Bmi1 Overexpression in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exerts Antiaging and Antiosteoporosis Effects by Inactivating p16/p19 Signaling and Inhibiting Oxidative Stress

Bmi-1 Epigenetically Orchestrates Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Delay Bone Aging

With the increase in the aging population, senile osteoporosis (SOP) has become a major global public health concern. Here, it is found that Prx1 and Bmi-1 co-localized in trabecular bone, bone marrow cavity, endosteum, and periosteum. Prx1-driven Bmi-1 knockout in bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) reduced bone mass and increased bone marrow adiposity by inhibiting osteoblastic bone formation, promoting osteoclastic bone resorption, downregulating the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and upregulating the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs. However, Prx1-driven Bmi-1 overexpression showed a contrasting phenotype to Prx1-driven Bmi-1 knockout in BMSCs. Regarding mechanism, Bmi-1-RING1B bound to DNMT3A and promoted its ubiquitination and inhibited DNA methylation of Runx2 at the region from 45047012 to 45047313 bp, thus promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Moreover, Bmi-1-EZH2 repressed the transcription of Cebpa by promoting H3K27 trimethylation at the promoter region -1605 to -1596 bp, thus inhibiting the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs. It is also found that Prx1-driven Bmi-1 overexpression rescued the SOP induced by Prx1-driven Bmi-1 knockout in BMSCs. Thus, Bmi-1 functioned as a hub protein in the epigenetic regulation of BMSCs differentiation to delay bone aging. The Prx1-driven Bmi-1 overexpression in BMSCs can be used as an approach for the translational therapy of SOP.

A Mesenchymal stem cell Aging Framework, from Mechanisms to Strategies

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are extensively researched for therapeutic applications in tissue engineering and show significant potential for clinical use. Intrinsic or extrinsic factors causing senescence may lead to reduced proliferation, aberrant differentiation, weakened immunoregulation, and increased inflammation, ultimately limiting the potential of MSCs. It is crucial to comprehend the molecular pathways and internal processes responsible for the decline in MSC function due to senescence in order to devise innovative approaches for rejuvenating senescent MSCs and enhancing MSC treatment. We investigate the main molecular processes involved in senescence, aiming to provide a thorough understanding of senescence-related issues in MSCs. Additionally, we analyze the most recent advancements in cutting-edge approaches to combat MSC senescence based on current research. We are curious whether the aging process of stem cells results in a permanent "memory" and if cellular reprogramming may potentially revert the aging epigenome to a more youthful state.

TGF-β1-triggered BMI1 and SMAD2 cooperatively regulate miR-191 to modulate bone formation

Transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β1), as the most abundant signaling molecule in bone matrix, is essential for bone homeostasis. However, the signaling transduction of TGF-β1 in the bone-forming microenvironment remains unknown. Here, we showed that microRNA-191 (miR-191) was downregulated during osteogenesis and further decreased by osteo-favoring TGF-β1 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). MiR-191 was lower in bone tissues from children than in those from middle-aged individuals and it was negatively correlated with collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1). MiR-191 depletion significantly increased osteogenesis and bone formation in vivo. Hydrogels embedded with miR-191-low BMSCs displayed a powerful bone repair effect. Mechanistically, transcription factors BMI1 and SMAD2 coordinately controlled miR-191 level. In detail, BMI1 and pSMAD2 were both upregulated by TGF-β1 under osteogenic condition. SMAD2 activated miR-191 transcription, while BMI1 competed with SMAD2 for binding to miR-191 promoter region, thus disturbing the activation of SMAD2 on miR-191 and reducing miR-191 level. Altogether, our findings reveal that miR-191 regulated by TGF-β1-induced BMI1 and SMAD2 negatively modulated bone formation and regeneration, and inhibition of miR-191 might be therapeutically useful to enhance bone repair in clinic.

Cuproptosis-a potential target for the treatment of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is an age-related disease of bone metabolism marked by reduced bone mineral density and impaired bone strength. The disease causes the bones to weaken and break more easily. Osteoclasts participate in bone resorption more than osteoblasts participate in bone formation, disrupting bone homeostasis and leading to osteoporosis. Currently, drug therapy for osteoporosis includes calcium supplements, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, calcitonin, bisphosphates, and other medications. These medications are effective in treating osteoporosis but have side effects. Copper is a necessary trace element in the human body, and studies have shown that it links to the development of osteoporosis. Cuproptosis is a recently proposed new type of cell death. Copper-induced cell death regulates by lipoylated components mediated via mitochondrial ferredoxin 1; that is, copper binds directly to the lipoylated components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, resulting in lipoylated protein accumulation and subsequent loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins, leading to proteotoxic stress and eventually cell death. Therapeutic options for tumor disorders include targeting the intracellular toxicity of copper and cuproptosis. The hypoxic environment in bone and the metabolic pathway of glycolysis to provide energy in cells can inhibit cuproptosis, which may promote the survival and proliferation of various cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, effector T cells, and macrophages, thereby mediating the osteoporosis process. As a result, our group tried to explain the relationship between the role of cuproptosis and its essential regulatory genes, as well as the pathological mechanism of osteoporosis and its effects on various cells. This study intends to investigate a new treatment approach for the clinical treatment of osteoporosis that is beneficial to the treatment of osteoporosis.

Chk2 deletion rescues Bmi1 deficiency-induced mandibular osteoporosis by blocking DNA damage response pathway

OBJECTIVES

Bmi1 deficiency has been proved to be able to cause mandibular osteoporosis through suppressing oxidative stress. However, the role of DNA damage response pathway in this pathogenesis had not been well understood. In this study, we investigate whether mandibular osteoporosis induced by Bmi1 deficiency could be rescued by blocked DNA damage response pathway.

METHODS

The protein expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and DNA damage and damage response pathway molecules in mandibular tissue were examined using Western blots. Double knockout mice that lacked both Bmi1 and Chk2 were generated and their mandibular phenotypes were compared at 6 weeks old to wild-type, Chk2-/-, and Bmi1-/- mice using radiograph, micro-CT, histopathology, cellular and molecular techniques.

RESULTS

Bmi1 deficiency induces oxidative stress and DNA damage and activates DNA damage response pathways in mouse mandibles. Chk2 deletion rescued mandibular osteoporosis through promoting formation of osteoblastic bone as well as decreasing osteoclastic bone resorption. Mechanistically, Chk2 deletion suppressed oxidative stress, DNA damage, as well as cell senescence. In addition, it boosted proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) that derived from mandible through blocking the DNA damage response pathway.

CONCLUSION

Abolish the expression of Chk2 could rescue Bmi1 deficiency-related mandibular osteoporosis through promoting BM-MSC proliferation and osteoblastic bone formation, reducing osteoclastic bone resorption, decreasing oxidative stress, inhibiting damage of DNA and associated response pathways, suppressing cell senescence as well as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). These findings offer a theoretical basis for using Chk2 or p53 inhibitors to prevent and treat age-related mandibular osteoporosis.

The role of BMI1 in endometrial cancer and other cancers

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the third leading gynecological malignancy, and its treatment remains challenging. B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site-1 (BMI1) is one of the core members of the polycomb group (PcG) family, which plays a promoting role in the occurrence and development of various tumors. Notably, BMI1 has been found to be frequently upregulated in endometrial cancer (EC) and promote the occurrence of EC through promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and AKT/PI3K pathways. This review summarizes the structure and upstream regulatory mechanisms of BMI1 and its role in EC. In addition, we focused on the role of BMI1 in chemoradiotherapy resistance and summarized the current drugs that target BMI1.

Alpha-tocopherol enhances spermatogonial stem cell proliferation and restores mouse spermatogenesis by up-regulating BMI1

Purpose

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for maintaining reproductive function in males. B-lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 (BMI1) is a vital transcription repressor that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. However, little is known about the role of BMI1 in mediating the fate of mammalian SSCs and in male reproduction. This study investigated whether BMI1 is essential for male reproduction and the role of alpha-tocopherol (α-tocopherol), a protective agent for male fertility, as a modulator of BMI1 both in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) assays were used to assess the effect of BMI1 on the proliferative ability of the mouse SSC line C18-4. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and immunofluorescence were applied to investigate changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels of BMI1. Male mice were used to investigate the effect of α-tocopherol and a BMI1 inhibitor on reproduction-associated functionality in vivo.

Results

Analysis revealed that BMI1 was expressed at high levels in testicular tissues and spermatogonia in mice. The silencing of BMI1 inhibited the proliferation of SSCs and DNA synthesis and enhanced the levels of γ-H2AX. α-tocopherol enhanced the proliferation and DNA synthesis of C18-4 cells, and increased the levels of BMI1. Notably, α-tocopherol rescued the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA damage in C18-4 cells caused by the silencing of BMI1. Furthermore, α-tocopherol restored sperm count (Ctrl vs. PTC-209, p = 0.0034; Ctrl vs. PTC-209 + α-tocopherol, p = 0.7293) and normalized sperm malformation such as broken heads, irregular heads, lost and curled tails in vivo, as demonstrated by its antagonism with the BMI1 inhibitor PTC-209.

Conclusion

Analysis demonstrated that α-tocopherol is a potent in vitro and in vivo modulator of BMI1, a transcription factor that plays an important role in in SSC proliferation and spermatogenesis. Our findings identify a new target and strategy for treating male infertility that deserves further pre-clinical investigation.

Differentially expressed tRNA-derived fragments in bovine fetuses with assisted reproduction induced congenital overgrowth syndrome

Background: As couples struggle with infertility and livestock producers wish to rapidly improve genetic merit in their herd, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have become increasingly popular in human medicine as well as the livestock industry. Utilizing ART can cause an increased risk of congenital overgrowth syndromes, such as Large Offspring Syndrome (LOS) in ruminants. A dysregulation of transcripts has been observed in bovine fetuses with LOS, which is suggested to be a cause of the phenotype. Our recent study identified variations in tRNA expression in LOS individuals, leading us to hypothesize that variations in tRNA expression can influence the availability of their processed regulatory products, tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs). Due to their resemblance in size to microRNAs, studies suggest that tRFs target mRNA transcripts and regulate gene expression. Thus, we have sequenced small RNA isolated from skeletal muscle and liver of day 105 bovine fetuses to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to LOS. Moreover, we have utilized our previously generated tRNA sequencing data to analyze the contribution of tRNA availability to tRF abundance. Results: 22,289 and 7,737 unique tRFs were predicted in the liver and muscle tissue respectively. The greatest number of reads originated from 5' tRFs in muscle and 5' halves in liver. In addition, mitochondrial (MT) and nuclear derived tRF expression was tissue-specific with most MT-tRFs and nuclear tRFs derived from LysUUU and iMetCAU in muscle, and AsnGUU and GlyGCC in liver. Despite variation in tRF abundance within treatment groups, we identified differentially expressed (DE) tRFs across Control-AI, ART-Normal, and ART-LOS groups with the most DE tRFs between ART-Normal and ART-LOS groups. Many DE tRFs target transcripts enriched in pathways related to growth and development in the muscle and tumor development in the liver. Finally, we found positive correlation coefficients between tRNA availability and tRF expression in muscle (R = 0.47) and liver (0.6). Conclusion: Our results highlight the dysregulation of tRF expression and its regulatory roles in LOS. These tRFs were found to target both imprinted and non-imprinted genes in muscle as well as genes linked to tumor development in the liver. Furthermore, we found that tRNA transcription is a highly modulated event that plays a part in the biogenesis of tRFs. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between tRNA and tRF expression in combination with ART-induced LOS.

Gut Microbiota Ecosystem Governance of Host Inflammation, Mitochondrial Respiration and Skeletal Homeostasis

Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis account for the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction in older adults. Senescent chondrocyte overburden, inflammation, oxidative stress, subcellular organelle dysfunction, and genomic instability are prominent features of these age-mediated skeletal diseases. Age-related intestinal disorders and gut dysbiosis contribute to host tissue inflammation and oxidative stress by affecting host immune responses and cell metabolism. Dysregulation of gut microflora correlates with development of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis in humans and rodents. Intestinal microorganisms produce metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and liposaccharides, affecting mitochondrial function, metabolism, biogenesis, autophagy, and redox reactions in chondrocytes and bone cells to regulate joint and bone tissue homeostasis. Modulating the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, or the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, in the gut microenvironment by probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation is advantageous to suppress age-induced chronic inflammation and oxidative damage in musculoskeletal tissue. Supplementation with gut microbiota-derived metabolites potentially slows down development of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. This review provides latest molecular and cellular insights into the biological significance of gut microorganisms and primary and secondary metabolites important to cartilage and bone integrity. It further highlights treatment options with probiotics or metabolites for modulating the progression of these two common skeletal disorders.

Bmi-1-RING1B prevents GATA4-dependent senescence-associated pathological cardiac hypertrophy by promoting autophagic degradation of GATA4

AIMS

Senescence-associated pathological cardiac hypertrophy (SA-PCH) is associated with upregulation of foetal genes, fibrosis, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), cardiac dysfunction and increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we conducted experiments to investigate whether GATA4 accumulation induces SA-PCH, and whether Bmi-1-RING1B promotes GATA4 ubiquitination and its selective autophagic degradation to prevent SA-PCH.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Bmi-1-deficient (Bmi-1-/- ), transgenic Bmi-1 overexpressing (Bmi-1Tg ) and wild-type (WT) mice were infused with angiotensin II (Ang II) to stimulate the development of SA-PCH. Through bioinformatics analysis with RNA sequencing data from cardiac tissues, we found that Bmi-1-RING1B and autophagy are negatively related to SA-PCH. Bmi-1 deficiency promoted GATA4-dependent SA-PCH by increasing GATA4 protein and hypertrophy-related molecules transcribed by GATA4 such as ANP and BNP. Bmi-1 deficiency stimulated NF-κB-p65-dependent SASP, leading to cardiac dysfunction, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and senescence. Bmi-1 overexpression repressed GATA4-dependent SA-PCH. GATA4 degraded by Bmi-1 was mainly dependent on autophagy rather than proteasome. In human myocardium, p16 positively correlated with ANP and GATA4 and negatively correlated with LC3B, Bmi-1 and RING1B; GATA4 positively correlated with p62 and negatively correlated with Bmi-1 and LC3B. With increased p16 protein levels, ANP-, BNP- and GATA4-positive cells or areas increased; however, LC3B-positive cells or areas decreased in human myocardium. GATA4 is ubiquitinated after combining with Bmi-1-RING1B, which is then recognised by p62, is translocated to autophagosomes to form autophagolysosomes and degraded. Downregulated GATA4 ameliorated SA-PCH and cardiac dysfunction by reducing GATA4-dependent hypertrophy and SASP-related molecules. Bmi-1 combined with RING1B (residues 1-179) and C-terminus of GATA4 (residues 206-443 including zinc finger domains) through residues 1-95, including a RING-HC-finger. RING1B combined with C-terminus of GATA4 through the C-terminus (residues 180-336). Adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9 (AAV9)-cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Bmi-1-RING1B treatment significantly attenuated GATA4-dependent SA-PCH through promoting GATA4 autophagic degradation.

CONCLUSIONS

Bmi-1-RING1B maintained cardiac function and prevented SA-PCH by promoting selective autophagy for degrading GATA4.

TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

AAV9-CMV-Bmi-1-RING1B could be used for translational gene therapy to ubiquitinate GATA4 and prevent GATA4-dependent SA-PCH. Also, the combined domains between Bmi-1-RING1B and GATA4 in aging cardiomyocytes could be therapeutic targets for identifying stapled peptides in clinical applications to promote the combination of Bmi-1-RING1B with GATA4 and the ubiquitination of GATA4 to prevent SA-PCH and heart failure. We found that degradation of cardiac GATA4 by Bmi-1 was mainly dependent on autophagy rather than proteasome, and autophagy agonists metformin and rapamycin could ameliorate the SA-PCH, suggesting that activation of autophagy with metformin or rapamycin could also be a promising method to prevent SA-PCH.

Amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells-based therapy improves Bmi-1-deficient mandible osteoporosis through stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption

Mandible osteoporosis with age is characterized by greater fragility and accompanied with abnormal oral function. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can ameliorate osteoporosis. Bmi-1 is a transcriptional repressor which is an important regulator of cell cycle, stem cells self-renewal, and cell senescence. Here, we use a new kind of membrane mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs), to explore therapeutic effects on Bmi-1-deficient caused mandible osteoporosis. Phenotypes of mandibles from 5-week-old Bmi-1-deficient mice with AMSCs-based therapy were compared with age-matched Bmi-1-deficient mandibles without AMSCs-based therapy and wild-type mice. Bmi-1-deficient mice without AMSCs-based therapy displayed mandible osteoporosis accompanied with the rising senescence-associated molecules and imbalance redox homeostasis. Results showed that the alveolar bone volume, cortical thickness, type I collagen and osteocalcin immunopositive areas, mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, gluathione reductase, and protein expression level of Runx2 were all reduced significantly in Bmi-1^-/- mandibles. Protein levels of PPARγ, p16, p21, p53, and redox gene levels of Bnip3l, Cdo1, Duox1, and Duox2 were up-regulated in mandibles from vehicle-transplanted Bmi-1^-/- mice. Also, osteoclasts were activated in Bmi-1^-/- alveolar bone. Transplanted AMSCs migrated into mandibles and improved all the parameters in Bmi-1^-/- mandibles with AMSCs-based therapy. These findings indicate that AMSCs-based therapy could rescue mandible osteoporosis induced by Bmi-1 deficiency through stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. Our findings implied that AMSCs-based therapy had preventative and therapeutic potential for mandible osteoporosis.

Repression of the Antioxidant Pyrroloquinoline Quinone in Skin Aging Induced by Bmi-1 Deficiency

It is uncertain whether Bmi-1 deficiency could lead to skin aging by redox imbalance and DNA damage. In this study, we first confirmed that Bmi-1 had a relatively high expression level in the skin and Bmi-1 expression levels gradually decreased with age. Then, we studied the role of Bmi-1 in the skin using a Bmi-1^−/− mouse model. Bmi-1^−/− mice were supplemented with or without pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) for 5 weeks, and their skin phenotypes were compared with Bmi1^−/− and wild-type littermates. Our results showed that Bmi-1^−/− mice displayed decreased vertical thickness of skin, sparse hair follicles, and thinner and more irregular collagen bundles. Mechanistically, increased oxidative stress with reducing antioxidant capacity and induced DNA damage occurred in Bmi-1^−/− mice. Subsequently, this would lead to reduced cell proliferation, increased cell senescence and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and the degradation of fibroblast function and further reduce collagen synthesis. All pathological alterations in the skin of Bmi-1^−/− mice were alleviated by PQQ supplementation. These results demonstrated that Bmi-1 might play a key role in protection from skin aging by maintaining redox balance and inhibiting DNA damage response and will be a novel and potential target for preventing skin aging.

Localization of Bmi1 in osteoblast-lineage cells during endochondral ossification

Encoded by B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1, Bmi1 is part of the polycomb group of proteins localized in stem and undifferentiated cells. It regulates the expression of various differentiation genes. However, the regulatory mechanism of skeletal development by Bmi1 remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to observe Bmi1 distribution during endochondral ossification processes in rat bone development and fracture healing. Immunoreactivity of Bmi1 was detected in the mesenchymal cell aggregation area at embryonic day (E) 14 and in cells around the center of cartilage primordium at E 16. Subsequently, the calcified bone matrix was formed around the cartilage primordium, and osteoblasts expressing Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix (Osx) showed immunopositivity for Bmi1. At 4 days after bone fracture, the connective tissue around the fractured bone contained Bmi1-positive cells. At 42 days after fracture, osteoblasts along the surface of the new bone revealed Bmi1-, Runx2- and Osx-positive reactions, but the Bmi1 immunoreactivity in osteocytes was less than the Runx2 and Osx immunoreactivities. In conclusion, Bmi1 is localized in the osteoblast-lineage cells in their early differentiation stages, and it might regulate their differentiation during endochondral ossification.

Optimization of oxidative stress for mesenchymal stromal/stem cell engraftment, function and longevity

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that possess great potential as a cellular therapeutic based on their ability to differentiate to different lineages and to modulate immune responses. However, their potential is limited by their low tissue abundance, and thus the need for robust ex vivo expansion prior to their application. This creates its own issues, namely replicative senescence, which could lead to reduced MSC functionality and negatively impact their engraftment. Ex vivo expansion and MSC aging are associated with greater oxidative stress. Therefore, there is great need to identify strategies to reduce oxidative stress in MSCs. This review summarizes the achievements made to date in addressing oxidative stress in MSCs and speculates about interesting avenues of future investigation to solve this critical problem.

The elevated level of IL-1α in the bone marrow of aged mice leads to MSC senescence partly by down-regulating Bmi-1

Osteoporosis is becoming increasingly prevalent with individual aging. Recent studies found that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergo senescence along with the progression of age-related osteoporosis, leading to a decreased rate of new bone formation and fracture repair. The underlying mechanism of MSC senescence in the aged bone marrow has not been clarified yet. Here we found that MSCs from aged mice (12-month-old, O-MSCs) exhibited apparent senescent phenotypes compared with those from young controls (2-month-old, Y-MSCs), including lower proliferation rate, impaired self-renewal capacity, increased p16Ink4a expression and shifted differentiation balance to favor adipocytes over osteoblasts. Bmi-1, one of the main factors that regulate stem cell self-renewal, is dramatically decreased in O-MSCs. Knocking-down of Bmi-1 in Y-MSCs lead to cellular senescence, while over-expression of it rejuvenated O-MSCs. We further showed that the level of IL-1α is much higher in the bone marrow fluid of aged mice, which significantly inhibited Bmi-1 expression in MSCs. Our present study indicated that IL-1α, a key component of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), is elevated in the aged bone marrow microenvironment, leading to decreased Bmi-1 expression in MSCs and consequently, MSC senescence.

Understanding stem cells and its pivotal role in regenerative medicine

Stem cells (SCs) are clonogenic cells that develop into the specialized cells which later responsible for making up various types of tissue in the human body. SCs are not only the appropriate source of information for cell division, molecular and cellular processes, and tissue homeostasis but also one of the major putative biological aids to diagnose and cure various degenerative diseases. This study emphasises on various research outputs that occurred in the past two decades. This will give brief information on classification, differentiation, detection, and various isolation techniques of SCs. Here, the various signalling pathways which includes WNT, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, BMI1 and C-met pathways and how does it effect on the regeneration of various classes of SCs and factors that regulates the potency of the SCs are also been discussed. We also focused on the application of SCs in the area of regenerative medicine along with the cellular markers that are useful as salient diagnostic or curative tools or in both, by the process of reprogramming, which includes diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders. The biomarkers that are mentioned in various literatures and experiments include PDX1, FOXA2, HNF6, and NKX6-1 (for diabetes); CD33, CD24, CD133 (for cancer); c-Kit, SCA-1, Wilm's tumor 1 (for cardiovascular disorders); and OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, EN1, DAT and VMAT2 (for neurological disorders). In this review, we come to know the advancements and scopes of potential SC-based therapies, its diverse applications in clinical fields that can be helpful in the near future.

The role of Chito-oligosaccharide in regulating ovarian germ stem cells function and restoring ovarian function in chemotherapy mice

In recent years, the discovery of ovarian germ stem cells (OGSCs) has provided a new research direction for the treatment of female infertility. The ovarian microenvironment affects the proliferation and differentiation of OGSCs, and immune cells and related cytokines are important components of the microenvironment. However, whether improving the ovarian microenvironment can regulate the proliferation of OGSCs and remodel ovarian function has not been reported. In this study, we chelated chito-oligosaccharide (COS) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to track the distribution of COS in the body. COS was given to mice through the best route of administration, and the changes in ovarian and immune function were detected using assays of organ index, follicle counting, serum estrogen (E₂) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, and the expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in the ovaries. We found that COS significantly increased the organ index of the ovary and immune organs, reduced the rate of follicular atresia, increased the levels of E₂ and AMH hormones, and increased the protein expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in the ovary. Then, COS and OGSCs were co-cultured to observe the combination of COS and OGSCs, and measure the survival rate of OGSCs. With increasing time, the fluorescence intensity of cells gradually increased, and the cytokines IL-2 and TNF-α significantly promoted the proliferation of OGSCs. In conclusion, COS could significantly improve the ovarian and immune function of chemotherapy model mice, and improve the survival rate of OGSCs, which provided a preliminary blueprint for further exploring the mechanism of COS in protecting ovarian function.

BMI1 enables extensive expansion of functional erythroblasts from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) from ABO-matched but genetically unrelated donors is commonly used for treating anemia and acute blood loss. Increasing demand and insufficient supply for donor RBCs, especially those of universal blood types or free of known and unknown pathogens, has called for ex vivo generation of functional RBCs by large-scale cell culture. However, generating physiological numbers of transfusable cultured RBCs (cRBCs) ex vivo remains challenging, due to our inability to either extensively expand primary RBC precursors (erythroblasts) or achieve efficient enucleation once erythroblasts have been expanded and induced to differentiation and maturation. Here, we report that ectopic expression of the human BMI1 gene confers extensive expansion of human erythroblasts, which can be derived readily from adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells of either healthy donors or sickle cell patients. These extensively expanded erythroblasts (E3s) are able to proliferate exponentially (>1 trillion-fold in 2 months) in a defined culture medium. Expanded E3 cells are karyotypically normal and capable of terminal maturation with approximately 50% enucleation. Additionally, E3-derived cRBCs can circulate in a mouse model following transfusion similar to primary human RBCs. Therefore, we provide a facile approach of generating physiological numbers of human functional erythroblasts ex vivo.

Inhibition of Circulating miR-194-5p Reverses Osteoporosis through Wnt5a/β-Catenin-Dependent Induction of Osteogenic Differentiation

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) critically contribute to bone formation, and proper induction of osteogenic differentiation can lead to an increase in bone mass. In the present study, we reported that an increased miR-194-5p level in plasma is inversely related to the degree of bone formation in osteoporosis patients. We also noted that increased miR-194-5p in the MSCs of ovariectomized (OVX) mice and agomiR-194-5p manipulation of miR-194-5p significantly suppressed bone formation, both in aged and OVX mice. Furthermore, our in vitro study showed that overexpression of miR-194-5p suppresses osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by the decreased bone formation marker genes and matrix mineralization. The luciferase assay indicated that Wnt family member 5a (Wnt5a) is a target gene of miR-194-5p that positively regulates osteogenic differentiation. Collectively, these data indicated that miR-194-5p inhibition may be a potential strategy for osteoporosis prevention.

Shattering barriers toward clinically meaningful MSC therapies

More than 1050 clinical trials are registered at FDA.gov that explore multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for nearly every clinical application imaginable, including neurodegenerative and cardiac disorders, perianal fistulas, graft-versus-host disease, COVID-19, and cancer. Several companies have or are in the process of commercializing MSC-based therapies. However, most of the clinical-stage MSC therapies have been unable to meet primary efficacy end points. The innate therapeutic functions of MSCs administered to humans are not as robust as demonstrated in preclinical studies, and in general, the translation of cell-based therapy is impaired by a myriad of steps that introduce heterogeneity. In this review, we discuss the major clinical challenges with MSC therapies, the details of these challenges, and the potential bioengineering approaches that leverage the unique biology of MSCs to overcome the challenges and achieve more potent and versatile therapies.

The Polycomb Protein Bmi1 Plays a Crucial Role in the Prevention of 1,25(OH)2 D Deficiency-Induced Bone Loss

We analyzed the skeletal phenotypes of heterozygous null Cyp27b1 (Cyp27b1^+/- ) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates to determine whether haploinsufficiency of Cyp27b1 accelerated bone loss, and to examine potential mechanisms of such loss. We found that serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)₂ D] levels were significantly decreased in aging Cyp27b1^+/- mice, which displayed an osteoporotic phenotype. This was accompanied by a reduction of expression of the B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) insertion region 1 (Bmi1) at both gene and protein levels. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and a luciferase reporter assay, we then showed that 1,25(OH)₂ D₃ upregulated Bmi1 expression at a transcriptional level via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). To determine whether Bmi1 overexpression in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could correct bone loss induced by 1,25(OH)₂ D deficiency, we overexpressed Bmi1 in MSCs using Prx1-driven Bmi1 transgenic mice (Bmi1^Tg ) mice. We then compared the bone phenotypes of Bmi1^Tg mice on a Cyp27b1^+/- background, with those of Cyp27b1^+/- mice and with those of WT mice, all at 8 months of age. We found that overexpression of Bmi1 in MSCs corrected the bone phenotype of Cyp27b1^+/- mice by increasing osteoblastic bone formation, reducing osteoclastic bone resorption, increasing bone volume, and increasing bone mineral density. Bmi1 overexpression in MSCs also corrected 1,25(OH)₂ D deficiency-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage, and cellular senescence of Cyp27b1^+/- mice by reducing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevating serum total superoxide dismutase levels, reducing the percentage of γH₂ A.X, p16, IL-1β, and TNF-α-positive cells and decreasing γH2A.X, p16, p19, p53, p21, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression levels. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)₂ D stimulated the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, both ex vivo and in vitro, from WT mice but not from Bmi1^-/- mice and 1,25(OH)₂ D administration in vivo increased osteoblastic bone formation in WT, but not in Bmi1 ^-/- mice. Our results indicate that Bmi1, a key downstream target of 1,25(OH)₂ D, plays a crucial role in preventing bone loss induced by 1,25(OH)₂ D deficiency. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Aging

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a reservoir for tissue homeostasis and repair that age during organismal aging. Beside the fundamental in vivo role of MSCs, they have also emerged in the last years as extremely promising therapeutic agents for a wide variety of clinical conditions. MSC use frequently requires in vitro expansion, thus exposing cells to replicative senescence. Aging of MSCs (both in vivo and in vitro) can affect not only their replicative potential, but also their properties, like immunomodulation and secretory profile, thus possibly compromising their therapeutic effect. It is therefore of critical importance to unveil the underlying mechanisms of MSC senescence and to define shared methods to assess MSC aging status. The present review will focus on current scientific knowledge about MSC aging mechanisms, control and effects, including possible anti-aging treatments.

Tunneling nanotubes mediate the expression of senescence markers in mesenchymal stem/stromal cell spheroids

The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is limited by acquired senescence following prolonged culture expansion and high-passage numbers. However, the degree of cell senescence is dynamic, and cell-cell communication is critical to promote cell survival. MSC spheroids exhibit improved viability compared with monodispersed cells, and actin-rich tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) may mediate cell survival and other functions through the exchange of cytoplasmic components. Building upon our previous demonstration of TNTs bridging MSCs within these cell aggregates, we hypothesized that TNTs would influence the expression of senescence markers in MSC spheroids. We confirmed the existence of functional TNTs in MSC spheroids formed from low-passage, high-passage, and mixtures of low- and high-passage cells using scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. The contribution of TNTs toward the expression of senescence markers was investigated by blocking TNT formation with cytochalasin D (CytoD), an inhibitor of actin polymerization. CytoD-treated spheroids exhibited decreases in cytosol transfer. Compared with spheroids formed solely of high-passage MSCs, the addition of low-passage MSCs reduced p16 expression, a known genetic marker of senescence. We observed a significant increase in p16 expression in high-passage cells when TNT formation was inhibited, establishing the importance of TNTs in MSC spheroids. These data confirm the restorative role of TNTs within MSC spheroids formed with low- and high-passage cells and represent an exciting approach to use higher-passage cells in cell-based therapies.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor rejuvenates aged human mesenchymal stem cells and improves myocardial repair

The beneficial functions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decline with age, limiting their therapeutic efficacy for myocardial infarction (MI). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes cell proliferation and survival. We investigated whether MIF overexpression could rejuvenate aged MSCs and increase their therapeutic efficacy in MI. Young and aged MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of young and aged donors. Young MSCs, aged MSCs, and MIF-overexpressing aged MSCs were transplanted into the peri-infarct region in a rat MI model. Aged MSCs exhibited a lower proliferative capacity, lower MIF level, greater cell size, greater senescence-associated-β-galactosidase activity, and weaker paracrine effects than young MSCs. Knocking down MIF in young MSCs induced cellular senescence, whereas overexpressing MIF in aged MSCs reduced cellular senescence. MIF rejuvenated aged MSCs by activating autophagy, an effect largely reversed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. MIF-overexpressing aged MSCs induced angiogenesis and prevented cardiomyocyte apoptosis to a greater extent than aged MSCs, and had improved heart function and cell survival more effectively than aged MSCs four weeks after MI. Thus, MIF rejuvenated aged MSCs by activating autophagy and enhanced their therapeutic efficacy in MI, suggesting a novel MSC-based therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases in the aged population.

The effect of the α7nAChR agonist on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteoporosis

The cholinergic pathway neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) regulates the inflammatory cascade through a specific α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). However, the role and related mechanisms of α7nAChR in osteoporosis (OP) remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effects of α7nAChR on osteoblasts and related mechanisms. Mouse osteoblast MC3T3-E1 was cultured in vitro and divided into a control group and an α7nAChR agonist group (2.4 and 4.8 mg/kg.d). An MTT assay was used to detect the osteoblast activity, an ARS staining assay was used to analyze the formation of calcified nodules of osteoblasts, and an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity colorimetric assay was used to determine the ALP activity. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the expression of RUNX2 and OPN mRNA. The inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretions were analyzed by ELISA. The α7nAChR agonists dose-dependently promoted osteoblast proliferation, increased calcified nodules, ALP activity, RUNX2 and OPN mRNA expression, decreased inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 secretion, and increased Wnt1, β-catenin mRNA and protein expression. Compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). α7nAChR agonists can inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and then participate in the regulation of osteoporosis.