The effects of age, sex, breed, diet, reproductive status and housing condition on the amounts of 25(OH) vitamin D in the serum of healthy dogs: Reference values

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D are decreased in dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis

Canine sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) is a poorly understood disease and remains a challenge to treat. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with many infectious diseases in humans and Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency in experimental mice decreases resistance to Aspergillus fumigatus. The objective of this study was to determine whether dogs with SNA have different VitD metabolite concentrations compared to healthy dogs (HD) and dogs with other nasal conditions and if those concentrations change after cure for SNA dogs. Twenty-two dogs with SNA, 12 HD, 9 dogs with lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (LPR) and 10 dogs with nasal neoplasia (NN) were included. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3), 3-epimer-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3-epi-25(OH)D3) concentrations were measured by a certified liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method at time of diagnosis or revisit. Twelve SNA dogs were available for serial blood collection until cure. Serum 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D3 were lower in dogs with SNA (mean ± standard deviation; 23 ng/ml ± 7.3 and 10.2 ng/ml ± 4.2, respectively) than in HD (34.1 ng/ml ± 7.5; P = 0.007 and 18.2 ng/ml ± 5.4; P = 0.002) while there was no difference among the other groups. Cured SNA dogs had higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations (27.7 ng/ml ± 9.4) compared to before treatment (23.1 ng/ml ± 7.7; P = 0.0002). These results further support the rationale that VitD may play a role in the complex SNA pathophysiology. Whether lower VitD status contributes to the development of the disease or is a consequence of it is unknown.

A study on the effects of vitamin D supplementation on hematological parameters and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D in healthy dogs

BACKGROUND

Limited studies are available on vitamin D supplementation in dogs. This study evaluates the effect of a commercial vitamin D3 supplement on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D as well as selected biochemical and hematological parameters in healthy dogs. Eight intact male adult dogs with a mean body weight of 20 kg from mixed breeds were included in the study. After adaptation period, dogs received vitamin D3 supplement at the dose of 50 IU/kg body weight per day. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28 and 42 of supplementation. Food was used for analysis of vitamin D3 content.

RESULTS

Significant increase in serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 was detected since day 14 of supplementation. Changes in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 concentration during time showed an upward significance (p < 0.05). Vitamin D3 content of the food was 2900 IU/kg dry matter. Changes in serum phosphorus levels were upward significant. No dog showed calcium or phosphorus levels above the highest reference level. Liver and kidney parameters remained in the reference range during the experiment. A gradual significant increase was observed in hemoglobin and hematocrit which was started from day 14. Vitamin D3 supplementation had no significant effect on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes percent during the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin D3 supplementation at 50 IU/kg BW daily, increases serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in healthy dogs fed with a diet containing proper amount of this vitamin. It also increases hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in a time dependent manner without inducing adverse effects.

A Novel UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Measurement of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 in Canine Serum and Its Application to Healthy Dogs

Several studies have shown the importance of vitamin D3 supplementation in small animals. In dogs, a low vitamin D3 status is associated not only with bone metabolism but also with different kinds of disorders, such as congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal diseases, chronic kidney diseases, and some types of cancer. However, it is crucial to maintain balance and monitor the introduction of this essential nutrient through the diet because over-supplementation can result in toxicity. Due to the clinical importance of assessing the vitamin D3 status in small animal patients, a quick, simple, and highly performing analytical method for its measurement is needed. In this study, we describe the development of a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 quantification in canine serum. The approach was successfully validated following current European guidelines, proving excellent linearity (R2 always ≥0.996), accuracy (always within ±13%) and precision (always <10%). The application of the validated approach to samples collected from 40 healthy dogs made possible the definition of a reliable reference interval for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, the main biomarker of vitamin D3. In addition, variations below 5% in the results obtained quantifying the same samples using a water-based calibration curve demonstrated that a surrogate matrix may be used without affecting data accuracy. Thanks to its simplicity, the proposed technique represents a useful tool for supporting clinical routine and investigating correlations between serum concentrations of this metabolite and multiple diseases. Additionally, it could enable the monitoring of supplementation in small animal patients in veterinary clinical practice.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and vitamin D binding protein concentrations in dogs with acute pancreatitis compared to healthy control dogs

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have documented vitamin D imbalance in dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP), but no studies have investigated serum vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) concentrations.

OBJECTIVES

Compare serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), VDR, and VDBP concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with AP and identify correlations between these concentrations with ionized calcium, C-reactive protein (CRP), and canine-specific pancreatic lipase (Spec cPL) concentrations.

ANIMALS

Twenty-two dogs with AP and 20 healthy control dogs.

METHODS

Prospective cross-sectional study. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay, and VDR and VDBP concentrations were measured using a ELISA kit designed for dogs.

RESULTS

Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were lower in dogs with AP (mean ± SD, 66.1 ± 39.2 ng/mL) than in controls (96.8 ± 30.4 ng/mL; P = .01), and VDR concentrations were lower in dogs with AP (5.3 ± 3.5 ng/mL) than in controls (7.4 ± 2.5 ng/mL; P = .03). No difference was observed in serum VDBP concentrations between the groups. Serum VDR concentrations differed between survivors (median [interquartile range] = 6.6 [4.3-8.2] ng/mL) and nonsurvivors (2.7 [0.5-3.5] ng/mL; P = .01). Negative correlations were observed among serum VDR, CRP (rs  = -0.55), and Spec cPL (rs  = -0.47) concentrations in dogs with AP.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Dogs with AP had lower serum 25(OH)D and VDR concentrations than controls. Additionally, our study suggests a potential role of VDR expression in the inflammatory process of AP in dogs.

Increased dietary vitamin D was associated with increased circulating vitamin D with no observable adverse effects in adult dogs

Introduction

There is no consensus for the optimum concentration of vitamin D, although a minimum concentration of 100 ng/mL (250 nM) of circulating vitamin D, measured as 25(OH) D, has been suggested in order to support optimal health in dogs. Few studies have examined the relationship between dietary vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) intake and the resulting concentrations of circulating 25(OH) D in adult dogs. Recommendations for dog foods for adult maintenance report a safe upper limit of 3,200 IU vitamin D/kg on a dry matter basis. However, these recommendations were not based on studies of adult maintenance requirements. Understanding the relationship between dietary vitamin D and circulating vitamin D is necessary to utilize dietary vitamin D to influence health in dogs.

Methods

Five groups of adult dogs (each n = 8) were fed food of approximately 4,000 kcal/kg containing one of the following dry matter concentrations of vitamin D for 6 months: 795.7, 3087.3, 5510.9, 7314.0, and 9992.5 IU/kg. Body weight was recorded at baseline and measured weekly, and daily food intake was recorded. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of the 26-week study period.

Results

There were no clinical signs of vitamin D deficiency or excess. Serum concentrations of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, total calcium, ionized calcium, and parathyroid hormone were maintained within reference values in all groups. Circulating 25(OH) D increased in all groups except those that consumed food with 795.7 IU/kg vitamin D, and increased in a linear and quadratic fashion in response to dietary vitamin D concentration. All of the dogs fed food with 5510.9 IU/kg vitamin D or above met or exceeded 100 ng/mL (250 nM) circulating 25(OH) D.

Discussion

Dietary vitamin D was positively associated with increased circulating concentrations in concentrations up to 9992.5 IU/kg dry matter, with no observable adverse effects. Consumption of ≥5510.9 IU/kg vitamin D resulted in all dogs with at least the 100 ng/mL (250 nM) circulating concentration.

Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in apparently healthy cats regarding age, gender, breed, diet type, reproductive status, and housing condition

BACKGROUND

Optimal vitamin D levels for an effective role in immune function and rickets prevention are thought to vary, but have not yet been definitively determined. Reports on reference values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in cats are limited.

AIMS

The study provides information about serum 25(OH)D values in cats with different age, gender, breed, diet type, reproductive status, housing condition, and also the relationship between these levels and various hematological and biochemical parameters.

METHODS

Clinically healthy cats (88) were included in the study. Physical examination and assessment of hematological and biochemical parameters were performed on cats in order to confirm their health status. Reference value of serum 25(OH)D was assayed by ELISA method and the effects of age (under six months and above six months), gender, breed, diet (only commercial diet, only homemade food, mixture of commercial and homemade food), reproduction status, and housing conditions on serum 25(OH)D was determined.

RESULTS

The median, 2.5% and 97.5% of 25(OH)D in sampled cats were 19.74 ng/ml, 3.12 ng/ml, and 92.1 ng/ml, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was lower when homemade diet was used compared to commercial and mixed diets as well as in cats under six months of age compared to older cats.

CONCLUSION

Diet type and age can affect serum 25(OH)D levels in healthy cats while other parameters had no significant effects.