1
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Choi J, Cayabyab F, Perez H, Yoshihara E. Scaling Insulin-Producing Cells by Multiple Strategies. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:191-205. [PMID: 38572534 PMCID: PMC11066437 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In the quest to combat insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), allogenic pancreatic islet cell therapy sourced from deceased donors represents a significant therapeutic advance. However, the applicability of this approach is hampered by donor scarcity and the demand for sustained immunosuppression. Human induced pluripotent stem cells are a game-changing resource for generating synthetic functional insulin-producing β cells. In addition, novel methodologies allow the direct expansion of pancreatic progenitors and mature β cells, thereby circumventing prolonged differentiation. Nevertheless, achieving practical reproducibility and scalability presents a substantial challenge for this technology. As these innovative approaches become more prominent, it is crucial to thoroughly evaluate existing expansion techniques with an emphasis on their optimization and scalability. This manuscript delineates these cutting-edge advancements, offers a critical analysis of the prevailing strategies, and underscores pivotal challenges, including cost-efficiency and logistical issues. Our insights provide a roadmap, elucidating both the promises and the imperatives in harnessing the potential of these cellular therapies for IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyuk Choi
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Fritz Cayabyab
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Harvey Perez
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Barzi M, Chen T, Gonzalez TJ, Pankowicz FP, Oh SH, Streff HL, Rosales A, Ma Y, Collias S, Woodfield SE, Diehl AM, Vasudevan SA, Galvan TN, Goss J, Gersbach CA, Bissig-Choisat B, Asokan A, Bissig KD. A humanized mouse model for adeno-associated viral gene therapy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1955. [PMID: 38438373 PMCID: PMC10912671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical translation of AAV-mediated gene therapy requires preclinical development across different experimental models, often confounded by variable transduction efficiency. Here, we describe a human liver chimeric transgene-free Il2rg-/-/Rag2-/-/Fah-/-/Aavr-/- (TIRFA) mouse model overcoming this translational roadblock, by combining liver humanization with AAV receptor (AAVR) ablation, rendering murine cells impermissive to AAV transduction. Using human liver chimeric TIRFA mice, we demonstrate increased transduction of clinically used AAV serotypes in primary human hepatocytes compared to humanized mice with wild-type AAVR. Further, we demonstrate AAV transduction in human teratoma-derived primary cells and liver cancer tissue, displaying the versatility of the humanized TIRFA mouse. From a mechanistic perspective, our results support the notion that AAVR functions as both an entry receptor and an intracellular receptor essential for transduction. The TIRFA mouse should allow prediction of AAV gene transfer efficiency and the study of AAV vector biology in a preclinical human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Barzi
- Alice and Y. T. Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Tong Chen
- Alice and Y. T. Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Trevor J Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Francis P Pankowicz
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Seh Hoon Oh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Helen L Streff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan Rosales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yunhan Ma
- Alice and Y. T. Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sabrina Collias
- Alice and Y. T. Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sarah E Woodfield
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sanjeev A Vasudevan
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Thao N Galvan
- Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Goss
- Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Beatrice Bissig-Choisat
- Alice and Y. T. Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Alice and Y. T. Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Regeneration Center, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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3
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Bose B, Nihad M, P SS. Pluripotent stem cells: Basic biology or else differentiations aimed at translational research and the role of flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2023; 103:368-377. [PMID: 36918734 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell research has revolutionized the modern era for the past 14 years with the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells. Before this time, scientists had access to human and mouse embryonic stem cells primarily for basic research and an attempt towards lineage-specific differentiations for cell therapy applications. Regarding pluripotent stem cells, expression of bonafide marker proteins such as Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and Lin28 have been considered giving a perfect readout for pluripotent stem cells and assessed using an analytical flow cytometer. In addition to the intracellular markers, surface markers such as stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 for mouse cells and SSEA-4 for human cells are needed to sort pure populations of stem cells for further downstream applications for cell therapy. The surface marker SSEA-4 is the most appropriate for obtaining pure populations of human pluripotent stem cells. When differentiated in a controlled manner using growth factors or small molecules, it is mandatory to assess the downregulation of pluripotency markers (Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and Klf4) with subsequent up-regulation of stage-specific differentiation markers. Such assessments are done using flow cytometry. Pluripotent stem cells have a high teratoma-forming potential in vivo. Small amounts of undifferentiated PSCs might lead to dangerous teratomas upon transplantation if leftover in the pool of differentiated cells. Hence, flow cytometry is essential for sorting out PSC populations with teratoma-forming potential. The pure populations of differentiated progenitors need to be flow-sorted before differentiating them further for cell therapy applications. For example, Glycoprotein 2 is a specific cell-surface marker for pancreatic progenitors that enables one to sort the pancreatic progenitors differentiated from human PSCs. Taken together, analytical flow cytometry, and cell sorting provide indispensable tools in PSC research and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasha Bose
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Muhammad Nihad
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheer Shenoy P
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Galiakberova AA, Brovkina OI, Kondratyev NV, Artyuhov AS, Momotyuk ED, Kulmukhametova ON, Lagunin AA, Shilov BV, Zadorozhny AD, Zakharov IS, Okorokova LS, Golimbet VE, Dashinimaev EB. Different iPSC-derived neural stem cells shows various spectrums of spontaneous differentiation during long term cultivation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1037902. [PMID: 37201156 PMCID: PMC10186475 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1037902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Culturing of human neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) is a promising area of research, as these cells have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. However, the development of optimal protocols for the production and long-term culturing of NSCs remains a challenge. One of the most important aspects of this problem is to determine the stability of NSCs during long-term in vitro passaging. To address this problem, our study was aimed at investigating the spontaneous differentiation profile in different iPSC-derived human NSCs cultures during long-term cultivation using. Methods Four different IPSC lines were used to generate NSC and spontaneously differentiated neural cultures using DUAL SMAD inhibition. These cells were analyzed at different passages using immunocytochemistry, qPCR, bulk transcriptomes and scRNA-seq. Results We found that various NSC lines generate significantly different spectrums of differentiated neural cells, which can also change significantly during long-term cultivation in vitro. Discussion Our results indicate that both internal (genetic and epigenetic) and external (conditions and duration of cultivation) factors influence the stability of NSCs. These results have important implications for the development of optimal NSCs culturing protocols and highlight the need to further investigate the factors influencing the stability of these cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelya Albertovna Galiakberova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Igorevna Brovkina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Sergeevich Artyuhov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Dmitrievna Momotyuk
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Aleksandrovich Lagunin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Igor Sergeevitch Zakharov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Erdem Bairovich Dashinimaev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
- *Correspondence: Erdem Bairovich Dashinimaev,
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Challenges with Cell-based Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 19:601-624. [PMID: 36434300 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, lifelong metabolic disease. It is characterised by the autoimmune-mediated loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells in the islets of Langerhans (β-islets), resulting in disrupted glucose homeostasis. Administration of exogenous insulin is the most common management method for T1D, but this requires lifelong reliance on insulin injections and invasive blood glucose monitoring. Replacement therapies with beta cells are being developed as an advanced curative treatment for T1D. Unfortunately, this approach is limited by the lack of donated pancreatic tissue, the difficulties in beta cell isolation and viability maintenance, the longevity of the transplanted cells in vivo, and consequently high costs. Emerging approaches to address these limitations are under intensive investigations, including the production of insulin-producing beta cells from various stem cells, and the development of bioengineered devices including nanotechnologies for improving islet transplantation efficacy without the need for recipients taking toxic anti-rejection drugs. These emerging approaches present promising prospects, while the challenges with the new techniques need to be tackled for ultimately clinical treatment of T1D. This review discussed the benefits and limitations of the cell-based therapies for beta cell replacement as potential curative treatment for T1D, and the applications of bioengineered devices including nanotechnology to overcome the challenges associated with beta cell transplantation.
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Valproate Targets Mammalian Gastrulation Impairing Neural Tissue Differentiation and Development of the Placental Source In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168861. [PMID: 36012122 PMCID: PMC9408494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The teratogenic activity of valproate (VPA), an antiepileptic and an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDACi), is dose-dependent in humans. Previous results showed that VPA impairs in vitro development and neural differentiation of the gastrulating embryo proper. We aimed to investigate the impact of a lower VPA dose in vitro and whether this effect is retained in transplants in vivo. Rat embryos proper (E9.5) and ectoplacental cones were separately cultivated at the air-liquid interface with or without 1 mM VPA. Embryos were additionally cultivated with HDACi Trichostatin A (TSA), while some cultures were syngeneically transplanted under the kidney capsule for 14 days. Embryos were subjected to routine histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and pyrosequencing. The overall growth of VPA-treated embryos in vitro was significantly impaired. However, no differences in the apoptosis or proliferation index were found. Incidence of the neural tissue was lower in VPA-treated embryos than in controls. TSA also impaired growth and neural differentiation in vitro. VPA-treated embryos and their subsequent transplants expressed a marker of undifferentiated neural cells compared to controls where neural differentiation markers were expressed. VPA increased the acetylation of histones. Our results point to gastrulation as a sensitive period for neurodevelopmental impairment caused by VPA.
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7
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Himelreich Perić M, Mužić-Radović V, Marić T, Bulić-Jakuš F, Jurić-Lekić G, Takahashi M, Sinčić N, Ježek D, Katušić-Bojanac A. Transmembranous and enchondral osteogenesis in transplants of rat limb buds cultivated in serum- and protein-free culture medium. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:592-601. [PMID: 35815632 PMCID: PMC9541464 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage differentiates in rat limb buds cultivated in a chemically defined protein‐free medium in the same manner as in the richer serum‐supplemented medium. We aimed to investigate the remaining differentiation potential of pre‐cultivated limb buds by subsequent transplantation in vivo. Rat front (FLBs) and hind‐limb buds (HLBs) were isolated from Fischer rat dams at the 14th gestation day (GD 14) and cultivated at the air‐liquid interface in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) alone; with 5 μM of 5‐azacytidine (5azaC) or with rat serum (1:1). Overall growth was measured seven times during the culture by an ocular micrometre. After 14 days, explants were transplanted under the kidney capsule of adult males. Growth of limb buds was significantly lower in all limb buds cultivated in MEM than in those cultivated with serum. In MEM with 5azaC, growth of LBs was significantly lower only on day 3 of culture. Afterwards, it was higher throughout the culture period, although a statistically significant difference was assessed only for HLBs. In transplants, mixed structures developed with the differentiated transmembranous bone, cartilage with enchondral ossification, bone‐marrow, sebaceous gland, and hair that have never been found in vitro. Nerves differentiated only in transplants precultivated in the serum‐supplemented medium. We conclude that pre‐cultivation of LBs in a chemically defined protein‐free medium does not restrict osteogenesis and formation of epidermal appendages but is restrictive for neural tissue. These results are important for understanding limb development and regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Himelreich Perić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Mužić-Radović
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism -Thalassotherapia Opatija, Opatija, Croatia
| | - Tihana Marić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Floriana Bulić-Jakuš
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Jurić-Lekić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Takahashi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Communicology, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Ježek
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Katušić-Bojanac
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Hidalgo Aguilar A, Smith L, Owens D, Quelch R, Przyborski S. Recreating Tissue Structures Representative of Teratomas In Vitro Using a Combination of 3D Cell Culture Technology and Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050185. [PMID: 35621463 PMCID: PMC9138123 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a valuable method to study aspects of embryogenesis, avoiding ethical issues when using embryonic materials and species dissimilarities. The xenograft teratoma assay is often traditionally used to establish pluripotency in putative PSC populations, but also has additional applications, including the study of tissue differentiation. The stem cell field has long sought an alternative due to various well-established issues with the in vivo technique, including significant protocol variability and animal usage. We have established a two-step culture method which combines PSC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) with porous scaffolds to enhance their viability, prolonging the time these structures can be maintained, and therefore, permitting more complex, mature differentiation. Here, we have utilised human embryonic stem cell-derived EBs, demonstrating the formation of tissue rudiments of increasing complexity over time and the ability to manipulate their differentiation through the application of exogenous morphogens to achieve specific lineages. Crucially, these EB-derived tissues are highly reminiscent of xenograft teratoma samples derived from the same cell line. We believe this in vitro approach represents a reproducible, animal-free alternative to the teratoma assay, which can be used to study human tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Smith
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (A.H.A.); (L.S.); (D.O.); (R.Q.)
| | - Dominic Owens
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (A.H.A.); (L.S.); (D.O.); (R.Q.)
| | - Rebecca Quelch
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (A.H.A.); (L.S.); (D.O.); (R.Q.)
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (A.H.A.); (L.S.); (D.O.); (R.Q.)
- Reprocell Europe, NETPark, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK
- Correspondence:
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Development of a Chemical Cocktail That Rescues Mouse Brain Demyelination in a Cuprizone-Induced Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071091. [PMID: 35406658 PMCID: PMC8997971 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are glial cells located in the central nervous system (CNS) that play essential roles in the transmission of nerve signals and in the neuroprotection of myelinated neurons. The dysfunction or loss of oligodendrocytes leads to demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). To treat demyelinating diseases, the development of a therapy that promotes remyelination is required. In the present study, we established an in vitro method to convert human fibroblasts into induced oligodendrocyte-like cells (iOLCs) in 3 days. The induced cells displayed morphologies and molecular signatures similar to oligodendrocytes after treatment with valproic acid and exposure to the small molecules Y27632, SU9516, and forskolin (FSK). To pursue the development of a cell-free remyelination therapy in vivo, we used a cuprizone-induced demyelinated mouse model. The small molecules (Y27632, SU9516, and FSK) were directly injected into the demyelinated corpus callosum of the mouse brain. This combination of small molecules rescued the demyelination phenotype within two weeks as observed by light and electron microscopy. These results provide a foundation for exploring the development of a treatment for demyelinating diseases via regenerative medicine.
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Inagaki E, Arai E, Hatou S, Sayano T, Taniguchi H, Negishi K, Kanai Y, Sato Y, Okano H, Tsubota K, Shimmura S. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:841-849. [PMID: 35666752 PMCID: PMC9397653 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based cell therapies have increased steadily over the past few years, and assessing the risk of tumor formation is a high priority for clinical studies. Current in vivo tumorigenesis studies require several months and depend strongly on the site of grafting. In this study, we report that the anterior eye chamber is preferable to the subcutaneous space for in vivo tumorigenesis studies for several reasons. First, cells can easily be transplanted into the anterior chamber and monitored in real-time without sacrificing the animals due to the transparency of the cornea. Second, tumor formation is faster than with the conventional subcutaneous method. The median tumor formation time in the subcutaneous area was 18.50 weeks (95% CI 10.20-26.29), vs. 4.0 weeks (95% CI 3.34-.67) in the anterior chamber (P = .0089). When hiPSCs were spiked with fibroblasts, the log10TPD50 was 3.26, compared with 4.99 when hiPSCs were transplanted without fibroblasts. There was more than a 40-fold difference in the log10TPD50 values with fibroblasts. Furthermore, the log10TPD50 for HeLa cells was 1.45 and 100% of animals formed tumors at a concentration greater than 0.1%, indicating that the anterior chamber tumorigenesis assays can be applied for cancer cell lines as well. Thus, our method has the potential to become a powerful tool in all areas of tumorigenesis studies and cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Arai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Hatou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Cellusion Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sayano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Cellusion Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Taniguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Corresponding author: Shigeto Shimmura, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Tel: +81 3 3358 5962; Fax: +81 3 3359 8302;
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Li H, Gao L, Du J, Ma T, Ye Z, Li Z. To Better Generate Organoids, What Can We Learn From Teratomas? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:700482. [PMID: 34336851 PMCID: PMC8324104 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.700482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic profile of animal models is not completely matched with the genomic profile of humans, and 2D cultures do not represent the cellular heterogeneity and tissue architecture found in tissues of their origin. Derived from 3D culture systems, organoids establish a crucial bridge between 2D cell cultures and in vivo animal models. Organoids have wide and promising applications in developmental research, disease modeling, drug screening, precision therapy, and regenerative medicine. However, current organoids represent only single or partial components of a tissue, which lack blood vessels, native microenvironment, communication with near tissues, and a continuous dorsal-ventral axis within 3D culture systems. Although efforts have been made to solve these problems, unfortunately, there is no ideal method. Teratoma, which has been frequently studied in pathological conditions, was recently discovered as a new in vivo model for developmental studies. In contrast to organoids, teratomas have vascularized 3D structures and regions of complex tissue-like organization. Studies have demonstrated that teratomas can be used to mimic multilineage human development, enrich specific somatic progenitor/stem cells, and even generate brain organoids. These results provide unique opportunities to promote our understanding of the vascularization and maturation of organoids. In this review, we first summarize the basic characteristics, applications, and limitations of both organoids and teratomas and further discuss the possibility that in vivo teratoma systems can be used to promote the vascularization and maturation of organoids within an in vitro 3D culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianju Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Cai Q, Liao W, Xue F, Wang X, Zhou W, Li Y, Zeng W. Selection of different endothelialization modes and different seed cells for tissue-engineered vascular graft. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2557-2568. [PMID: 33665496 PMCID: PMC7887299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have enormous potential for vascular replacement therapy. However, thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia are important problems associated with TEVGs especially small diameter TEVGs (<6 mm) after transplantation. Endothelialization of TEVGs is a key point to prevent thrombosis. Here, we discuss different types of endothelialization and different seed cells of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Meanwhile, endothelial heterogeneity is also discussed. Based on it, we provide a new perspective for selecting suitable types of endothelialization and suitable seed cells to improve the long-term patency rate of tissue-engineered vascular grafts with different diameters and lengths. The material, diameter and length of tissue-engineered vascular graft are all key factors affecting its long-term patency. Endothelialization strategies should consider the different diameters and lengths of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Cell heterogeneity and tissue heterogeneity should be considered in the application of seed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjin Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wanshan Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fangchao Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weiming Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yanzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing, China.,Departments of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Krasic J, Skara L, Ulamec M, Katusic Bojanac A, Dabelic S, Bulic-Jakus F, Jezek D, Sincic N. Teratoma Growth Retardation by HDACi Treatment of the Tumor Embryonal Source. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113416. [PMID: 33217978 PMCID: PMC7698704 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Testicular germ cell tumors are the most common neoplasms in young male populations, with a rising incidence. Among them, teratomas may often be very aggressive and resistant to therapy. Our aim was to investigate the impact of two potential anti-tumor epigenetic drugs (Valproate and Trichostatin A) in a mammalian model of teratoma development from an early trilaminar mouse embryo. Both drugs applied to the embryonic tissue had a significant negative impact on the teratoma growth in a three-dimensional in vitro culture. However, Trichostatin A did not diminish some potentially dangerous features of teratomas in contrast to Valproate. This research is an original contribution to the basic knowledge of the origin and development of teratomas. Such knowledge is necessary for envisioning therapeutic strategies against human testicular tumors. Abstract Among testicular germ cell tumors, teratomas may often be very aggressive and therapy-resistant. Our aim was to investigate the impact of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) on the in vitro growth of experimental mouse teratoma by treating their embryonic source, the embryo-proper, composed only of the three germ layers. The growth of teratomas was measured for seven days, and histopathological analysis, IHC/morphometry quantification, gene enrichment analysis, and qPCR analysis on a selected panel of pluripotency and early differentiation genes followed. For the first time, within teratomas, we histopathologically assessed the undifferentiated component containing cancer stem cell-like cells (CSCLCs) and differentiated components containing numerous lymphocytes. Mitotic indices were higher than apoptotic indices in both components. Both HDACi treatments of the embryos-proper significantly reduced teratoma growth, although this could be related neither to apoptosis nor proliferation. Trichostatin A increased the amount of CSCLCs, and upregulated the mRNA expression of pluripotency/stemness genes as well as differentiation genes, e.g., T and Eomes. Valproate decreased the amount of CSCLCs, and downregulated the expressions of pluripotency/stemness and differentiation genes. In conclusion, both HDACi treatments diminished the inherent tumorigenic growth potential of the tumor embryonal source, although Trichostatin A did not diminish the potentially dangerous expression of cancer-related genes and the amount of CSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Krasic
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (L.S.); (A.K.B.); (F.B.-J.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lucija Skara
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (L.S.); (A.K.B.); (F.B.-J.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Katusic Bojanac
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (L.S.); (A.K.B.); (F.B.-J.)
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sanja Dabelic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Floriana Bulic-Jakus
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (L.S.); (A.K.B.); (F.B.-J.)
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Davor Jezek
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Sincic
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.K.); (L.S.); (A.K.B.); (F.B.-J.)
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-45-66-806; Fax: +385-45-960-199
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14
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In Search of TGCT Biomarkers: A Comprehensive In Silico and Histopathological Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8841880. [PMID: 33224314 PMCID: PMC7666710 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8841880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are ever more affecting the young male population. Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) is the origin of TGCTs, namely, seminomas (SE) and a heterogeneous group of nonseminomas (NS) comprising embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, yolk sac tumor, and choriocarcinoma. Response to the treatment and prognosis, especially of NS, depend on precise diagnosis with a necessity for discovery of new biomarkers. We aimed to perform comprehensive in silico analysis at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels of six prospective (HOXA9, MGMT, CFC1, PRSS21, RASSF1A, and MAGEC2) and six known TGCT biomarkers (OCT4, SOX17, SOX2, SALL4, NANOG, and KIT) and assess its congruence with histopathological analysis in all forms of TGCTs. Cancer Hallmarks Analytics Tool, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database, and UALCAN, an interactive web resource for analyzing cancer OMICS data, were used. In 108 TGCT and 48 tumor-free testicular samples, the immunoreactivity score (IRS) was calculated. SE showed higher frequency in DNA alteration, while DNA methylation was significantly higher for all prospective biomarkers in NS. In GCNIS, we assessed the clinical positivity of RASSF1 and PRSS21 in 52% and 62% of samples, respectively, in contrast to low or nil positivity in healthy seminiferous tubules, TGTCs as a group, SE, NS, or all NS components. Although present in approximately 80% of healthy seminiferous tubules (HT) and GCNIS, HOXA9 was diagnostically positive in 64% of TGCTs, while it was positive in 82% of NS versus 29% of SE. Results at the DNA, mRNA, and protein levels on putative and already known biomarkers were included in the suggested panels that may prove to be important for better diagnostics of various forms of TGCTs.
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15
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Deng Y, Zhou Z, Ji W, Lin S, Wang M. METTL1-mediated m 7G methylation maintains pluripotency in human stem cells and limits mesoderm differentiation and vascular development. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:306. [PMID: 32698871 PMCID: PMC7374972 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 7-Methylguanosine (m7G) is one of the most conserved modifications in nucleosides within tRNAs and rRNAs. It plays essential roles in the regulation of mRNA export, splicing, and translation. Recent studies highlighted the importance of METTL1-mediated m7G tRNA methylome in the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) through its ability to regulate mRNA translation. However, the exact mechanisms by which METTL1 regulates pluripotency and differentiation in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of METTL1 in regulating hiPSC self-renewal and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Methods By establishing METTL1 knockdown (KD) hiPSCs, gene expression profiling was performed by RNA sequencing followed by pathway analyses. Anti-m7G northwestern assay was used to identify m7G modifications in tRNAs and mRNAs. Polysome profiling was used to assess the translation efficiency of the major pluripotent transcription factors. Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo differentiation capacities of METTL1-KD hiPSCs were assessed in embryoid body (EB) formation and teratoma formation assays. Results METTL1 silencing resulted in alterations in the global m7G profile in hiPSCs and reduced the translational efficiency of stem cell marker genes. METTL1-KD hiPSCs exhibited reduced pluripotency with slower cell cycling. Moreover, METTL1 silencing accelerates hiPSC differentiation into EBs and promotes the expression of mesoderm-related genes. Similarly, METTL1 knockdown enhances teratoma formation and mesoderm differentiation in vivo by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis in nude mice. Conclusion Our findings provided novel insight into the critical role of METTL1-mediated m7G modification in the regulation of hiPSC pluripotency and differentiation, as well as its potential roles in vascular development and the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Deng
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhongyang Zhou
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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16
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Plazibat M, Katušić Bojanac A, Himerleich Perić M, Gamulin O, Rašić M, Radonić V, Škrabić M, Krajačić M, Krasić J, Sinčić N, Jurić-Lekić G, Balarin M, Bulić-Jakuš F. Embryo-derived teratoma in vitro biological system reveals antitumor and embryotoxic activity of valproate. FEBS J 2020; 287:4783-4800. [PMID: 32056377 PMCID: PMC7687280 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antiepileptic/teratogen valproate (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor/epigenetic drug proposed for the antitumor therapy where it is generally crucial to target poorly or undifferentiated cells to prevent a recurrence. Transplanted rodent gastrulating embryos‐proper (primitive streak and three germ layers) are the source of teratoma/teratocarcinoma tumors. Human primitive‐streak remnants develop sacrococcygeal teratomas that may recur even when benign (well differentiated). To screen for unknown VPA impact on teratoma‐type tumors, we used original 2‐week embryo‐derived teratoma in vitro biological system completed by a spent media metabolome analysis. Gastrulating 9.5‐day‐old rat embryos‐proper were cultivated in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) with 50% rat serum (controls) or with the addition of 2 mmVPA. Spent media metabolomes were analyzed by FTIR. Compared to controls, VPA acetylated histones; significantly diminished overall teratoma growth, impaired survival, increased the apoptotic index, and decreased proliferation index and incidence of differentiated tissues (e.g., neural tissue). Control teratomas continued to grow and differentiate for 14 days in isotransplants in vivo, but in vitro VPA‐treated teratomas resorbed. Principal component analysis of FTIR results showed that spent media metabolomes formed well‐separated clusters reflecting the treatment and day of cultivation. In metabolomes of VPA‐treated teratomas, we found elevation of previously described histone acetylation biomarkers [amide I α‐helix and A(CH3)/A(CH2)]) with apoptotic biomarkers within the amide I region for β‐sheets, and unordered and CH2 vibrations of lipids. VPA may be proposed for therapy of the undifferentiated component of teratoma tumors and this biological system completed by metabolome analysis, for a faster dual screening of antitumor/embryotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milvija Plazibat
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Zabok, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Unit for Biomedical Investigation of Reproduction and Development, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Dental Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Katušić Bojanac
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Unit for Biomedical Investigation of Reproduction and Development, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Himerleich Perić
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Unit for Biomedical Investigation of Reproduction and Development, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ozren Gamulin
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research Unit New Functional Materials, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Rašić
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Clinic,Clinical Hospital Center Sisters of Charity, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Radonić
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department Of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Škrabić
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research Unit New Functional Materials, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maria Krajačić
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jure Krasić
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Unit for Biomedical Investigation of Reproduction and Development, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Unit for Biomedical Investigation of Reproduction and Development, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Jurić-Lekić
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Unit for Biomedical Investigation of Reproduction and Development, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Balarin
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Unit for Biomedical Investigation of Reproduction and Development, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Physics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Floriana Bulić-Jakuš
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Unit for Biomedical Investigation of Reproduction and Development, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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17
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Ravanpay AC, Gust J, Johnson AJ, Rolczynski LS, Cecchini M, Chang CA, Hoglund VJ, Mukherjee R, Vitanza NA, Orentas RJ, Jensen MC. EGFR806-CAR T cells selectively target a tumor-restricted EGFR epitope in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:7080-7095. [PMID: 31903167 PMCID: PMC6925027 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting solid tumor antigens with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy requires tumor specificity and tolerance toward variability in antigen expression levels. Given the relative paucity of unique cell surface proteins on tumor cells for CAR targeting, we have focused on identifying tumor-specific epitopes that arise as a consequence of target protein posttranslational modification. We designed a CAR using a mAb806-based binder, which recognizes tumor-specific untethered EGFR. The mAb806 epitope is also exposed in the EGFRvIII variant transcript. By varying spacer domain elements of the CAR, we structurally tuned the CAR to recognize low densities of EGFR representative of non-gene amplified expression levels in solid tumors. The appropriately tuned short-spacer 2nd generation EGFR806-CAR T cells showed efficient in vitro cytokine secretion and glioma cell lysis, which was competitively blocked by a short peptide encompassing the mAb806 binding site. Unlike the nonselective Erbitux-based CAR, EGFR806-CAR T cells did not target primary human fetal brain astrocytes expressing wild-type EGFR, but showed a similar level of activity compared to Erbitux-CAR when the tumor-specific EGFRvIII transcript variant was overexpressed in astrocytes. EGFR806-CAR T cells successfully treated orthotopic U87 glioma implants in NSG mice, with 50% of animals surviving to 90 days. With additional IL-2 support, all tumors were eradicate without recurrence after 90 days. In a novel human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived teratoma xenograft model, EGFR806-CAR T cells infiltrated but were not activated in EGFR+ epidermal cell nests as assessed by Granzyme B expression. These results indicate that EGFR806-CAR T cells effectively and selectively target EGFR-expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali C Ravanpay
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,University of Washington, Department of Neurological Surgery, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Juliane Gust
- University of Washington, Department of Neurology, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Adam J Johnson
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Lisa S Rolczynski
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Michelle Cecchini
- University of Washington, Department of Neurological Surgery, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Cindy A Chang
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Virginia J Hoglund
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Rithun Mukherjee
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas A Vitanza
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
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18
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Singh R, Fazal Z, Freemantle SJ, Spinella MJ. Mechanisms of cisplatin sensitivity and resistance in testicular germ cell tumors. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:580-594. [PMID: 31538140 PMCID: PMC6752046 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a cancer pharmacology success story with a majority of patients cured even in the highly advanced and metastatic setting. Successful treatment of TGCTs is primarily due to the exquisite responsiveness of this solid tumor to cisplatin-based therapy. However, a significant percentage of patients are, or become, refractory to cisplatin and die from progressive disease. Mechanisms for both clinical hypersensitivity and resistance have largely remained a mystery despite the promise of applying lessons to the majority of solid tumors that are not curable in the metastatic setting. Recently, this promise has been heightened by the realization that distinct (and perhaps pharmacologically replicable) epigenetic states, rather than fixed genetic alterations, may play dominant roles in not only TGCT etiology and progression but also their curability with conventional chemotherapies. In this review, it discusses potential mechanisms of TGCT cisplatin sensitivity and resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sarah J Freemantle
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,The Carle Illinois College of Medicine , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,The Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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19
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Liu LP, Zheng YW. Predicting differentiation potential of human pluripotent stem cells: Possibilities and challenges. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:375-382. [PMID: 31396366 PMCID: PMC6682503 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i7.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The capability of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines to propagate indefinitely and differentiate into derivatives of three embryonic germ layers makes these cells be powerful tools for basic scientific research and promising agents for translational medicine. However, variations in differentiation tendency and efficiency as well as pluripotency maintenance necessitate the selection of hPSC lines for the intended applications to save time and cost. To screen the qualified cell lines and exclude problematic cell lines, their pluripotency must be confirmed initially by traditional methods such as teratoma formation or by high-throughput gene expression profiling assay. Additionally, their differentiation potential, particularly the lineage-specific differentiation propensities of hPSC lines, should be predicted in an early stage. As a complement to the teratoma assay, RNA sequencing data provide a quantitative estimate of the differentiation ability of hPSCs in vivo. Moreover, multiple scorecards have been developed based on selected gene sets for predicting the differentiation potential into three germ layers or the desired cell type many days before terminal differentiation. For clinical application of hPSCs, the malignant potential of the cells must also be evaluated. A combination of histologic examination of teratoma with quantitation of gene expression data derived from teratoma tissue provides safety-related predictive information by detecting immature teratomas, malignancy marker expression, and other parameters. Although various prediction methods are available, distinct limitations remain such as the discordance of results between different assays and requirement of a long time and high labor and cost, restricting their wide applications in routine studies. Therefore, simpler and more rapid detection assays with high specificity and sensitivity that can be used to monitor the status of hPSCs at any time and fewer targeted markers that are more specific for a given desired cell type are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
- University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
- University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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20
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Liu J, Huang Z, Yang L, Wang X, Wang S, Li C, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Wang B, Sang X, He X, Wang C, Liu T, Liu C, Jin L, Liu C, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang Z. Embryonic Stem Cells Modulate the Cancer-Permissive Microenvironment of Human Uveal Melanoma. Theranostics 2019; 9:4764-4778. [PMID: 31367256 PMCID: PMC6643444 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The currently used anti-cancer therapies work by killing cancer cells but result in adverse effects and resistance to treatment, which accelerates aging and causes damage to normal somatic cells. On one hand, chicken and zebrafish embryos can reprogram cancer cells towards a non-tumorigenic phenotype; however, they cannot be used in the clinical practice. On the other hand, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) mimic the early embryonic microenvironment and are easily available. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the ESC microenvironment (ESCMe) in human uveal melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Human uveal melanoma C918 cells co-cultured with ESCs were used to measure the levels of mRNA and protein of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Cell proliferation, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity of C918 cells were also analyzed. To mimic the tumor microenvironment in vivo, we co-cultured C918 cells and normal somatic cells with ESCs in a co-culture system and evaluated the therapeutic potential of ESCMe in both cell types. For an in vivo study, a mouse tumor model was used to test the safety and efficacy of the transplanted ESC. Elimination of the transplanted ESCs in mice was carried out by using the ESC-transfected with a thymidine kinase suicidal gene followed by administration of ganciclovir to prevent the formation of teratomas by ESCs. Results: In vitro studies confirmed that ESCMe inhibits the proliferation, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity of C918 cells, and the PI3K agonist abolished these effects. ESCMe suppressed the various malignant behaviors of uveal melanoma cells but enhanced the proliferation of normal somatic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrated that ESCMe suppressed the PI3K pathway in tumor cells but activated in somatic cells. Conclusions: The ESCMe can effectively suppress the malignant phenotype of uveal melanoma cells and modulate the tumor-promoting aging environment by preventing the senescence of normal cells through the bidirectional regulation of the PI3K signaling. Our results suggest that ESC transplantation can serve as an effective and safe approach for treating cancer without killing cells.
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21
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Sobočan N, Katušić Bojanac A, Sinčić N, Himelreich-Perić M, Krasić J, Majić Ž, Jurić-Lekić G, Šerman L, Vlahović M, Ježek D, Bulić-Jakuš F. A Free Radical Scavenger Ameliorates Teratogenic Activity of a DNA Hypomethylating Hematological Therapeutic. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:717-733. [PMID: 30672391 PMCID: PMC6585171 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spin-trap free radical scavenger N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitron (PBN) ameliorated effects of several teratogens involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated for the first time whether PBN could ameliorate teratogenesis induced by a DNA hypomethylating hematological therapeutic 5-azacytidine (5azaC). At days 12 and 13 of gestation, Fisher rat dams were pretreated by an i.v. injection of PBN (40 mg/kg) and 1 h later by an i.p. injection of 5azaC (5mg/kg). Development was analyzed at gestation day 15 in embryos and day 20 in fetuses. PBN alone did not significantly affect development. PBN pretreatment restored survival of 5azaC-treated dams' embryos to the control level, restored weight of embryos and partially of fetuses, and partially restored crown-rump lengths. PBN pretreatment converted limb adactyly to less severe oligodactyly. PBN pretreatment restored global DNA methylation level in the limb buds to the control level. Cell proliferation in limb buds of all 5azaC-treated dams remained significantly lower than in controls. In the embryonic liver, PBN pretreatment normalized proliferation diminished significantly by 5azaC; whereas in embryonic vertebral cartilage, proliferation of all 5azaC-treated dams was significantly higher than in PBN-treated dams or controls. Apoptotic indices significantly enhanced by 5azaC in liver and cartilage were not influenced by PBN pretreatment. However, PBN significantly diminished ROS or reactive nitrogen species markers nitrotyrosine and 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine elevated by 5azaC in embryonic tissues, and, therefore, activity of this DNA hypomethylating agent was associated to the activation of free radicals. That pretreatment with PBN enhanced proliferation in the liver and not in immature tissue is interesting for the treatment of 5azaC-induced hepatotoxicity and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sobočan
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University Hospital Merkur, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Katušić Bojanac
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Himelreich-Perić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jure Krasić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Majić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Jurić-Lekić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Šerman
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Vlahović
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Ježek
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Floriana Bulić-Jakuš
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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22
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MacArthur CC, Pradhan S, Wetton N, Zarrabi A, Dargitz C, Sridharan M, Jackson S, Pickle L, Lakshmipathy U. Generation and comprehensive characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells for translational research. Regen Med 2019; 14:505-524. [PMID: 31115261 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold immense potential in disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Despite advances in reprogramming methods, generation of clinical-grade iPSCs remains a challenge. Reported here is the first off-the-shelf reprogramming kit, CTS CytoTune-iPS 2.1, specifically designed for clinical and translational research. Workflow gaps were identified, and methods developed were used to consistently generate iPSC from multiple cell types. Resulting clones were subjected to characterization that included confirmation of pluripotency, preservation of genomic integrity and authentication of cell banks via an array of molecular methods including high resolution microarray and next-generation sequencing. Development of integrated xeno-free workflows combined with comprehensive characterization offers generation of high-quality iPSCs that are suited for clinical and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad C MacArthur
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Suman Pradhan
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Nichole Wetton
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Aryan Zarrabi
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Carl Dargitz
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Sridharan
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Stephen Jackson
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Loni Pickle
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Uma Lakshmipathy
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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23
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Chen Z, Ren X, Xu X, Zhang X, Hui Y, Liu Z, Shi L, Fang Y, Ma L, Liu Y, Terheyden-Keighley D, Liu L, Zhang X. Genetic Engineering of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Precise Cell Fate Tracing during Human Lineage Development. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1257-1271. [PMID: 30449321 PMCID: PMC6234918 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is highly desirable to specify human developmental principles in an appropriate human model with advanced genetic tools. However, genetically engineering human cells with lineage-tracing systems has not been achieved. Here we introduce strategies to construct lineage-tracing systems in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The AAVS1 locus was suitable for the integration of the conditional reporter. The Cre-LoxP and Flp-FRT systems were highly sensitive, which may cause inaccurate lineage labeling in human cells. The recombination sensitivity and tracing fidelity could be finely tuned by modification of the LoxP recombination site. Moreover, tamoxifen-controllable CreERT2-LoxP and FlpERT2-FRT systems showed compelling advantages in tightly tracing human lineages temporally. In proof-of-principle experiments, we traced human PAX6+ neuroectoderm cells and revealed their full neural lineage differentiation potency both in vitro and in vivo. Devising and optimizing of lineage-tracing systems in hESCs will thus set up a solid foundation for human developmental studies. Two-step strategy for constructing lineage-tracing systems in human PSCs Tracing fidelity could be shaped via modifying the LoxP sequences Temporal tracing could be achieved by introducing inducible recombinases Tracing PAX6-expressing neuroectoderm identifies its full neural lineage potency
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Ren
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjie Xu
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hui
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Liu
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Terheyden-Keighley
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Reconstruction and Regeneration of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Reconstruction and Regeneration of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Katusic Bojanac A, Rogosic S, Sincic N, Juric-Lekic G, Vlahovic M, Serman L, Jezek D, Bulic-Jakus F. Influence of hyperthermal regimes on experimental teratoma development in vitro. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:131-144. [PMID: 30066346 PMCID: PMC6104434 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened for the impact of hyperthermal regimes varying in the cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C (CEM43°C) and media composition on tumour development using an original teratoma in vitro model. Rat embryos (three germ layers) were microsurgically isolated and cultivated at the air‐liquid interface. During a two week period, ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal derivatives developed within trilaminar teratomas. Controls were grown at 37°C. Overall growth was measured, and teratoma survival and differentiation were histologically assessed. Cell proliferation was stereologically quantified by the volume density of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen. Hyperthermia of 42°C, applied for 15 minutes after plating (CEM43°C 3.75 minutes), diminished cell proliferation (P ˂ .0001) and enhanced differentiation of both myotubes (P ˂ .01) and cylindrical epithelium (P ˂ .05). Hyperthermia of 43°C applied each day for 30 minutes during the first week (CEM43°C 210 minutes) impaired overall growth (P ˂ .01) and diminished cell proliferation (P ˂ .0001). Long‐term hyperthermia of 40.5°C applied for two weeks (CEM43°C 630 minutes) significantly impaired survival (P ˂ .005). Long‐term hyperthermia of 40.5°C applied from the second day when differentiation of tissues begins (CEM43°C 585 minutes) impaired survival (P ˂ .0001), overall growth (P ˂ .01) and cartilage differentiation (P ˂ .05). No teratomas survived extreme regimes: 43°C for 24 hours (CEM43°C 1440 minutes), hyperthermia in the scant serum‐free medium (CEM43°C 630 minutes) or treatment with an anti‐HSP70 antibody before long‐term hyperthermia 40.5°C from the second day (CEM43°C 585 minutes). This in vitro research provided novel insights into the impact of hyperthermia on the development of experimental teratomas from their undifferentiated sources and are thus of potential interest for future therapeutic strategies in corresponding in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Katusic Bojanac
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Srdjan Rogosic
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Sincic
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Juric-Lekic
- Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Vlahovic
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Serman
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Jezek
- Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Floriana Bulic-Jakus
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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25
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Slack JMW. What is a stem cell? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e323. [PMID: 29762894 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The historical roots of the stem cell concept are traced with respect to its usage in embryology and in hematology. The modern consensus definition of stem cells, comprising both pluripotent stem cells in culture and tissue-specific stem cells in vivo, is explained and explored. Methods for identifying stem cells are discussed with respect to cell surface markers, telomerase, label retention and transplantability, and properties of the stem cell niche are explored. The CreER method for identifying stem cells in vivo is explained, as is evidence in favor of a stochastic rather than an obligate asymmetric form of cell division. In conclusion, it is found that stem cells do not possess any unique and specific molecular markers; and stem cell behavior depends on the environment of the cell as well as the stem cell's intrinsic qualities. Furthermore, the stochastic mode of division implies that stem cell behavior is a property of a cell population not of an individual cell. In this sense, stem cells do not exist in isolation but only as a part of multicellular system. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Methods and Principles Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Environmental Control of Stem Cells.
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26
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Epigenetics and testicular germ cell tumors. Gene 2018; 661:22-33. [PMID: 29605605 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Dricu
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova , Romania
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28
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Bouma MJ, van Iterson M, Janssen B, Mummery CL, Salvatori DCF, Freund C. Differentiation-Defective Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveal Strengths and Limitations of the Teratoma Assay and In Vitro Pluripotency Assays. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 8:1340-1353. [PMID: 28494940 PMCID: PMC5425621 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to form teratomas in vivo containing multiple somatic cell types is regarded as functional evidence of pluripotency for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Since the Teratoma assay is animal dependent, laborious, and only qualitative, the PluriTest and the hPSC ScoreCard assay have been developed as in vitro alternatives. Here we compared normal hPSCs, induced hPSCs (hiPSCs) with reactivated reprogramming transgenes, and human embryonal carcinoma cells (hECs) in these assays. While normal hPSCs gave rise to typical teratomas, the xenografts of the hECs and the hiPSCs with reactivated reprogramming transgenes were largely undifferentiated and malignant. The hPSC ScoreCard assay confirmed the line-specific differentiation propensities in vitro. However, when undifferentiated cells were analyzed by the PluriTest, only hECs were identified as abnormal whereas all other cell lines were indistinguishable and resembled normal hPSCs. Our results indicate that pluripotency assays are best selected on the basis of intended downstream applications. Side-by-side comparison of teratomas/TeratoScore, hPSC ScoreCard, and PluriTest hiPSCs with reactivated transgenes form embryonal carcinomas in vivo hiPSCs with reactivated transgenes show impaired differentiation capacity in vitro • PluriTest does not distinguish hiPSCs with reactivated transgenes from normal hPSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Marga J Bouma
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Iterson
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Janssen
- GenomeScan B.V., Plesmanlaan 1D, 2333 BZ Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daniela C F Salvatori
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Christian Freund
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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29
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Secreto FJ, Li X, Smith AJ, Bruinsma ES, Perales-Clemente E, Oommen S, Hawse G, Hrstka SCL, Arendt BK, Brandt EB, Wigle DA, Nelson TJ. Quantification of Etoposide Hypersensitivity: A Sensitive, Functional Method for Assessing Pluripotent Stem Cell Quality. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1829-1839. [PMID: 28924979 PMCID: PMC6430057 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) hold great promise in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, translation of hiPSC technology depends upon a means of assessing hiPSC quality that is quantitative, high‐throughput, and can decipher malignant teratocarcinoma clones from normal cell lines. These attributes are lacking in current approaches such as detection of cell surface makers, RNA profiling, and/or teratoma formation assays. The latter remains the gold standard for assessing clone quality in hiPSCs, but is expensive, time‐consuming, and incompatible with high‐throughput platforms. Herein, we describe a novel method for determining hiPSC quality that exploits pluripotent cells’ documented hypersensitivity to the topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide (CAS No. 33419‐42‐0). Based on a study of 115 unique hiPSC clones, we established that a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of <300 nM following 24 hours of exposure to etoposide demonstrated a positive correlation with RNA profiles and colony morphology metrics associated with high quality hiPSC clones. Moreover, our etoposide sensitivity assay (ESA) detected differences associated with culture maintenance, and successfully distinguished malignant from normal pluripotent clones independent of cellular morphology. Overall, the ESA provides a simple, straightforward method to establish hiPSC quality in a quantitative and functional assay capable of being incorporated into a generalized method for establishing a quality control standard for all types of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1829–1839
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Secreto
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xing Li
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alyson J Smith
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Bruinsma
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ester Perales-Clemente
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Saji Oommen
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gresin Hawse
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sybil C L Hrstka
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bonnie K Arendt
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emma B Brandt
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dennis A Wigle
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine BioTrust, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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30
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Levine S, Grabel L. The contribution of human/non-human animal chimeras to stem cell research. Stem Cell Res 2017; 24:128-134. [PMID: 28941410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric animals are made up of cells from two separate zygotes. Human/non-human animal chimeras have been used for a number of research purposes, including human disease modeling. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) research has relied upon the chimera approach to examine the developmental potential of stem cells, to determine the efficacy of cell replacement therapies, and to establish a means of producing human organs. Based on ethical issues, this work has faced pushback from various sources including funding agencies. We discuss here the essential role these studies have played, from gaining a better understanding of human biology to providing a stepping stone to human disease treatments. We also consider the major ethical issues, as well as the current status of support for this work in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Levine
- Department of Biology and College of the Environment, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, United States.
| | - Laura Grabel
- Department of Biology and College of the Environment, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, United States.
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31
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Slack JM. Animal regeneration: ancestral character or evolutionary novelty? EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1497-1508. [PMID: 28747491 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An old question about regeneration is whether it is an ancestral character which is a general property of living matter, or whether it represents a set of specific adaptations to the different circumstances faced by different types of animal. In this review, some recent results on regeneration are assessed to see if they can throw any new light on this question. Evidence in favour of an ancestral character comes from the role of Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein signalling in controlling the pattern of whole-body regeneration in acoels, which are a basal group of bilaterian animals. On the other hand, there is some evidence for adaptive acquisition or maintenance of the regeneration of appendages based on the occurrence of severe non-lethal predation, the existence of some novel genes in regenerating organisms, and differences at the molecular level between apparently similar forms of regeneration. It is tentatively concluded that whole-body regeneration is an ancestral character although has been lost from most animal lineages. Appendage regeneration is more likely to represent a derived character resulting from many specific adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mw Slack
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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32
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Mora C, Serzanti M, Consiglio A, Memo M, Dell'Era P. Clinical potentials of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:351-360. [PMID: 28176010 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging, injuries, and diseases can be considered as the result of malfunctioning or damaged cells. Regenerative medicine aims to restore tissue homeostasis by repairing or replacing cells, tissues, or damaged organs, by linking and combining different disciplines including engineering, technology, biology, and medicine. To pursue these goals, the discipline is taking advantage of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), a peculiar type of cell possessing the ability to differentiate into every cell type of the body. Human PSCs can be isolated from the blastocysts and maintained in culture indefinitely, giving rise to the so-called embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, since 2006, it is possible to restore in an adult cell a pluripotent ESC-like condition by forcing the expression of four transcription factors with the rejuvenating reprogramming technology invented by Yamanaka. Then the two types of PSC can be differentiated, using standardized protocols, towards the cell type necessary for the regeneration. Although the use of these derivatives for therapeutic transplantation is still in the preliminary phase of safety and efficacy studies, a lot of efforts are presently taking place to discover the biological mechanisms underlying genetic pathologies, by differentiating induced PSCs derived from patients, and new therapies by challenging PSC-derived cells in drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mora
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marialaura Serzanti
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Consiglio
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Dell'Era
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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33
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Links between DNA Replication, Stem Cells and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020045. [PMID: 28125050 PMCID: PMC5333035 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers can be categorized into two groups: those whose frequency increases with age, and those resulting from errors during mammalian development. The first group is linked to DNA replication through the accumulation of genetic mutations that occur during proliferation of developmentally acquired stem cells that give rise to and maintain tissues and organs. These mutations, which result from DNA replication errors as well as environmental insults, fall into two categories; cancer driver mutations that initiate carcinogenesis and genome destabilizing mutations that promote aneuploidy through excess genome duplication and chromatid missegregation. Increased genome instability results in accelerated clonal evolution leading to the appearance of more aggressive clones with increased drug resistance. The second group of cancers, termed germ cell neoplasia, results from the mislocation of pluripotent stem cells during early development. During normal development, pluripotent stem cells that originate in early embryos give rise to all of the cell lineages in the embryo and adult, but when they mislocate to ectopic sites, they produce tumors. Remarkably, pluripotent stem cells, like many cancer cells, depend on the Geminin protein to prevent excess DNA replication from triggering DNA damage-dependent apoptosis. This link between the control of DNA replication during early development and germ cell neoplasia reveals Geminin as a potential chemotherapeutic target in the eradication of cancer progenitor cells.
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34
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Adler-Wailes DC, Kramer JA, DePamphilis ML. Geminin Is Essential for Pluripotent Cell Viability During Teratoma Formation, but Not for Differentiated Cell Viability During Teratoma Expansion. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:285-302. [PMID: 27821018 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are unusual in that geminin has been reported to be essential either to prevent differentiation by maintaining expression of pluripotency genes or to prevent DNA rereplication-dependent apoptosis. To distinguish between these two incompatible hypotheses, immune-compromised mice were inoculated subcutaneously with ESCs harboring conditional Gmnn alleles alone or together with a tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase gene. Mice were then injected with tamoxifen at various times during which the ESCs proliferated and differentiated into a teratoma. For comparison, the same ESCs were cultured in vitro in the presence of monohydroxytamoxifen. The results revealed that geminin is a haplosufficient gene that is essential for ESC viability before they differentiate into a teratoma, but once a teratoma is established, the differentiated cells can continue to proliferate in the absence of Gmnn alleles, geminin protein, and pluripotent stem cells. Thus, differentiated cells did not require geminin for efficient proliferation within the context of a solid tissue, although they did when teratoma cells were cultured in vitro. These results provide proof-of-principle that preventing geminin function could prevent malignancy in tumors derived from pluripotent cells by selectively eliminating the progenitor cells with little harm to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Adler-Wailes
- 1 Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua A Kramer
- 2 Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- 1 Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda, Maryland
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35
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Sugai K, Fukuzawa R, Shofuda T, Fukusumi H, Kawabata S, Nishiyama Y, Higuchi Y, Kawai K, Isoda M, Kanematsu D, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Kohyama J, Iwanami A, Suemizu H, Ikeda E, Matsumoto M, Kanemura Y, Nakamura M, Okano H. Pathological classification of human iPSC-derived neural stem/progenitor cells towards safety assessment of transplantation therapy for CNS diseases. Mol Brain 2016; 9:85. [PMID: 27642008 PMCID: PMC5027634 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of tumorigenicity is a hurdle for regenerative medicine using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although teratoma formation is readily distinguishable, the malignant transformation of iPSC derivatives has not been clearly defined due to insufficient analysis of histology and phenotype. In the present study, we evaluated the histology of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) generated from integration-free human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived iPSCs (iPSC-NSPCs) following transplantation into central nervous system (CNS) of immunodeficient mice. We found that transplanted iPSC-NSPCs produced differentiation patterns resembling those in embryonic CNS development, and that the microenvironment of the final site of migration affected their maturational stage. Genomic instability of iPSCs correlated with increased proliferation of transplants, although no carcinogenesis was evident. The histological classifications presented here may provide cues for addressing potential safety issues confronting regenerative medicine involving iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sugai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fukuzawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Hayato Fukusumi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Soya Kawabata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Miho Isoda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Office, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanematsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | | | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Eiji Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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