Extracellular vesicle-mediated communication between CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and tumor cells

Tumors pose a significant global public health challenge, resulting in numerous fatalities annually. CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in combating tumors; however, their effectiveness is compromised by the tumor itself and the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in reduced efficacy of immunotherapy. In this dynamic interplay, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as pivotal mediators, facilitating direct and indirect communication between tumors and CD8+ T cells. In this article, we provide an overview of how tumor-derived EVs directly regulate CD8+ T cell function by carrying bioactive molecules they carry internally and on their surface. Simultaneously, these EVs modulate the TME, indirectly influencing the efficiency of CD8+ T cell responses. Furthermore, EVs derived from CD8+ T cells exhibit a dual role: they promote tumor immune evasion while also enhancing antitumor activity. Finally, we briefly discuss current prevailing approaches that utilize functionalized EVs based on tumor-targeted therapy and tumor immunotherapy. These approaches aim to present novel perspectives for EV-based tumor treatment strategies, demonstrating potential for advancements in the field.

Nanomaterial-Based Strategies for Preventing Tumor Metastasis by Interrupting the Metastatic Biological Processes

Tumor metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. The prevention of tumor metastasis has garnered notable interest and interrupting metastatic biological processes is considered a potential strategy for preventing tumor metastasis. The tumor microenvironment (TME), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and premetastatic niche (PMN) play crucial roles in metastatic biological processes. These processes can be interrupted using nanomaterials due to their excellent physicochemical properties. However, most studies have focused on only one aspect of tumor metastasis. Here, the hypothesis that nanomaterials can be used to target metastatic biological processes and explore strategies to prevent tumor metastasis is highlighted. First, the metastatic biological processes and strategies involving nanomaterials acting on the TME, CTCs, and PMN to prevent tumor metastasis are briefly summarized. Further, the current challenges and prospects of nanomaterials in preventing tumor metastasis by interrupting metastatic biological processes are discussed. Nanomaterial-and multifunctional nanomaterial-based strategies for preventing tumor metastasis are advantageous for the long-term fight against tumor metastasis and their continued exploration will facilitate rapid progress in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tumor metastasis. Novel perspectives are outlined for developing more effective strategies to prevent tumor metastasis, thereby improving the outcomes of patients with cancer.

Effects of robot-assisted gait training on motor performance of lower limb in poststroke survivors: a systematic review with meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effects of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) on improving walking ability, and to determine the optimal dosage of task-specific training based on RAGT for stroke patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two investigators independently searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) from inception to 31 January 2020. The study design was a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing the intervention of RAGT plus conventional therapy to conventional therapy alone. RCTs mainly focus on lower limb motor function as the primary outcomes, while the secondary outcomes involve gait speed, walking distance, cadence, balance, and activities of daily living (ADL). Pooled effect estimates were calculated by comparing the change from baseline to the end of the study in each group.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight RCTs were included. The pooled analysis showed that RAGT had a significantly short-term effect on improving lower limb function [standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.32, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.55]. Additionally, there were significant improvements in gait speed (MD 0.10, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.14) and ADL (SMD 0.17, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.32). Subgroup analyses indicated that RAGT lasting for 30-60 minutes per day over 4 weeks yielded a moderate effect size (SMD 0.53, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.90). Additionally, RAGT significantly promoted lower limb function recovery in the early stage after a stroke (SMD 0.33, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.58) or in non-ambulatory patients (SMD 0.35, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.59).

CONCLUSIONS

RAGT demonstrated significant positive effects on lower limb function post-stroke. Our results provide additional evidence to support that RAGT is a potentially appropriate intervention to promote lower limb recovery in individuals who have had a stroke.

Clinical efficacy of modified sacral fixation under Leonardo da Vinci robot laparoscopy for pelvic organ prolapse

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical efficacy of modified sacral fixation under Leonardo da Vinci robot laparoscopy for pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Sixty POP patients admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were picked and divided into Group A (laparoscopic Y-mesh, n = 20), Group B (laparoscopic sacrovaginal fixation, n = 20), and Group C (da Vinci robotic sacral fixation, n = 20). These three groups were compared in terms of the perioperative indexes, such as operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative indwelling catheter days, anal exhaust time, postoperative hospitalization days, etc. The occurrence of short-term and long-term complications in the three groups was compared. The changes of the following index values in the POP quantification system (POP -Q) staging before and 1 year after surgery were recorded and compared among the three groups. It mainly includes the midline of the anterior vaginal wall at 3 cm from the hymenal margin (Aa), the farthest point of the anterior vaginal vault from point Aa (Ba), the farthest point of the ectocervix (C), the location of the posterior vaginal vault or rectal uterine trap (D), the midline of the posterior vaginal wall at 3 cm from the hymenal margin (Ap), and the reflection of the posterior vaginal vault at the farthest point from the Ap point (Bp) values. The changes in Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-Short Form 20 (PFDI-20) and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) were recorded and compared before and 1 year after the operation.

RESULTS

The patients in Group C had significantly lower intraoperative bleeding, postoperative indwelling catheter days, anal exhaust time, and postoperative hospitalization days compared with those in Group A and Group B (p < 0.05). There existed no statistical difference in the incidence of short-term and long-term complications between Group B and Group C (p > 0.05), but both were much lower than Group A (p < 0.05). The differences in POP-Q staging, PFDI-20 scale, and PISQ-12 scale were not statistically significant among the three groups before surgery (p > 0.05), and the POP-Q staging Aa, Ba, C, D, Ap, and Bp values, PFDI-20 scale, and PISQ-12 scale were strongly improved in three groups after the surgery (p < 0.05). However, the POP-Q staging, PFDI-20 scale, and PISQ-12 scale among the three groups had no obvious difference after the surgery (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The efficacy of modified sacral fixation under Leonardo da Vinci robot laparoscopy for POP was comparable to that of laparoscopic Y-mesh treatment and laparoscopic sacral vaginal fixation. However, da Vinci's robotic sacral fixation had the advantages of less intraoperative bleeding and faster postoperative recovery, which helped patients recover quickly and improved their quality of life.

[Single-cell RNA sequencing deciphers transcriptional profiles of hepatocytes in mouse with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the cell composition and the transcriptional characteristics in microenvironments of hepatic tissues in mice at late stage of Echinococcus multilocularis infection at a single-cell level.

METHODS

Peri-lesion and paired distal hepatic specimens were collected from two BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks old) infected with E. multilocularis for single-cell RNA sequencing. The Seurat package in the R software was employed for quality control of data, multi-sample integration and correction of batch effects, and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) algorithm was used for cell clustering. Cell types were annotated using classical marker genes. Differentially expressed genes were screened in each cell type through differential gene expression analysis, and the biological roles of cells were predicted using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses.

RESULTS

A total of 43 710 cells from peri-lesion and distal hepatic tissues of E. multilocularis-infected mice were analyzed, and were classified into 11 cell types, including neutrophils, T cells, macrophages, granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells, B cells, plasma cells, basophils, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and platelets. T cells were the largest population of immune cells in the microenvironment of hepatic tissues, including five CD4⁺ T cell subsets, two CD8⁺ T cell subsets and phosphoantigen-reactive γδT cells. The proportions of CD4⁺ helper T cells and cytotoxic CD4⁺ T cells decreased and the proportion of T helper 2 (Th2) cells increased in peri-lesion tissues relative to distal hepatic tissues. In addition, the differentially expressed genes in Th2 cells were associated with negative regulation of the immune system, and the highly expressed genes in cytotoxic CD4⁺ T cells correlated with activation of the immune system.

CONCLUSIONS

Single-cell RNA sequencing deciphers the cell composition and distribution in microenvironments of hepatic tissues from mice infected with E. multilocularis, and the increased proportion of Th2 cells in peri-lesion hepatic tissues may be associated with formation of immunosuppressive microenvironments.

Does Periodontitis Affect the Association of Biological Aging with Mortality?

The prevalence of periodontitis is increasing with the aging of the global population. Periodontitis has been suggested to accelerate aging and increase mortality. The present nationwide prospective cohort study aimed to determine whether periodontitis could modify the association of biological aging with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and older adults. Participants ≥40 y of age from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were included (n = 6,272). Phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) was used to evaluate the biological aging process. Moderate/severe periodontitis was defined using a half-reduced Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American Academy of Periodontology case definition. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was conducted to estimate the association between PhenoAgeAccel and mortality risk, followed by effect modification analysis to test whether periodontitis modified the association. During a median follow-up of 24.5 y, 3,600 (57.4%) deaths occurred. The positive relationships between PhenoAgeAccel and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were nonlinear. After adjusting for potential confounders, the highest quartile of PhenoAgeAccel was associated with increased all-cause mortality in individuals with no/mild periodontitis (hazard ratio for Q4 vs. Q1 [HR_Q4vs.Q1] = 1.789; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.541-2.076). In contrast, the association was enhanced in patients with moderate/severe periodontitis (HR_Q4vs.Q1 = 2.446 [2.100-2.850]). Periodontal status significantly modified the association between PhenoAgeAccel and all-cause mortality (P for interaction = 0.012). In subgroup analyses, the modifying effect of periodontitis was observed in middle-aged adults (40-59 y), females, and non-Hispanic Whites. Although cause-specific mortality showed a similar trend, the PhenoAgeAccel × periodontitis interaction did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, periodontitis might enhance the association of biological aging with all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older adults. Hence, maintaining and enhancing periodontal health is expected to become an intervention to slow aging and extend life span.

Levels of peripheral IL-6 and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and their prognostic significance in COVID-19

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to discuss the prognostic significance of peripheral interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in COVID-19.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Eighty-four COVID-19 patients were retrospectively analyzed and classified into three groups, including the moderate group (15 cases), the serious group (45 cases), and the critical group (24 cases). The levels of peripheral IL-6, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ were determined for each group. It was assessed whether these indicators were correlated to the prognosis and death risks of COVID-19 patients.

RESULTS

The three groups of COVID-19 patients differed significantly in the levels of peripheral IL-6 and CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The IL-6 levels in the critical, moderate, and serious groups were increased successively, but the changed levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were just opposite to that of IL-6 (p<0.05). The peripheral IL-6 level increased dramatically in the death group, while the levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells decreased significantly (p<0.05). The peripheral IL-6 level was significantly correlated with the level of CD8+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the critical group (p<0.05). The logistic regression analysis indicated a dramatic increase in the peripheral IL-6 level in the death group (p=0.025).

CONCLUSIONS

The aggressiveness and survival of COVID-19 were highly correlated with the increases in IL-6 and CD4+/CD8+ T cells. The fatalities of COVID-19 individuals remained at increased incidence due to elevated peripheral IL-6 levels.

Exome-wide screening identifies novel rare risk variants for bone mineral density

Bone mineral density (BMD) is an independent risk factor of osteoporosis-related fractures. We performed gene-based burden tests to assess the association between rare variants and BMD, and identified several BMD candidate genes.

PURPOSE

BMD is highly heritable and a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, but its genetic basis remains unclear. We aimed to identify rare risk variants contributing to BMD.

METHODS

Utilizing the newly released UK Biobank 200,643 exome dataset, we conducted a gene-based exome-wide association study in males and females, respectively. First, 100,639 males and 117,338 females with BMD values were included in the polygenic risk scores (PRS) analysis. Among individuals with lower 30% PRS, cases were individuals with top 10% BMD, and individuals with bottom 10% BMD were the controls. Considering the effects of vitamin D (VD), individuals with the highest 30% VD concentration were selected for VD-BMD analysis. After quality control, 741 males and 697 females were included in the BMD analysis, and 717 males and 708 females were included in the VD-BMD analysis. The variants were annotated by ANNOVAR software, then BMD and VD-BMD qualified variants were imported into the SKAT R-package to perform gene-based burden tests, respectively.

RESULTS

The gene-based burden test of the exonic variants identified genome-wide candidate associations in ANKRD18A (P = 1.60 × 10^-5, P_{Bonferroni adjust} = 2.11 × 10^-3), C22orf31 (P = 3.49 × 10^-4, P_{Bonferroni adjust} = 3.17 × 10^-2), and SPATC1L (P = 1.09 × 10^-5, P_{Bonferroni adjust} = 8.80 × 10^-3). For VD-BMD analysis, three genes were associated with BMD, such as NIPAL1 (P = 1.06 × 10^-3, P_{Bonferroni adjust} = 3.91 × 10^-2).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggested that rare variants contribute to BMD, providing new sights for broadening the genetic structure of BMD.

Study of pharyngeal airway morphology with CBCT: Benefits of four premolar extraction orthodontic treatments

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Four premolars extractions are routine procedures for correction of malocclusion, but will inevitably lead to a reduction of tongue space, whether this will weaken the pharyngeal airway remains a controversy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs of 80 patients who completed four premolar extraction orthodontic treatments were collected and divided into three anteroposterior skeletal groups according to the ANB (angle subspinale to nasion to supramentale) value. Linear, angular, cross-sectional area, and volumetric dimensions of the pharyngeal airway were measured using Dolphin Imaging 11.9 software. One-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient test were performed to assess the intergroup comparisons. Treatment changes were evaluated with two-sample t-tests.

RESULTS

In intergroup comparisons, vertical linear and cross-sectional area differences were identified in S-Go/N-Me, VD1, VD1/N-Me, VD2/N-Me, AA, OAA and OMINI (p<0.05), while other measurements showed no significant differences. Angle2, the tilting degree of the pharyngeal airway, showed a positive correlation with ANB (p<0.05). As for the treatment changes, a significant increase was found in the pharyngeal airway in the Class I group (OUA p<0.05, VD1 p<0.001, VD2 p<0.05) and Class II group (VD1 p<0.001. VD2, p<0.05), and inversely, a significant decrease was found in the pharyngeal airway in the Class III group (OAA p<0.05, OMINI p<0.05, OUA p<0.05). No volumetric difference was identified. Interestingly, regarding the preoperative pharyngeal airway size, values trended to the mean value significantly.

CONCLUSION

Four premolar extraction orthodontic treatments did not affect the pharyngeal airway volume except for the vertical liner and cross-sectional area dimensions. The trend of the gold standard suggested a positive influence of four premolar extraction orthodontic treatments.

[Is pre-oxygenation with high-flow nasal oxygen safe? randomized control trial of 56 cases of elderly patients during induction of general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the safety of preoxygenation with high-flow nasal oxygenation in elderly patients during induction of general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation.

METHODS

Fifty-six elderly patients without difficult airway were randomized equally into high-flow nasal oxygen group (HF group) and conventional mask oxygen group (M group). Preoxygenation was performed for 5 min before induction of general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. Oxygenation was maintained during laryngoscopy in HF group, and ventilation lasted until laryngoscopy in M group. For all the patients, the general data, cross-sectional area (CSA) of the gastric antrum measured by ultrasonography, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) and arterial oxygen saturation (cSO₂) were recorded before preoxygenation (T1), at 5 min of preoxygenation (T2) and immediately after intubation (T3). The safety time of asphyxia, intubation time, times of mask ventilation and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The general data were comparable between the two groups. After 5 min of preoxygenation, PaO₂ and cSO₂ were significantly increased in both groups, and PaO₂ was significantly higher in HF group than in M group (F=118.108 vs 9.511, P < 0.05). Both PaO₂ and cSO₂ decreased after intubation, but PaO₂ decreased more slowly in HF group and still remained higher than that at T1; cSO₂ decreased significantly in M group to a lower level than that at T1. Compared with those in M group, the patients in HF group showed a significantly longer safety time of asphyxia (t=5.305, P < 0.05) with fewer times of mask ventilation (χ²= 6.720, P < 0.05). PaCO₂ increased after intubation in both groups but was comparable between the two groups (F=3.138, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

High-flow nasal oxygen is safe, simple and effective for pre-oxygenation, which, as compared with the conventional oxygen mask, improves arterial oxygen partial pressure and prolongs the safety time of asphyxia to ensure the safety of airway management during induction of general anesthesia in elderly patients with endotracheal intubation.

SuperSonic shear imaging for the differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To assess the diagnostic value of SuperSonic shear imaging (SSI) for the differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules through meta-analysis.

METHODS

Online database searches were performed on PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science until 31 July 2021. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Three measures of diagnostic test performance were used to examine the value of SSI, including the summary area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), the summary diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and the summary sensitivity and specificity. Heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression and subgroup analyses.

RESULTS

Finally, 21 studies with 3376 patients were included in this study. There were a total of 4296 thyroid nodules, in which 1806 malignant nodules and 2490 benign ones were involved. Thyroid nodules exhibited a malignancy rate of 42.0% (range 5.6-79.8%), 95.1% of which were of papillary variant. SSI showed a summary sensitivity of 74% [95% confidence interval (CI) 67-79%], specificity of 82% (95% CI 77-87%) and AUROC of 0.85 (95% CI 0.82-0.88) for the differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. The summary positive likelihood ratio (LR), negative LR, and DOR were 4.2 (95% CI 3.3-5.3), 0.32 (95% CI 0.26-0.40), and 13 (95% CI 9-18), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

SSI showed high accuracy in the diagnostic differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules and can be served as a noninvasive and important adjunct for thyroid nodule evaluation.

[Levels and trends of significant injury-caused deaths in the Chinese population, 2010-2019]

Objective: To analyze the level and changing trend of significant injury-caused deaths in the Chinese population from 2010 to 2019 and provide evidence for related intervention. Methods: Data on notable injury-caused deaths in areas under National Disease Surveillance Programs were collected from 2010 to 2019. Crude and standardized mortality rates of four significant injuries were calculated to describe the status of injury-caused deaths. The trend of changes in standardized mortality rates was analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model. Results: The overall trend of standardized mortality rate on an injury during 2010-2019 was consistently decreasing (AAPC=-3.5%, P<0.001) while the general direction of accidental fall standardized mortality rate was increasing (AAPC=1.0%, P=0.104). The standardized mortality rate for significant injuries fluctuated with age, increasing for those aged 50-79 years (AAPC=3.9% for the 50- group, AAPC=5.6% for the 60- group, and AAPC=4.6% for the 70- group, all P<0.001). The standardized mortality rates for all major injuries were higher in males than those in females, with road traffic accidents and drowning declining faster in males than that in females (AAPC=-5.3% in the male road traffic accident group, AAPC=-3.8% in the female road traffic accident group, AAPC=-4.0% in the male drowning group, AAPC=-3.5% in the female drowning group, all P<0.001), and suicide and sequelae declining faster in females than that in males (AAPC=-6.4% in female, AAPC=-4.7% in male, all P<0.001). The standardized mortality rate for significant injuries was higher in rural than that in urban areas and decreased faster than that in urban areas. The central region had the highest standardized mortality rate for suicide and sequelae. The western part had the highest standardized mortality rates for road traffic accidents, accidental falls, and drowning, with the fastest decline in road traffic accidents and drowning (AAPC=-5.3% in the road traffic accident group and AAPC=-5.3% in the drowning group, both P<0.001). Conclusions: The mortality rate from significant injuries in the Chinese population showed a continuous downward trend from 2010 to 2019, with a rebound in the standardized mortality rate from accidental falls in recent years among the elderly, males, rural residents, and central and western regions being the focus of future prevention and control.

Treponema denticola Induces Alzheimer-Like Tau Hyperphosphorylation by Activating Hippocampal Neuroinflammation in Mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. Tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid β (Aβ) deposition are the key pathological hallmarks of AD. Recent studies have shown that periodontitis is a significant risk factor for AD. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors have been shown to initiate and promote the hallmark pathologies and behavioral symptoms of AD. A possible link between Treponema denticola, another main periodontal pathogen, and AD has been reported. However, the role of T. denticola in AD pathogenesis is still unclear, and whether T. denticola and P. gingivalis exert a synergistic effect to promote AD development needs to be further studied. In this study, we investigated whether oral infection with T. denticola caused tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampi of mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. Orally administered T. denticola induced alveolar bone resorption, colonized brain tissues, and increased the activity of the phosphokinase GSK3β by activating neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, thus promoting the hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein at Ser396, Thr181, and Thr231 in mice. An in vitro study with BV2 and N2a cell models of T. denticola invasion also verified the role of this pathogen in tau phosphorylation. T. denticola and P. gingivalis were not found to exert a synergistic effect on tau phosphorylation. In summary, these findings provide new insight into the important role of T. denticola in AD pathogenesis, providing biological connections between periodontal diseases and AD.

[Evaluation of safety of two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in a large-scale emergency use]

Objective: To evaluate the safety of two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in a large-scale emergency use. Methods: Based on the "Vaccination Information Collection System", the incidence data of adverse reactions in the population vaccinated with the inactivated COVID-19 vaccines developed by Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd and Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, respectively, in emergency use were collected, and the relevant information were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological and statistical methods. Results: By December 1, 2020, the vaccination information of 519 543 individuals had been collected. The overall incidence rate of adverse reactions was 1.06%, the incidence rate of systemic adverse reactions was 0.69% and the incidence rate of local adverse reactions was 0.37%. The main systemic adverse reactions included fatigue, headache, fever, cough and loss of appetite with the incidence rates of 0.21%, 0.14%, 0.06%, 0.05% and 0.05%, respectively; the main local adverse reactions were injection site pain and injection site swelling with the incidence rates of 0.24% and 0.05%, respectively. Conclusion: The two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines by Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd and Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd showed that in the large-scale emergency use, the incidence rate of general reactions was low and no serious adverse reactions were observed after the vaccinations, demonstrating that the vaccines have good safety.

Outcome of treatment of MDR-TB or drug-resistant patients treated with bedaquiline and delamanid: Results from a large global cohort

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends countries introduce new anti-TB drugs in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The aim of the study is to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of bedaquiline (and/or delamanid)- containing regimens in a large cohort of consecutive TB patients treated globally. This observational, prospective study is based on data collected and provided by Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) centres and analysed twice a year. All consecutive patients (including children/adolescents) treated with bedaquiline and/or delamanid were enrolled, and managed according to WHO and national guidelines. Overall, 52 centres from 29 countries/regions in all continents reported 883 patients as of January 31st 2021, 24/29 countries/regions providing data on 100% of their consecutive patients (10-80% in the remaining 5 countries). The drug-resistance pattern of the patients was severe (>30% with extensively drug-resistant -TB; median number of resistant drugs 5 (3-7) in the overall cohort and 6 (4-8) among patients with a final outcome). For the patients with a final outcome (477/883, 54.0%) the median (IQR) number of months of anti-TB treatment was 18 (13-23) (in days 553 (385-678)). The proportion of patients achieving sputum smear and culture conversion ranged from 93.4% and 92.8% respectively (whole cohort) to 89.3% and 88.8% respectively (patients with a final outcome), a median (IQR) time to sputum smear and culture conversion of 58 (30-90) days for the whole cohort and 60 (30-100) for patients with a final outcome and, respectively, of 55 (30-90) and 60 (30-90) days for culture conversion. Of 383 patients treated with bedaquiline but not delamanid, 284 (74.2%) achieved treatment success, while 25 (6.5%) died, 11 (2.9%) failed and 63 (16.5%) were lost to follow-up.

Selection of different endothelialization modes and different seed cells for tissue-engineered vascular graft

Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have enormous potential for vascular replacement therapy. However, thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia are important problems associated with TEVGs especially small diameter TEVGs (<6 mm) after transplantation. Endothelialization of TEVGs is a key point to prevent thrombosis. Here, we discuss different types of endothelialization and different seed cells of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Meanwhile, endothelial heterogeneity is also discussed. Based on it, we provide a new perspective for selecting suitable types of endothelialization and suitable seed cells to improve the long-term patency rate of tissue-engineered vascular grafts with different diameters and lengths.

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The material, diameter and length of tissue-engineered vascular graft are all key factors affecting its long-term patency.

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Endothelialization strategies should consider the different diameters and lengths of tissue-engineered vascular grafts.

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Cell heterogeneity and tissue heterogeneity should be considered in the application of seed cells.

Differences in erythrocyte phospholipid membrane long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the prevalence of fatty acid desaturase genotype among African Americans and European Americans

Numerous studies have reported an association between genetic variants in fatty acid desaturases (FADS1 and FADS2) and plasma or erythrocyte long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels. Increased levels of n-6 PUFAs have been associated with inflammation and several chronic diseases, including diabetes and cancer. We hypothesized that genetic variants of FADS that more efficiently convert precursor n-6 PUFA to arachidonic acid (AA) may explain the higher burden of chronic diseases observed in African Americans. To test this hypothesis, we measured the level of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and genotyped the rs174537 FADS variants associated with higher AA conversion among African American and European American populations. We included data from 1,733 individuals who participated in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study, a large colonoscopy-based case-control study. Erythrocyte membrane PUFA percentages were measured using gas chromatography. Generalized linear models were used to estimate association of race and genotype on erythrocyte phospholipid membrane PUFA levels while controlling for self-reported dietary intake. We found that African Americans have higher levels of AA and a higher prevalence of GG allele compared to whites, 81% vs 43%, respectively. Homozygous GG genotype was negatively associated with precursor PUFAs (linoleic [LA], di-homo-γ-linolenic [DGLA]), positively associated with both product PUFA (AA, docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), product to precursor ratio (AA to DGLA), an indirect measure of FADs efficiency and increased urinary isoprostane F2 (F2-IsoP) and isoprostane F3 (F3-IsoP), markers of oxidative stress. Increased consumption of n-6 PUFA and LA resulting in increased AA and subsequent inflammation may be fueling increased prevalence of chronic diseases especially in African descent.

FACILITIES FOR NANO MATERIALS EXAMINATION AT THE PULSTAR REACTOR

The PULSTAR is a 1-MWth nuclear research reactor located at North Carolina State University. It is fueled by uranium dioxide assemblies enriched to 4% or 6% in U-235 and is currently under licensing for operation at 2-MWth power. The PULSTAR is a center for irradiation testing and pre/post irradiation examination of materials. Among its unique capabilities are positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) facilities. The PAS facility provides an intense positron beam reaching 6 × 108 e+/s, which drives two spectrometers; the e+-PAS and the Ps-PAS, used for studies of defects in thin film materials. A Na-22 bulk PAS system is also operational, which is used for studying millimeter scale materials. All spectrometers are capable of performing Doppler Broadening Spectroscopy (DBS) and Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS). To date, the PAS systems have been used to characterize various materials (unirradiated and irradiated) that include graphite, soft matter, and metal-organic frameworks (MOF). The NPD facility uses a double focusing single crystal silicon rotating monochromator producing neutron beams with different energies. A position sensitive detection bank covers a scattering angle of 5°-125°. The facility is used in the examination of unirradiated and irradiated materials including graphitic materials, magnetic materials without rare-earth elements, and anode materials used in lithium batteries. The collected diffraction patterns can be processed to produce atomic pair distribution functions. The PAS and NPD facilities are available through user programs including the US DOE’s Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) and the US NSF’s Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network (RTNN).

Asymptomatic COVID-19 infection in patients with cancer at a cancer-specialized hospital in Wuhan, China - Preliminary results

OBJECTIVE

Patients with cancer are usually immunosuppressive and susceptible to COVID-19 infection. Asymptomatic COVID-19 cases are infective and cannot be identified by symptom-based screening. There is an urgent need to control virus spread by asymptomatic carriers at cancer centres. We aim to describe the characteristics, screening methods, and outcomes of cancer patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 infection and to further explore anti-tumour treatment for this population.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We reviewed patients with cancer who were admitted to Hubei Cancer Hospital in Wuhan from February 1, 2020, to April 4, 2020. We collected demographic data, laboratory findings, treatment information, nucleic acid and serum test results, chest computed tomography (CT) information and survival status of cancer patients diagnosed with asymptomatic COVID-19 infection.

RESULTS

A total of 16 cancer patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 infection were confirmed. The most common cancer type was breast cancer. The blood cell counts of most patients were in the normal range. Lymphocytes of 100% of asymptomatic carriers were in the normal range. Thirteen (81.3%) patients were positive for virus-specific IgM antibodies, and three (18.8%) were positive by PCR; only one (6.3%) patient showed novel coronavirus pneumonia features on CT. Three (18.3%) patients died, and the cause of death was considered malignancy caused by delaying anti-tumour treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows that the lymphocytes of 100% of asymptomatic carriers were in the normal range. This result indicates that the host immunity of asymptomatic carriers is not significantly disrupted by COVID-19. Single PCR detection is not sufficient to screen among asymptomatic individuals, and a combination of PCR tests, serological tests and CT is of great importance. Unless the tumour is life-threatening or rapidly progressing, we advise restarting active anti-tumour therapy after PCR tests become negative.

HIV-1 genotype is independently associated with immunodeficiency progression among Chinese men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study

OBJECTIVES

HIV-1 genetic diversity is increasing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China, but the association of HIV-1 genotype with disease progression remains to be elucidated.

METHODS

We collected data in an observational longitudinal cohort study of 860 HIV-1-infected MSM in Guangzhou, China between January 2008 and March 2017. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were used to predict the time from HIV-1 diagnosis to immunodeficiency progression (CD4 cell count < 200 cells/μl) as well as adjusted hazard ratio (aHR).

RESULTS

CRF01_AE and HIV-1 subtype B infection were associated with higher percentage of patients progressed to immunodeficiency and higher incidence of immunodeficiency than infection with CRF07_BC or CRF55_01B. Compared with CRF07_BC, the time from HIV-1 diagnosis to immunodeficiency were different among the major HIV-1 genotypes, which ranked as follows, in descending order: CRF07_BC (7.03 years) > CRF55_01B (5.71 years, P = 0.014; aHR 3.752, P = 0.0923) > CRF01_AE (5.18 years, P < 0.001; aHR 4.733, P = 0.0152). HIV-1 genotype, viral load and baseline CD4 T-cell count were three independent variables associated with disease progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results confirm differential rates of immunodeficiency progression as a function of HIV-1 genotype. The impact of HIV-1 genotype on HIV epidemics, patient management and prevention should be further investigated.

Are left ventricular muscle area and radiation attenuation associated with overall survival in advanced pancreatic cancer patients treated with chemotherapy?

AIM

To evaluate whether cardiac muscle area and radiation attenuation, determined using pre-chemotherapy computed tomography (CT), are associated with therapeutic response and overall survival (OS) in chemotherapy-treated advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety-eight chemotherapy-treated APC patients who underwent pre-chemotherapy CT between 2009 and 2018 were considered. Left ventricular muscle area (LVMA) and left ventricular muscle radiation attenuation (LVMRA) were measured using pre-chemotherapy arterial-phase CT. OS and progression-free survival (PFS) were analysed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to analyse potential factors affecting OS and PFS.

RESULTS

Patients with low LVMRA, low LVMA at baseline CT, and multiple metastases had a significantly shorter median OS than patients with high LVMRA, high LVMA, and without multiple metastases (8.8 versus 14 months, p=0.017; 12.2 versus 18.1 months, p=0.038; 7.3 versus 13.5 months, p<0.001, respectively). Patients with low LVMRA and distant metastasis had a shorter median PFS than patients with high LVMRA and those without distant metastasis (4.9 versus 8.3 months, p=0.032; 5.4 versus 9.9 months, p=0.002, respectively). Moreover, the mean LVMRA was the highest in the partial response group (p=0.028).

CONCLUSION

LVMRA could well predict PFS and OS in chemotherapy-treated APC patients.

MiR-425 involves in the development and progression of renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting E2F6

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of miR-425 on the proliferation and apoptosis of clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCA) cells, and to explore the underlying mechanism.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 80 pairs of human clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCA) and cancer-adjacent normal tissue samples were collected in this study. Human ccRCA cell line (786-O) and normal human kidney cell line (HK-2) were used in cellular research. The expression level of miR-425 was detected in ccRCA tissues and cells, respectively. Target genes of miR-425 were predicted by bioinformatics and verified by luciferase reporter gene assay. Moreover, the role of miR-425 in regulating E2F6 as well as its effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of ccRCA cells were detected.

RESULTS

Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results showed that the expression of miR-425 was significantly decreased in ccRCA tissues and cells. The proliferation ability and cell cycle of 786-O cells were significantly inhibited after miR-425 overexpression. The percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase was remarkably increased, while the percentage of cells in S and G2/M phases was significantly decreased. Besides, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased in the miR-425 intervention group. On-line target gene prediction software indicated that E2F6 was the potential downstream target gene of miR-425. RT-PCR, Western blotting and luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that the expression of E2F6 was negatively regulated by miR-425. In addition, subsequent experiments showed that the up-regulation of E2F6 could suppress the inhibitory effect of miR-425 on the proliferation and apoptosis of ccRCA cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research demonstrated the inhibitory function of miR-425 in ccRCA. Therefore, the miR-425/E2F6 axis was expected to be one of the targets of ccRCA targeted therapy.

HMGA1-mediated miR-671-5p targets APC to promote metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through Wnt signaling

This study aimed to investigate the effect of miR-671-5p on metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and underlying mechanism involved. The migration and invasion of ccRCC cells were determined by transwell and boyden assays in vitro and in vivo. Genes mRNA and protein expression were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. The target gene of miRNA was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Transcriptional regulation of miRNA by transcription factor was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP). The expression of miRNA in clinical specimens were detected by in situ hybridization (ISH). miR-671-5p promoted migration and invasion of ccRCC in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, miR-671-5p directly targeted APC to activate Wnt signaling, thus inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ccRCC. Intriguingly, miR-671-5p expression was transcriptionally enhanced by HMGA1. Consistently, bioinformatics analysis suggested that HMGA1 was positively correlated with miR-671 expression, however, miR-671 was negatively correlated with APC. In situ hybridization analysis showed that miR-671-5p was upregulated in ccRCC compared with paracarcinoma and correlated with poor prognosis of ccRCC patients. In addition, univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that miR-671-5p expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in ccRCC patients. Our data suggest that miR-671-5p is a tumor enhancer in regulating of ccRCC metastasis, and miR-671-5p may be utilized as a factor for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of ccRCC.

Timing of HPV16-E6 antibody seroconversion before OPSCC: findings from the HPVC3 consortium

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)-E6 antibodies are detectable in peripheral blood before diagnosis in the majority of HPV16-driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), but the timing of seroconversion is unknown.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We formed the HPV Cancer Cohort Consortium which comprises nine population cohorts from Europe, North America and Australia. In total, 743 incident OPSCC cases and 5814 controls provided at least one pre-diagnostic blood sample, including 111 cases with multiple samples. Median time between first blood collection and OPSCC diagnosis was 11.4 years (IQR = 6-11 years, range = 0-40 years). Antibodies against HPV16-E6 were measured by multiplex serology (GST fusion protein based Luminex assay).

RESULTS

HPV16-E6 seropositivity was present in 0.4% of controls (22/5814; 95% CI 0.2% to 0.6%) and 26.2% (195/743; 95% CI 23.1% to 29.6%) of OPSCC cases. HPV16-E6 seropositivity increased the odds of OPSCC 98.2-fold (95% CI 62.1-155.4) in whites and 17.2-fold (95% CI 1.7-170.5) in blacks. Seropositivity in cases was more frequent in recent calendar periods, ranging from 21.9% pre-1996 to 68.4% in 2005 onwards, in those with blood collection near diagnosis (lead time <5 years). HPV16-E6 seropositivity increased with lead time: 0.0%, 13.5%, 23.7%, and 38.9% with lead times of >30 years (N = 24), 20-30 years (N = 148), 10-20 years (N = 228), and <10 years (N = 301 cases) (p-trend < 0.001). Of the 47 HPV16-E6 seropositive cases with serially-collected blood samples, 17 cases seroconverted during follow-up, with timing ranging from 6 to 28 years before diagnosis. For the remaining 30 cases, robust seropositivity was observed up to 25 years before diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The immune response to HPV16-driven tumorigenesis is most often detectable several decades before OPSCC diagnosis. HPV16-E6 seropositive individuals face increased risk of OPSCC over several decades.

Zoledronic acid combined with percutaneous kyphoplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fracture in a single T12 or L1 vertebral body in postmenopausal women

We performed a 1-year prospective study to see whether zoledronic acid infusion combined with percutaneous kyphoplasty could provide more benefits in the treatment of T12 or L1 osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF).

INTRODUCTION

To investigate and analyze the clinical effects of zoledronic acid (ZOL) in combination with percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) in the treatment of OVCF in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

Included in this study were 101 postmenopausal women patients with T12 or L1 OVCF who received PKP in our hospital between August 2015 and July 2017. They were randomly assigned to a zoledronic acid (ZOL) group (n = 50) or a control group (n = 51). Patients in ZOL group were treated preoperatively with IV infusion of 5 mg ZOL in combination with 0.25μg/d calcitriol and D3 600 mg/d calcium carbonate for a year. Patients in the control group were treated with the same dose of calcitriol and calcium carbonate D3 without ZOL.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference in age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), menopause age, and the fractured vertebral body between the two groups. At 6 and 12 months after treatment, bone mineral density (BMD) in ZOL group was higher than that in the control group (p < 0.01); bone markers (NMID, P1NP, and β-CTX) and the VAS score in ZOL group were significantly lower than those in the control group. No new fracture occurred in ZOL group. The incidence of recompression vertebral fracture (RVF) in the control group was 11.7%, while no RVF was detected in any patient in ZOL group. Mild adverse reactions in ZOL group were significantly higher than those in the control group, but all of them were relieved after symptomatic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

ZOL IV infusion in combination with PKP is beneficial for the treatment of T12 or L1 OVCF.

[The regulation of tight junction protein via PKCα/β for abnormal permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to paraquat]

Objective: To explore if conventional protein kinase C (cPKC: PKCα and PKCβ) contributes to paraquat (PQ) -induced abnormal permeability of mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) via the regulation of tight junction (TJ) proteins. Methods: The immortalized mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) was used to establish a monolayer blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. In order to evaluate the function of the in vitro BBB model, the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability were measured by a Millicell-ERS volt-ohmmeter and sodium fluorescent (Na-FLU) , respectively. MTT assay was used to determine the relative survival rate of cells. The dose-response relationship was determined by treating cells with 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μmol/L PQ for 24 hours. The time-response relationship was determined by treating cells with 200 μmol/L PQ for 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. After the treatment of cells with 0, 100, 200, and 300 μmol/L PQ for 24 hours, the protein and mRNA expression levels of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 were measured by immunofluorescence (IF) and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) , respectively; the expression of PKCα, PKCβ, phosphorylated (p) -PKCα, and p-PKCβ was determined by Western blot. After the treatment of cells with 200? mol/L PQ for 24 hours following the pretreatment with a classical PKC inhibitor (Go 6983, 1 μmol/L) for 1 hour, the protein expression of ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-5, p-PKCα, and p-PKCβ was measured by Western blot. Results: The TEER of the bEnd. 3 cells increased gradually with the cell culture time, and reached a peak value of 114.3±6.9 Ω·cm(2) on day 6. According to the permeability analysis by Na-FLU, cell permeability gradually decreased with the cell culture time, and reached 1.7±0.2 cm/min on day 6, suggesting a well-behaved barrier function of cells. Compared with the control group, the survival rates of the bEnd.3 cells were significantly reduced after exposure to 100, 200, or 300 μmol/L PQ for 24 hours (P<0.05) , or after exposure to 200 μmol/L PQ for 6, 12, 24, 48, or 72 hours (P <0.05) , indicating a dose-and time-dependent relationship. The IF and qRT-PCR results showed that the protein and mRNA expression levels of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 were significantly reduced with the increase in the concentration of PQ (P<0.05) . The Western blot analysis showed that compared with the control group, cells exposed to PQ had significantly higher protein expression of p-PKCα and p-PKCβ and significantly lower protein expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 (P<0.05) . Compared with the PQ treatment group, the Go 6983 intervention group had significantly higher protein expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 and significantly lower protein expression of p-PKCα and p-PKCβ (P<0.05) . Conclusion: By activation of cPKC (PKCα and PKCβ) , PQ reduces the protein and mRNA expression of TJ proteins and enhances the permeability of murine BMECs.

[Role of MAPK signaling pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of type II alveolar epithelial cells induced by Paraquat]

Objective: To investigate the roles of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) , extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-tenninal kinases (JNK) of MAPK signaling pathway in Paraquat-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of type II alveolarepithelial cells. Methods: RLE-6NT cells were incubated with different concentrations of PQ (0, 25, 50, 100μmol/L) for 6, 12 and 24 h. Cell morphology alteration was observed under phase-contrast microscopy. Cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. Cell migration ability was detected using scratch wound assay. Protein expression of P-p38 MAP, P-Erk1/2, P-JNK, E-cad, ZO-1, Vimentin and а-SMA were detected by western blot. The level of genes related to fibrosis (COL-I, COL-III, FN and FSP-1) were analyzed via quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Results: Cell morphology started to undergo EMT changes with a phenotype characteristic of mesenchymal cells, including an elongated shape and a lack of tight cell-cell adhesions induced by 100μmol/L PQ treatment in a time-dependent manner. MTT showed that cell viability decreased with increasing PQ concentration (50、100、200、300 μmol/L PQ treatment for 24 h) and increasing treatment time (200 μmol/L PQ treatment for 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 h) . Compared to control group, the expressions of the epithelial phenotype marker E-cad and ZO-1 significantly decreased with PQ treatment (50, 100μmol/L) in a time-dependent manner (P<0.05) . Additionally, the level of the mesenchymal marker (a-SMA, vimentin) dramatically increased with PQ treatment in the same concentration-and time-dependent manner (P<0.05) . Cell migration ability was markedly increased after 24 h of 100 μmol/L PQ treatment compared to control (P<0.05) . The phosphorylated forms of p38 MAPK, Erk1/2, and JNK were increased at 24 h after stimulation with PQ (P<0.05) . This PQ induced (100 μmol/L) phosphorylation was markedly attenuated in the presence of the p38 MAPK, ERK and JNK inhibitors (SB-203580, SP-600125 and PD98059) respectively. Furthermore, RT-PCR showed that PQ significantly induced the upregulation expression of COL I and III mRNA, Fn, and FSP-1 mRNA (P<0.05) . Conclusion: PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis occurs via EMT, which is mediated by the MAPK pathway.

Vitamin B6 catabolism and lung cancer risk: results from the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium (LC3)

BACKGROUND

Increased vitamin B6 catabolism related to inflammation, as measured by the PAr index (the ratio of 4-pyridoxic acid over the sum of pyridoxal and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate), has been positively associated with lung cancer risk in two prospective European studies. However, the extent to which this association translates to more diverse populations is not known.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For this study, we included 5323 incident lung cancer cases and 5323 controls individually matched by age, sex, and smoking status within each of 20 prospective cohorts from the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium. Cohort-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between PAr and lung cancer risk were calculated using conditional logistic regression and pooled using random-effects models.

RESULTS

PAr was positively associated with lung cancer risk in a dose-response fashion. Comparing the fourth versus first quartiles of PAr resulted in an OR of 1.38 (95% CI: 1.19-1.59) for overall lung cancer risk. The association between PAr and lung cancer risk was most prominent in former smokers (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.36-2.10), men (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.28-2.00), and for cancers diagnosed within 3 years of blood draw (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.34-2.23).

CONCLUSION

Based on pre-diagnostic data from 20 cohorts across 4 continents, this study confirms that increased vitamin B6 catabolism related to inflammation and immune activation is associated with a higher risk of developing lung cancer. Moreover, PAr may be a pre-diagnostic marker of lung cancer rather than a causal factor.

The effect of different organic solvents and anion salts on sodium ion storage in cylindrical carbon nanopores

In this article fully atomistic Molecular Dynamics simulations were employed to study the behaviour of electrolyte salts and different organic solvents in cylindrical carbon nanotubes, in order to reveal the storage mechanism.

[Robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy: our early experience]

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy (RATT).Method: The clinical data of 66 patients undergoing RATT from November 2016 to May 2018 were prospectively collected and analyzed. The average age was (38.61±11.72) years, 57 cases were female and 9 cases were male. Preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma in 58 cases and follicular thyroid tumor in 8 cases.Result:All the patients successfully completed RATT, and there was no open operation, in which 54 cases of ipsilateral lobetomy and isthmus resection and ipsilateral central lymph node dissection, 8 cases with ipsilateral lobectomy and contralateral near-total lobectomy, and total thyroidectomy with ipsilateral central lymph node dissection and selective neck dissection combined with retroauricular approach in 4 cases. The mean operative time was (124.30±23.41) min, and the average bleeding volume was (17.73±8.28) ml. The mean diameter of thyroid papillary carcinoma was (0.71±6.22) cm, and the postoperative drainage volume was (67.57±25.11) ml. The average postoperative hospitalization time was (3.24±0.81) days. 3 cases (4.5%) had temporary laryngeal nerve palsy after operation, and 1 case (1.5%) had temporary hypocalcemia after operation, all recovered after one month. No postoperative bleeding, subcutaneous emphysema, drinking water cough and permanent hypocalcemia were observed. The average numbers of lymph node dissection in PTC patients were (6.26±4.76), of which 21 cases (36.2%) had lymph node metastasis, postoperative stage T1 54 cases, T2 4 cases, N1a 17 cases, N1b 4 cases. The follow-up time were 1-18 months. The postoperative cosmetic VAS score in January was (9.66±0.54). Ultrasound showed no residual glands in the affected thyroid gland, and there was no recurrence in the local and regional regions.Conclusion:RATT is safe and feasible with good aesthetic effect and can be used as an option for the treatment of thyroid diseases..