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Song G, Zhao Y, Lu J, Liu Z, Quan J, Zhu L. Effects of Astaxanthin on Growth Performance, Gut Structure, and Intestinal Microorganisms of Penaeus vannamei under Microcystin-LR Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:58. [PMID: 38200789 PMCID: PMC10778157 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) are biologically active cycloheptapeptide compounds that are released by cyanobacteria during water blooms and are extensively found in aquatic ecosystems. The Penaeus vannamei is a significant species in global aquaculture. However, the high level of eutrophication in aquaculture water frequently leads to outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms, posing a significant threat to its sustainable cultivation. Astaxanthin (AX) is commonly utilized in aquaculture for its physiological benefits, including promoting growth and enhancing immune function in cultured organisms. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of astaxanthin on P. vannamei exposed to microcystin-induced stress. The experiment consisted of three groups: one group was fed formulated feed containing MC (100 μg/kg), another group was fed formulated feed containing MC (100 μg/kg) + AX (100 mg/kg), and the third group was fed basic feed (control group). After 15 days of feeding, the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher in the MCAX group (2.21% day-1) compared to the MC group (0.77% day-1), and there was no significant difference between the MCAX group (2.21% day-1) and the control group (2.24% day-1). Similarly, the percent of weight gain (PWG) was also significantly higher in the MCAX group (14.61%) compared to the MC group (13.44%) and the control group (16.64%). Compared to the control group, the epithelial cells in the MC group suffered severe damage and detachment from the basement membrane. However, in the MCAX group, although there was still a gap between the intestinal epithelial cells and the basement membrane, the overall intestinal morphology was slightly less impaired than it was in the MC group. The analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed a significant disparity in the community composition (chao 1 and ACE) between the MC and MCAX groups. When comparing the various bacterial genera, the MC group exhibited an increase in Vibrio abundance, whereas the MCAX group showed a decrease in both Shewanella and Vibrio abundance. The results indicate that AX has a positive impact on the growth performance and resistance of P. vannamei against MC by regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota. AX can be utilized to mitigate the detrimental effects of MC in aquaculture practices. This function could be attributed to the role of AX in preserving the structural integrity of the intestinal mucosa and regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.)
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Huo Y, Li Y, Guo W, Liu J, Yang C, Li L, Liu H, Song L. Evaluation of Cyanobacterial Bloom from Lake Taihu as a Protein Substitute in Fish Diet-A Case Study on Tilapia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:735. [PMID: 34679028 PMCID: PMC8538822 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of cyanobacterial bloom is often hindered by concerns about the toxin content. Over three years of investigation, we found that the toxin content of cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Taihu was always low in June and higher in late summer and autumn. The findings enabled us to compare the effects of diets containing low and high toxic cyanobacterial blooms on the growth and consumption safety of tilapia. There were no negative effects on the growth of tilapia, and the muscle seemed to be safe for human consumption in the treatment of 18.5% low toxic cyanobacterial bloom. Therefore, limitations of the utilization of cyanobacterial biomass can be overcome by selecting low toxic cyanobacterial bloom that can be found and collected in large lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (L.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Cuiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Haokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (W.G.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (L.L.)
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Chen L, Giesy JP, Adamovsky O, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J, Codd GA, Mijovic B, Shi T, Tuo X, Li SC, Pan BZ, Chen J, Xie P. Challenges of using blooms of Microcystis spp. in animal feeds: A comprehensive review of nutritional, toxicological and microbial health evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142319. [PMID: 33069479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis spp., are Gram-negative, oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes which use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and minerals into organic compounds and biomass. Eutrophication, rising CO2 concentrations and global warming are increasing Microcystis blooms globally. Due to its high availability and protein content, Microcystis biomass has been suggested as a protein source for animal feeds. This would reduce dependency on soybean and other agricultural crops and could make use of "waste" biomass when Microcystis scums and blooms are harvested. Besides proteins, Microcystis contain further nutrients including lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. However, Microcystis produce cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins (MCs) and other bioactive metabolites, which present health hazards. In this review, challenges of using Microcystis blooms in feeds are identified. First, nutritional and toxicological (nutri-toxicogical) data, including toxicity of Microcystis to mollusks, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, mammals and birds, is reviewed. Inclusion of Microcystis in diets caused greater mortality, lesser growth, cachexia, histopathological changes and oxidative stress in liver, kidney, gill, intestine and spleen of several fish species. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of MCs in muscle of fish fed Microcystis might exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake (TDI) for humans, 0.04 μg/kg body mass (bm)/day, as established by the World Health Organization (WHO), and is thus not safe. Muscle of fish fed M. aeruginosa is of low nutritional value and exhibits poor palatability/taste. Microcystis also causes hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity to mollusks, crustaceans, amphibians, mammals and birds. Microbial pathogens can also occur in blooms of Microcystis. Thus, cyanotoxins/xenobiotics/pathogens in Microcystis biomass should be removed/degraded/inactivated sufficiently to assure safety for use of the biomass as a primary/main/supplemental ingredient in animal feed. As an ameliorative measure, antidotes/detoxicants can be used to avoid/reduce the toxic effects. Before using Microcystis in feed ingredients/supplements, further screening for health protection and cost control is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK; Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Biljana Mijovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73 300 Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ting Shi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shang-Chun Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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Zhao S, Liu Y, Wang F, Xu D, Xie P. N-acetylcysteine protects against microcystin-LR-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and germ cell apoptosis in zebrafish testes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:463-473. [PMID: 29679867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a reproductive toxicant that induces germ cell apoptosis in the testes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. In this study, we investigated that MCLR induces germ cell apoptosis is through activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant could protect against germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting the ER stress. Healthy male zebrafish were intraperitoneally injected with NAC (500 nM), beginning at 2 h before different doses of MCLR (0, 50, 100, 200 μg/kg). As expected, acute MCLR exposure resulted in oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis in zebrafish testes. Further analysis showed that NAC significantly alleviated MCLR-induced testicular germ cell apoptosis and inhibited the caspase-dependent apoptotic proteins. Meanwhile H&E staining showed that NAC could rescue testicular damage induced by MCLR. Moreover, MCLR induced activation of ER stress which consequently triggered apoptosis in zebrafish testes. Interestingly, NAC was effective in improving the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level and activity of antioxidant enzymes in NAC pretreated groups. NAC significantly attenuated MCLR-induced upregulation of GRP78 in testes. In addition, NAC significantly attenuated MCLR-triggered testicular eIF2s1 and MAPK8 activation, indicating that NAC counteracts MCLR-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in testes. Taken together, the results observed in this study suggested that ER stress plays a critical role in germ cell apoptosis exposed to MCLR and NAC could protect against apoptosis via inhibiting ER stress in zebrafish testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Hou J, Su Y, Lin W, Guo H, Xie P, Chen J, Gu Z, Li L. Microcystin-LR retards gonadal maturation through disrupting the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors system in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:27-35. [PMID: 28109900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented that microcystins (MCs) have potential toxic effects on growth and reproduction in fish. However, no systematic data exist on whether MCs cause gonadal development retardation through disrupting the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors (GH/IGFs) system. To this end, zebrafish hatchlings (5 d post-fertilization) were exposed to 0, 0.3, 3 and 30µg/L microcystin-LR (MC-LR) for 90 d until they reached sexual maturity. Life-cycle exposure to MC-LR caused delayed ovarian maturation and sperm development along with ultrapathological lesions in the brain and liver. Moreover, the retarded gonadal development was accompanied by an inhibition of the GH/IGFs system, which was characterized by significant decreases in the transcriptional levels of brain gh (males only), hepatic igf2a and igf2b as well as gonadal igf1 (males only), igf3 and igf2r. These findings for the first time point to the influence of MC-LR on fish gonadal development via the GH/IGFs system. Also, sex-differential impairments suggested that gonadal development of males is more vulnerable than that of female to MC-LR. Our results provide evidence that MC-LR at environmentally relevant concentrations is able to induce impairments on fish gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yujing Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wang Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Honghui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zemao Gu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Sun H, Wang W, Geng L, Chen Y, Yang Z. In situ studies on growth, oxidative stress responses, and gene expression of juvenile bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) to eutrophic lake water dominated by cyanobacterial blooms. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:421-427. [PMID: 23769464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms have received increasing attention as a public biohazard for human and animal health. To assess the effect of cyanobacteria-dominant lake water on juvenile fish, we measured the responses of specific growth rate, condition factor, body weight and body length, oxidative stress, and related gene expression of juvenile bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis exposed to in situ eutrophic lake (Chl a was around 7.0μgL(-1)). Results showed in situ cyanobacteria-dominant lake water had no effect on the growth performance, but significantly elevated the contents of malondialdehyde, the expression of heat shock protein 70, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, indicating that oxidative stress occurred. Meanwhile in situ lake water significantly decreased the expression of catalase and glutathione S-transferase genes. We conclude that in situ cyanobacteria-dominated lake water was harmful to juvenile bighead carp based on the oxidative stress and changes in the related gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Qiao Q, Liang H, Zhang X. Effect of cyanobacteria on immune function of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) via chronic exposure in diet. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1167-1176. [PMID: 23063483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms caused by water eutrophication have become a worldwide problem. Microcystins (MCs) released during cyanobacterial blooms exert toxicity on fish. Up to now, immunotoxicity of MCs on fish has been rarely reported. The present study investigated immune response of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) to cyanobacteria via chronic exposure in diet. Fish were fed with diets containing 20% (low dose group) and 40% (high dose group) of cyanobacteria lyophilized powder. After exposure of 30 d, a batch of assays was determined for assessing immunotoxicity of MCs. The head kidney and spleen indexes significantly increased in high dose group. Blood nitroblue tetrazolium activity in high dose group was nearly twice as much as that in control group with no cyanobacteria additive. Marked haemorrhage and hyperemia were observed in kidney and spleen in high dose group. The edematous mitochondria, deformation of the nucleus and compaction of chromatin occurred in lymphocytes of head kidney and spleen in both cyanobacteria groups. Lysozyme activity showed an obvious increase in low dose group but a sharp decrease in high dose group. Significant increase of macrophage bactericidal activity was detected in low dose group. The present findings indicate that via chronic diet exposure of different cyanobacteria levels, fish exhibit various immune responses. Fish immunity tends to proceed toward the direction of immunostimulative response at low MCs concentrations but toward the trend of immunosuppressive answer at high MCs concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qiao
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Dong G, Xie S, Zhu X, Han D, Yang Y, Song L, Gan L, Chen W. Responses of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) exposed to dietary cyanobacteria and subsequent recovery. Toxicon 2012; 60:1298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sun H, Lü K, Minter EJA, Chen Y, Yang Z, Montagnes DJS. Combined effects of ammonia and microcystin on survival, growth, antioxidant responses, and lipid peroxidation of bighead carp Hypophthalmythys nobilis larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 221-222:213-219. [PMID: 22560242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous materials, such as ammonia and microcystin, are released into lakes during cyanobacterial bloom degradation and may severely impact aquatic organisms. To assess the combined effects of ammonia and microcystin on survival, growth, and oxidative stress of larval fish, 14-day-old larvae of bighead carp Hypophthalmythys nobilis were exposed to solutions with different combined concentrations of ammonia (0, 0.06, 0.264mgL(-1)) and microcystin (0, 2, 10, 30μgL(-1)) for 10 days. Microcystin significantly decreased body length, while ammonia significantly increased body weight, specific growth rate, and condition factor, but there was no significant interaction between ammonia and microcystin on them. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde significantly changed with microcystin concentration, whereas glutathione was not affected by microcystin. Ammonia significantly affected the antioxidant system. There were significant interactions between ammonia and microcystin on superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde. Our data clearly demonstrate that ammonia and microcystin adversely affect bighead carp larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
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