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Chen Y, Wang Y, Headley JV, Huang R. Sample preparation, analytical characterization, monitoring, risk assessment and treatment of naphthenic acids in industrial wastewater and surrounding water impacted by unconventional petroleum production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169636. [PMID: 38157903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Industrial extraction of unconventional petroleum results in notable volumes of oil sands process water (OSPW), containing elevated concentrations of naphthenic acids (NAs). The presence of NAs represents an intricate amalgamation of dissolved organic constituents, thereby presenting a notable hurdle for the domain of environmental analytical chemistry. There is growing concern about monitoring the potential seepage of OSPW NAs into nearby groundwater and river water. This review summarizes recent studies on sample preparation, characterization, monitoring, risk assessment, and treatment of NAs in industrial wastewater and surrounding water. Sample preparation approaches, such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase microextraction, and solid phase extraction, are crucial in isolating chemical standards, performing molecular level analysis, assessing aquatic toxicity, monitoring, and treating OSPW. Instrument techniques for NAs analysis were reviewed to cover different injection modes, ionization sources, and mass analyzers. Recent studies of transfer and transformation of NAs provide insights to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural bitumen-derived sources of NAs. In addition, related risk assessment and treatment studies were also present for elucidation of environmental implication and reclamation strategies. The synthesis of the current state of scientific knowledge presented in this review targets government regulators, academic researchers, and industrial scientists with interests spanning analytical chemistry, toxicology, and wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - John V Headley
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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2
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Tryon-Tasson N, Ryoo D, Eor P, Anderson JL. Silver-mediated separations: A comprehensive review on advancements of argentation chromatography, facilitated transport membranes, and solid-phase extraction techniques and their applications. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464133. [PMID: 37329654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of silver(I) ions in chemical separations, also known as argentation separations, is a powerful approach for the selective separation and analysis of many natural and synthetic organic compounds. In this review, a comprehensive discussion of the most common argentation separation techniques, including argentation-liquid chromatography (Ag-LC), argentation-gas chromatography (Ag-GC), argentation-facilitated transport membranes (Ag-FTMs), and argentation-solid phase extraction (Ag-SPE) is provided. For each of these techniques, notable advancements, optimized separations, and innovative applications are discussed. The review begins with an explanation of the fundamental chemistry underlying argentation separations, mainly the reversible π-complexation between silver(I) ions and carbon-carbon double bonds. Within Ag-LC, the use of silver(I) ions in thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as preparative LC are explored. This discussion focuses on how silver(I) ions are employed in the stationary and mobile phase to separate unsaturated compounds. For Ag-GC and Ag-FTMs, different silver compounds and supporting media are discussed, often with relation to olefin-paraffin separations. Ag-SPE has been widely employed for the selective extraction of unsaturated compounds from complex matrices in sample preparation. This comprehensive review of Ag-LC, Ag-GC, Ag-FTMs, and Ag-SPE techniques emphasizes the immense potential of argentation separations in separations science and serves as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to learn, optimize, and utilize argentation separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tryon-Tasson
- Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Donghyun Ryoo
- Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Philip Eor
- Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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3
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Facanali R, Porto NDA, Crucello J, Carvalho RM, Vaz BG, Hantao LW. Naphthenic Acids: Formation, Role in Emulsion Stability, and Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Methods. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:6078084. [PMID: 34956687 PMCID: PMC8709775 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6078084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are compounds naturally present in most petroleum sources comprised of complex mixtures with a highly variable composition depending on their origin. Their occurrence in crude oil can cause severe corrosion problems and catalysts deactivation, decreasing oil quality and consequently impacting its productivity and economic value. NAs structures also allow them to behave as surfactants, causing the formation and stabilization of emulsions. In face of the ongoing challenge of treatment of water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions in the oil and gas industry, it is important to understand how NAs act in emulsified systems and which acids are present in the interface. Considering that, this review describes the properties of NAs, their role in the formation and stability of oil emulsions, and the modern analytical methods used for the qualitative analysis of such acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselaine Facanali
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Crucello
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio M. Carvalho
- Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 20031-912, RJ, Brazil
| | - Boniek G. Vaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Leandro W. Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
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4
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Morandi G, Wiseman S, Sun C, Martin JW, Giesy JP. Effects of chemical fractions from an oil sands end-pit lake on reproduction of fathead minnows. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126073. [PMID: 32088464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a byproduct of bitumen extraction in the surface-mining oil sands industry in Alberta, Canada. Organic compounds in OSPW can be acutely or chronically toxic to aquatic organisms, so part of a long-term strategy for remediation of OSPW is ageing of water in artificial lakes, termed end-pit lakes. BaseMine Lake (BML) is the first oil sands end-pit lake, commissioned in 2012. At the time of its establishment, an effects-directed analysis of BML-OSPW showed that naphthenic acids and polar organic chemical species containing sulfur or nitrogen contributed to its acute lethality. However, the chronic toxicity of these same chemical fractions has not yet been investigated. In this work, the short-term fathead minnow reproductive bioassay was used to assess endocrine-system effects of two fractions of BML-OSPW collected in 2015. One of the fractions (F1) contained predominantly naphthenic acids, while the other (F2) contained non-acidic polar organic chemical species. Exposure of minnows to F1 or F2 at concentrations equivalent to 25% (v/v) of the 2015 BML-OSPW sample (5-15% of the 2012 BML-OSPW sample) did not alter reproductive performance, fertilization success, or concentrations of sex steroids in female or male minnows. Additionally, there were no significant differences in fertility, hatching success, or incidence of morphological indices of embryos collected on day 7 or 14 from exposed breeding trios. However, exposure of male fathead minnow to 25% (v/v) intact 2015 BML-OSPW resulted in a significantly greater hepatosomatic index. Exposure of fathead minnow to refined fractions of dissolved organic chemicals in 2015 BML-OSPW, or a 25% (v/v) of the intact mixture did not affect fertility or fecundity as measured by use of the 21-day reproductive bioassay. These data will be useful in setting future threshold criteria for OSPW reclamation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Water Institute for Sustainable Environments (WISE), University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Chenxing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB, T5J 5C6, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; SciLifeLab, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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5
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Challis JK, Parajas A, Anderson JC, Asiedu E, Martin JW, Wong CS, Ross MS. Photodegradation of bitumen-derived organics in oil sands process-affected water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1243-1255. [PMID: 32227038 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of water-soluble organics in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is primarily composed of natural constituents of bitumen that are solubilized and concentrated during aqueous extraction of oil sands. OSPW organics are persistent and acutely toxic, and a leading remediation strategy is long-term ageing in end-pit lakes, despite limited data available on its photochemical fate. Here, direct photolysis of whole OSPW, or of its constituent fractions, was examined at environmentally relevant wavelengths (>290 nm) in bench-top studies. Changes in the chemical profiles of whole OSPW, acid- (AEO), and base-extractable organics (BEO) were characterized by liquid chromatography with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry in negative (-) and positive (+) ionization modes. Following 18 d of irradiation, photolysis reduced the total ion intensity in all samples in both modes. The most photo-labile species included the O2-, O3-, O4-, O2S-, and O4S- chemical classes, which were depleted in whole OSPW by 93-100% after only 5 d. In positive mode, detected species were more recalcitrant than those detected in negative mode, with an average reduction across all heteroatomic classes of 75 ± 11.0% after 18 d. Estimated environmental half-lives for heteroatomic classes ranged from 57 d (O4S-) to 545 d (O3N+), with a greater recalcitrance for classes detected in positive mode compared to negative mode. Under field conditions in end-pit lakes, natural photolysis may be an important mechanism for effective OSPW remediation, and we suggest that future end-pit lakes be shallow to maximize light penetration and natural photolysis in ageing OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Challis
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
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Ahad JME, Pakdel H, Gammon PR, Mayer B, Savard MM, Peru KM, Headley JV. Distinguishing Natural from Anthropogenic Sources of Acid Extractable Organics in Groundwater near Oil Sands Tailings Ponds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2790-2799. [PMID: 31995355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing between naphthenic acids (NAs) associated with oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) and those found naturally in groundwaters in contact with the bituminous McMurray Formation poses a considerable analytical challenge to environmental research in Canada's oil sands region. Previous work addressing this problem combined high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry with carbon isotope values generated by online pyrolysis (δ13Cpyr) to characterize and quantify the acid extractable organics (AEOs) fraction containing NAs in the subsurface near an oil sands tailings pond. Here, we build upon this work through further development and application of these techniques at two different study sites near two different tailings ponds, in conjunction with the use of an additional isotopic tool-sulfur isotope analysis (δ34S) of AEOs. The combined use of both δ13Cpyr and δ34S allowed for discrimination of AEOs into the three end-members relevant to ascertaining the NA environmental footprint within the region: (1) OSPW; (2) McMurray Formation groundwater (i.e., naturally occurring bitumen), and; (3) naturally occurring non-bitumen. A Bayesian isotopic mixing model was used to determine the relative proportions of these three sources in groundwater at both study sites. Although background levels of OSPW-derived AEOs were generally low, one sample containing 49-99% (95% credibility interval) OSPW-derived AEOs was detected within an inferred preferential flow-path, highlighting the potential for this technique to track tailings pond seepage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Hooshang Pakdel
- INRS Eau Terre Environnement, Québec City, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Paul R Gammon
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - Bernhard Mayer
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Martine M Savard
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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Fennell J, Arciszewski TJ. Current knowledge of seepage from oil sands tailings ponds and its environmental influence in northeastern Alberta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:968-985. [PMID: 31200313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seepage of oil sand process-affected waters (OSPW) from tailings ponds into surface waters is a common concern in the minable oil sands region of northeast Alberta. Research on seepage has been extensive, but few comprehensive treatments evaluating all aspects relevant to the phenomenon are available. In this work, the current information relevant for understanding the state of seepage from tailings ponds was reviewed. The information suggests the infiltration of OSPW into groundwater occurs near some ponds. OSPW may also be present in sediments beneath the Athabasca River adjacent to one pond, but there are no clear observations of OSPW in the river water. Similarly, most water samples from tributaries also show no evidence of OSPW, but these observations are limited by the lack of systematic, systemic, and repeated surveys, missing baseline data, standard analytical approaches, and reference materials. Waters naturally influenced by bitumen, discharge of saline groundwaters, and dilution also potentially affect the consolidation of information and certainty of any conclusions. Despite these challenges, some data suggest OSPW may be present in two tributaries of the Athabasca River adjacent to tailings ponds: McLean Creek and Lower Beaver River. Irrespective of the possible source(s), constituents of OSPW often affect organisms exposed in laboratories, but research in all but one study suggests the concentrations of organics in the surface water bodies assessed are below the standard toxicological effect thresholds for these compounds. In contrast, many samples of groundwater, irrespective of source, likely affect biota. Biomonitoring of surface waters suggests generic responses to stressors, but the influence of natural phenomena and occasionally nutrient enrichment are often suggested by data. In summary, valuable research has been done on seepage. The data suggest infiltration into groundwater is common, seepage into surface waters is not, and anthropogenic biological impacts are not likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Fennell
- Integrated Sustainability, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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Leshuk T, Peru KM, de Oliveira Livera D, Tripp A, Bardo P, Headley JV, Gu F. Petroleomic analysis of the treatment of naphthenic organics in oil sands process-affected water with buoyant photocatalysts. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:297-306. [PMID: 29803095 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of toxicity associated with the soluble naphthenic organic compounds (NOCs) of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) implies that a treatment solution may be necessary to enable safe return of this water to the environment. Due to recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), the majority of the toxicity of OSPW is currently understood to derive from a subset of toxic classes, comprising only a minority of the total NOCs. Herein, oxidative treatment of OSPW with buoyant photocatalysts was evaluated under a petroleomics paradigm: chemical changes across acid-, base- and neutral-extractable organic fractions were tracked throughout the treatment with both positive and negative ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI) Orbitrap MS. Elimination of detected OS+ and NO+ classes of concern in the earliest stages of the treatment, along with preferential degradation of high carbon-numbered O2- acids, suggest that photocatalysis may detoxify OSPW with higher efficiency than previously thought. Application of petroleomic level analysis offers unprecedented insights into the treatment of petroleum impacted water, allowing reaction trends to be followed across multiple fractions and thousands of compounds simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leshuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Diogo de Oliveira Livera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Austin Tripp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Patrick Bardo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Frank Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Lari E, Mohaddes E, Pyle GG. Effects of oil sands process-affected water on the respiratory and circulatory system of Daphnia magna Straus, 1820. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:824-829. [PMID: 28683426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Millions of cubic meters of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), the major by-product of oil sand surface mining, is currently stored in tailings ponds. The present study investigated the effects of OSPW on the respiratory and circulatory system of Daphnia magna Straus 1820. The effect of OSPW on the activity (i.e. total movement and active time) of D. magna was also studied, as it has been shown to interact with the respiratory and circulatory system. Daphniids were exposed to both 1 and 10% OSPW for acute (1-day) and chronic (10-day) exposure periods. At the end of the exposures, daphniid oxygen (O2) consumption, heart rate, hemoglobin (Hb) content and activity were investigated. In response to chronic exposure to 10% OSPW, O2 consumption of D. magna increased, while the hemoglobin content and activity were reduced in both 1 and 10% OSPW. None of the OSPW treatments changed the heart rate of the test organisms. The results of the present study suggest that in response to increasing metabolic rate caused by OSPW exposure, D. magna conserve their energy by reducing their activity and probably by recycling macromolecules (i.e. hemoglobin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Effat Mohaddes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Meshref MNA, Chelme-Ayala P, Gamal El-Din M. Fate and abundance of classical and heteroatomic naphthenic acid species after advanced oxidation processes: Insights and indicators of transformation and degradation. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:62-71. [PMID: 28830000 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological effects from all components in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are not known. Alternatively, monitoring the variations and abundance of different classes and compounds after treatments might be a useful approach in OSPW remediation. In this study, the variations in the compositions of classical and heteroatomic naphthenic acids (NAs) after treatment using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), mainly ozone and peroxone, and two different mass spectrometry methods; ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight (UPLC-TOFMS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR-MS), were examined. Two markers (O2S:O3S:O4S and O2:O4 ratios) were used to reveal changes and similarities of the treated water characteristics with those in natural waters. Both ratios decreased after all treatments, from 2.7:4.8:2.1 and 3.59 in raw OSPW to 0:1.4:0.5 and 0.7, respectively, in peroxone (1:2), becoming close to the reported ratios in natural waters. Toxicity toward Vibrio fischeri showed residual toxic effects after AOPs, suggesting that part of OSPW toxicity may be caused by specific compounds of NAs (i.e., similar reduction (50%) was achieved in both toxicity and abundance in O2 species with carbon 15-26) and/or generated by-products (e.g., O3S classes at double bond equivalent (DBE) = 4 and C9H12O2 at DBE = 4). Although by-products were generated, the best biodegradability enhancement and chemical oxygen demand reduction were achieved in peroxone (1:2) compared to ozone, suggesting the possibility of using combined OSPW remediation approaches (i.e., peroxone coupled with biological process). The recommended indicators can assist in evaluating the treatments' performance and in examining the best removal levels to accomplish significant toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N A Meshref
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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11
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Lari E, Steinkey D, Mohaddes E, Pyle GG. Investigating the chronic effects of oil sands process-affected water on growth and fitness of Daphnia magna Straus 1820. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:594-600. [PMID: 28399498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing amount of stored oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a primary by-product of oil sands mining, is an environmental concern. In the present study, we investigated the chronic effects of OSPW on growth, reproduction, and macronutrient content in Daphnia magna. To do so, we exposed D. magna to 1 and 10% OSPW (a mixture of three OSPW samples provided by major oil sands mining operators in northern Alberta) for ten days. We measured the number of the neonates produced daily in each group throughout the exposure. At the end of the exposure, we measured the mass and length of the exposed daphniids and neonates. We also measured the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein content of exposed daphniids. In the 10% OSPW group, we observed a significant reduction in all of the measured endpoints except for body length and carbohydrate and protein content of exposed daphniids. In the 1% OSPW group, on the other hand, we found a reduction only in lipid content of exposed daphniids as compared to the control group. The results of the present study demonstrated that chronic exposure to 10% OSPW affects growth and fitness of D. magna, probably due to a reduction in energy intake that causes daphniids to deplete their energy reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Dylan Steinkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Effat Mohaddes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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12
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Brunswick P, Hewitt LM, Frank RA, Kim M, van Aggelen G, Shang D. A traceable reference for direct comparative assessment of total naphthenic acid concentrations in commercial and acid extractable organic mixtures derived from oil sands process water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:274-280. [PMID: 27901640 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1253399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The advantage of using naphthenic acid (NA) mixtures for the determination of total NA lies in their chemical characteristics and identification of retention times distinct from isobaric interferences. However, the differing homolog profiles and unknown chemical structures of NA mixtures do not allow them to be considered a traceable reference material. The current study provides a new tool for the comparative assessment of different NA mixtures by direct reference to a single, well-defined and traceable compound, decanoic-d19 acid. The method employed an established liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QToF) procedure that was applicable both to the classic O2 NA species dominating commercial mixtures and additionally to the O4 species known to be present in acid extractable organics (AEOs) derived from oil sands process water (OSPW). Four different commercial NA mixtures and one OSPW-derived AEOs mixture were comparatively assessed. Results showed significant difference among Merichem Technical, Aldrich, Acros, and Kodak commercial NA mixtures with respect to "equivalent to decanoic-d19 acid" concentration ratios to nominal. Furthermore, different lot numbers of single commercial NA mixtures were found to be inconsistent with respect to their homolog content by percent response. Differences in the observed homolog content varied significantly, particularly at the lower (n = 9-14) and higher (n = 20-23) carbon number ranges. Results highlighted the problem between using NA mixtures from different sources and different lot numbers but offered a solution to the problem from a concentration perspective. It is anticipated that this tool may be utilized in review of historical data in addition to future studies, such as the study of OSPW derived acid extractable organics (AEOs) and fractions employed during toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brunswick
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- b Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario , Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- b Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario , Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- c Agilent Technologies Inc. , Ontario , Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
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Wang C, Huang R, Klamerth N, Chelme-Ayala P, Gamal El-Din M. Positive and negative electrospray ionization analyses of the organic fractions in raw and oxidized oil sands process-affected water. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:239-247. [PMID: 27657816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the oxidative transformation of the organic species in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS) in both negative and positive electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. This is the first time to apply FTICR-MS to investigate species transformation in OSPW treatments by ferrate (VI), UV/H2O2, and molecular ozone, and also this is the first preliminary study to use positive ESI to investigate organic species in addition to naphthenic acids (NAs) in these treatment processes. The oxidation processes with potassium ferrate (VI), UV/H2O2, and ozone transformed the distribution profiles of Ox, OxSy, and OxNy organic fractions (i.e., species containing oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, with x, y specifying the oxygen number and sulfur/nitrogen number, respectively), with OxSy distribution profiles showing the most sensitive responses to the oxidation extent and can be used as a signature fraction to evaluate the oxidation effectiveness. Negative mode UPLC-TOF-MS confirmed the transformation pattern of Ox species observed with FTICR-MS, but positive mode UPLC-TOF-MS results showed severe discrepancies with FTICR-MS results and should be subjected for future further investigation, regarding the relatively low mass resolution of UPLC-TOF-MS. The investigation of the transformation patterns of different organic species using two ionization modes was a preliminary study to enhance the understanding of the efficiency, selectivity, and mechanism of different oxidation processes in OSPW remediation for both NAs and non-NA species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Celsie A, Parnis JM, Mackay D. Impact of temperature, pH, and salinity changes on the physico-chemical properties of model naphthenic acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:40-50. [PMID: 26706930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperature, pH, and salinity change on naphthenic acids (NAs) present in oil-sands process wastewater were modeled for 55 representative NAs. COSMO-RS was used to estimate octanol-water (KOW) and octanol-air (KOA) partition ratios and Henry's law constants (H). Validation with experimental carboxylic acid data yielded log KOW and log H RMS errors of 0.45 and 0.55 respectively. Calculations of log KOW, (or log D, for pH-dependence), log KOA and log H (or log HD, for pH-dependence) were made for model NAs between -20 °C and 40 °C, pH between 0 and 14, and salinity between 0 and 3 g NaCl L(-1). Temperature increase by 60 °C resulted in 3-5 log unit increase in H and a similar magnitude decrease in KOA. pH increase above the NA pKa resulted in a dramatic decrease in both log D and log HD. Salinity increase over the 0-3 g NaCl L(-1) range resulted in a 0.3 log unit increase on average for KOW and H values. Log KOW values of the sodium salt and anion of the conjugate base were also estimated to examine their potential for contribution to the overall partitioning of NAs. Sodium salts and anions of naphthenic acids are predicted to have on average 4 log units and 6 log units lower log KOW values, respectively, with respect to the corresponding neutral NA. Partitioning properties are profoundly influenced by the by the relative prevailing pH and the substance's pKa at the relevant temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Celsie
- Chemical Properties Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Chemical Properties Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Donald Mackay
- Chemical Properties Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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Jonker MTO, Candido A, Vrabie CM, Scarlett AG, Rowland SJ. Synergistic androgenic effect of a petroleum product caused by the joint action of at least three different types of compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1142-1147. [PMID: 26461438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found a dose-dependent synergistic effect in recombinant yeast stably transfected with the human androgen receptor (AR), in response to co-exposure to testosterone and a commercially-available lubricant (engine) oil for cars. As there is relatively little knowledge on synergistic toxic effects and causative compounds, particularly for the androgenic system, the objective of the present study was to investigate this oil in more detail. The oil was fractionated into SARA fractions (so-called 'saturates', 'aromatics', 'resins', and 'asphaltenes') by open column chromatography. Surprisingly, when exposing the recombinant AR yeast to testosterone in combination with the separate SARA fractions, the synergistic effect could not be reproduced fully. After pooling the fractions again however, the full synergism returned. From subsequent exposures to combinations of two or three SARA fractions, it appeared that both the 'saturates' and the 'resins' fraction were required for obtaining the synergistic response with testosterone. This clearly demonstrates a synergistic effect related to the androgenic system caused by the joint action of at least three chemically-distinct compounds, or groups of compounds (i.e. testosterone, 'resins' and 'saturates'). Although detailed chemical analyses could not reveal the identity of the causative compounds and the in vivo relevance of the present results remains unclear, the results do add to the growing body of evidence on the potentially extremely complex character of mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Angelica Candido
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cozmina M Vrabie
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Alan G Scarlett
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Prasse C, Ternes T. Application of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Transformation Products of Trace Organic Contaminants Formed in the Environment. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brunswick P, Shang D, van Aggelen G, Hindle R, Hewitt LM, Frank RA, Haberl M, Kim M. Trace analysis of total naphthenic acids in aqueous environmental matrices by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry direct injection. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1405:49-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pereira AS, Martin JW. Exploring the complexity of oil sands process-affected water by high efficiency supercritical fluid chromatography/orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:735-744. [PMID: 26406488 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Approximately 1 billion m(3) of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is currently stored in tailings ponds in Northern Alberta, Canada. The dissolved organic compounds in OSPW have been termed a supercomplex mixture of bitumen-derived substances and continuing efforts to understand its underlying chemical composition are important for evaluating its environmental hazards. METHODS Packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was applied to OSPW analysis for the first time. By combining four columns in series (each 25 cm × 4.6 mm I.D., 5.0 µm bare silica) approximately 80,000 plates were achieved on a 1 m column. Using a simple fixed restrictor, the SFC eluent was coupled directly to ultrahigh-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry (SFC/Orbitrap-MS). RESULTS SFC/Orbitrap-MS, with positive and negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI +/-), revealed the partial or full chromatographic separation of isomers for a wide array of chemical species, including naphthenic acids (Cn H2n + Z O2 ) and unknown sulfur- and nitrogen-containing molecules. For smaller compounds (e.g. naphthenic acids where n ≤10), or for larger structurally constrained compounds (e.g. C16 naphthenic acid with 9 double-bond equivalents), apparent baseline resolution of many isomers was possible. Isomer-specific MS/MS experiments furthermore allowed characterization of functional groups in novel species. For example, in APCI+ mode, up to 16 isomers of C6 H11 ON were revealed to have amide and amino functionalities. CONCLUSIONS This combination of high efficiency chromatography and ultra-high mass resolution detection resulted in a powerful method with capabilities for characterizing or 'fingerprinting' unknown species with little interference. The method has great promise for environmental monitoring and forensics in the oil sands region, as well as for further studies on the composition of dissolved organic compounds in OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pereira
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - J W Martin
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
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