1
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Sharma A, Ramanaiah Dantham V. Observation of reversible and irreversible charge transfer processes in dye-monolayer graphene systems using Raman spectroscopy as a tool. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 317:124431. [PMID: 38739985 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the Raman spectroscopy of crystal violet (CV) and IR-780 Iodide molecules dispersed on the monolayer graphene film (MGF). In the CV-MGF system, the enhancement in the Raman scattering of CV molecules is observed irrespective of the location probed during the spectral measurements. This enhancement is due to the charge transfer from the MGF to CV molecules. However, in the case of the IR-780 Iodide - MGF system, the enhancement of Raman scattering of dye molecules or MGF is observed strongly depending upon the probed location. These observations indicate that the charge transfer is irreversible and reversible in the CV-MGF and IR-780 Iodide-MGF systems, respectively. Importantly, for the first time, this experimental study revealed that enhancing the Raman scattering of MGF is possible through the "chemical mechanism" with suitable dye molecules apart from the "electromagnetic mechanism" with plasmonic hot spots of the metal nanoparticles and photonic nanojets of single dielectric microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801103, India
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2
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Chaudhry I, Hu G, Ye H, Jensen L. Toward Modeling the Complexity of the Chemical Mechanism in SERS. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39087679 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides detailed information about the binding of molecules at interfaces and their interactions with the local environment due to the large enhancement of Raman scattering. This enhancement arises from a combination of the electromagnetic mechanism (EM) and chemical mechanism (CM). While it is commonly accepted that EM gives rise to most of the enhancement, large spectral changes originate from CM. To elucidate the rich information contained in SERS spectra about molecules at interfaces, a comprehensive understanding of the enhancement mechanisms is necessary. In this Perspective, we discuss the current understanding of the enhancement mechanisms and highlight their interplay in complex local environments. We will also discuss emerging areas where the development of computational and theoretical models is needed with specific attention given to how the CM contributes to the spectral changes. Future efforts in modeling should focus on overcoming the challenges presented in this review in order to capture the complexity of CM in SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Benkovic Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Gaohe Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Benkovic Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hepeng Ye
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Benkovic Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Benkovic Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Wang S, Wei Y, Zheng S, Zhang Z, Tang X, Liang L, Zang Z, Qian Q. Beyond the Charge Transfer Mechanism for 2D Materials-Assisted Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9917-9926. [PMID: 38837181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been extensively implemented as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, enabling trace-molecule detection for broad applications. However, the accurate understanding of the mechanism remains elusive because most theoretical explanations are still phenomenological or qualitative based on simplified models and rough assumptions. To advance the development of 2D material-assisted SERS, it is vital to attain a comprehensive understanding of the enhancement mechanism and a quantitative assessment of the enhancement performance. Here, the microscopic chemical mechanism of 2D material-assisted SERS is quantitatively investigated. The frequency-dependent Raman scattering cross sections suggest that the 2D materials' SERS performance is strongly dependent on the excitation wavelengths and the molecule types. By analysis of the microscopic Raman scattering processes, the comprehensive contributions of SERS can be revealed. Beyond the widely postulated charge transfer mechanisms, the quantitative results conclusively demonstrate that the resonant transitions within 2D materials alone are also capable of enhancing the molecular Raman scattering through the diffusive scattering of phonons. Furthermore, all of these scattering routines will interfere with each other and determine the final SERS performance. Our results not only provide a complete picture of the SERS mechanisms but also demonstrate a systematic and quantitative approach to theoretically understand, predict, and promote the 2D materials SERS toward analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System (Ministry of Education), College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Youchao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System (Ministry of Education), College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Siyang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System (Ministry of Education), College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zhaofu Zhang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electronic Manufacturing and Packaging Integration, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zhigang Zang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System (Ministry of Education), College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qingkai Qian
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System (Ministry of Education), College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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4
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Pinto de Sousa B, Fateixa S, Trindade T. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using 2D Materials. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303658. [PMID: 38530022 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a technique for detecting small amounts of (bio)chemical analytes has become increasingly popular in various fields. While gold and silver nanostructures have been extensively studied as SERS substrates, the availability of other types of substrates is currently expanding the applications of this spectroscopic method. Recently, researchers have begun exploring two-dimensional (2D) materials (e. g., graphene-like nanostructures) as substrates for SERS analysis. These materials offer unique optical properties, a well-defined structure, and the ability to modify their surface chemistry. As a contribution to advance this field, this concept article highlights the significance of understanding the chemical mechanism that underlies the experimental Raman spectra of chemisorbed molecules onto 2D materials' surfaces. Therefore, the article discusses recent advancements in fabricating substrates using 2D layered materials and the synergic effects of using their metallic composites for SERS applications. Additionally, it provides a new perspective on using Raman imaging in developing 2D materials as analytical platforms for Raman spectroscopy, an exciting emerging research area with significant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pinto de Sousa
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO - Aveiro Materials Institute, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Fateixa
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO - Aveiro Materials Institute, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tito Trindade
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO - Aveiro Materials Institute, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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5
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Feng G, Suzuki N, Zhang Q, Li J, Inose T, Taemaitree F, K M MS, Toyouchi S, Fujita Y, Hirai K, Uji-I H. A light-mediated covalently patterned graphene substrate for graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11417-11420. [PMID: 37671408 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
We report covalently patterned graphene with acetic acid as a new potential candidate for graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS). Rhodamine 6G molecules in direct contact with the covalently modified region show an enormous enhancement (∼25 times) compared to the pristine region at 532 nm excitation. The GERS enhancement with respect to the layer thickness of the probed molecule, excitation wavelength, and covalently attached groups is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Feng
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Jiangtao Li
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Farsai Taemaitree
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ward, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Muhammed Shameem K M
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Light-induced Acceleration System (RILACS), Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kagamiyama 3-11-32, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
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6
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Lin J, Zhang D, Yu J, Pan T, Wu X, Chen T, Gao C, Chen C, Wang X, Wu A. Amorphous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocages with Excellent SERS Sensitivity and Stability for Accurate Identification of Tumor Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4671-4681. [PMID: 36735867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) bioprobe's strategy for identifying tumor cells always depended on the intensity difference of the Raman signal compared with that of normal cells. Hence, exploring novel SERS nanostructure with excellent spectra stability, a high enhancement factor (EF), and good biocompatibility is a primary premise for boosting SERS signal reliability and accuracy of tumor cells. Here, high SERS EF (5.52 × 106) is acquired by developing novel amorphous nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC) nanocages (NCs), whose EF value was in a leading position among carbon-based SERS substrates. In addition, a uniform SERS signal was obtained on NDC NCs due to homogeneous morphology and size. The delocalized carbon-conjugated systems of graphitic-N, pyrrole-N, and pyridine-N with lone pair electrons increase the electronic density of states and reduce the electron localization function of NDC NCs, thereby promoting the charge transfer process. The electron-donor platform of the NDC NCs facilitates the thermodynamic process of charge transfer, resulting in multimode vibrational coupling in the surface complexes, which greatly amplifies the molecular polarizability. Importantly, the good biocompatibility and signal stability endow these NDC NC SERS bioprobes unique superiority in distinguishing tumor cells, and quantitative recognition of two triple-negative breast cancer cells based on SERS detection mode has been successfully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo315201, People's Republic of China.,Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou516000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dinghu Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo315201, People's Republic of China.,Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou516000, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyong Gao
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo315201, People's Republic of China.,Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou516000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo315201, People's Republic of China.,Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou516000, People's Republic of China
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7
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Itoh T, Procházka M, Dong ZC, Ji W, Yamamoto YS, Zhang Y, Ozaki Y. Toward a New Era of SERS and TERS at the Nanometer Scale: From Fundamentals to Innovative Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1552-1634. [PMID: 36745738 PMCID: PMC9952515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) have opened a variety of exciting research fields. However, although a vast number of applications have been proposed since the two techniques were first reported, none has been applied to real practical use. This calls for an update in the recent fundamental and application studies of SERS and TERS. Thus, the goals and scope of this review are to report new directions and perspectives of SERS and TERS, mainly from the viewpoint of combining their mechanism and application studies. Regarding the recent progress in SERS and TERS, this review discusses four main topics: (1) nanometer to subnanometer plasmonic hotspots for SERS; (2) Ångström resolved TERS; (3) chemical mechanisms, i.e., charge-transfer mechanism of SERS and semiconductor-enhanced Raman scattering; and (4) the creation of a strong bridge between the mechanism studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamitake Itoh
- Health
and Medical Research Institute, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, 761-0395Kagawa, Japan
| | - Marek Procházka
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zhen-Chao Dong
- Hefei
National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technique of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Wei Ji
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin145040, China
| | - Yuko S. Yamamoto
- School
of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (JAIST), Nomi, 923-1292Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei
National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technique of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of
Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei
Gakuin University, 2-1,
Gakuen, Sanda, 669-1330Hyogo, Japan
- Toyota
Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, 480-1192Aichi, Japan
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8
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Yang Y, Ao S, Wang J, Fu W, Liu X, Wang W. Recognition of dipole-induced electric field in 2D materials for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Front Chem 2023; 11:1183381. [PMID: 37090249 PMCID: PMC10119391 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1183381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of two-dimensional (2D) materials, including metallic graphene, semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides, and insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) for surface-enhancement Raman spectroscopy has attracted extensive research interest. This article provides a critical overview of the recent developments in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using 2D materials. By re-examining the relationship between the lattice structure and Raman enhancement characteristics, including vibration selectivity and thickness dependence, we highlight the important role of dipoles in the chemical enhancement of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Yang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Ao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangyang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weipeng Wang,
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9
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Tavakkoli Yaraki M, Tukova A, Wang Y. Emerging SERS biosensors for the analysis of cells and extracellular vesicles. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15242-15268. [PMID: 36218172 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03005e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cells and their derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes contain unique molecular signatures that could be used as biomarkers for the detection of severe diseases such as cancer, as well as monitoring the treatment response. Revealing these molecular signatures requires developing non-invasive ultrasensitive tools to enable single molecule/cell-level detection using a small volume of sample with low signal-to-noise ratio background and multiplex capability. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can address the current limitations in studying cells and EVs through two main mechanisms: plasmon-enhanced electric field (the so-called electromagnetic mechanism (EM)), and chemical mechanism (CM). In this review, we first highlight these two SERS mechanisms and then discuss the nanomaterials that have been used to develop SERS biosensors based on each of the aforementioned mechanisms as well as the combination of these two mechanisms in order to take advantage of the synergic effect between electromagnetic enhancement and chemical enhancement. Then, we review the recent advances in designing label-aided and label-free SERS biosensors in both colloidal and planar systems to investigate the surface biomarkers on cancer cells and their derived EVs. Finally, we discuss perspectives of emerging SERS biosensors in future biomedical applications. We believe this review article will thus appeal to researchers in the field of nanobiotechnology including material sciences, biosensors, and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tavakkoli Yaraki
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Anastasiia Tukova
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Yuling Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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10
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Pan L, Miao P, Horneber A, Meixner AJ, Adam PM, Zhang D. Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe 2 surface using optical microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:572-581. [PMID: 35860454 PMCID: PMC9263549 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using a triangular molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) flake as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform, we demonstrate the dependency of the Raman enhancement on laser beam polarization and local structure using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as probe. Second harmonic generation (SHG) and photoluminescence spectroscopy and microscopy are used to reveal the structural irregularities of the MoSe2 flake. The Raman enhancement in the focus of an azimuthally polarized beam, which possesses exclusively an in-plane electric field component is stronger than the enhancement by a focused radially polarized beam, where the out-of-plane electric field component dominates. This phenomenon indicates that the face-on oriented CuPc molecules strongly interact with the MoSe2 flake via charge transfer and dipole-dipole interaction. Furthermore, the Raman scattering maps on the irregular MoSe2 surface show a distinct correlation with the SHG and photoluminescence optical images, indicating the relationship between local structure and optical properties of the MoSe2 flake. These results contribute to understand the impacts of local structural properties on the Raman enhancement at the surface of the 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Pan
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR 7004, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peng Miao
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR 7004, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Su Y, Yuan B, Jiang Y, Wu P, Huang X, Zhu JJ, Jiang LP. A bioinspired hollow g-C 3N 4-CuPc heterostructure with remarkable SERS enhancement and photosynthesis-mimicking properties for theranostic applications. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6573-6582. [PMID: 35756512 PMCID: PMC9172571 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01534j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based on chemical mechanism (CM) has great potential for superior stability and selectivity. Moreover, a bioinspired CM-Raman substrate-Raman reporter system with charge separation and electron transport nature provides thylakoid-mimicking potential for multifunctional applications. Herein, hollow carbon nitride nanospheres hierarchically assembled with a well-oriented copper(ii) phthalocyanine layer and hyaluronic acid (HCNs@CuPc@HA) were designed as a light-harvesting nanocomposite and photosynthesis-mimicking nanoscaffold that enhance both CM-SERS and photoredox catalysis. Remarkable SERS enhancement was achieved due to the strengthened short-range substrate–molecule interaction, enriched CuPc molecule loading and enhanced light–mater interactions. Meanwhile, the uniform CuPc molecule film mimics a photo-pigment to accelerate the near infrared (NIR)-oxygen generation and photodynamic catalysis of photosynthetic membrane-like HCNs. The experimental findings were further validated by numerical theory analysis. The greatly enhanced SERS signal and photosynthetic-mimicking properties of the heterostructure (denoted as HCNCHs) were successfully employed for circulating tumor cell (CTC) diagnosis and SERS imaging-guided cancer catalytic therapy in tumor xenograft models. Thylakoid-inspired HCNs@CuPc@HA is designed as a light-harvesting nanocomposite and photosynthesis-mimicking nanoscaffold to simultaneously enhance chemical mechanism-based SERS and photosynthesis-mimicking catalysis for theranostics application.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
| | - Baozhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Yaowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Ping Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu 210097 China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University Shenzhen 518000 China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
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12
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Jo J, Calavalle F, Martín-García B, Tezze D, Casanova F, Chuvilin A, Hueso LE, Gobbi M. Exchange Bias in Molecule/Fe 3 GeTe 2 van der Waals Heterostructures via Spinterface Effects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200474. [PMID: 35334502 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exfoliation of layered magnetic materials generates atomically thin flakes characterized by an ultrahigh surface sensitivity, which makes their magnetic properties tunable via external stimuli, such as electrostatic gating and proximity effects. Another powerful approach to engineer magnetic materials is molecular functionalization, generating hybrid interfaces with tailored magnetic interactions, called spinterfaces. However, spinterface effects have not yet been explored on layered magnetic materials. Here, the emergence of spinterface effects is demonstrated at the interface between flakes of the prototypical layered magnetic metal Fe3 GeTe2 and thin films of Co-phthalocyanine. Magnetotransport measurements show that the molecular layer induces a magnetic exchange bias in Fe3 GeTe2 , indicating that the unpaired spins in Co-phthalocyanine develop antiferromagnetic ordering and pin the magnetization reversal of Fe3 GeTe2 via magnetic proximity. The effect is strongest for a Fe3 GeTe2 thickness of 20 nm, for which the exchange bias field reaches -840 Oe at 10 K and is measurable up to ≈110 K. This value compares very favorably with previous exchange bias fields reported for Fe3 GeTe2 in all-inorganic van der Waals heterostructures, demonstrating the potential of molecular functionalization to tailor the magnetism of van der Waals layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyeon Jo
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel Tezze
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, 48013, Spain
| | - Andrey Chuvilin
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, 48013, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, 48013, Spain
| | - Marco Gobbi
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, 48013, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián/Donostia, 20018, Spain
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13
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Romero M, Mombrú D, Pignanelli F, Faccio R, Mombrú AW. Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials and Interfaces With Mixed Ionic-Electronic Transport Properties: Advances in Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. Front Chem 2022; 10:892013. [PMID: 35494643 PMCID: PMC9039017 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.892013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this mini-review is to provide an updated state-of-the-art of the hybrid organic-inorganic materials focusing mainly on interface phenomena involving ionic and electronic transport properties. First, we review the most relevant preparation techniques and the structural features of hybrid organic-inorganic materials prepared by solution-phase reaction of inorganic/organic precursor into organic/inorganic hosts and vapor-phase infiltration of the inorganic precursor into organic hosts and molecular layer deposition of organic precursor onto the inorganic surface. Particular emphasis is given to the advances in joint experimental and theoretical studies discussing diverse types of computational simulations for hybrid-organic materials and interfaces. We make a specific revision on the separately ionic, and electronic transport properties of these hybrid organic-inorganic materials focusing mostly on interface phenomena. Finally, we deepen into mixed ionic-electronic transport properties and provide our concluding remarks and give some perspectives about this growing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Romero
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y Sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Ricardo Faccio
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y Sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alvaro W. Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y Sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Dorontić S, Jovanović S, Bonasera A. Shedding Light on Graphene Quantum Dots: Key Synthetic Strategies, Characterization Tools, and Cutting-Edge Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206153. [PMID: 34683745 PMCID: PMC8539078 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the last 20 years, the scientific community has shown growing interest towards carbonaceous nanomaterials due to their appealing mechanical, thermal, and optical features, depending on the specific nanoforms. Among these, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) recently emerged as one of the most promising nanomaterials due to their outstanding electrical properties, chemical stability, and intense and tunable photoluminescence, as it is witnessed by a booming number of reported applications, ranging from the biological field to the photovoltaic market. To date, a plethora of synthetic protocols have been investigated to modulate the portfolio of features that GQDs possess and to facilitate the use of these materials for target applications. Considering the number of publications and the rapid evolution of this flourishing field of research, this review aims at providing a broad overview of the most widely established synthetic protocols and offering a detailed review of some specific applications that are attracting researchers’ interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Dorontić
- “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Svetlana Jovanović
- “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Palermo Research Unit, Department of Physics and Chemistry—Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (A.B.)
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15
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Enhanced thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly(styrenesulfonate)/copper phthalocyanine disulfonic acid composite films. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Sun H, Yao M, Liu S, Song Y, Shen F, Dong J, Yao Z, Zhao B, Liu B. SERS Selective Enhancement on Monolayer MoS 2 Enabled by a Pressure-Induced Shift from Resonance to Charge Transfer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26551-26560. [PMID: 34034484 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a newly emerging approach for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), pressure-induced SERS (PI-SERS) has been attracting increasing interest for its applications in Raman signal enhancement at extreme conditions. However, how to efficiently realize the PI-SERS enhancement and elucidate the corresponding mechanism remain open questions. Herein, we demonstrate the PI-SERS enhancement up to 8.04 GPa using monolayer molybdenum disulfide (ML-MoS2) as a SERS substrate and three organic molecules with similar energy levels but different symmetries as probes. The combined theory and experiment results show that a pressure-induced increase in the Fermi level of the ML-MoS2 substrate and a decrease in the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy gap of probe molecules lead to a transition from the multiple resonance-related SERS enhancement to charge transfer (CT)-dominated PI-SERS selective enhancement, depending on the incident laser energy and the pressure applied. Such PI-SERS selective enhancement has been discussed in the framework of CT-induced strengthening of electron-phonon coupling, as well as a possible match of the structural symmetries between probe molecules and the substrate. This study provides deep insights into our understanding of PI-SERS enhancement, and the revealed mechanism can be extended to other molecules for SERS at extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Mingguang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Song
- Key Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronic Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Fangren Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supermolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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17
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Sleziona S, Rauls S, Heckhoff T, Christen L, Pollmann E, Madauß L, Franzka S, Lorke A, Wende H, Schleberger M. Towards field-effect controlled graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of cobalt octaethylporphyrin molecules. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:205702. [PMID: 33477119 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abde60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool to detect and analyze minute amounts of molecules adsorbed on graphene. By using a graphene-based field-effect device the unique opportunity arises to gain a deeper insight into the coupling of molecules and graphene as graphene's Fermi level can be controlled by the transistor`s gate voltage. However, the fabrication of such a device comes with great challenges because of contaminations stemming from processing the device inevitably prevent direct adsorption of the molecules onto graphene rendering it unsuitable for field-effect controlled graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements/experiments. In this work, we solve this problem by establishing two different fabrication procedures for such devices, both of which are in addition compatible with large area and scalable production requirements. As a first solution, selective argon cluster irradiation is shown to be an efficient way to remove resist residues after processing. We provide evidence that after the irradiation the enhancement of the molecular Raman signal can indeed be measured, demonstrating that this procedure cleans graphene's surface sufficiently enough for direct molecular adsorption. As a second solution, we have developed a novel stacking method to encapsulate the molecules in between two graphene layers to protect the underlying graphene and molecular layer from the harsh conditions during the photolithography process. This method combines the advantages of dry stacking, which leads to a perfectly clean interface, and wet stacking processes, which can easily be scaled up for large area processing. Both approaches yield working graphene transistors with strong molecular Raman signals stemming from cobalt octaehtylporphyrin, a promising and prototypical candidate for spintronic applications, and are therefore suitable for graphene based molecular sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Sleziona
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Simon Rauls
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Tobias Heckhoff
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Leonard Christen
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Erik Pollmann
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Lukas Madauß
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Steffen Franzka
- ICAN, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Axel Lorke
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
| | - Marika Schleberger
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg D-47057, Germany
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18
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Brill AR, Biswas S, Caspary Toroker M, de Ruiter G, Koren E. Dipole-Induced Raman Enhancement Using Noncovalent Azobenzene-Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayers on Graphene Terraces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10271-10278. [PMID: 33591709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a promising material in the field of interface science, especially for noncovalent functionalization, sensing, and for applications in catalysis and nanoelectronics. The noncovalent self-assembly of aromatic molecules on graphene promotes electronic coupling through π-π interactions that allows for quenching of the fluorescence of adsorbent molecules and the enhancement of their Raman spectra via graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS). Although recent work has explored the Raman enhancement on mono- and bilayer graphene, the layer dependence of both electronic phenomena (i.e., fluorescence quenching and Raman enhancement) has largely remained underexplored. Similarly, the effect of near-surface molecular dipoles on GERS has sparsely been examined. In this work, we employ self-assembled monolayers of azobenzene-decorated triazatriangulene molecules (AzoTATA) on graphene terraces to examine the effect of switchable molecular dipoles on the GERS effect, which occurs as a function of azobenzene photoisomerization. Furthermore, using empirical and computational methods, we present a systematic study for deriving the mechanism of GERS enhancement and fluorescence quenching on graphene terraces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Brill
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Santu Biswas
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Maytal Caspary Toroker
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Elad Koren
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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19
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Large Area Few-Layer Hexagonal Boron Nitride as a Raman Enhancement Material. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030622. [PMID: 33801504 PMCID: PMC7998565 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, two-dimensional (2D) materials are being investigated for their potential use as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active substrates. Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN), a layered 2D material analogous to graphene, is mostly used as a passivation layer/dielectric substrate for nanoelectronics application. We have investigated the SERS activity of few-layer hBN film synthesized on copper foil using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. We have drop casted the probe molecules onto the hBN substrate and measured the enhancement effect due to the substrate using a 532 nm excitation laser. We observed an enhancement of ≈103 for malachite green and ≈104 for methylene blue and rhodamine 6G dyes, respectively. The observed enhancement factors are consistent with the theoretically calculated interaction energies of MB > R6G > MG with a single layer of hBN. We also observed that the enhancement is independent of the film thickness and surface morphology. We demonstrate that the hBN films are highly stable, and even for older hBN films prepared 7 months earlier, we were able to achieve similar enhancements when compared to freshly prepared films. Our detailed results and analyses demonstrate the versatility and durability of hBN films for SERS applications.
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20
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Zheng T, Zhou Y, Feng E, Tian Y. Surface‐enhanced Raman Scattering on
2D
Nanomaterials: Recent Developments and Applications†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Enduo Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200241 China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200241 China
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21
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Ranc V, Chaloupková Z. Chiral discrimination of amino acids using phosphorene assisted graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1129:69-75. [PMID: 32891392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination of enantiomers poses a scientific challenge as the chemical and physical properties of enantiomers are nearly identical. The chiral analysis is usually performed by separation techniques, including chromatography, electrophoresis, or optical instrumentation based on an interaction of the analyzed sample with a polarized beam of light. Here we present a novel method for a chiral screening based on a combination of the black phosphorus@Graphene nanocomposite and Raman spectroscopy. The nanocomposite allows to enhance the Raman signal with factors higher than 100 asymmetrically and provide altered signals for mixtures containing varying enantiomeric ratios of target compounds. Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, DOPA, Isoleucine, and Leucine were selected as model compounds; the method allows us to discriminate between mixtures with 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Chaloupková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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22
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Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based plasmonic sensing applications: Advances and challenges. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Pham XH, Hahm E, Huynh KH, Kim HM, Son BS, Jeong DH, Jun BH. Sensitive and selective detection of 4-aminophenol in the presence of acetaminophen using gold–silver core–shell nanoparticles embedded in silica nanostructures. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Ranc V, Chaloupková Z. Perspectives of DCDR-GERS in the analysis of amino acids. Analyst 2020; 145:7701-7708. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01564d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS) has attracted increasing attention from many scientists in recent years as a novel and potentially strong analytical technique since its discovery in 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Palacky University Olomouc
- 771 46 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Chaloupková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials
- Palacky University Olomouc
- 771 46 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
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25
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Demirel G, Gieseking RLM, Ozdemir R, Kahmann S, Loi MA, Schatz GC, Facchetti A, Usta H. Molecular engineering of organic semiconductors enables noble metal-comparable SERS enhancement and sensitivity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5502. [PMID: 31796731 PMCID: PMC6890673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured molecular semiconductor films are promising Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) platforms for both fundamental and technological research. Here, we report that a nanostructured film of the small molecule DFP-4T, consisting of a fully π-conjugated diperfluorophenyl-substituted quaterthiophene structure, demonstrates a very large Raman enhancement factor (>105) and a low limit of detection (10-9 M) for the methylene blue probe molecule. This data is comparable to those reported for the best inorganic semiconductor- and even intrinsic plasmonic metal-based SERS platforms. Photoluminescence spectroscopy and computational analysis suggest that both charge-transfer energy and effective molecular interactions, leading to a small but non-zero oscillator strength in the charge-transfer state between the organic semiconductor film and the analyte molecule, are required to achieve large SERS enhancement factors and high molecular sensitivities in these systems. Our results provide not only a considerable experimental advancement in organic SERS figure-of-merits but also a guidance for the molecular design of more sensitive SERS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Demirel
- Bio-inspired Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL), Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Rebecca L M Gieseking
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Resul Ozdemir
- Bio-inspired Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL), Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Simon Kahmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria A Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA.
- Flexterra Inc., 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA.
| | - Hakan Usta
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey.
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26
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Karthick Kannan P, Shankar P, Blackman C, Chung CH. Recent Advances in 2D Inorganic Nanomaterials for SERS Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803432. [PMID: 30773698 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a powerful and sensitive analytical tool that has found application in chemical and biomolecule analysis and environmental monitoring. Since its discovery in the early 1970s, a variety of materials ranging from noble metals to nanostructured materials have been employed as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. In recent years, 2D inorganic materials have found wide use in the development of SERS-based chemical sensors owing to their unique thickness dependent physico-chemical properties with enhanced chemical-based charge-transfer processes. Here, recent advances in the application of various 2D inorganic nanomaterials, including graphene, boron nitride, semiconducting metal oxides, and transition metal chalcogenides, in chemical detection via SERS are presented. The background of the SERS concept, including its basic theory and sensing mechanism, along with the salient features of different nanomaterials used as substrates in SERS, extending from monometallic nanoparticles to nanometal oxides, is comprehensively discussed. The importance of 2D inorganic nanomaterials in SERS enhancement, along with their application toward chemical detection, is explained in detail with suitable examples and illustrations. In conclusion, some guidelines are presented for the development of this promising field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prabakaran Shankar
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259 1292, Japan
| | - Chris Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Chan-Hwa Chung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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27
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Kitadai H, Wang X, Mao N, Huang S, Ling X. Enhanced Raman Scattering on Nine 2D van der Waals Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3043-3050. [PMID: 31117687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of graphene-enhanced Raman scattering in 2010, other 2D materials have been reported to show a Raman enhancement effect on molecules adsorbed on their surfaces. The mechanism for this phenomenon, however, still remains elusive. Here we performed a comparative investigation of the Raman enhancement effect on nine 2D materials with an identical number of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as probe molecules. Furthermore, the degree of charge transfer for different CuPc/2D material combinations was calculated, and a positive correlation with enhancement factors was observed, providing evidence to support the charge-transfer-dominated chemical mechanism for this amplification. This study also suggests that Raman enhancement spectroscopy can be used as a nondestructive and rapid probe for the interface interaction between molecules and 2D materials, crucial for organic molecule/2D material-based electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Kitadai
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Xingzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Nannan Mao
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- The Photonics Center , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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28
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Pilot R, Signorini R, Durante C, Orian L, Bhamidipati M, Fabris L. A Review on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E57. [PMID: 30999661 PMCID: PMC6627380 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has become a powerful tool in chemical, material and life sciences, owing to its intrinsic features (i.e., fingerprint recognition capabilities and high sensitivity) and to the technological advancements that have lowered the cost of the instruments and improved their sensitivity and user-friendliness. We provide an overview of the most significant aspects of SERS. First, the phenomena at the basis of the SERS amplification are described. Then, the measurement of the enhancement and the key factors that determine it (the materials, the hot spots, and the analyte-surface distance) are discussed. A section is dedicated to the analysis of the relevant factors for the choice of the excitation wavelength in a SERS experiment. Several types of substrates and fabrication methods are illustrated, along with some examples of the coupling of SERS with separation and capturing techniques. Finally, a representative selection of applications in the biomedical field, with direct and indirect protocols, is provided. We intentionally avoided using a highly technical language and, whenever possible, intuitive explanations of the involved phenomena are provided, in order to make this review suitable to scientists with different degrees of specialization in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pilot
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Signorini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Christian Durante
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Laura Orian
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Consorzio INSTM, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Manjari Bhamidipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Laura Fabris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Silver A, Kitadai H, Liu H, Granzier-Nakajima T, Terrones M, Ling X, Huang S. Chemical and Bio Sensing Using Graphene-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E516. [PMID: 30986978 PMCID: PMC6523487 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material consisting of a single sheet of sp² hybridized carbon atoms laced in a hexagonal lattice, with potentially wide usage as a Raman enhancement substrate, also termed graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS), making it ideal for sensing applications. GERS improves upon traditional surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), combining its single-molecule sensitivity and spectral fingerprinting of molecules, and graphene's simple processing and superior uniformity. This enables fast and highly sensitive detection of a wide variety of analytes. Accordingly, GERS has been investigated for a wide variety of sensing applications, including chemical- and bio-sensing. As a derivative of GERS, the use of two-dimensional materials other than graphene for Raman enhancement has emerged, which possess remarkably interesting properties and potential wider applications in combination with GERS. In this review, we first introduce various types of 2D materials, including graphene, MoS₂, doped graphene, their properties, and synthesis. Then, we describe the principles of GERS and comprehensively explain how the GERS enhancement factors are influenced by molecular and 2D material properties. In the last section, we discuss the application of GERS in chemical- and bio-sensing, and the prospects of such a novel sensing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Silver
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Hikari Kitadai
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - He Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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30
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Shin D, Choi YS, Hong BH. Graphene-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Reveals the Controlled Photoreduction of Nitroaromatic Compound on Oxidized Graphene Surface. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11084-11087. [PMID: 31459216 PMCID: PMC6645006 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been investigated for several years, there have been no studies that have applied it to real-time observations of chemical catalytic reactions. Here, we report that UV/ozone-treated oxidized graphene was used to both control and monitor the photoreduction of an adsorbed nitroaromatic dye compound. Graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy studies show that more oxidized graphene surface leads to faster photoreduction. This is due to the lowering of the Fermi level in the oxidized graphene, which is in agreement with the highest occupied molecular orbital level of the adsorbed dye molecule, leading to a rapid electron transfer from graphene to the dye. Our findings will be useful in understanding and exploiting the photocatalytic properties of oxidized graphene on adsorbed molecular species.
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32
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Raman enhancement on ultra-clean graphene quantum dots produced by quasi-equilibrium plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Nat Commun 2018; 9:193. [PMID: 29335471 PMCID: PMC5768689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is regarded as a potential surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate. However, the application of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) has had limited success due to material quality. Here, we develop a quasi-equilibrium plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method to produce high-quality ultra-clean GQDs with sizes down to 2 nm directly on SiO2/Si, which are used as SERS substrates. The enhancement factor, which depends on the GQD size, is higher than conventional graphene sheets with sensitivity down to 1 × 10−9 mol L−1 rhodamine. This is attributed to the high-quality GQDs with atomically clean surfaces and large number of edges, as well as the enhanced charge transfer between molecules and GQDs with appropriate diameters due to the existence of Van Hove singularities in the electronic density of states. This work demonstrates a sensitive SERS substrate, and is valuable for applications of GQDs in graphene-based photonics and optoelectronics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising technology for sensitive optical sensors, generally using rough metal films. Here, Liu et al. synthesize high-quality graphene quantum dot films which offer a large SERS enhancement due to a strong light-matter interaction with Van Hove singularities.
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33
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A Review on Applications of Two-Dimensional Materials in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/4861472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and MoS2, have been attracting wide interest in surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy. This perspective gives an overview of recent developments in 2D materials’ application in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This review paper focuses on the applications of using bare 2D materials and metal/2D material hybrid substrate for Raman enhancement. The Raman enhancing mechanism of 2D materials will also be discussed. The progress covered herein shows great promise for widespread adoption of 2D materials in SERS application.
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Zhang S, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Cheng T, Li X, Feng R, Xu H, Liu Z, Zhang J, Tong L. Spotting the differences in two-dimensional materials – the Raman scattering perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3217-3240. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00874k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the Raman spectroscopic characterization of 2D materials with a focus on the “differences” from primitive 2D materials.
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35
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Lai H, Xu F, Zhang Y, Wang L. Recent progress on graphene-based substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:4008-4028. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00902c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based SERS substrates are classified and introduced, and their applications in biosensing-related fields are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasheng Lai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
| | - Fugang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
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36
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Yoon JC, Hwang J, Thiyagarajan P, Ruoff RS, Jang JH. Highly Enhanced Raman Scattering on Carbonized Polymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:21457-21463. [PMID: 28574699 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have discovered a carbonized polymer film to be a reliable and durable carbon-based substrate for carbon enhanced Raman scattering (CERS). Commercially available SU8 was spin coated and carbonized (c-SU8) to yield a film optimized to have a favorable Fermi level position for efficient charge transfer, which results in a significant Raman scattering enhancement under mild measurement conditions. A highly sensitive CERS (detection limit of 10-8 M) that was uniform over a large area was achieved on a patterned c-SU8 film and the Raman signal intensity has remained constant for 2 years. This approach works not only for the CMOS-compatible c-SU8 film but for any carbonized film with the correct composition and Fermi level, as demonstrated with carbonized-PVA (poly(vinyl alcohol)) and carbonized-PVP (polyvinylpyrollidone) films. Our study certainly expands the rather narrow range of Raman-active material platforms to include robust carbon-based films readily obtained from polymer precursors. As it uses broadly applicable and cheap polymers, it could offer great advantages in the development of practical devices for chemical/bio analysis and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chul Yoon
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongha Hwang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Jang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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37
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Lin WI, Gholami MF, Beyer P, Severin N, Shao F, Zenobi R, Rabe JP. Strongly enhanced Raman scattering of Cu-phthalocyanine sandwiched between graphene and Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:724-727. [PMID: 27990530 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and flat gold have both been argued to enhance Raman scattering of molecular adsorbates through a chemical mechanism. Here we show that these two effects can add to each other. For Cu-phthalocyanine in between graphene and Au(111) on mica a Raman enhancement up to 68-fold has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ing Lin
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Paul Beyer
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nikolai Severin
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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38
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Lan C, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wen C, Huang Y, Zhao S. Self-assembled nanoporous graphene quantum dot-Mn3O4 nanocomposites for surface-enhanced Raman scattering based identification of cancer cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00997f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanoporous graphene quantum dot-Mn3O4 nano-composite was synthesized, and used as a new platform for surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based identification of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection of Ministry Education
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Jingjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection of Ministry Education
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection of Ministry Education
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Changchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection of Ministry Education
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection of Ministry Education
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection of Ministry Education
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
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39
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Yu Z, Wang B, Li Y, Kang D, Chen Z, Wu Y. The effect of rigid phenoxyl substituent on the NH3-sensing properties of tetra-α-(4-tert-butylphenoxyl)-metallophthalocyanine/reduced graphene oxide hybrids. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02740k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an enhanced NH3 sensing material formed by functionalization of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with 1,8,15,22-tetra(4-tert-butylphenoxyl)metallophthalocyanine (TBPOMPc; M = Cu, Ni, Pb) via a solution self-assembly method based on π–π stacking interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Di Kang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Zhimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Yiqun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
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40
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Yu X, Cai R, Song Y, Gao Q, Pan N, Wu M, Wang X. Graphene/TiO2 hybrid layer for simultaneous detection and degradation by a one-step transfer and integration method. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, researchers have made great efforts towards an ideal surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yu
- School of Physics and Material Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
| | - Ranran Cai
- School of Physics and Material Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
| | - Yuqing Song
- Department of Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- School of Physics and Material Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
| | - Nan Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Mingzai Wu
- School of Physics and Material Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
- Department of Physics
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41
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Jie Z, Xinyu W, Pengyue Z, Jiamin Q, Yong Z. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering activities of graphene-wrapped Cu particles by chemical vapor deposition assisted with thermal annealing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:24551-24566. [PMID: 27828182 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.024551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We presented a graphene-wrapped Cu particle hybrid system (G@Cu) to be used as a high performance surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The Cu particles wrapped by a few-layer graphene shell were directly synthesized on SiO2/Si by chemical vapor deposition assisted with thermal annealing in a mixture of methane and hydrogen. The detailed explanation on the different morphology of Cu particles induced by different thermal annealing condition was carried out with both qualitative and quantitative analysis and a series of G@Cu 3D models of Cu particles with different shape anisotropy and inter-particle gap were also built for further study of Raman enhancement mechanism. The G@Cu showed fine SERS activities, including the fluorescence quenching effect, the stability of Raman signals, chemical and optical stability, with an enhancement factor (EF) of ~1.5 × 106.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Alessandri
- INSTM
and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - John R. Lombardi
- Department
of Chemistry, The City College of New York, New York 10031, United States
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43
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Feng S, dos Santos MC, Carvalho BR, Lv R, Li Q, Fujisawa K, Elías AL, Lei Y, Perea-López N, Endo M, Pan M, Pimenta MA, Terrones M. Ultrasensitive molecular sensor using N-doped graphene through enhanced Raman scattering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600322. [PMID: 27532043 PMCID: PMC4985229 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As a novel and efficient surface analysis technique, graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS) has attracted increasing research attention in recent years. In particular, chemically doped graphene exhibits improved GERS effects when compared with pristine graphene for certain dyes, and it can be used to efficiently detect trace amounts of molecules. However, the GERS mechanism remains an open question. We present a comprehensive study on the GERS effect of pristine graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene. By controlling nitrogen doping, the Fermi level (E F) of graphene shifts, and if this shift aligns with the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of a molecule, charge transfer is enhanced, thus significantly amplifying the molecule's vibrational Raman modes. We confirmed these findings using different organic fluorescent molecules: rhodamine B, crystal violet, and methylene blue. The Raman signals from these dye molecules can be detected even for concentrations as low as 10(-11) M, thus providing outstanding molecular sensing capabilities. To explain our results, these nitrogen-doped graphene-molecule systems were modeled using dispersion-corrected density functional theory. Furthermore, we demonstrated that it is possible to determine the gaps between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) of different molecules when different laser excitations are used. Our simulated Raman spectra of the molecules also suggest that the measured Raman shifts come from the dyes that have an extra electron. This work demonstrates that nitrogen-doped graphene has enormous potential as a substrate when detecting low concentrations of molecules and could also allow for an effective identification of their HOMO-LUMO gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Bruno R. Carvalho
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Ruitao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kazunori Fujisawa
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ana Laura Elías
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nestor Perea-López
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Minghu Pan
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Marcos A. Pimenta
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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44
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Tan X, Melkersson J, Wu S, Wang L, Zhang J. Noble-Metal-Free Materials for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Detection. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2630-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Tan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Jenny Melkersson
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Shiqun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai China
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45
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Xue T, Yu S, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang L, Bao Q, Chen C, Zheng W, Cui X. R6G molecule induced modulation of the optical properties of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for use in ultrasensitive SPR sensing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21254. [PMID: 26887525 PMCID: PMC4758061 DOI: 10.1038/srep21254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A proper understanding of the role that molecular doping plays is essential to research on the modulation of the optical and electronic properties of graphene. The adsorption of R6G molecules onto defect-rich reduced graphene oxide nanosheets results in a shift of the Fermi energy and, consequently, a variation in the optical constants. This optical variation in the graphene nanosheets is used to develop an ultrasensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensor with a detection limit of 10(-17) M (0.01 fM) at the molecular level. A density functional theory calculation shows that covalent bonds were formed between the R6G molecules and the defect sites on the graphene nanosheets. Our study reveals the important role that defects play in tailoring the properties and sensor device applications of graphene materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shansheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caiyun Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weitao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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46
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Lin J, Liang L, Ling X, Zhang S, Mao N, Zhang N, Sumpter BG, Meunier V, Tong L, Zhang J. Enhanced Raman Scattering on In-Plane Anisotropic Layered Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15511-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lin
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department
of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xi Ling
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shuqing Zhang
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Nannan Mao
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computer Science & Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department
of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Lianming Tong
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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47
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Ling X, Huang S, Deng S, Mao N, Kong J, Dresselhaus MS, Zhang J. Lighting up the Raman signal of molecules in the vicinity of graphene related materials. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1862-70. [PMID: 26056861 DOI: 10.1021/ar500466u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a popular technique to detect the molecules with high selectivity and sensitivity. It has been developed for 40 years, and many reviews have been published to summarize the progress in SERS. Nevertheless, how to make the SERS signals repeatable and quantitative and how to have deeper understanding of the chemical enhancement mechanism are two big challenges. A strategy to target these issues is to develop a Raman enhancement substrate that is flat and nonmetal to replace the conventional rough and metal SERS substrate. At the same time, the newly developed substrate should have a strong interaction with the adsorbate molecules to guarantee strong chemical enhancement. The flatness of the surface allows better control of the molecular distribution and configuration, while the nonmetal surface avoids disturbance of the electromagnetic mechanism. Recently, graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials, which have an ideal flat surface and strong chemical interaction with plenty of organic molecules, were developed to be used as Raman enhancement substrates, which can light up the Raman signals of the molecules, and these substrates were demonstrated to be a promising for microspecies or trace species detection. This effect was named "graphene enhanced Raman scattering (GERS)". The GERS technique offers significant advantages for studying molecular vibrations due to the ultraflat and chemically inert 2D surfaces, which are newly available, especially in developing a quantitative and repeatable signal enhancement technique, complementary to SERS. Moreover, GERS is a chemical mechanism dominated effect, which offers a valuable model to study the details of the chemical mechanism. In this Account, we summarize the systematic studies exploring the character of GERS. In addition, as a practical technique, the combination of GERS with a metal substrate incorporates the advantages from both conventional SERS and GERS. The introduction of graphene to the Raman enhancement substrate extended SERS applications in a more controllable and quantitative way. Looking to the future, we expect the combination of the SERS concept with the GERS technology to lead to the solution of some important issues in chemical dynamics and in biological processes monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ling
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shibin Deng
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Mao
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mildred S. Dresselhaus
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center
for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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48
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Huang S, Ling X, Liang L, Song Y, Fang W, Zhang J, Kong J, Meunier V, Dresselhaus MS. Molecular selectivity of graphene-enhanced Raman scattering. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:2892-2901. [PMID: 25821897 DOI: 10.1021/nl5045988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS) is a recently discovered Raman enhancement phenomenon that uses graphene as the substrate for Raman enhancement and can produce clean and reproducible Raman signals of molecules with increased signal intensity. Compared to conventional Raman enhancement techniques, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS), in which the Raman enhancement is essentially due to the electromagnetic mechanism, GERS mainly relies on a chemical mechanism and therefore shows unique molecular selectivity. In this paper, we report graphene-enhanced Raman scattering of a variety of different molecules with different molecular properties. We report a strong molecular selectivity for the GERS effect with enhancement factors varying by as much as 2 orders of magnitude for different molecules. Selection rules are discussed with reference to two main features of the molecule, namely its molecular energy levels and molecular structures. In particular, the enhancement factor involving molecular energy levels requires the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies to be within a suitable range with respect to graphene's Fermi level, and this enhancement effect can be explained by the time-dependent perturbation theory of Raman scattering. The enhancement factor involving the choice of molecular structures indicates that molecular symmetry and substituents similar to that of the graphene structure are found to be favorable for GERS enhancement. The effectiveness of these factors can be explained by group theory and the charge-transfer interaction between molecules and graphene. Both factors, involving the molecular energy levels and structural symmetry of the molecules, suggest that a remarkable GERS enhancement requires strong molecule-graphene coupling and thus effective charge transfer between the molecules and graphene. These conclusions are further experimentally supported by the change of the UV-visible absorption spectra of molecules when in contact with graphene and these conclusions are theoretically corroborated by first-principles calculations. These research findings are important for gaining fundamental insights into the graphene-molecule interaction and the chemical mechanism in Raman enhancement, as well as for advancing the role of such understanding both in guiding chemical and molecule detection applications and in medical and biological technology developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxi Huang
- †Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xi Ling
- †Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liangbo Liang
- ∥Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yi Song
- †Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenjing Fang
- †Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- §Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Kong
- †Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- ∥Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Mildred S Dresselhaus
- †Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- ⊥Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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49
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Fateixa S, Nogueira HIS, Trindade T. Hybrid nanostructures for SERS: materials development and chemical detection. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:21046-71. [PMID: 25960180 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in hybrid and nanostructured substrates for SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) studies. Thus substrates composed of at least two distinct types of materials, in which one is a SERS active metal, are considered here aiming at their use as platforms for chemical detection in a variety of contexts. Fundamental aspects related to the SERS effect and plasmonic behaviour of nanometals are briefly introduced. The materials described include polymer nanocomposites containing metal nanoparticles and coupled inorganic nanophases. Chemical approaches to tailor the morphological features of these substrates in order to get high SERS activity are reviewed. Finally, some perspectives for practical applications in the context of chemical detection of analytes using such hybrid platforms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fateixa
- Department of Chemistry-CICECO University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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50
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Basiuk EV, Martínez-Herrera M, Alvarez-Zauco E, Henao-Holguín LV, Puente-Lee I, Basiuk VA. Noncovalent functionalization of graphene with a Ni(II) tetraaza[14]annulene complex. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:7413-28. [PMID: 24257761 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52645c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The few-layer graphene, produced by exfoliation of graphite in 4-methylanisole, was noncovalently functionalized with the Ni(ii) complex of 5,7,12,14-tetramethyldibenzo-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-3,5,7,10,12,14-hexaene (Ni(ii)-tetramethyldibenzotetraaza[14]annulene, or NiTMTAA), which is a simple model of more complex porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The resulting hybrid materials with different content of NiTMTAA were characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and UV-visible spectroscopy, as well as fluorescence and conductivity measurements. Additional information on the mechanisms of NiTMTAA interaction with graphene was obtained from density functional theory (DFT) and molecular mechanics (MM) calculations. Both experimental and theoretical results suggest that NiTMTAA forms a full double-sided adsorption layer on the graphene surface. The presence of NiTMTAA molecules in the hybrid materials obtained manifests itself in the appearance of characteristic bands in all types of electromagnetic spectra recorded; in FTIR, they are relatively weak as compared to graphene absorption bands, but dominate in Raman spectra. The morphology of the nanohybrids observed by SEM, TEM and AFM, as well as their electrical conductivity, depends on the NiTMTAA content. According to the results of DFT calculations of NiTMTAA adsorption on different graphene models, flat orientation of the complex with respect to graphene is energetically preferable, with a little difference depending on whether benzo or methyl groups contact the sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Basiuk
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
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