bio-orthogonal chemistry, as well as perspectives on the direction of future research. The subject area is primarily the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents through selective, rational chemical modification of AMPs. The review further serves as a guide toward the most promising directions in this field to stimulate broad scientific attention, and will lead to new, effective and selective solutions for the several biomedical challenges to which antimicrobial peptidomimetics are being applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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24
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Ziegler CE, Graf M, Nagaoka M, Lehr H, Goepferich AM. In Situ Forming iEDDA Hydrogels with Tunable Gelation Time Release High-Molecular Weight Proteins in a Controlled Manner over an Extended Time. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3223-3236. [PMID: 34270216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Off-target interactions between reactive hydrogel moieties and drug cargo as well as slow reaction kinetics and the absence of controlled protein release over an extended period of time are major drawbacks of chemically cross-linked hydrogels for biomedical applications. In this study, the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA) reaction between norbornene- and tetrazine-functionalized eight-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromonomers was used to overcome these obstacles. Oscillatory shear experiments revealed that the gel point of a 15% (w/v) eight-armed PEG hydrogel with a molecular weight of 10 kDa was less than 15 s, suggesting the potential for fast in situ gelation. However, the high-speed reaction kinetics result in a risk of premature gel formation that complicates the injection process. Therefore, we investigated the effect of polymer concentration, temperature, and chemical structure on the gelation time. The cross-linking reaction was further characterized regarding bioorthogonality. Only 11% of the model protein lysozyme was found to be PEGylated by the iEDDA reaction, whereas 51% interacted with the classical Diels-Alder reaction. After determination of the mesh size, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran was used to examine the release behavior of the hydrogels. When glucose oxidase was embedded into 15% (w/v) hydrogels, a controlled release over more than 250 days was achieved. Overall, the PEG-based hydrogels cross-linked via the fast iEDDA reaction represent a promising material for the long-term administration of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Ziegler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Makoto Nagaoka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Heike Lehr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim M Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Santos T, Rivero DS, Pérez‐Pérez Y, Martín‐Encinas E, Pasán J, Daranas AH, Carrillo R. Dynamic Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Tetrazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanausú Santos
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - David S. Rivero
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Yaiza Pérez‐Pérez
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Endika Martín‐Encinas
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químicos (MAT4LL) Departamento de Física Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández Daranas
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Romen Carrillo
- Functional Molecular Systems Group Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Spain
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Abstract
A growing theme in chemistry is the joining of multiple organic molecular building blocks to create functional molecules. Diverse derivatizable structures—here termed “scaffolds” comprised of “hubs”—provide the foundation for systematic covalent organization of a rich variety of building blocks. This review encompasses 30 tri- or tetra-armed molecular hubs (e.g., triazine, lysine, arenes, dyes) that are used directly or in combination to give linear, cyclic, or branched scaffolds. Each scaffold is categorized by graph theory into one of 31 trees to express the molecular connectivity and overall architecture. Rational chemistry with exacting numbers of derivatizable sites is emphasized. The incorporation of water-solubilization motifs, robust or self-immolative linkers, enzymatically cleavable groups and functional appendages affords immense (and often late-stage) diversification of the scaffolds. Altogether, 107 target molecules are reviewed along with 19 syntheses to illustrate the distinctive chemistries for creating and derivatizing scaffolds. The review covers the history of the field up through 2020, briefly touching on statistically derivatized carriers employed in immunology as counterpoints to the rationally assembled and derivatized scaffolds here, although most citations are from the past two decades. The scaffolds are used widely in fields ranging from pure chemistry to artificial photosynthesis and biomedical sciences.
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27
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Bakirdogen G, Sahkulubey Kahveci EL, Kahveci MU. Fast and efficient preparation of three-arm star block copolymers via tetrazine ligation. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Agramunt J, Ginesi R, Pedroso E, Grandas A. Inverse Electron-Demand Diels–Alder Bioconjugation Reactions Using 7-Oxanorbornenes as Dienophiles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6593-6604. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Agramunt
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Quı́mica Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebecca Ginesi
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Quı́mica Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Pedroso
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Quı́mica Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- IBUB, Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Grandas
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Quı́mica Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- IBUB, Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Johann K, Svatunek D, Seidl C, Rizzelli S, Bauer TA, Braun L, Koynov K, Mikula H, Barz M. Tetrazine- and trans-cyclooctene-functionalised polypept(o)ides for fast bioorthogonal tetrazine ligation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetrazine- and trans-cyclooctene-functionalised polypeptides and polypetoids were prepared by ring-opening polymerisation of N-carboxyanhydrides using the respective functional initiators and shown to react in fast bioorthogonal tetrazine ligations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Johann
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Christine Seidl
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Silvia Rizzelli
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Tobias A. Bauer
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Lydia Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Matthias Barz
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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