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Zhao MM, Lu J, Li S, Wang H, Cao X, Li Q, Shi TT, Matsunaga K, Chen C, Huang H, Izumi T, Yang JK. Berberine is an insulin secretagogue targeting the KCNH6 potassium channel. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5616. [PMID: 34556670 PMCID: PMC8460738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coptis chinensis is an ancient Chinese herb treating diabetes in China for thousands of years. However, its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report the effects of its main active component, berberine (BBR), on stimulating insulin secretion. In mice with hyperglycemia induced by a high-fat diet, BBR significantly increases insulin secretion and reduced blood glucose levels. However, in mice with hyperglycemia induced by global or pancreatic islet β-cell-specific Kcnh6 knockout, BBR does not exert beneficial effects. BBR directly binds KCNH6 potassium channels, significantly accelerates channel closure, and subsequently reduces KCNH6 currents. Consequently, blocking KCNH6 currents prolongs high glucose-dependent cell membrane depolarization and increases insulin secretion. Finally, to assess the effect of BBR on insulin secretion in humans, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover, single-dose, phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03972215) including 15 healthy men receiving a 160-min hyperglycemic clamp experiment is performed. The pre-specified primary outcomes are assessment of the differences of serum insulin and C-peptide levels between BBR and placebo treatment groups during the hyperglycemic clamp study. BBR significantly promotes insulin secretion under hyperglycemic state comparing with placebo treatment, while does not affect basal insulin secretion in humans. All subjects tolerate BBR well, and we observe no side effects in the 14-day follow up period. In this study, we identify BBR as a glucose-dependent insulin secretagogue for treating diabetes without causing hypoglycemia that targets KCNH6 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, 100730, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Kohichi Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Haixia Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, 100730, Beijing, China.
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Rani L, Grewal AS, Sharma N, Singh S. Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:426-470. [PMID: 33100202 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201023141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM. METHODS The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM. RESULTS The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists. CONCLUSION The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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He J, Zhu NL, Kong J, Peng P, Li LF, Wei XL, Jiang YY, Zhang YL, Bian BL, She GM, Shi RB. A Newly Discovered Phenylethanoid Glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Affects Insulin Secretion in Rat INS-1 Islet β Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224178. [PMID: 31752141 PMCID: PMC6891645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tea-like beverage Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Stevia) is popular in China because it reduces blood glucose and has a sweet taste. In this work, a comprehensive quality assessment of Stevia led to the discovery of five phenylethanoid glycosides, namely steviophethanoside (1), cuchiloside (2), salidroside (3), icariside D (4), and tyrosol (5). Of them, compound 1 is a novel compound. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy were employed to confirm the absolute configuration. A hydrolytic step with 4 N TFA at 95 °C for 4 h was used to confirm the monosaccharides. In addition, Discovery Studio 4.0 was used to predict the ADME and toxicity activity of compound 1. The results suggested that compound 1 was biocompatible and had poor toxicity, which was verified by rat INS-1 islet β cells through an MTT assay. Meanwhile, a significant stimulatory effect on INS-1 cells was observed, which indicated a hypoglycemic effect of compound 1. This is the first report that describes a natural, novel, and hypoglycemic phenylethanoid glycoside in Stevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
| | - Nai-Liang Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 200293, China
| | - Jing Kong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
| | - Ping Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
| | - Lin-Fu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Lu Wei
- Quality Standards, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.-L.W.); (B.-L.B.)
| | - Yan-Yan Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
| | - Bao-Lin Bian
- Quality Standards, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.-L.W.); (B.-L.B.)
| | - Gai-Mei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.-M.S.); (R.-B.S.); Tel.: +86-10-5391-2129 (R.-B.S.)
| | - Ren-Bing Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Unit of Exploring Effective Substances of Classical and Famous Prescription of SATCM, Beijing 102488, China; (J.H.); (N.-L.Z.); (J.K.); (P.P.); (L.-F.L.); (Y.-Y.J.); (Y.-L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.-M.S.); (R.-B.S.); Tel.: +86-10-5391-2129 (R.-B.S.)
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Riyaphan J, Jhong CH, Lin SR, Chang CH, Tsai MJ, Lee DN, Sung PJ, Leong MK, Weng CF. Hypoglycemic Efficacy of Docking Selected Natural Compounds against α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase. Molecules 2018; 23:E2260. [PMID: 30189596 PMCID: PMC6225388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase is a clinical strategy for the treatment of type II diabetes, and herbal medicines have been reported to credibly alleviate hyperglycemia. Our previous study has reported some constituents from plant or herbal sources targeted to α-glucosidase and α-amylase via molecular docking and enzymatic measurement, but the hypoglycemic potencies in cell system and mice have not been validated yet. This study was aimed to elucidate the hypoglycemic efficacy of docking selected compounds in cell assay and oral glucose and starch tolerance tests of mice. All test compounds showed the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity in Caco-2 cells. The decrease of blood sugar levels of test compounds in 30 min and 60 min of mice after OGTT and OSTT, respectively and the decreased glucose levels of test compounds were significantly varied in acarbose. Taken altogether, in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that selected natural compounds (curcumin, antroquinonol, HCD, docosanol, tetracosanol, rutin, and actinodaphnine) via molecular docking were confirmed as potential candidates of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirawat Riyaphan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hung Jhong
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Shian-Ren Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - May-Jwan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Der-Nan Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 26047, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Max K Leong
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
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Berberine binds RXRα to suppress β-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:6906-6918. [PMID: 28846104 PMCID: PMC5735301 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is a traditional oriental medicine used to treat diarrhea and gastroenteritis. Recently, we reported that it could inhibit the growth of intestinal polyp in animals and in patients with the familial adenomatous polyposis by downregulating β-catenin signaling. However, the intracellular target mediating the effects of berberine remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that berberine inhibits β-catenin function via directly binding to a unique region comprising residues Gln275, Arg316 and Arg371 in nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), where berberine concomitantly binding to and synergistically activating RXRα with 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA), a natural ligand binding to the classical ligand-binding pocket of RXRα. Berberine binding promotes RXRα interaction with nuclear β-catenin, leading to c-Cbl mediated degradation of β-catenin, and consequently inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Furthermore, berberine suppresses the growth of human colon carcinoma xenograft in nude mice in an RXRα-dependent manner. Together, our study not only identifies RXRα as a direct protein target for berberine but also dissects their binding mode and validates that berberine indeed suppresses β-catenin signaling and cell growth in colon cancer via binding RXRα, which provide new strategies for the design of new RXRα-based antitumor agents and drug combinations.
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Corydalis edulis Maxim. Promotes Insulin Secretion via the Activation of Protein Kinase Cs (PKCs) in Mice and Pancreatic β Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40454. [PMID: 28091547 PMCID: PMC5238372 DOI: 10.1038/srep40454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corydalis edulis Maxim., a widely grown plant in China, had been proposed for the treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we found that C. edulis extract (CE) is protective against diabetes in mice. The treatment of hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E (ApoE)−/− mice with a high dose of CE reduced serum glucose by 28.84% and serum total cholesterol by 17.34% and increased insulin release. We also found that CE significantly enhanced insulin secretion in a glucose-independent manner in hamster pancreatic β cell (HIT-T15). Further investigation revealed that CE stimulated insulin exocytosis by a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent signaling pathway and that CE selectively activated novel protein kinase Cs (nPKCs) and atypical PKCs (aPKCs) but not conventional PKCs (cPKCs) in HIT-T15 cells. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to identify the PKC pathway as a direct target and one of the major mechanisms underlying the antidiabetic effect of CE. Given the good insulinotropic effect of this herbal medicine, CE is a promising agent for the development of new drugs for treating diabetes.
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Kim IS, Yang SY, Han JH, Jung SH, Park HS, Myung CS. Differential Gene Expression in GPR40-Overexpressing Pancreatic β-cells Treated with Linoleic Acid. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:141-9. [PMID: 25729276 PMCID: PMC4342734 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
"G protein-coupled receptor 40" (GPR40), a receptor for long-chain fatty acids, mediates the stimulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. We examined the profiles of differential gene expression in GPR40-activated cells treated with linoleic acid, and finally predicted the integral pathways of the cellular mechanism of GPR40-mediated insulinotropic effects. After constructing a GPR40-overexpressing stable cell line (RIN-40) from the rat pancreatic β-cell line RIN-5f, we determined the gene expression profiles of RIN-5f and RIN-40. In total, 1004 genes, the expression of which was altered at least twofold, were selected in RIN-5f versus RIN-40. Moreover, the differential genetic profiles were investigated in RIN-40 cells treated with 30 µM linoleic acid, which resulted in selection of 93 genes in RIN-40 versus RIN-40 treated with linoleic acid. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway (KEGG, http://www.genome.jp/kegg/), sets of genes induced differentially by treatment with linoleic acid in RIN-40 cells were found to be related to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase- and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways. A gene ontology (GO) study revealed that more than 30% of the genes were associated with signal transduction and cell proliferation. Thus, this study elucidated a gene expression pattern relevant to the signal pathways that are regulated by GPR40 activation during the acute period. Together, these findings increase our mechanistic understanding of endogenous molecules associated with GPR40 function, and provide information useful for identification of a target for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Su Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - So-Young Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. ; Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. ; Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Dranse HJ, Kelly MEM, Hudson BD. Drugs or diet?--Developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting the free fatty acid family of GPCRs. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:696-711. [PMID: 23937426 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are metabolic intermediates that may be obtained through the diet, synthesized endogenously, or produced via fermentation of carbohydrates by gut microbiota. In addition to serving as an important source of energy, FFAs are known to produce a variety of both beneficial and detrimental effects on metabolic and inflammatory processes. While historically, FFAs were believed to produce these effects only through intracellular targets such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, it has now become clear that FFAs are also agonists for several GPCRs, including a family of four receptors now termed FFA1-4. Increasing evidence suggests that FFA1-4 mediate many of the beneficial properties of FFAs and not surprisingly, this has generated significant interest in the potential of these receptors as therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of metabolic and inflammatory disorders. In addition to the traditional strategy of developing small-molecule therapeutics targeting these receptors, there has also been some consideration given to alternate therapeutic approaches, specifically by manipulating endogenous FFA concentrations through alteration of either dietary intake, or production by gut microbiota. In this review, the current state of knowledge for FFA1-4 will be discussed, together with their potential as therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory disorders. In particular, the evidence in support of small molecule versus dietary and microbiota-based therapeutic approaches will be considered to provide insight into the development of novel multifaceted strategies targeting the FFA receptors for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Dranse
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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The antihyperglycemic effects of Rhizoma Coptidis and mechanism of actions: a review of systematic reviews and pharmacological research. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:798093. [PMID: 24818152 PMCID: PMC4003828 DOI: 10.1155/2014/798093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoma Coptidis (Huang Lian in Chinese pinyin) is among the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines and has a profound history of more than 2000 years of being used as a therapeutic herb. The antidiabetic effects of Rhizoma Coptidis have been extensively investigated in animal experiments and clinical trials and its efficacy as a promising antihyperglycemic agent has been widely discussed. In the meantime, findings from modern pharmacological studies have contributed the majority of its bioactivities to berberine, the isoquinoline alkaloids component of the herb, and a number of experiments testing the antidiabetic effects of berberine have been initiated. Therefore, we conducted a review of the current evidence profile of the antihyperglycemic effects of Rhizoma Coptidis as well as its main component berberine and the possible mechanism of actions, in order to summarize research evidence in this area and identify future research directions.
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Davis JA, Sharma S, Mittra S, Sujatha S, Kanaujia A, Shukla G, Katiyar C, Lakshmi BS, Bansal VS, Bhatnagar PK. Antihyperglycemic effect of Annona squamosa hexane extract in type 2 diabetes animal model: PTP1B inhibition, a possible mechanism of action? Indian J Pharmacol 2012; 44:326-32. [PMID: 22701240 PMCID: PMC3371453 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.96304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The mechanism of action of Annona squamosa hexane extract in mediating antihyperglycemic and antitriglyceridimic effect were investigated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of extract on glucose uptake, insulin receptor-β (IR-β), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) mRNA expression were studied in L6 myotubes. The in vitro mechanism of action was tested in protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) assays. The in vivo efficacy was characterized in ob/ob mice after an oral administration of the extract for 21 days. RESULTS The effect of extract promoted glucose uptake, IR-β and IRS-1 phosphorylation and GLUT4 and PI3 kinase mRNA upregulation in L6 myotubes. The extract inhibited PTP1B with an IC(50) 17.4 μg/ml and did not modulate GPR40, SIRT1 or DPP-IV activities. An oral administration of extract in ob/ob mice for 21 days improved random blood glucose, triglyceride and oral glucose tolerance. Further, the extract did not result in body weight gain before and after treatment (29.3 vs. 33.6 g) compared to rosiglitazone where significant body weight gain was observed (28.4 vs. 44.5 g; *P<0.05 after treatment compared to before treatment). CONCLUSION The results suggest that Annona squamosa hexane extract exerts its action by modulating insulin signaling through inhibition of PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Alex Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
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