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Liu F, Su R, Jiang X, Wang S, Mu W, Chang L. Advanced micro/nano-electroporation for gene therapy: recent advances and future outlook. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10500-10521. [PMID: 38757536 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising disease treatment approach by editing target genes, and thus plays a fundamental role in precision medicine. To ensure gene therapy efficacy, the effective delivery of therapeutic genes into specific cells is a key challenge. Electroporation utilizes short electric pulses to physically break the cell membrane barrier, allowing gene transfer into the cells. It dodges the off-target risks associated with viral vectors, and also stands out from other physical-based gene delivery methods with its high-throughput and cargo-accelerating features. In recent years, with the help of advanced micro/nanotechnology, micro/nanostructure-integrated electroporation (micro/nano-electroporation) techniques and devices have significantly improved cell viability, transfection efficiency and dose controllability of the electroporation strategy, enhancing its application practicality especially in vivo. This technical advancement makes micro/nano-electroporation an effective and versatile tool for gene therapy. In this review, we first introduce the evolution of electroporation technique with a brief explanation of the perforation mechanism, and then provide an overview of the recent advancements and prospects of micro/nano-electroporation technology in the field of gene therapy. To comprehensively showcase the latest developments of micro/nano-electroporation technology in gene therapy, we focus on discussing micro/nano-electroporation devices and current applications at both in vitro and in vivo levels. Additionally, we outline the ongoing clinical studies of gene electrotransfer (GET), revealing the tremendous potential of electroporation-based gene delivery in disease treatment and healthcare. Lastly, the challenges and future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rongtai Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinran Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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2
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Pan J, Wang X, Chiang CL, Ma Y, Cheng J, Bertani P, Lu W, Lee LJ. Joule heating and electroosmotic flow in cellular micro/nano electroporation. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:819-831. [PMID: 38235543 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Localized micro/nano-electroporation (MEP/NEP) shows tremendous potential in cell transfection with high cell viability, precise dose control, and good transfection efficacy. In MEP/NEP, micro or nanochannels are used to tailor the electric field distribution. Cells are positioned tightly by a micron or nanochannel, and the cargoes are delivered into the cell via the channel by electrophoresis (EP). Such confined geometries with micro and nanochannels are also widely used in sorting, isolation, and condensing of biomolecules and cells. Theoretical studies on the electrokinetic phenomena in these applications have been well established. However, for MEP/NEP applications, electrokinetic phenomena and their impact on the cell transfection efficiency and cell survival rate have not been studied comprehensively. In this work, we reveal the coupling between electric field, Joule heating, electroosmosis (EO), and EP in MEP/NEP at different channel sizes. A microfluidic biochip is used to investigate the electrokinetic phenomena in MEP/NEP on a single cell level. Bubble formation is observed at a threshold voltage due to Joule heating. The bubble is pushed to the cargo side due to EO and grows at the outlet of the nanochannel. As the voltage increases, the cargo transport efficiency decreases due to more intense EO, particularly for plasmid DNAs (3.5 kbp) with a low EP mobility. An 'electroporation zone' is defined for NEP/MEP systems with different channel sizes to avoid bubble formation and excessive EO velocity that may reduce the cargo delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Pan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Chi-Ling Chiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Yifan Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Junao Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Paul Bertani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Wu Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - L James Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Liu J, Jiang J, He M, Chen J, Huang S, Liu Z, Yao C, Chen HJ, Xie X, Wang J. Nanopore Electroporation Device for DNA Transfection into Various Spreading and Nonadherent Cell Types. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50015-50033. [PMID: 37853502 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell transfection plays a crucial role in the study of gene function and regulation of gene expression. The existing gene transfection methods, such as chemical carriers, viruses, electroporation, and microinjection, suffer from limitations, including cell type dependence, reliance on cellular endocytosis, low efficiency, safety concerns, and technical complexity. Nanopore-coupled electroporation offers a promising approach to localizing electric fields for efficient cell membrane perforation and nucleic acid transfection. However, the applicability of nanopore electroporation technology across different cell types lacks a systematic investigation. In this study, we explore the potential of nanopore electroporation for transfecting DNA plasmids into various cell types. Our nanopore electroporation device employs track-etched membranes as the core component. We find that nanopore electroporation efficiently transfects adherent cells, including well-spreading epithelial-like HeLa cells, cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells, and dendritic-cell-like DC2.4 cells. However, it shows a limited transfection efficiency in weakly spreading macrophages (RAW264.7) and suspension cells (Jurkat). To gain insights into these observations, we develop a COMSOL model, revealing that nanopore electroporation better localizes the electric field on adherent and well-spreading cells, promoting favorable membrane poration conditions. Our findings provide valuable references for advancing nanopore electroporation as a high-throughput, safe, and efficient gene transfection platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Xie
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Jiang J, Deng C, Huang X, Huang S, Liu Z, Yang J, Mo J, Chen HJ, Wang J, Xie X. Nanochannel Electro-Injection as a Versatile Platform for Efficient RNA/DNA Programming on Dendritic Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303088. [PMID: 37381646 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of dendritic cell (DC) vaccines is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy, and the modification of DCs for the expression of tumor-associated antigens is critical for successful cancer immunotherapy. A safe and efficient method for delivering DNA/RNA into DCs without inducing maturation is beneficial to achieve successful DC transformation for cell vaccine applications, yet remains challenging. This work presents a nanochannel electro-injection (NEI) system for the safe and efficient delivery of a variety of nucleic acid molecules into DCs. The device is based on track-etched nanochannel membrane as key components, where the nano-sized channels localize the electric field on the cell membrane, enabling lower voltage (<30 V) for cell electroporation. The pulse conditions of NEI are examined so that the transfection efficiency (>70%) and biosafety (viability >85%) on delivering fluorescent dyes, plasmid DNA, messenger RNA, and circular RNA (circRNA) into DC2.4 are optimized. Primary mouse bone marrow DC can also be transfected with circRNA with 68.3% efficiency, but without remarkably affecting cellular viability or inducing DC maturation. These results suggest that NEI can be a safe and efficient transfection platform for in vitro transformation of DCs and possesses a promising potential for developing DC vaccines against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Caiguanxi Deng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jingshan Mo
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Xi Xie
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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5
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Fang J, Pan Y, Xu J, Xu D, Li H, Liu C, Hu N. Integrated Cardiomyocyte-Based Biosensing Platform for Electroporation-Triggered Intracellular Recording in Parallel with Delivery Efficiency Evaluation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4049-4057. [PMID: 37098848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is a proven technique that can record action potential of cardiomyocytes and serve for biomolecular delivery. To ensure high cell viability, micro-nanodevices cooperating with low-voltage electroporation are frequently utilized in research, and the effectiveness of delivery for intracellular access is typically assessed using an optical imaging approach like flow cytometry. However, the efficiency of in situ biomedical studies is hampered by the intricacy of these analytical approaches. Here, we develop an integrated cardiomyocyte-based biosensing platform to effectively record action potential and evaluate the electroporation quality in terms of viability, delivery efficiency, and mortality. The ITO-MEA device of the platform possesses sensing/stimulating electrodes which combines with the self-developed system to achieve intracellular action potential recording and delivery by electroporation trigger. Moreover, the image acquisition processing system analyzes various parameters effectively to assess delivery performance. Therefore, this platform has the potential for drug delivery therapy and pathology research for cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Jiarong Xu
- Foshan Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Dongxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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6
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Biomedical Microelectromechanical System for Molecular, Cellular, and Organ Study. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8984-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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7
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Wan F, Dong Z, Liu B, Yan S, Wu N, Yang M, Chang L. Sensitive Interrogation of Enhancer Activity in Living Cells on a Nanoelectroporation-Probing Platform. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3671-3681. [PMID: 36410738 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers involved in the upregulation of multiple oncogenes play a fundamental role in tumorigenesis and immortalization. Exploring the activity of enhancers in living cells has emerged as a critical path to a deep understanding of cancer properties, further providing important clues to targeted therapy. However, identifying enhancer activity in living cells is challenging due to the double biological barriers of a cell cytoplasmic membrane and a nuclear membrane, limiting the sensitivity and responsiveness of conventional probing methods. In this work, we developed a nanoelectroporation-probing (NP) platform, which enables intranuclear probe delivery for sensitive interrogation of enhancer activity in living cells. The nanoelectroporation biochip achieved highly focused perforation of the cell cytoplasmic membrane and brought about additional driving force to expedite the delivery of probes into the nucleus. The probes targeting enhancer activity (named "PH probe") are programmed with a cyclic amplification strategy and enable an increase in the fluorescence signals over 100-fold within 1 h. The platform was leveraged to detect the activity of CCAT1 enhancers (CCAT1, colon cancer-associated transcript-1, a long noncoding RNA that functions in tumor invasion and metastasis) in cell samples from clinical lung cancer patients, as well as reveal the heterogeneity of enhancers among different patients. The observations may extend the linkages between enhancers and cancer cells while validating the robustness and reliability of the platform for the assay of enhancer activity. This platform will be a promising toolbox with wide applicable potential for the intranuclear study of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zaizai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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8
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Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a commonly used strategy to increase cell permeability for intracellular cargo delivery or irreversible cell membrane disruption using electric fields. In recent years, EP performance has been improved by shrinking electrodes and device structures to the microscale. Integration with microfluidics has led to the design of devices performing static EP, where cells are fixed in a defined region, or continuous EP, where cells constantly pass through the device. Each device type performs superior to conventional, macroscale EP devices while providing additional advantages in precision manipulation (static EP) and increased throughput (continuous EP). Microscale EP is gentle on cells and has enabled more sensitive assaying of cells with novel applications. In this Review, we present the physical principles of microscale EP devices and examine design trends in recent years. In addition, we discuss the use of reversible and irreversible EP in the development of therapeutics and analysis of intracellular contents, among other noteworthy applications. This Review aims to inform and encourage scientists and engineers to expand the use of efficient and versatile microscale EP technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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Wang F, Lin S, Yu Z, Wang Y, Zhang D, Cao C, Wang Z, Cui D, Chen D. Recent advances in microfluidic-based electroporation techniques for cell membranes. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2624-2646. [PMID: 35775630 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00122e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is a fundamental technique for applications in biotechnology. To date, the ongoing research on cell membrane electroporation has explored its mechanism, principles and potential applications. Therefore, in this review, we first discuss the primary electroporation mechanism to help establish a clear framework. Within the context of its principles, several critical terms are highlighted to present a better understanding of the theory of aqueous pores. Different degrees of electroporation can be used in different applications. Thus, we discuss the electric factors (shock strength, shock duration, and shock frequency) responsible for the degree of electroporation. In addition, finding an effective electroporation detection method is of great significance to optimize electroporation experiments. Accordingly, we summarize several primary electroporation detection methods in the following sections. Finally, given the development of micro- and nano-technology has greatly promoted the innovation of microfluidic-based electroporation devices, we also present the recent advances in microfluidic-based electroporation devices. Also, the challenges and outlook of the electroporation technique for cell membrane electroporation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zixian Yu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yanpu Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Electronic Materials and Devices (AEMD), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chengxi Cao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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10
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Muralidharan A, Pesch GR, Hubbe H, Rems L, Nouri-Goushki M, Boukany PE. Microtrap array on a chip for localized electroporation and electro-gene transfection. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108197. [PMID: 35810498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a localized single-cell electroporation chip to deliver exogenous biomolecules with high efficiency while maintaining high cell viability. In our microfluidic device, the cells are trapped in a microtrap array by flow, after which target molecules are supplied to the device and electrotransferred to the cells under electric pulses. The system provides the ability to monitor the electrotransfer of exogenous biomolecules in real time. We reveal through numerical simulations that localized electroporation is the mechanism of permeabilization in the microtrap array electroporation device. We demonstrate the simplicity and accuracy of this microtrap technology for electroporation by delivery of both small molecules using propidium iodide and large molecules using plasmid DNA for gene expression, illustrating the potential of this minimally invasive method to be widely used for precise intracellular delivery purposes (from bioprocess engineering to therapeutic applications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Muralidharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Georg R Pesch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Hubbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Lea Rems
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands.
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11
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Zhang A, Fang J, Li X, Wang J, Chen M, Chen HJ, He G, Xie X. Cellular nanointerface of vertical nanostructure arrays and its applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1844-1867. [PMID: 36133409 PMCID: PMC9419580 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vertically standing nanostructures with various morphologies have been developed with the emergence of the micro-/nanofabrication technology. When cells are cultured on them, various bio-nano interfaces between cells and vertical nanostructures would impact the cellular activities, depending on the shape, density, and height of nanostructures. Many cellular pathway activation processes involving a series of intracellular molecules (proteins, RNA, DNA, enzymes, etc.) would be triggered by the cell morphological changes induced by nanostructures, affecting the cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, immune activation, cell adhesion, cell migration, and other behaviors. In addition, the highly localized cellular nanointerface enhances coupled stimulation on cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of the cellular nanointerface can not only provide innovative tools for regulating specific cell functions but also offers new aspects to understand the fundamental cellular activities that could facilitate the precise monitoring and treatment of diseases in the future. This review mainly describes the fabrication technology of vertical nanostructures, analyzing the formation of cellular nanointerfaces and the effects of cellular nanointerfaces on cells' fates and functions. At last, the applications of cellular nanointerfaces based on various nanostructures are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
| | - Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
| | - Xiangling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Taipa Macau SAR China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 511436 P. R. China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510080 China
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12
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Sun H, Dong Z, Zhang Q, Liu B, Yan S, Wang Y, Yin D, Wang Y, Ren P, Wu N, Chang L. Companion-Probe & Race platform for interrogating nuclear protein and migration of living cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Brooks JR, Mungloo I, Mirfendereski S, Quint JP, Paul D, Jaberi A, Park JS, Yang R. An equivalent circuit model for localized electroporation on porous substrates. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 199:113862. [PMID: 34923307 PMCID: PMC8741749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In vitro intracellular delivery is a fundamental challenge with no widely adopted methods capable of both delivering to millions of cells and controlling that delivery to a high degree of accuracy. One promising method is porous substrate electroporation (PSEP), where cells are cultured on porous substrates and electric fields are used to permeabilize discrete portions of the cell membrane for delivery. A major obstacle to the widespread use of PSEP is a poor understanding of the various impedances that constitute the system, including the impedances of the porous substrate and the cell monolayer, and how these impedances are influenced by experimental parameters. In response, we used impedance measurements to develop an equivalent circuit model that closely mimics the behavior of each of the main components of the PSEP system. This circuit model reveals for the first time the distribution of voltage across the electrode-electrolyte interface impedances, the channels of the porous substrate, the cell monolayer, and the transmembrane potential during PSEP. We applied sample waveforms through our model to understand how waveforms can be improved for future studies. Our model was validated from intracellular delivery of protein using PSEP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruiguo Yang
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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14
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Dong Z, Wang Y, Yin D, Hang X, Pu L, Zhang J, Geng J, Chang L. Advanced techniques for gene heterogeneity research: Single‐cell sequencing and on‐chip gene analysis systems. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zaizai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center Chengdu China
| | - Dedong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Xinxin Hang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Lei Pu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center Chengdu China
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center Chengdu China
| | - Jia Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center Chengdu China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
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15
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Biomedical Microelectromechanical System for Molecular, Cellular, and Organ Study. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_27-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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16
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High‐Efficient and Dosage‐Controllable Intracellular Cargo Delivery through Electrochemical Metal–Organic Hybrid Nanogates. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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17
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Dong Z, Chang L. Recent electroporation-based systems for intracellular molecule delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0005649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaizai Dong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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18
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Liu X, Chang AY, Ma Y, Hua L, Yang Z, Wang S. Robust three-dimensional nanotube-in-micropillar array electrodes to facilitate size independent electroporation in blood cell therapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4196-4207. [PMID: 34546271 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00690h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Blood is an attractive carrier for plasmid and RNA-based medicine in cell therapy. Electroporation serves as a favorable delivery tool for simple operation, quick internalization, minimum cell culture involvement, and low contamination risk. However, the delivery outcome of electroporation heavily depends on the treated cells such as their type, size, and orientation to the electric field, not ideal for highly heterogeneous blood samples. Herein, a new electroporation system was developed towards effective transfection to cells in blood regardless of their large diversity. By coupling replica molding and infiltration-coating processes, we successfully configured a three-dimensional electrode comprised of a polymer micropillar array on which carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are partially embedded. During electroporation, cells sag between micropillars and deform to form a conformal contact with their top and side surfaces. The implanted CNTs not only provide a robust conductive coating for polymer micropattern but also have their protruded ends face the cell membrane vertically everywhere with maximum transmembrane potential. Regardless of their largely varied sizes and random dispersion, both individual blood cell type and whole blood samples were effectively transfected with plasmid DNA (85% after 24 h and 95% after 72 h, or 2.5-3.0 folds enhancement). High-dose RNA probes were also introduced, which regulate better the expression levels of exogenous and endogenous genes in blood cells. Besides its promising performance on non-viral delivery routes to cell-related studies and therapy, the involved new fabrication method also provides a convenient and effective way to construct flexible electronics with stable micro/nano features on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitations, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.
| | - An-Yi Chang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitations, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.
| | - Yifan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Liping Hua
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitations, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Shengnian Wang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitations, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.
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19
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Hur J, Chung AJ. Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004595. [PMID: 34096197 PMCID: PMC8336510 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate cell function can be artificially engineered and reprogrammed by introducing biomolecules, such as DNAs, RNAs, plasmid DNAs, proteins, or nanomaterials, into the cytosol or nucleus. This process of delivering exogenous cargos into living cells is referred to as intracellular delivery. For instance, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 gene editing begins with internalizing Cas9 protein and guide RNA into cells, and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells are prepared by delivering CAR genes into T lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapies. To deliver external biomolecules into cells, tools, including viral vectors, and electroporation have been traditionally used; however, they are suboptimal for achieving high levels of intracellular delivery while preserving cell viability, phenotype, and function. Notably, as emerging solutions, microfluidic and nanofluidic approaches have shown remarkable potential for addressing this open challenge. This review provides an overview of recent advances in microfluidic and nanofluidic intracellular delivery strategies and discusses new opportunities and challenges for clinical applications. Furthermore, key considerations for future efforts to develop microfluidics- and nanofluidics-enabled next-generation intracellular delivery platforms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Hur
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Aram J. Chung
- School of Biomedical EngineeringInterdisciplinary Program in Precision Public HealthKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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20
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Li C, Wang N, Rao P, Wang L, Lu D, Sun L. Role of the microRNA-29 family in myocardial fibrosis. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:365-376. [PMID: 34047925 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is an inevitable pathological process in the terminal stage of many cardiovascular diseases, often leading to serious cardiac dysfunction and even death. Currently, microRNA-29 (miR-29) is thought to be a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target of MF. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of miR-29 that regulate MF will provide a new direction for MF therapy. In the present review, we concentrate on the underlying signaling pathway of miR-29 affecting MF and the crosstalk regulatory relationship among these pathways to illustrate the complex regulatory network of miR-29 in MF. Additionally, based on our mechanistic understanding, we summarize opportunities and challenges of miR-29-based MF diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Li
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Rao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Limeiting Wang
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Di Lu
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China.
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21
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Dong Z, Yan S, Liu B, Hao Y, Lin L, Chang T, Sun H, Wang Y, Li H, Wu H, Hang X, He S, Hu J, Xue X, Wu N, Chang L. Single Living Cell Analysis Nanoplatform for High-Throughput Interrogation of Gene Mutation and Cellular Behavior. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4878-4886. [PMID: 33830766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic heterogeneities in cancer cells pose challenges to achieving precise drug treatment in a widely applicable manner. Most single-cell gene analysis methods rely on cell lysis for gene extraction and identification, showing limited capacity to provide the correlation of genetic properties and real-time cellular behaviors. Here, we report a single living cell analysis nanoplatform that enables interrogating gene properties and drug resistance in millions of single cells. We designed a Domino-probe to identify intracellular target RNAs while releasing 10-fold amplified fluorescence signals. An on-chip addressable microwell-nanopore array was developed for enhanced electro-delivery of the Domino-probe and in situ observation of cell behaviors. The proof-of-concept of the system was validated in primary lung cancer cell samples, revealing the positive-correlation of the ratio of EGFR mutant cells with their drug susceptibilities. This platform provides a high-throughput yet precise tool for exploring the relationship between intracellular genes and cell behaviors at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaizai Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yongcun Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Long Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianrui Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yusen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hu Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Han Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinxin Hang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shiqi He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaming Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100038, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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22
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Kaladharan K, Kumar A, Gupta P, Illath K, Santra TS, Tseng FG. Microfluidic Based Physical Approaches towards Single-Cell Intracellular Delivery and Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:631. [PMID: 34071732 PMCID: PMC8228766 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to deliver foreign molecules into a single living cell with high transfection efficiency and high cell viability is of great interest in cell biology for applications in therapeutic development, diagnostics, and drug delivery towards personalized medicine. Various physical delivery methods have long demonstrated the ability to deliver cargo molecules directly to the cytoplasm or nucleus and the mechanisms underlying most of the approaches have been extensively investigated. However, most of these techniques are bulk approaches that are cell-specific and have low throughput delivery. In comparison to bulk measurements, single-cell measurement technologies can provide a better understanding of the interactions among molecules, organelles, cells, and the microenvironment, which can aid in the development of therapeutics and diagnostic tools. To elucidate distinct responses during cell genetic modification, methods to achieve transfection at the single-cell level are of great interest. In recent years, single-cell technologies have become increasingly robust and accessible, although limitations exist. This review article aims to cover various microfluidic-based physical methods for single-cell intracellular delivery such as electroporation, mechanoporation, microinjection, sonoporation, optoporation, magnetoporation, and thermoporation and their analysis. The mechanisms of various physical methods, their applications, limitations, and prospects are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kaladharan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan; (K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan; (K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (P.G.); (K.I.)
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (P.G.); (K.I.)
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (P.G.); (K.I.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan; (K.K.); (A.K.)
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23
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Morshedi Rad D, Alsadat Rad M, Razavi Bazaz S, Kashaninejad N, Jin D, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. A Comprehensive Review on Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005363. [PMID: 33594744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is considered an indispensable process for various studies, ranging from medical applications (cell-based therapy) to fundamental (genome-editing) and industrial (biomanufacture) approaches. Conventional macroscale delivery systems critically suffer from such issues as low cell viability, cytotoxicity, and inconsistent material delivery, which have opened up an interest in the development of more efficient intracellular delivery systems. In line with the advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology, intracellular delivery based on micro- and nanoengineered platforms has progressed rapidly and held great promises owing to their unique features. These approaches have been advanced to introduce a smorgasbord of diverse cargoes into various cell types with the maximum efficiency and the highest precision. This review differentiates macro-, micro-, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery. The macroengineered delivery platforms are first summarized and then each method is categorized based on whether it employs a carrier- or membrane-disruption-mediated mechanism to load cargoes inside the cells. Second, particular emphasis is placed on the micro- and nanoengineered advances in the delivery of biomolecules inside the cells. Furthermore, the applications and challenges of the established and emerging delivery approaches are summarized. The topic is concluded by evaluating the future perspective of intracellular delivery toward the micro- and nanoengineered approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Morshedi Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Maryam Alsadat Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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24
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Sheng A, Lin L, Zhu J, Zhuang J, Li J, Chang L, Cheng H. Micro/nanodevices for assessment and treatment in stomatology and ophthalmology. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33532080 PMCID: PMC7844113 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanodevices have been widely applied for the real-time monitoring of intracellular activities and the delivery of exogenous substances in the past few years. This review focuses on miniaturized micro/nanodevices for assessment and treatment in stomatology and ophthalmology. We first summarize the recent progress in this field by examining the available materials and fabrication techniques, device design principles, mechanisms, and biosafety aspects of micro/nanodevices. Following a discussion of biochemical sensing technology from the cellular level to the tissue level for disease assessment, we then summarize the use of microneedles and other micro/nanodevices in the treatment of oral and ocular diseases and conditions, including oral cancer, eye wrinkles, keratitis, and infections. Along with the identified key challenges, this review concludes with future directions as a small fraction of vast opportunities, calling for joint efforts between clinicians and engineers with diverse backgrounds to help facilitate the rapid development of this burgeoning field in stomatology and ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- An’an Sheng
- The Institute of Single Cell Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100191 Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, Xiang’An Hospital of Xiamen University, 361100 Xiamen, China
- School of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology, 063210 Tangshan, China
| | - Long Lin
- The Institute of Single Cell Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100191 Beijing, China
- Institute of Plastic Machinery and Plastic Engineering, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Institute of Plastic Machinery and Plastic Engineering, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xiang’An Hospital of Xiamen University, 361100 Xiamen, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- The Institute of Single Cell Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100191 Beijing, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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25
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Ghaemi A, Bagheri E, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M. CRISPR-cas9 genome editing delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy. Life Sci 2020; 267:118969. [PMID: 33385410 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems could be applied as revolutionized genome editing tool in live cells of various species to modify, visualize and identify definite sequences of DNA and RNA. CRISPR-Cas could edit the genome by homology-directed repair and non-homologous end joining mechanisms. Furthermore, DNA-targeting modification by CRISPR-Cas methodology provides opportunity for diagnosis, therapy and the genetic disorders investigation. Here, we summarized delivery systems employed for CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing. Then preclinical studies of the CRISPR-Cas9-based therapeutics will be discussed considering the associated challenges and developments in its translation to clinic for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ghaemi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Bagheri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Brooks J, Minnick G, Mukherjee P, Jaberi A, Chang L, Espinosa HD, Yang R. High Throughput and Highly Controllable Methods for In Vitro Intracellular Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004917. [PMID: 33241661 PMCID: PMC8729875 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and ex vivo intracellular delivery methods hold the key for releasing the full potential of tissue engineering, drug development, and many other applications. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the design and implementation of intracellular delivery systems capable of delivery at the same scale as viral transfection and bulk electroporation but offering fewer adverse outcomes. This review strives to examine a variety of methods for in vitro and ex vivo intracellular delivery such as flow-through microfluidics, engineered substrates, and automated probe-based systems from the perspective of throughput and control. Special attention is paid to a particularly promising method of electroporation using micro/nanochannel based porous substrates, which expose small patches of cell membrane to permeabilizing electric field. Porous substrate electroporation parameters discussed include system design, cells and cargos used, transfection efficiency and cell viability, and the electric field and its effects on molecular transport. The review concludes with discussion of potential new innovations which can arise from specific aspects of porous substrate-based electroporation platforms and high throughput, high control methods in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brooks
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Grayson Minnick
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Prithvijit Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Arian Jaberi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Lingqian Chang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Horacio D. Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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27
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Gantenbein B, Tang S, Guerrero J, Higuita-Castro N, Salazar-Puerta AI, Croft AS, Gazdhar A, Purmessur D. Non-viral Gene Delivery Methods for Bone and Joints. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:598466. [PMID: 33330428 PMCID: PMC7711090 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.598466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral carrier transport efficiency of gene delivery is high, depending on the type of vector. However, viral delivery poses significant safety concerns such as inefficient/unpredictable reprogramming outcomes, genomic integration, as well as unwarranted immune responses and toxicity. Thus, non-viral gene delivery methods are more feasible for translation as these allow safer delivery of genes and can modulate gene expression transiently both in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. Based on current studies, the efficiency of these technologies appears to be more limited, but they are appealing for clinical translation. This review presents a summary of recent advancements in orthopedics, where primarily bone and joints from the musculoskeletal apparatus were targeted. In connective tissues, which are known to have a poor healing capacity, and have a relatively low cell-density, i.e., articular cartilage, bone, and the intervertebral disk (IVD) several approaches have recently been undertaken. We provide a brief overview of the existing technologies, using nano-spheres/engineered vesicles, lipofection, and in vivo electroporation. Here, delivery for microRNA (miRNA), and silencing RNA (siRNA) and DNA plasmids will be discussed. Recent studies will be summarized that aimed to improve regeneration of these tissues, involving the delivery of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), such as BMP2 for improvement of bone healing. For articular cartilage/osteochondral junction, non-viral methods concentrate on targeted delivery to chondrocytes or MSCs for tissue engineering-based approaches. For the IVD, growth factors such as GDF5 or GDF6 or developmental transcription factors such as Brachyury or FOXF1 seem to be of high clinical interest. However, the most efficient method of gene transfer is still elusive, as several preclinical studies have reported many different non-viral methods and clinical translation of these techniques still needs to be validated. Here we discuss the non-viral methods applied for bone and joint and propose methods that can be promising in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shirley Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedics, Spine Research Institute Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Julien Guerrero
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Surgery, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ana I Salazar-Puerta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Surgery, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Andreas S Croft
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedics, Spine Research Institute Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Moore JT, Wier CG, Lemmerman LR, Ortega-Pineda L, Dodd DJ, Lawrence WR, Duarte-Sanmiguel S, Dathathreya K, Diaz-Starokozheva L, Harris HN, Sen CK, Valerio IL, Higuita-Castro N, Arnold WD, Kolb SJ, Gallego-Perez D. Nanochannel-Based Poration Drives Benign and Effective Nonviral Gene Delivery to Peripheral Nerve Tissue. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000157. [PMID: 32939985 PMCID: PMC7704786 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While gene and cell therapies have emerged as promising treatment strategies for various neurological conditions, heavy reliance on viral vectors can hamper widespread clinical implementation. Here, the use of tissue nanotransfection as a platform nanotechnology to drive nonviral gene delivery to nerve tissue via nanochannels, in an effective, controlled, and benign manner is explored. TNT facilitates plasmid DNA delivery to the sciatic nerve of mice in a voltage-dependent manner. Compared to standard bulk electroporation (BEP), impairment in toe-spread and pinprick response is not caused by TNT, and has limited to no impact on electrophysiological parameters. BEP, however, induces significant nerve damage and increases macrophage immunoreactivity. TNT is subsequently used to deliver vasculogenic cell therapies to crushed nerves via delivery of reprogramming factor genes Etv2, Foxc2, and Fli1 (EFF). The results indicate the TNT-based delivery of EFF in a sciatic nerve crush model leads to increased vascularity, reduced macrophage infiltration, and improved recovery in electrophysiological parameters compared to crushed nerves that are TNT-treated with sham/empty plasmids. Altogether, the results indicate that TNT can be a powerful platform nanotechnology for localized nonviral gene delivery to nerve tissue, in vivo, and the deployment of reprogramming-based cell therapies for nerve repair/regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Luke R. Lemmerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Dodd
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William R. Lawrence
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Silvia Duarte-Sanmiguel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kavya Dathathreya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Hallie N. Harris
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ian L. Valerio
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W. David Arnold
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen J. Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Chang L, Chitrakar C, Nouri M. 3D Nanochannel Electroporation for Macromolecular Nucleotide Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2050:69-77. [PMID: 31468480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9740-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of macromolecular nucleotides into the living cells holds a great promise for the development of new therapeutics. However, its abilities for adoptive immunotherapy, cell reprogramming, and primary cell transfection have been long-term hindered by the lack of a system that can locally deliver engineered therapeutic nucleotides (e.g., plasmids, siRNAs, miRNAs) without causing any side effects. In this chapter, the performance of a novel 3D nanoelectroporation system (3D NEP) is highlighted in three scenarios-adoptive immunotherapy, cell reprogramming, and adult mouse primary cardiomyocyte transfection. Detailed protocols were given to introduce the 3D NEP system assembly, as well as their applications in (1) natural killer (NK) cells transfection by delivery of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) plasmids; (2) mouse embryonic fibroblasts transfection with OSKM factors; and (3) miR-29b molecular beacon (BMs) delivery into primary cardiomyocytes for interrogating the side effect of miR-29b-assisted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Chang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Nanotechnology for Single Cell Analysis (INSCA), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chandani Chitrakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mehdi Nouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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30
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Early Intervention in Ischemic Tissue with Oxygen Nanocarriers Enables Successful Implementation of Restorative Cell Therapies. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:435-446. [PMID: 33184576 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue ischemia contributes to necrosis and infection. While angiogenic cell therapies have emerged as a promising strategy against ischemia, current approaches to cell therapies face multiple hurdles. Recent advances in nuclear reprogramming could potentially overcome some of these limitations. However, under severely ischemic conditions necrosis could outpace reprogramming-based repair. As such, adjunctive measures are required to maintain a minimum level of tissue viability/activity for optimal response to restorative interventions. Methods Here we explored the combined use of polymerized hemoglobin (PolyHb)-based oxygen nanocarriers with Tissue Nano-Transfection (TNT)-driven restoration to develop tissue preservation/repair strategies that could potentially be used as a first line of care. Random-pattern cutaneous flaps were created in a mouse model of ischemic injury. PolyHbs with high and low oxygen affinity were synthesized and injected into the tissue flap at various timepoints of ischemic injury. The degree of tissue preservation was evaluated in terms of perfusion, oxygenation, and resulting necrosis. TNT was then used to deploy reprogramming-based vasculogenic cell therapies to the flaps via nanochannels. Reprogramming/repair outcomes were evaluated in terms of vascularity and necrosis. Results Flaps treated with PolyHbs exhibited a gradual decrease in necrosis as a function of time-to-intervention, with low oxygen affinity PolyHb showing the best outcomes. TNT-based intervention of the flap in combination with PolyHb successfully curtailed advanced necrosis compared to flaps treated with only PolyHb or TNT alone. Conclusions These results indicate that PolyHb and TNT technologies could potentially be synergistically deployed and used as early intervention measures to combat severe tissue ischemia.
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31
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Chang AY, Liu X, Tian H, Hua L, Yang Z, Wang S. Microfluidic Electroporation Coupling Pulses of Nanoseconds and Milliseconds to Facilitate Rapid Uptake and Enhanced Expression of DNA in Cell Therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6061. [PMID: 32269260 PMCID: PMC7142113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard electroporation with pulses in milliseconds has been used as an effective tool to deliver drugs or genetic probes into cells, while irreversible electroporation with nanosecond pulses is explored to alter intracellular activities for pulse-induced apoptosis. A combination treatment, long nanosecond pulses followed by standard millisecond pulses, is adopted in this work to help facilitate DNA plasmids to cross both cell plasma membrane and nuclear membrane quickly to promote the transgene expression level and kinetics in both adherent and suspension cells. Nanosecond pulses with 400–800 ns duration are found effective on disrupting nuclear membrane to advance nuclear delivery of plasmid DNA. The additional microfluidic operation further helps suppress the negative impacts such as Joule heating and gas bubble evolution from common nanosecond pulse treatment that lead to high toxicity and/or ineffective transfection. Having appropriate order and little delay between the two types of treatment with different pulse duration is critical to guarantee the effectiveness: 2 folds or higher transfection efficiency enhancement and rapid transgene expression kinetics of GFP plasmids at no compromise of cell viability. The implementation of this new electroporation approach may benefit many biology studies and clinical practice that needs efficient delivery of exogenous probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Yi Chang
- Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.,Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitations, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Xuan Liu
- Macromolecular and Nanotechnology, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitations, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Hong Tian
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Liping Hua
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitations, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shengnian Wang
- Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA. .,Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA. .,Macromolecular and Nanotechnology, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA. .,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitations, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.
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32
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Recent advances in micro/nanoscale intracellular delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npe.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Dixit HG, Starr R, Dundon ML, Pairs PI, Yang X, Zhang Y, Nampe D, Ballas CB, Tsutsui H, Forman SJ, Brown CE, Rao MP. Massively-Parallelized, Deterministic Mechanoporation for Intracellular Delivery. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:860-867. [PMID: 31647675 PMCID: PMC8210888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic intracellular delivery approaches based on plasma membrane poration have shown promise for addressing the limitations of conventional cellular engineering techniques in a wide range of applications in biology and medicine. However, the inherent stochasticity of the poration process in many of these approaches often results in a trade-off between delivery efficiency and cellular viability, thus potentially limiting their utility. Herein, we present a novel microfluidic device concept that mitigates this trade-off by providing opportunity for deterministic mechanoporation (DMP) of cells en masse. This is achieved by the impingement of each cell upon a single needle-like penetrator during aspiration-based capture, followed by diffusive influx of exogenous cargo through the resulting membrane pore, once the cells are released by reversal of flow. Massive parallelization enables high throughput operation, while single-site poration allows for delivery of small and large-molecule cargos in difficult-to-transfect cells with efficiencies and viabilities that exceed both conventional and emerging transfection techniques. As such, DMP shows promise for advancing cellular engineering practice in general and engineered cell product manufacturing in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish G. Dixit
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Renate Starr
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy and Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Morgan L. Dundon
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Pranee I. Pairs
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy and Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Daniel Nampe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Christopher B. Ballas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Stem Cell Center, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Stephen J. Forman
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy and Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Christine E. Brown
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy and Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute and Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Masaru P. Rao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Guided migration analyses at the single-clone level uncover cellular targets of interest in tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cell populations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1189. [PMID: 31988310 PMCID: PMC6985212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immune cells that exert immunosuppression within the tumor, protecting cancer cells from the host’s immune system and/or exogenous immunotherapies. While current research has been mostly focused in countering MDSC-driven immunosuppression, little is known about the mechanisms by which MDSCs disseminate/infiltrate cancerous tissue. This study looks into the use of microtextured surfaces, coupled with in vitro and in vivo cellular and molecular analysis tools, to videoscopically evaluate the dissemination patterns of MDSCs under structurally guided migration, at the single-cell level. MDSCs exhibited topographically driven migration, showing significant intra- and inter-population differences in motility, with velocities reaching ~40 μm h−1. Downstream analyses coupled with single-cell migration uncovered the presence of specific MDSC subpopulations with different degrees of tumor-infiltrating and anti-inflammatory capabilities. Granulocytic MDSCs showed a ~≥3-fold increase in maximum dissemination velocities and traveled distances, and a ~10-fold difference in the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Prolonged culture also revealed that purified subpopulations of MDSCs exhibit remarkable plasticity, with homogeneous/sorted subpopulations giving rise to heterogenous cultures that represented the entire hierarchy of MDSC phenotypes within 7 days. These studies point towards the granulocytic subtype as a potential cellular target of interest given their superior dissemination ability and enhanced anti-inflammatory activity.
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35
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Duarte-Sanmiguel S, Higuita-Castro N, Gallego-Perez D. Nanoelectroporation and Collection of Genetically Modified Exosomes in Primary Cultures of Dendritic Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2050:79-84. [PMID: 31468481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9740-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are cells of the immune system that behave as antigen presenters and assist in T cell activation. DCs have recently been used in cell-based immunotherapies for the treatment of different diseases due to the lack of adverse nonspecific immune responses, typically elicited by other approaches. Genetically modified DCs, for example, have been used to stimulate CD4/CD8 antigen presenting immune responses. However, genetic manipulation of primary DCs remains a challenge. Here we describe a protocol for nonviral, benign transfection of primary DCs using nanochannel-based electroporation, and the subsequent collection of genetically modified exosomes for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Duarte-Sanmiguel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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36
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Dong Z, Jiao Y, Xie B, Hao Y, Wang P, Liu Y, Shi J, Chitrakar C, Black S, Wang YC, Lee LJ, Li M, Fan Y, Chang L. On-chip multiplexed single-cell patterning and controllable intracellular delivery. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:2. [PMID: 34567617 PMCID: PMC8433345 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electroporation approaches show limitations in the delivery of macromolecules in vitro and in vivo. These limitations include low efficiency, noticeable cell damage and nonuniform delivery of cells. Here, we present a simple 3D electroporation platform that enables massively parallel single-cell manipulation and the intracellular delivery of macromolecules and small molecules. A pyramid pit micropore array chip was fabricated based on a silicon wet-etching method. A controllable vacuum system was adopted to trap a single cell on each micropore. Using this chip, safe single-cell electroporation was performed at low voltage. Cargoes of various sizes ranging from oligonucleotides (molecular beacons, 22 bp) to plasmid DNA (CRISPR-Cas9 expression vectors, >9 kb) were delivered into targeted cells with a significantly higher transfection efficiency than that of multiple benchmark methods (e.g., commercial electroporation devices and Lipofectamine). The delivered dose of the chemotherapeutic drug could be controlled by adjusting the applied voltage. By using CRISPR-Cas9 transfection with this system, the p62 gene and CXCR7 gene were knocked out in tumor cells, which effectively inhibited their cellular activity. Overall, this vacuum-assisted micropore array platform provides a simple, efficient, high-throughput intracellular delivery method that may facilitate on-chip cell manipulation, intracellular investigation and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaizai Dong
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083 Beijing, China
- Institute of Nanotechnology for Single Cell Analysis (INSCA), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Jiao
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Bingteng Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yongcun Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083 Beijing, China
- Institute of Nanotechnology for Single Cell Analysis (INSCA), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43209 USA
| | - Chandani Chitrakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207 USA
| | - Stephen Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207 USA
| | - Yu-Chieh Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - L. James Lee
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43209 USA
| | - Mo Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083 Beijing, China
- Institute of Nanotechnology for Single Cell Analysis (INSCA), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083 Beijing, China
- Institute of Nanotechnology for Single Cell Analysis (INSCA), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083 Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207 USA
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Flow micropillar array electroporation to enhance size specific transfection to a large population of cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107417. [PMID: 31830670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite serving as a popular non-viral delivery approach, electroporation carries several drawbacks in its current configurations. We developed a Flow Micropillar-array Electroporation (FME) system to wisely regulate an important transmembrane-determining factor, namely cell size variations among individual cells, to achieve effective transfection. In FME, cells flow through a slit-type microfluidic channel on which carbon electrodes with well-patterned micropillar array texture are integrated as the top and bottom wall. Gravity helps bring cells to the micropillar array surface so that the permeable area on cells in different size populations is specified by their size regardless their random location fact. Without sacrificing cell viability, we demonstrate this FME concept by delivering DNA plasmids to several mammalian cell lines with obvious transfection enhancement when compared to a commercial system (K562: 3.0 folds; A549: 3.3 folds; HeLa: 1.8 folds, COS7: 1.7 folds; 293T: 2.9 folds; mES: 2.5 folds). Moreover, carbon-based electrodes are less expensive, more durable, and convenient for integration with a microfluidic setup which enables rapid and massive transfection capability that many therapeutic application needs. The success of FME may benefit many emerging biological studies and clinical practice that requires effective transfection to a large population of cells in limited processing time.
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Chang L, Wang YC, Ershad F, Yang R, Yu C, Fan Y. Wearable Devices for Single-Cell Sensing and Transfection. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1175-1188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Intracellular cargo delivery is an essential step in many biomedical applications including gene editing and biologics therapy. Examples of cargo include nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), proteins, small biomolecules, and drugs, which can vary substantially in terms of their sizes, charges, solubility, and stability. Viruses have been used traditionally to deliver nucleic acids into cells, but the method suffers from limitations such as small cargo size, safety concerns, and viral genome integration into host cells, all of which complicate therapeutic applications. Commercially available techniques using biochemicals and bulk electroporation are, in general, poorly compatible with primary cells such as human induced pluripotent stem cells and immune cells, which are increasingly important candidates for adoptive cell therapy. Nanostructures, with dimensions ranging from tens of nanometers to a few micrometers, may play a critical role in overcoming cellular manipulation and delivery challenges and provide a powerful alternative to conventional techniques. A critical feature that differentiates nanostructures from viral, biochemical, and bulk electroporation techniques is that they interface with cells at a scale measuring ten to hundreds of nanometers in size. This highly local interaction enables application of stronger and more direct stimuli such as mechanical force, heat, or electric fields than would be possible in a bulk treatment. Compared to popular viral, biochemical, and bulk electroporation methods, nanostructures were found to minimally perturb cells with cells remaining in good health during postdelivery culture. These advantages have enabled nanostructures such as nanowires and nanotubes to successfully interface with a wide variety of cells, including primary immune cells and cardiomyocytes, for in vitro and in vivo applications. This Account is focused on using nanostructures for cargo delivery into biological cells. In this Account, we will first outline the historical developments using nanostructures for interfacing with cells. We will highlight how mechanistic understanding of nano-bio interactions has evolved over the last decade and how this improved knowledge has motivated coupling of electric and magnetic fields to nanostructures to improve delivery outcomes. There will also be an in-depth discussion on the merits of nanostructures in comparison to conventional methods using viruses, biochemicals, and bulk electroporation. Finally, motivated by our observations on the lack of consistency in reporting key metrics such as efficiency in literature, we suggest a set of metrics for documenting experimental results with the aim to promote standardization in reporting and ease in comparing. We suggest the use of more sophisticated tools such as RNA transcriptomics for thorough assessment of cell perturbation attributed to intracellular delivery. We hope that this Account can effectively capture the progress of nanostructure-mediated cargo delivery and encourage new innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Nicholas Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Corresponding Author:
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40
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3D Nanochannel Array for High-Throughput Cell Manipulation and Electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31468477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9740-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Electroporation has been one of the most commonly used physical methods for gene/drug delivery. Compared to other nonviral counterparts, electroporation enables optimization of delivery efficiency by tuning the electric field applied on cells. Commercial electroporation, however, results in stochastic transfection and significant cellular damage mostly due to its "bulk" environment. In this chapter, we introduce nanoelectroporation (NEP) which has demonstrated living cell transfection in a highly controllable manner. In NEP, the electric field can be precisely focused on a single cell positioned on nanochannels. Safe single-cell electroporation as well as "electrophoretic" molecular delivery can be achieved on the same device. This system achieves significantly higher transfection efficiency and cellular viability than commercial systems. This device is unique in that it can efficiently deliver genetic molecules (e.g., DNAs, RNAs) that exceed 10 kbp in size. The NEP device based on a 3D nanochannel array prototype was fabricated using cleanroom techniques. For achieving precise cell to nanochannel pairing, three on-chip high-throughput manipulation technologies were developed, that is, magnetic tweezers (MT), dielectrophoresis (DEP), and thin-film microfluidics.
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41
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Patchable micro/nanodevices interacting with skin. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 122:189-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hong J, Kim B, Shin H. Mixed-scale poly(methyl methacrylate) channel network-based single-particle manipulation via diffusiophoresis. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14421-14431. [PMID: 29796559 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the unique advantages of nanochannels imparted by their small size, their utility is limited by the lack of affordable and versatile fabrication methods. Moreover, nanochannel-incorporated fluidic devices require micro-sized conduit integration for efficient access of liquid samples. In this study, a simple and cost-effective fabrication method for mixed-scale channel networks via hot-embossing of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using a carbon stamp is demonstrated. Due to its high rigidity, PMMA ensures collapse-free channel fabrication. The carbon stamp is fabricated using only batch microfabrication and has a convex architecture that allows the fabrication of a complex channel network via a single imprinting process. In addition, the microchannels are connected to nanochannels via three-dimensional (3D) microfunnels that serve as single-particle-entrapment chambers, ensuring smooth transport of samples into the nanochannels. Owing to the 3D geometry of the microfunnels and the small size of the nanochannels, a solute gradient can be generated locally at the microfunnel. This local solute gradient enables the entrapment of microparticles at the microfunnels via diffusiophoresis, which can manipulate the particle motion in a controllable manner, without any external equipment or additional electrode integration into the channels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of diffusiophoresis-based single-particle entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Burtch SR, Sameti M, Olmstead RT, Bashur CA. Rapid generation of three-dimensional microchannels for vascularization using a subtractive printing technique. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700226. [PMID: 29356372 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of tissue-engineered products has been limited by lack of a perfused microvasculature that delivers nutrients and maintains cell viability. Current strategies to promote vascularization such as additive three-dimensional printing techniques have limitations. This study validates the use of an ultra-fast laser subtractive printing technique to generate capillary-sized channels in hydrogels prepopulated with cells by demonstrating cell viability relative to the photodisrupted channels in the gel. The system can move the focal spot laterally in the gel at a rate of 2500 mm/s by using a galvanometric scanner to raster the in plane focal spot. A Galilean telescope allows z-axis movement. Blended hydrogels of polyethylene glycol and collagen with a range of optical clarities, mechanical properties and swelling behavior were tested to demonstrate that the subtractive printing process for writing vascular channels is compatible with all of the blended hydrogels tested. Channel width and patterns were controlled by adjusting the laser energy and focal spot positioning, respectively. After treatment, high cell viability was observed at distances greater than or equal to 18 μm from the fabricated channels. Overall, this study demonstrates a flexible technique that has the potential to rapidly generate channels in tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Burtch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida
| | - Mahyar Sameti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida
| | - Richard T Olmstead
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida
- Medical Optics and Photonics Incorporated (MEDOPHO), Oviedo, Florida
| | - Chris A Bashur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida
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44
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Shukla VC, Kuang TR, Senthilvelan A, Higuita-Castro N, Duarte-Sanmiguel S, Ghadiali SN, Gallego-Perez D. Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms for Biophysical Studies of Cancer with Single-Cell Resolution. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:549-561. [PMID: 29559164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent cancer research has more strongly emphasized the biophysical aspects of tumor development, progression, and microenvironment. In addition to genetic modifications and mutations in cancer cells, it is now well accepted that the physical properties of cancer cells such as stiffness, electrical impedance, and refractive index vary with tumor progression and can identify a malignant phenotype. Moreover, cancer heterogeneity renders population-based characterization techniques inadequate, as individual cellular features are lost in the average. Hence, platforms for fast and accurate characterization of biophysical properties of cancer cells at the single-cell level are required. Here, we highlight some of the recent advances in the field of cancer biophysics and the development of lab-on-a-chip platforms for single-cell biophysical analyses of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha C Shukla
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tai-Rong Kuang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China; These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Abirami Senthilvelan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Silvia Duarte-Sanmiguel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Human Sciences (Human Nutrition), College of Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Samir N Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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45
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Wang Y, Luo J, Liu J, Li X, Kong Z, Jin H, Cai X. Electrochemical integrated paper-based immunosensor modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites for point-of-care testing of 17β-estradiol. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 107:47-53. [PMID: 29428366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (17β-E2) plays a critical role in regulating reproduction in human, there is therefore an urgent need to detect it sensitively and precisely in a cost-effective and easy method. In this paper, a label-free integrated microfluidic paper-based analytical device was developed for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of 17β-E2. The microfluidic channel of the paper-based sensor was fabricated with wax printing and the three electrodes, including working, counter and reference electrode were screen-printed. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/ thionine (THI)/ gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) Nano composites were synthesized and coated on screen-printed working electrode (SPWE) for the immobilization of anti-E2. In this electro-chemical system of paper-based immunoassay, THI molecules serving as an electrochemical mediator while MWCNTs and AuNPs, due to their excellent electrical conductivities, could accelerate electron transfer for the signal amplification. Experimental results revealed that the immunoassay is able to detect 17β-E2 as low as 10 pg mL-1, with a linear range from 0.01 to 100 ng mL-1. This microfluidic paper-based immunosensor would provide a new platform for low cost, sensitive, specific, and point-of-care diagnosis of 17β-E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10090, China
| | - Jinping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10090, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10090, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10090, China
| | - Zhuang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10090, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, First Hospital Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10090, China.
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Carbaugh DJ, Pandya SG, Wright JT, Kaya S, Rahman F. Combination photo and electron beam lithography with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resist. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:455301. [PMID: 28895558 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8bd5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe techniques for performing photolithography and electron beam lithography in succession on the same resist-covered substrate. Larger openings are defined in the resist film through photolithography whereas smaller openings are defined through conventional electron beam lithography. The two processes are carried out one after the other and without an intermediate wet development step. At the conclusion of the two exposures, the resist film is developed once to reveal both large and small openings. Interestingly, these techniques are applicable to both positive and negative tone lithographies with both optical and electron beam exposure. Polymethyl methacrylate, by itself or mixed with a photocatalytic cross-linking agent, is used for this purpose. We demonstrate that such resists are sensitive to both ultraviolet and electron beam irradiation. All four possible combinations, consisting of optical and electron beam lithographies, carried out in positive and negative tone modes have been described. Demonstration grating structures have been shown and process conditions have been described for all four cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Carbaugh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
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47
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Xiao G, Song Y, Zhang S, Yang L, Xu S, Zhang Y, Xu H, Gao F, Li Z, Cai X. A high-sensitive nano-modified biosensor for dynamic monitoring of glutamate and neural spike covariation from rat cortex to hippocampal sub-regions. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 291:122-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Electric fields (EF) can induce some physiological or biological effects in neural tissues, which have been explored in many applications such as electroporation. The key to understand the possible underlying mechanisms of such effects tend to be the induced transmembrane potential. Although transmembrane potentials have already been the subject of many theoretical studies, most previous works concerning this topic are mainly focused on the situations of isolated cells. In previous studies, cells are often considered to be three-compartment models with different electroconductivities in different regions (the three compartments are often intracellular regions, membrane, and extracellular regions). In the present paper, we utilize a finite element method (FSM) (with the help of COMSOL®) to calculate the induced transmembrane potential by the applied EF for a model of two neurons, which may have significant difference on electroporation.
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Wang W, Li L, Yang C, Soler-Crespo RA, Meng Z, Li M, Zhang X, Keten S, Espinosa HD. Plasticity resulted from phase transformation for monolayer molybdenum disulfide film during nanoindentation simulations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:164005. [PMID: 28273049 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa656a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations on nanoindentation of circular monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) film are carried out to elucidate the deformation and failure mechanisms. Typical force-deflection curves are obtained, and in-plane stiffness of MoS2 is extracted according to a continuum mechanics model. The measured in-plane stiffness of monolayer MoS2 is about 182 ± 14 N m-1, corresponding to an effective Young's modulus of 280 ± 21 GPa. More interestingly, at a critical indentation depth, the loading force decreases sharply and then increases again. The loading-unloading-reloading processes at different initial unloading deflections are also conducted to explain the phenomenon. It is found that prior to the critical depth, the monolayer MoS2 film can return to the original state after completely unloading, while there is hysteresis when unloading after the critical depth and residual deformation exists after indenter fully retracted, indicating plasticity. This residual deformation is found to be caused by the changed lattice structure of the MoS2, i.e. a phase transformation. The critical pressure to induce the phase transformation is then calculated to be 36 ± 2 GPa, consistent with other studies. Finally, the influences of temperature, the diameter and indentation rate of MoS2 monolayer on the mechanical properties are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, People's Republic of China. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States of America
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50
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Chang L, Li L, Shi J, Sheng Y, Lu W, Gallego-Perez D, Lee LJ. Micro-/nanoscale electroporation. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4047-4062. [PMID: 27713986 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00840b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation has been one of the most popular non-viral technologies for cell transfection. However, conventional bulk electroporation (BEP) shows significant limitations in efficiency, cell viability and transfection uniformity. Recent advances in microscale-electroporation (MEP) resulted in improved cell viability. Further miniaturization of the electroporation system (i.e., nanoscale) has brought up many unique advantages, including negligible cell damage and dosage control capabilities with single-cell resolution, which has enabled more translational applications. In this review, we give an insight into the fundamental and technical aspects of micro- and nanoscale/nanochannel electroporation (NEP) and go over several examples of MEP/NEP-based cutting-edge research, including gene editing, adoptive immunotherapy, and cellular reprogramming. The challenges and opportunities of advanced electroporation technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yan Sheng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Wu Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. and Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ly James Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
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