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Zhang TC, Lin YC, Sun NN, Liu S, Hu WZ, Zhao Y, Dong XH, He XP. Icariin, astragaloside a and puerarin mixture attenuates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via inhibition of ferroptosis-lipid peroxidation. Neurochem Int 2024; 175:105705. [PMID: 38412923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that seriously threatens the quality of life of the elderly. Its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Ferroptosis, a cell death caused by excessive accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Uncontrolled lipid peroxidation is the core process of ferroptosis, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation of ferroptosis may be an important therapeutic target for AD. Based on previous studies, we mixed standards of icariin, astragaloside IV, and puerarin, named the standard mixture YHG, and investigated the effect of YHG on ferroptosis -lipid peroxidation in APP/PS1 mice. DFX, a ferroptosis inhibitor, was used as a control drug. In this study, APP/PS1 mice were used as an AD animal model, and behavioral experiments, iron level detection, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, lipid peroxidation level detection, antioxidant capacity detection, immunofluorescence, Western blot and real-time qPCR were performed. It was found that YHG could reduce body weight, significantly improve abnormal behaviors and the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons in APP/PS1 mice. The results of biochemical tests showed that YHG reduced the contents of iron, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid peroxide (LPO) in brain tissue and serum, and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Immunofluorescence, WesternBlot and real-time qPCR results showed that YHG could promote the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4). Inhibited the expression of long-chain acyllipid coenzyme a synthetase 4(ACSL4) and lysophosphatidyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3). This study suggests that the mechanism by which YHG improves cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice may be related to the inhibition of ferroptosis-lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ci Zhang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-cerebrovasc, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Yi-Can Lin
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-cerebrovasc, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Ning-Ning Sun
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-cerebrovasc, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-cerebrovasc, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Hu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-cerebrovasc, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-cerebrovasc, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Xian-Hui Dong
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-cerebrovasc, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping He
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-cerebrovasc, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China.
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Optimization of a Method for Detecting Intracellular Sulfane Sulfur Levels and Evaluation of Reagents That Affect the Levels in Escherichia coli. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071292. [PMID: 35883783 PMCID: PMC9311597 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur is a class of compounds containing zero-valent sulfur. Most sulfane sulfur compounds are reactive and play important signaling roles. Key enzymes involved in the production and metabolism of sulfane sulfur have been characterized; however, little is known about how to change intracellular sulfane sulfur (iSS) levels. To accurately measure iSS, we optimized a previously reported method, in which reactive iSS reacts with sulfite to produce thiosulfate, a stable sulfane sulfur compound, before detection. With the improved method, several factors were tested to influence iSS in Escherichia coli. Temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure showed little effect. At commonly used concentrations, most tested oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, hypochlorous acid, and diamide, did not affect iSS, but carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone increased iSS. For reductants, 10 mM dithiothreitol significantly decreased iSS, but tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine did not. Among different sulfur-bearing compounds, NaHS, cysteine, S2O32− and diallyl disulfide increased iSS, of which only S2O32− did not inhibit E. coli growth at 10 mM or less. Thus, with the improved method, we have identified reagents that may be used to change iSS in E. coli and other organisms, providing tools to further study the physiological functions of iSS.
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Wang Q, Chen Z, Zhang X, Xin Y, Xia Y, Xun L, Liu H. Rhodanese Rdl2 produces reactive sulfur species to protect mitochondria from reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:287-298. [PMID: 34748908 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria damage is related to a broad spectrum of pathologies including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and carcinogenesis. Recently, it has been found that reactive sulfur species (RSS) has a close connection with mitochondrial health. However, the enzyme involving in mitochondrial RSS generation and the mechanism of how RSS affects mitochondrial health are not well understood. In this study, we discovered that rhodanese 2 (Rdl2) is the main enzyme responsible for RSS generation in S. cerevisiae mitochondria, in which no sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (Sqr) is present. Rdl2 releases sulfane sulfur atoms (S0) from stable S0 carriers (thiosulfate and dialkyl polysulfide) to produce RSS. Rdl2 deletion leads to morphological change, dysfunction, and DNA degradation of mitochondria. Rdl2-generated RSS can protect DNA from HO• attack. The reaction rate between RSS and HO• is ∼1010 M-1s-1, two magnitudes higher than that of HO• reacting with DNA. Surprisingly, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) promotes HO• production through stimulating the Fenton reaction, leading to increased DNA damage. This study highlights the antioxidation function of RSS in vivo and sheds a light on the elusive connection between RSS biogenesis and mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuping Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Department of Chemistry, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4630, USA.
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Eteshola EOU, Haupt DA, Koos SI, Siemer LA, Morris DL. The role of metal ion binding in the antioxidant mechanisms of reduced and oxidized glutathione in metal-mediated oxidative DNA damage. Metallomics 2020; 12:79-91. [PMID: 31750486 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of glutathione in its reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms against metal-mediated oxidative DNA damage was studied by monitoring production of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) from calf-thymus DNA. GSH and GSSG were combined with Fe(ii) and Cu(ii) before and after addition of DNA to investigate the role of metal coordination in the antioxidant mechanism. The antioxidant behavior of GSH and GSSG was also compared to the known radical scavenger DMSO. GSH and GSSG lower oxidative DNA damage for Fe(ii) and Cu(ii) reactions. GSH only exhibited appreciable antioxidant behavior when combined with Fe(ii) prior to adding DNA, and GSH and GSSG were slightly more effective against Cu(ii)-mediated damage when combined with Cu(ii) prior to adding DNA. Raman spectra of GSH in the presence of Cu(ii) indicate that Cu(ii) oxidizes GSH and raises the possibility that the antioxidant activity of GSH against Cu(ii) reactions may be attributed to its ability to form GSSG. No evidence of GSH oxidation in the presence of Fe(ii) was observed. The fluorescent probe dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) shows that the presence of GSH (for Cu(ii) reactions) and GSSG (for Fe(ii) and Cu(ii) reactions) lowers levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bulk solution. Overall, the results suggest that the mechanism of antioxidant activity for GSH and GSSG against Fe(ii) and Cu(ii)-mediated oxidative damage involves metal coordination, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies of the Cu(ii)-GSSG system show an enthalpically favored complexation reaction with an apparent 1 : 1 stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias O U Eteshola
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology/Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Yadav R, Odera K, Rai A, Takahashi R, Mishra L. Synthesis, characterization, and supramolecular architectures of two distinct classes of probes for the visualization of endogenously generated hypochlorite ions in response to cellular activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 198:111594. [PMID: 31446177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct classes of compounds, (E)-2-(((3-amino-4-nitrophenyl) imino) methyl)-5-(diethylamino) phenol (SB) and 5-(diethylamino)-2-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) phenol (IM) were synthesized. SB, a bright red colored compound was crystallized in acetonitrile as a triclinic crystal system while IM, yellow colored compound crystallized as a monoclinic crystal system in dimethylformamide by vapor diffusion of diethylether. These compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV-visible, 1H, and 13C NMR), and X-ray crystallography. SB and IM displayed classical and non-classical H-bonding involving C-H…O and π…π interactions. These compounds detected hypochlorite ions in aqueous DMSO (1: 9, v/v, HEPES buffer, pH 7.4), and detection was visible via color changes by naked eye. We also performed UV-visible and fluorescence titrations, showing detection limits of 8.82 × 10-7 M for SB and 2.44 × 10-7 M for IM. The fluorometric responses from SB and IM were also studied against different ROS and anions. DFT calculations were performed to strengthen the proposed sensing mechanisms of both SB and IM. Hypochlorite, which is endogenously generated by myeloperoxidase in endosomes, was specifically visualized using SB and IM in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells. These probes were also used to image the generation of hypochlorite by RAW264.7 cells during phagocytosis of non-fluorescent polystyrene beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Keiko Odera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Abhishek Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ryoya Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Lallan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Macáková K, Catapano MC, Tvrdý V, Klimková K, Karlíčková J, Mladěnka P. Hematoxylin assay of cupric chelation can give false positive results. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:29-36. [PMID: 30732895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some compounds without apparent chelation sites have been shown to chelate cupric ions using the hematoxylin assay. Since these compounds also have reduction potential (direct antioxidant effect), the aim of this study was to determine the possible interference of reducing agents with the hematoxylin assay. Four different known reducing agents (hydroxylamine, vitamin C, trolox - a water-soluble form of vitamin E and reduced glutathione /GSH/) were selected for the study together with oxidized glutathione (GSSG) for comparison. All tested compounds behaved as cupric chelators in the spectrophotometric mildly competitive hematoxylin assay. In-depth analysis however showed that only GSH and GSSG were able to form complexes with both cupric and cuprous ions and only GSSG partly retained copper in its complexes in the more competitive bathocuproine assay. Further experiments showed that with the exception of GSSG, all other compounds reduce Cu2+ ions. Conclusion: Compounds reducing copper such as antioxidants can give false positive results in the hematoxylin-screening assay. GSSG is a stronger Cu chelator than GSH and does not reduce Cu, in contrast to the latter and thus may be a protective element after oxidation of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Carmen Catapano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Tvrdý
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klimková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Karlíčková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Souza JMO, Grotto D, Batista BL, Barbosa F. Distribution of arsenic and oxidative stress in mice after rice ingestion. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:192-200. [PMID: 28965576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of rice naturally contaminated with arsenic (As) and the same As-species added as solubilized-salt on the redox state and the As distribution in male mice. The total As amount in the Brazilian polished rice used in this study was 169.81±6.12ngg-1. Indeed, the concentrations of As species were 40.77ngg-1 (arsenite, As3+), 65.71ngg-1 (dimethylarsinic acid, DMA), 11.90ngg-1 (monomethylarsonic acid, MMA), and 25.96ngg-1 (arsenate, As5+). In this sense, animals were randomly divided into seven groups with six mice per group: I) control: habitual food; II) rice I: diet containing 10% of rice naturally containing As (4.08μg As3+/kg diet, 6.57μg DMA/kg diet, 1.19μg MMA/kg diet, and 2.60μg As5+/kg diet); III) rice II: diet containing 20% of rice naturally containing As (8.15μg As3+/kg diet, 13.14μg DMA/kg diet, 2.38μg MMA/kg diet, and 5.19μg As5+/kg diet); IV) rice III: diet containing 40% of rice naturally containing As (16.31μg As3+/kg diet, 26.28μg DMA/kg diet, 4.76μg MMA/kg diet, and 10.38μg As5+/kg diet); V) spiked feed I: diet containing As species as solubilized-salt (concentration equivalent to group II); VI) spiked feed II: diet containing As species as solubilized-salt (concentration equivalent to group III); VII) spiked feed III: diet containing As species as solubilized-salt (concentration equivalent to group IV). The time of treatment was 100days. After euthanasia, it was observed an increase in total As concentration in tissue samples of groups treated with diet containing rice naturally contaminated and diet containing As species. For instance, the highest As concentrations (higher than 330ngg-1) was observed in the bladder of animals belonging to Rice II and III and spiked feed III groups. Furthermore, it was verified the highest As concentrations in bladder > hair > lung > kidney > liver > blood. We also observed the presence of DMA and As5+ in liver and kidneys. Regarding oxidative stress biomarkers, we observed significant reduction of Glutathione (GSH) concentration in blood of animals belonging to groups IV, V, VI and VII. Besides, the antioxidant enzymes activities, Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased significantly in blood of animals belonging to group VII. On the other hand, it was not observed differences in nitric oxide (NO) levels among all the groups used in this study and the control group. Thus, we conclude that some minor effects were found in mice exposed to the diet containing the highest amount of rice naturally contaminated with As species. These findings contribute to evaluate the safety of human dietary consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Maria Oliveira Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denise Grotto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Universidade de Sorocaba (Uniso)-Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92,5, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Artacho-Cordón F, León J, Sáenz JM, Fernández MF, Martin-Olmedo P, Olea N, Arrebola JP. Contribution of Persistent Organic Pollutant Exposure to the Adipose Tissue Oxidative Microenvironment in an Adult Cohort: A Multipollutant Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13529-13538. [PMID: 27993081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing in vitro and in vivo evidence of the putative role of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the induction of oxidative damage in cell structures, this issue has been poorly addressed from an epidemiologic perspective. The aim of this study was to explore associations between adipose tissue POP concentrations and the in situ oxidative microenvironment. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a subsample (n = 271) of a previously established cohort, quantifying levels of eight POPs and four groups of oxidative stress biomarkers in adipose tissue. Associations were explored using multivariate linear regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders. We assessed the combined effect of POPs on oxidative stress/glutathione system biomarkers using weighted quantile sum regression (WQS). Increased concentrations of p,p'-DDE, HCB, β-HCH, dicofol, and PCBs (congeners -138, -153, and -180) were predominantly associated with higher lipid peroxidation (TBARS) [exp(β) = 1.09-1.78, p < 0.01-0.04)] and SOD activity [exp(β) = 1.13-1.48, p < 0.01-0.05)] levels. However, only a few associations were observed with glutathione system biomarkers, e.g., PCB-180 with total glutathione [exp(β) = 1.98, p = 0.03]. The WQS index was found to be positively associated with SOD activity, and PCB-138, PCB-180, and β-HCH were the main contributors to the index. Likewise, the WQS index was positively associated with TBARS levels, with the three PCBs acting as the main contributors. This is the first epidemiological evidence of the putative disruption by POPs of the adipose tissue oxidative microenvironment. Our results indicate that POP exposure may enhance alternative pathways to the glutathione detoxification route, which might result in tissue damage. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the potential health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
| | - Josefa León
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sáenz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicolás Olea
- Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada , Granada, 18012, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública , Granada, 18011, Spain
- Oncology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital , Granada, 18012 Spain
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Cu(II)–disulfide complexes display simultaneous superoxide dismutase- and catalase-like activities. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 129:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Ferancova A, Rengaraj S, Kim Y, Vijayalakshmi S, Labuda J, Bobacka J, Sillanpää M. Electrochemical study of novel nanostructured In2S3 and its effect on oxidative damage to DNA purine bases. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Role of superoxide anions in the redox changes affecting the physiologically occurring cu(i)-glutathione complex. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2011; 2011:674149. [PMID: 21941464 PMCID: PMC3176429 DOI: 10.1155/2011/674149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiologically occurring copper-glutathione complex, [Cu(I)-[GSH]2], has the ability to react continually with oxygen, generating superoxide anions (O2∙−). We addressed here the effects that superoxide removal has on the redox state of Cu(I) and GSH present in such complex and assessed the formation of Cu(II)-GSSG as a final oxidation product. In addition, we investigated the potential of a source of O2∙−
external to the Cu(I)-[GSH]2 complex to prevent its oxidation. Removal of O2∙−
from a Cu(I)-[GSH]2-containing solution, whether spontaneous or Tempol-induced, led to time-dependent losses in GSH that were greater than those affecting the metal. The losses in GSH were not accompanied by increments in GSSG but were largely accounted for by the cumulative formation of Cu(II)-GSSG molecules. Notably, the redox changes in Cu(I) and GSH were totally prevented when Cu(I)-[GSH]2 was coincubated with hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase. Data suggest that the generation of O2∙−
by Cu(I)-[GSH]2 implies the obliged formation of an intermediate whose subsequent oxidation into Cu(II)-GSSG or back reduction into Cu(I)-[GSH]2 is favoured by either the removal or the addition of O2∙−, respectively.
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Xie W, Wang K, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. Investigation of mechanism(s) of DNA damage induced by 4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:950-61. [PMID: 20129669 PMCID: PMC2888624 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
4-Monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) is readily converted by xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes to dihydroxy-metabolites and quinones. The PCB3 hydroquinone (PCB3-HQ; 2-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1,4-hydroquinone) induces chromosome loss in Chinese Hamster V79 cells, whereas the para-quinone (PCB3-pQ; 2-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone) very efficiently induces gene mutations and chromosome breaks. Apparently, each of these two metabolites, which are a redox pair, has a different spectrum of genotoxic effects due to different, metabolite-specific mechanisms. We hypothesized that the HQ requires enzymatic activation by peroxidases with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the ultimate genotoxin, whereas the pQ reacts directly with nucleophilic sites in DNA and/or proteins. To examine this hypothesis, we employed two cell lines with different myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, MPO-rich HL-60 and MPO-deficient Jurkat cells, and measured cytotoxicity, DNA damage (COMET assay), MPO activity, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular free -SH groups (monochlorobimane assay, MCB) and free GSH contents (enzyme recycling method) after treatment with PCB3-HQ and PCB3-pQ. We also examined the modulation of these effects by normal/low temperature, pre-treatment with an MPO inhibitor (succinylacetone, SA), or GSH depletion. PCB3-p-Q increased intracellular ROS levels and induced DNA damage in both HL-60 and Jurkat cells at 37°C and 6°C, indicating a direct, MPO-independent mode of activity. It also strongly reduced intracellular free -SH groups and GSH levels in normal and GSH-depleted cells. Thus the ROS increase could be caused by reduced protection by GSH or non-enzymatic autoxidation of the resulting PCB3-HQ-GSH adduct. PCB3-HQ did not produce a significant reduction of intracellular GSH in HL-60 cells and reduced intracellular free -SH groups only at the highest concentration tested in GSH depleted cells. Moreover, PCB3-HQ induced DNA damage and ROS production only at 37 °C in HL-60 cells, not at 6 °C or in Jurkat cells at either temperature; no significant DNA damage and ROS production was observed in HL-60 cells at 37 °C if MPO activity was inhibited by SA. These studies show that the effects of PCB3-HQ are enzyme dependent, i.e. PCB3-HQ is oxidized by MPO in HL-60 cells with the generation of ROS and induction of DNA damage. However, this is not the case with the PCB3-pQ, which may produce DNA damage by the reactivity of the quinone with the DNA or nuclear proteins, or possibly by indirectly increasing intracellular ROS levels by GSH depletion. These different modes of action explain not only the different types of genotoxicity observed previously, but also suggest different organ specificity of these genotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Larry W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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13
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Ilonen IK, Räsänen JV, Sihvo EI, Knuuttila A, Salmenkivi KM, Ahotupa MO, Kinnula VL, Salo JA. Oxidative stress in non-small cell lung cancer: role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and glutathione. Acta Oncol 2010; 48:1054-61. [PMID: 19308756 DOI: 10.1080/02841860902824909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke is strongly associated with NSCLC, but the carcinogenesis of NSCLC is poorly understood. METHODS To discover the role of oxidative stress and anti-oxidative defense in NSCLC, we measured NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, myeloperoxidase activity, 8-OHdG, and glutathione content from lung specimens. These came from 32 patients: 22 NSCLC patients and ten controls without cancer. RESULTS In NSCLC patients, NOX activity was significantly higher both in the malignant (p = 0.001) and non-malignant (p = 0.044) samples from NSCLC patients, than in the control specimens. Myeloperoxidase activity was lower (p = 0.001) and glutathione content (p = 0.009) higher in malignant tissue. No significant difference was observable in 8-OHdG content between patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Increase in NOX activity in the malignant tissues was independent of smoking history and myeloperoxidase activity, suggesting its independent role in NSCLC pathogenesis.
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14
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Cosentino-Gomes D, Russo-Abrahão T, Fonseca-de-Souza AL, Ferreira CR, Galina A, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Modulation of Trypanosoma rangeli ecto-phosphatase activity by hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:152-8. [PMID: 19389470 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a protozoan parasite of hematophagous insects, Trypanosoma rangeli epimastigotes are exposed to reactive oxygen species during development in hosts. In this work, we investigated the role of H(2)O(2) as a modulator of the ecto-phosphatase activity present in living T. rangeli. We observed that H(2)O(2) inhibits ecto-phosphatase activities in the short and long epimastigote forms of T. rangeli. Ecto-phosphatase activity found in the short form was more sensitive than that found in the long form. Moreover, H(2)O(2) inhibited ecto-phosphatase activity of the short form in a dose-dependent manner and this inhibition was reversible after H(2)O(2) removal. This effect was not observed for T. rangeli ecto-ATPase, another ecto-enzyme present on the external surface of T. rangeli. Cysteine, beta-mercaptoethanol, and reduced glutathione were able to revert the enzyme inhibition promoted by H(2)O(2). Catalase and glutathione peroxidase stimulated this ecto-phosphatase activity, whereas superoxide dismutase was not able to modulate this activity. The ecto-phosphatase activity was also activated by FCCP and inhibited by oligomycin. It seems that H(2)O(2) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular processes of these organisms. We showed, for the first time, that these parasites can produce H(2)O(2), and it is able to regulate ecto-phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cosentino-Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Chan K, Lehmler HJ, Robertson LW, O'Brien PJ. Molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of catecholic polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 167:184-92. [PMID: 17408604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and PCB metabolites are highly lipophilic and accumulate easily in the lipid bilayer and fat deposits of the body. The molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of these metabolites are still not understood. The aim of the present study was to compare the cytotoxicity and toxicological properties of six dihydroxylated metabolites using isolated rat hepatocytes. All of the metabolites were more cytotoxic than 4-chlorobiphenyl (4-ClBP) and less cytotoxic than phenyl hydroquinone (PHQ). The order of cytotoxic effectiveness of catecholic metabolites expressed as LC(50) (2h) was 3',4'-diCl-2,3-diOH-biphenyl>PHQ>4'-Cl-2,5-diOH-biphenyl, 4'-Cl-2,3-diOH-biphenyl>2',5'-diCl-3,4-diOH-biphenyl>2',3'-diCl-3,4-diOH-biphenyl>3',4'-diCl-3,4-diOH-biphenyl>4'Cl-3,4-diOH-biphenyl>4'-Cl-biphenyl; showing that the positions of hydroxyl and chlorine groups were important for their hepatotoxicity and that the two 2,3-diOH congeners were the most cytotoxic. Cytotoxicity for 3,4-diOH metabolites correlated with the number and position of chlorine atoms with the more chlorine atoms being more cytotoxic. The cytotoxic order of metabolites with two chlorine atoms being 2',5'>2',3'>3',4'. Borneol, an uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) inhibitor, increased the cytotoxicity of all tested metabolites; suggesting that glucuronidation was a major mechanism of elimination of these compounds. On the other hand entacapone, a catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor, only increased the cytotoxicity of 3',4'-diCl-3,4-diOH-biphenyl, 3',4'-diCl-2,3-diOH-biphenyl and 4'-Cl-2,3-diOH-biphenyl. Hepatocyte GSH was depleted (oxidized and conjugated) by these metabolites before cytotoxicity ensued in a similar order of effectiveness to their cytotoxicity with PHQ being the most effective. Hepatocyte mitochondrial membrane potential also decreased before cytotoxicity ensued with a similar order of effectiveness as their cytotoxicity. These results suggest that catecholic cytotoxicity can be attributed to mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress. Semiquinone or benzoquinone species were also important in the cytotoxicity of catecholic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Grey CE, Adlercreutz P. Evaluation of multiple oxidation products for monitoring effects of antioxidants in Fenton oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:2350-8. [PMID: 16536618 DOI: 10.1021/jf052202q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the two antioxidants, ascorbic acid and (+)catechin, on the oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG), using an iron-mediated Fenton reaction. The oxidation products 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyguanosine, together with the secondary oxidation products guanidinohydantoin and dehydro-guanidinohydantoin, were identified and quantified through the use of an LC-MS/MS system. The results obtained showed that catechin inhibited the oxidation better than ascorbic acid did, indicating that the chelating ability of catechin rather than the radical scavenging mechanism alone is vital for the observed antioxidative efficiency. The correlation between the different oxidation products was found to be quite low, primarily because of the instability of 8-oxodG, making it prone to further oxidation. This led to apparent anti- and pro-oxidative results being obtained, emphasizing the potential problems in evaluating oxidative stress, by use of a single marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Elovson Grey
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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17
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Rocha JBT, Lissner LA, Puntel RL, Fachinetto R, Emanuelli T, Nogueira CW, Soares FAA. Oxidation of delta-ALA-D and DTT mediated by ascorbic acid: modulation by buffers depends on free iron. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1485-9. [PMID: 16079498 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the most important endogenous reducing agents and can participate in a variety of cellular events. In vitro, AA can act as a potent oxidant agent in the presence of free metals, promote modifications in protein structures and form reactive oxygen species during its oxidation. We have observed that AA (above 6 mmol/l) inactivates delta-aminolevulinate dehidratase (delta-ALA-D), a sulfhydryl-containing enzyme and that the inhibitory action was considerably decreased when 3-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid buffer (MOPS - pH: 6.8; 100 mmol/l) was used in the delta-ALA-D activity assay instead of potassium phosphate buffer (PB - pH: 6.8; 100 mmol/l). delta-ALA-D inhibition, probably, is mediated by the oxidation of -SH groups caused by the auto-oxidation of AA promoted by metals or another oxidizing system present in liver supernatants. This hypothesis was confirmed by studying dithiothreitol (DTT - 400 micromol/l) oxidation, as a model of enzyme thiols, where we observed that the mechanism underlying DTT and delta-ALA-D oxidation caused by ascorbate is the same. The difference observed between different buffers may be related to the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) that was more accentuated in PB than in MOPS buffer. The presence of ethilenediamintetraacetic acid (EDTA - 100 micromol/l) and Fe(III) (5 micromol/l) stimulated DTT oxidation more in PB than in MOPS buffer. Deferroxamine (DF - 100 micromol/l) considerably decreased DTT oxidation. Catalase (0.4 mg/ml) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD - 300 U/ml) had only a modest effect on DTT oxidation. The present results suggest that delta-ALA-D inhibition by AA is mediated primarily by the oxidized form of AA and reactive oxygen species play only a modest role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Batista Teixeira Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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18
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Min KS, Horie T, Tetsutchikawahara N, Onosaka S. Metallothionein Suppresses the Formation of 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine in DNA Induced by Ferric Nitrilotriacetate in Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.51.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taeko Horie
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University
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19
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Abstract
Arsenic is a known toxin and carcinogen that is present in industrial settings and in the environment. The mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are not fully understood. In the last a few years, there has been increasing evidence of the correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure. This article summarizes the current literature on the arsenic mediated generation of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in various biological systems. This article also discusses the role of ROS and RNS in arsenic-induced DNA damage and activation of oxidative sensitive gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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20
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Shi H, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Oxidative stress and apoptosis in metal ion-induced carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:582-93. [PMID: 15288116 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to certain metals causes carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of metal-induced carcinogenesis have been pursued in chemical, biochemical, cellular, and animal models. Significant evidence has accumulated that oxidative stress may be a common pathway in cellular responses to exposure to different metals. For example, in the last few years evidence in support of a correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure has strengthened. This article summarizes the current literature on metal-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and their relation to metal-mediated carcinogenesis, concentrating on arsenic and chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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21
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Jüngst C, Cheng B, Gehrke R, Schmitz V, Nischalke HD, Ramakers J, Schramel P, Schirmacher P, Sauerbruch T, Caselmann WH. Oxidative damage is increased in human liver tissue adjacent to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2004; 39:1663-72. [PMID: 15185308 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of genetic alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis is closely associated with chronic inflammatory liver disease. 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), the major promutagenic DNA adduct caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), leads to G:C --> T:A transversions. These lesions can be enzymatically repaired mainly by human MutT homolog 1 (hMTH1), human 8-oxo-guanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) and human MutY homolog (hMYH). The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of oxidative damage and its dependence on the cellular antioxidative capacity and the expression of specific DNA repair enzymes in tumor (tu) and corresponding adjacent nontumor (ntu) liver tissue of 23 patients with histologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma. 8-oxo-dG levels, as detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, were significantly (P =.003) elevated in ntu tissue (median, 129 fmol/microg DNA) as compared to tu tissue (median, 52 fmol/microg DNA), and were closely associated with inflammatory infiltration. In ntu tissue, the hepatic iron concentration and malondialdehyde levels were significantly (P =.001) higher as compared to tu tissue. Glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase activity and manganese superoxide dismutase messenger RNA (mRNA) expression did not show statistical differences between ntu and tu tissue. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed in tu tissue significantly (P =.014) higher hMTH1 mRNA expression compared to ntu tissue. In contrast, hMYH mRNA expression was significantly (P <.05) higher in ntu tissue. No difference in hOGG1 mRNA expression was seen between tu and ntu. In conclusion, these data suggest that ROS generated by chronic inflammation contribute to human hepatocarcinogenesis. The role of DNA repair enzymes appears to be of reactive rather than causative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jüngst
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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22
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Bhattacharjee M, Bhattacharjee S, Gupta A, Banerjee RK. Critical role of an endogenous gastric peroxidase in controlling oxidative damage in H. pylori-mediated and nonmediated gastric ulcer. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:731-43. [PMID: 11937299 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to delineate the mechanism of oxidative damage in human gastric ulcerated mucosa despite the presence of some antioxidant enzymes. We report for the first time the critical role of an endogenous peroxidase, a major H(2)O(2) metabolizing enzyme, in controlling oxidative damage in gastric mucosa. Human gastric mucosa contains a highly active peroxidase in addition to the myeloperoxidase contributed by neutrophil. In both non-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)- and H. pylori-mediated gastric ulcer, when myeloperoxidase level increases due to neutrophil accumulation, gastric peroxidase (GPO) level decreases significantly. Moreover, gastric ulcer is associated with oxidative damage of the mucosa as evidenced by significant increase in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and thiol depletion indicating accumulation of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM). Mucosal total superoxide dismutase (Mn and Cu-Zn SOD) level also decreases significantly leading to increased accumulation of O(2)(*-). To investigate the plausible ROM-mediated inactivation of the GPO during ulceration, the enzyme was partially purified from the mucosa. When exposed to an in vitro ROM generating system, using Cu(2+), ascorbate, and H(2)O(2,) the enzyme gets inactivated, which is dependent on Cu(2+), ascorbate, or H(2)O(2). Insensitivity to SOD excludes inactivation by O(2)(*-). However, complete protection by catalase indicates that H(2)O(2) is essential for inactivation. Sensitivity to EDTA and hydroxyl radical *OH) scavengers indicates that GPO is inactivated most probably by *OH generated from H(2)O(2). We propose that GPO is inactivated in vivo by ROM generated by activated neutrophil. This leads to further accumulation of endogenous H(2)O(2) to cause more oxidative damage to aggravate the ulcer.
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Méndez-Alvarez E, Soto-Otero R, Hermida-Ameijeiras A, López-Real AM, Labandeira-García JL. Effects of aluminum and zinc on the oxidative stress caused by 6-hydroxydopamine autoxidation: relevance for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1586:155-68. [PMID: 11959457 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum and zinc have been related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), the former for its neurotoxicity and the latter for its apparent antioxidant properties. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is an important neurotoxin putatively involved in the pathogenesis of PD, its neurotoxicity often being related to oxidative stress. The potential effect of these metals on the oxidative stress induced by 6-OHDA autoxidation and the potential of ascorbic acid (AA), cysteine, and glutathione to modify this effect were investigated. Both metals, particularly Al3+, induced a significant reduction in *OH production by 6-OHDA autoxidation. The combined action of AA and a metal caused a significant and sustained increase in *OH generation, particularly with Al3+, while the effect of sulfhydryl reductants was limited to only the first few minutes of the reaction. However, both Al3+ and Zn2+ provoked a decrease in the lipid peroxidation induced by 6-OHDA autoxidation using mitochondrial preparations from rat brain, assessed by TBARS formation. In the presence of AA, only Al3+ induced a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation. After intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA in rats, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry revealed that Al3+ reduces 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic lesion in the striatum, which corroborates the involvement of lipid peroxidation in 6-OHDA neurotoxicity and appears to discard the participation of this mechanism on PD by Al3+ accumulation. The previously reported antioxidant properties of Zn2+ appear to be related to the induction of Zn2+-containing proteins and not to the metal per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Méndez-Alvarez
- Grupo de Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco 1, E-15782, Spain
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Saliim ET, Abu-Shakra A. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on nitric oxide (NO)-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2002; 21:349-59. [PMID: 11746249 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to impart, alone or in combination with reactive oxygen species (ROS), the cytotoxicity and putative genotoxicity associated with the immunological response. The present study examined the change in the mutagenic activity profile of the NO-donor spermine NONOate (SperNO) as a result of introduction of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) to the Ames assay. The aim was to determine whether the assay could detect H(2)O(2)-induced co- or anti-mutagenic effects on NO-induced mutagenesis, and the Salmonella typhimurium base-pair substitution tester strain TA1535 provided an appropriate tool. While TA1535 was shown by the authors and others to be strongly sensitive to NO-induced mutagenesis, it has also been shown to be insensitive to H(2)O(2)-induced mutagenicity [1,2]. When H(2)O(2) (0.25-4.0 micromol/pl) was added directly to cells treated with SperNO (0.01-1.0 micromol/pl), co-mutagenicity was not detected, but a drop in reversion count and detectable toxicity was observed, especially at doses > 0.1 micromol/pl. When glucose/glucose oxidase (GOX) or reduced glutathione (GSH) were used as H(2)O(2)-generation systems the results varied. Reversion induced by SperNO (1 micromol/pl) was moderately enhanced by GOX (10-20 mUnits/pl), but the increase albeit reproducible did not reach a doubling (co-mutagenicity). GOX (40 micromol/pl) induced a reduction in reversion count, but no visible toxicity. On the other hand, GSH (20- 80 micromol/pl) gave a strong co-mutagenic effect. Co-mutagenicity was highest (> 5x) at 80 micromol/pl GSH and 0.1 micromol/pl SperNO. Based on these findings, it could be concluded that a) H(2)O(2), when steadily generated in the cell, has a modulatory effect on NO-mutagenicity, and such a conclusion is not inconsistent with the wide range of responses reported for the two chemicals, and/or b) the observed co-mutagenic effects of GSH may not be attributable solely to H(2)O(2) generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Saliim
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
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25
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Cipák L, Miadoková E, Dingová H, Kogan G, Novotný L, Rauko P. Comparative DNA protectivity and antimutagenicity studies using DNA-topology and Ames assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2001; 15:677-81. [PMID: 11698169 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two experimental techniques, the DNA-topology assay and the Ames assay, were proved to be suitable for monitoring compounds with a genotoxic potential and/or with an antimutagenic effect. Both procedures were used in assaying the acid-mine water (AMW) containing toxic metals and sulfoethyl chitin-glucan (SE-Ch-G), a derivative of chitin-glucan, in which bioprotective activities were detected earlier. It was shown that after toxic metal concentrations were decreased due to AMW dilution to the limits that correspond with those set by the Slovak Technical Norm (STN) for drinking water, AMW was not genotoxic in the Ames assay. As it is possible to detect any single-strand DNA (ssDNA) break in the DNA-topology assay, the SE-Ch-G protective effect against the ssDNA breaks induced by Fe(2+) in the DNA-topology assay was recorded. SE-Ch-G exhibited the antimutagenic potential after its application simultaneously with diagnostic mutagens in the Ames assay. These results demonstrate the complementarity of both experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cipák
- Cancer Research Institute, Vlárska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovakia
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26
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Diez L, Livertoux MH, Stark AA, Wellman-Rousseau M, Leroy P. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of hydroxyl free radical using salicylic acid hydroxylation during in vitro experiments involving thiols. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 763:185-93. [PMID: 11710577 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A HPLC method was developed to monitor the production of hydroxyl free radical (*OH) produced during in vitro experiments: (i) a chemical reaction involving EDTA chelated ferric ion and various exogenous and endogenous thiols [glutathione (GSH) and its metabolites], and (ii) an enzymatic reaction corresponding to the breakdown of GSH catalyzed by gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The method relies upon the use of a selective trapping reagent of *OH: salicylic acid (SA). The three resulting dihydroxylated products, i.e., 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 2,5-DHB and catechol, were measured in an ion-pairing reversed-phase HPLC system coupled with amperometric detection; the sum of the three concentrations was used to quantify the production of *OH during in vitro experiments. Resulting data demonstrate that *OH is produced during Fenton-like reactions involving thiols and GSH catabolism via GGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Diez
- Thiols and Cellular Functions, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, France
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Méndez-Alvarez E, Soto-Otero R, Hermida-Ameijeiras A, López-Martín ME, Labandeira-García JL. Effect of iron and manganese on hydroxyl radical production by 6-hydroxydopamine: mediation of antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31:986-98. [PMID: 11595383 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxicity has often been related to the generation of free radicals. Here we examined the effect of the presence of iron (Fe(2+) and Fe(3+)) and manganese and the mediation of ascorbate, L-cysteine (CySH), glutathione (GSH), and N-acetyl-CySH on hydroxyl radical (*OH) production during 6-OHDA autoxidation. In vitro, the presence of 800 nM iron increased (> 100%) the production of *OH by 5 microM 6-OHDA while Mn(2+) caused a significant reduction (72%). The presence of ascorbate (100 microM) induced a continuous generation of *OH while the presence of sulfhydryl reductants (100 microM) limited this production to the first minutes of the reaction. In general, the combined action of metal + antioxidant increased the *OH production, this effect being particularly significant (> 400%) with iron + ascorbate. In vivo, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry revealed that intrastriatal injections of rats with 6-OHDA (30 nmol) + ascorbate (600 nmol), 6-OHDA + ascorbate + Fe(2+) (5 nmol), and 6-OHDA + ascorbate + Mn(2+) (5 nmol) caused large striatal lesions, which were markedly reduced (60%) by the substitution of ascorbate by CySH. Injections of Fe(2+) or Mn(2+) alone showed no significant difference to those of saline. These results clearly demonstrate the role of ascorbate as an essential element for the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, as well as the diminishing action of sulfhydryl reductants, and the negligible effect of iron and manganese on 6-OHDA neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Méndez-Alvarez
- Grupo de Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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28
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Mizutani K, Ikeda K, Nishikata T, Yamori Y. Phytoestrogens attenuate oxidative DNA damage in vascular smooth muscle cells from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2000; 18:1833-40. [PMID: 11132608 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200018120-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A recent study demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in the maintenance of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). However, the role of oxidative stress in hypertension and its related diseases in SHRSP remains unknown. To determine whether phytoestrogens attenuate oxidative DNA damage in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from SHRSP and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, we investigated the effect of daidzein, genistein and resveratrol on oxidative DNA damage in VSMC, induced by advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). METHODS VSMC were treated with AGEs in the presence or absence of phytoestrogens for the indicated time. Cellular degeneration induced by AGEs was characterized in terms of intracellular oxidant levels, intracellular total glutathione (GSH) levels, mRNA expression for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), and a new marker of oxidative stress, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents. RESULTS AGEs stimulated 8-OHdG formation in VSMC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also confirmed that VSMC from SHRSP were more vulnerable to oxidative stress induced by AGEs, than VSMC from WKY rats. Daidzein, genistein or resveratrol reduced AGEs-induced 8-OHdG formation in a dose-dependent manner. The preventive effects of phytoestrogens on 8-OHdG formation remarkably paralleled changes in the intracellular oxidant levels in VSMC following AGEs treatment. We further demonstrated that phytoestrogens increase intracellular total GSH level in VSMC. Increased GSH synthesis was due to enhanced expression of the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis, GCS. Phytoestrogens-stimulated total GSH level in VSMC could lead to decreased intracellular oxidant levels, and thus prevent oxidative DNA damage, induced by AGEs. The phytoestrogens are powerful antioxidants able to interfere with AGEs-mediated oxidative DNA damage of VSMC, and are potentially useful against vascular diseases where ROS are involved in hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Damage
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Glutathione Peroxidase/genetics
- Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/toxicity
- Hypertension/etiology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Isoflavones/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxidative Stress
- Phytoestrogens
- Plant Preparations
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Resveratrol
- Stilbenes/pharmacology
- Stroke/etiology
- Stroke/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizutani
- Life Science, Environmental Conservation and Development, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.
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29
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Rehman A, Jenner A, Halliwell B. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of DNA: optimization of protocols for isolation and analysis of DNA from human blood. Methods Enzymol 2000; 319:401-17. [PMID: 10907529 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)19038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Izumi T, Hazra TK, Boldogh I, Tomkinson AE, Park MS, Ikeda S, Mitra S. Requirement for human AP endonuclease 1 for repair of 3'-blocking damage at DNA single-strand breaks induced by reactive oxygen species. Carcinogenesis 2000. [PMID: 10874010 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The major mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease (APE1) plays a central role in the DNA base excision repair pathway (BER) in two distinct ways. As an AP endonuclease, it initiates repair of AP sites in DNA produced either spontaneously or after removal of uracil and alkylated bases in DNA by monofunctional DNA glycosylases. Alternatively, by acting as a 3'-phosphoesterase, it initiates repair of DNA strand breaks with 3'-blocking damage, which are produced either directly by reactive oxygen species (ROS) or indirectly through the AP lyase reaction of damage-specific DNA glycosylases. The endonuclease activity of APE1, however, is much more efficient than its DNA 3'-phosphoesterase activity. Using whole extracts from human HeLa and lymphoblastoid TK6 cells, we have investigated whether these two activities differentially affect BER efficiency. The repair of ROS-induced DNA strand breaks was significantly stimulated by supplementing the reaction with purified APE1. This enhancement was linearly dependent on the amount of APE1 added, while addition of other BER enzymes, such as DNA ligase I and FEN1, had no effect. Moreover, depletion of endogenous APE1 from the extract significantly reduced the repair activity, suggesting that APE1 is essential for repairing such DNA damage and is limiting in extracts of human cells. In contrast, when uracil-containing DNA was used as the substrate, the efficiency of repair was not affected by exogenous APE1, presumably because the AP endonuclease activity was not limiting. These results indicate that the cellular level of APE1 may differentially affect repair efficiency for DNA strand breaks but not for uracil and AP sites in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Izumi
- Sealy Center for Molecular Science and Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1079, USA.
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31
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Min KS, Nishida K, Onosaka S. Protective effect of metallothionein to ras DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and ferric ion-nitrilotriacetic acid. Chem Biol Interact 1999; 122:137-52. [PMID: 10682935 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(99)00113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a strong antioxidant, due to a large number of thiol groups in the MT molecule and MT has been found in the nucleus. To investigate whether MT can directly protect DNA from damage induced by hydroxyl radical, the effects of MTs on DNA strand scission due to incubation with ferric ion-nitrilotriacetic acid and H2O2 (Fe3+ -NTA/H2O2) were studied. The Fe3+-NTA/H2O2 resulted in a higher rate of deoxyribose degradation, compared to incubation of Fe3+/H2O2, presumably mediated by the formation of hydroxyl radicals (*OH). This degradation was inhibited by either Zn-MT or Cd-MT, but not by Zn2+ or Cd2+ at similar concentrations. The Fe3+ -NTA/H2O2 resulted in a concentration dependent of increase in DNA strand scission. Damage to the sugar-phosphodiester chain was predominant over chemical modifications of the base moieties. Incubation with either Zn-MT or Cd-MT inhibited DNA damage by approximately 50%. Preincubation of MT with EDTA and N-ethylmaleimide, to alkylate sulfhydryl groups of MT, resulted in MT that was no longer able to inhibit DNA damage. These results indicates that MT can protect DNA from hydroxyl radical attack and that the cysteine thiol groups of MT may be involved in its nuclear antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Min
- Department of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani, kobe, Japan.
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32
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Gassen M, Youdim MB. Free radical scavengers: chemical concepts and clinical relevance. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 56:193-210. [PMID: 10370913 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6360-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals are involved in the pathology of many CNS disorders, like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or stroke. This discovery lead to the development of many radical scavengers for the clinical treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the different chemical concepts for free radical scavenging will be discussed: nitrons, thiols, iron chelators, phenols, and catechols. Especially catechols, like the naturally occurring flavonols, the synthetic drug nitecapone, or the endogenous catacholamines and their metabolites, are of great interest, as they combine iron chelating with radical scavenging activity. We present data on the radical scvenging activity of dopamine and apomorphine, which prevent lipid peroxidation in rat brain mitochondria and protect PC12 cells against H2O2-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gassen
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany
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33
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Adam W, Kurz A, Saha-Möller CR. DNA and 2'-deoxyguanosine damage in the horseradish-peroxidase-catalyzed autoxidation of aldehydes: the search for the oxidizing species. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:566-79. [PMID: 10218645 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The horseradish-peroxidase(HRP)-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of aldehydes, in particular isobutanal, was used for the oxidative damage of DNA. In isolated calf-thymus DNA, the enzymatic oxidation of isobutanal led to 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoGua) in up to 1.3% yield and appreciable single-strand breaks in supercoiled pBR 322 DNA. For the nucleoside dG, significant amounts of the guanidine-releasing products oxazolone and oxoimidazolidine have been detected, but 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) was not obtained. Only enolizable aldehydes are effective, molecular oxygen is essential, and radical scavengers inhibit efficiently the oxidation. Comparative experiments with 3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-1,2-dioxetane (TMD) revealed that triplet-excited acetone does not play a significant role in this enzymatic DNA oxidation. 2-Hydroperoxy-2-methylpropanal, an intermediate in the HRP-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of isobutanal, does not contribute directly in the observed dG conversion. However, the peroxyl radical derived from the 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropanal appears to be active as oxidant because model studies with a structurally related peroxyl radical, produced by HRP-catalyzed one-electron oxidation of 3-hydroperoxy-3-methyl-2-butanone, causes both dG conversion and DNA strand breaks, but to a moderate extent. The active oxidant, as established by control experiments, is the peroxyisobutyric acid, that is efficiently formed through the HRP-catalyzed autoxidation of isobutanal. Still more effective is the acylperoxyl radical, conveniently generated from the peracid by one-electron oxidation by HRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Adam
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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34
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Iwata H, Akamatsu S, Minami N, Yamada M. Effects of antioxidants on the development of bovine IVM/IVF embryos in various concentrations of glucose. Theriogenology 1998; 50:365-75. [PMID: 10732132 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(98)00146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of glucose, antioxidants and different oxygen tensions on the development of bovine embryos cultured in modified synthetic oviduct fluid (m-SOF) medium. In vitro matured (IVM) and fertilized (IVF) oocytes were incubated for 48 h. Embryos reaching at least the 4-cell stage were selected for further culture under various conditions for 6 d. Supplementing the m-SOF media with 4.5 mM glucose resulted in a significantly lower (P < 0.01) embryo developmental rate (21%; Day 8) than was obtained with 1.5 mM glucose (58%; Day 8) or no glucose (53%; Day 8). Antioxidants such as SOD, catalase and mannitol had no positive effect on embryo development in m-SOF medium supplemented with 1.5 mM glucose. However, in m-SOF medium supplemented with 4.5 mM glucose, SOD and mannitol significantly (P < 0.05) improved embryo development: SOD increased the developmental rate from 19 to 35% (Day 8), while mannitol increased it from 13 to 30% (Day 8). Low oxygen concentration improved embryo development significantly (P < 0.05) in m-SOF medium supplemented with 4.5 mM glucose (low O2: 31% vs high O2: 14%; Day 8) but not 0 mM glucose (low O2: 58% vs high O2: 55%; Day 8). Our data suggest that low concentration of glucose during culture of bovine embryos is beneficial, and that generation of free oxygen radicals is partly caused by a high concentration of glucose in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iwata
- Kobe City Horticulture Promoting Association, Japan
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35
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Brenneisen P, Wenk J, Klotz LO, Wlaschek M, Briviba K, Krieg T, Sies H, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Central Role of Ferrous/Ferric Iron in the Ultraviolet B Irradiation-mediated Signaling Pathway Leading to Increased Interstitial Collagenase (Matrix-degrading Metalloprotease (MMP)-1) and Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) mRNA Levels in Cultured Human Dermal Fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:5279-87. [PMID: 9478985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.9.5279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important second messengers for the induction of several genes in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation has recently been shown to generate lipid peroxidation products and hydroxyl radicals (HO.) with detrimental long term effects like cancer formation and premature aging of the skin. Here, we addressed the question of whether ferric/ferrous iron via the generation of ROS may mediate the UVB response, finally leading to connective tissue degradation, a hallmark in carcinogenesis and aging. Therefore, we studied the involvement of iron and ROS in the modulation of Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) activity, c-jun and c-fos mRNA levels, key signaling steps in the transcriptional control of matrix-degrading metalloprotease (MMP)-1/interstitial collagenase and MMP-3/stromelysin-1 after UVB irradiation of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. The iron-driven generation of lipid peroxides and hydroxyl radicals were identified as early events in the downstream signaling pathway of the UVB response leading to a 15-fold increase in JNK2 activity, a 3.5-fold increase in c-jun, to a 6-fold increase in MMP-1, and a 3.8-fold increase in MMP-3 mRNA levels, while virtually no alteration of c-fos mRNA levels were observed. Diminished generation of reactive oxygen species resulted in a significant reduction of JNK2 activity, c-jun, MMP-1, and MMP-3 mRNA levels after UVB irradiation compared with UVB-irradiated cells. Collectively, we have identified the iron-driven Fenton reaction and lipid peroxidation as possible central mechanisms underlying signal transduction of the UVB response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brenneisen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, D-50924 Cologne, Germany
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36
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Yu TW, Anderson D. Reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage and its modification: a chemical investigation. Mutat Res 1997; 379:201-10. [PMID: 9357549 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to determine whether well-known reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating agents can induce DNA damage in a simple chemical system with or without Fenton reaction components (iron and reducing agents), and to explore whether antioxidants which normally exist in the cellular environment can modify such damage, i.e. to determine chemical reactions of relevance to biological systems. A neutral electrophoresis technique was used to investigate DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs) caused by chemical treatments of lambda-DNA in eppendorf tubes by various ROS-generating compounds and the degree of DNA damage was categorised by analysis of enhanced digital images. Double strand breaks were induced by hydroquinone (HQ), benzoquinone (BQ), benzenetriol (BT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), bleomycin (BLM) and sodium ascorbate (Vit C). DNA damage was modulated by various agents including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), desferoxamine mesylate (DFO), ferrous chloride (FeCl2), reduced glutathione (GSH), trolox, silymarin and myricetin. Individual chemicals (except BLM) at the concentration of 1 mM did not induce large numbers of DSBs without iron [Fe(II) or Fe(III) at 25 microM]. GSH enhanced the damaging effect of HQ, BT and Vit C, did not alter the non-damaging effect of H2O2, but had a small protective effect on BLM. When compared with the non-enzyme protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), SOD had a protective effect against BT, H2O2 and BLM; in the presence of GSH, SOD diminished the effect of HQ, BQ and Vit C but enhanced the effect of BT, H2O2 and BLM. With both GSH and Fe and compared with BSA, SOD enhanced the effect of HQ, BQ and BLM, ameliorated the effect of H2O2, and did not affect the others. CAT showed a protective effect for almost all examined compounds, but had little effect on BLM. With GSH alone, DFO enhanced the effect of HQ, BQ, H2O2 and ameliorated the effect of BT, BLM and Vit C and trolox was largely protective. With GSH and Fe, DFO was protective for all compounds except doxorubicin (Dox), trolox was protective for all compounds except Dox and BLM, silymarin was protective except that it had little effect on BLM and Dox, but myricetin did not show any protective effect. In conclusion, the results from the present study have further highlighted the adverse potential of reducing agents and redox cycling agents, and also the need for a cautious view of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Yu
- BIBRA International, Carshalton, Surrey, UK
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37
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Nappi AJ, Vass E. Comparative studies of enhanced iron-mediated production of hydroxyl radical by glutathione, cysteine, ascorbic acid, and selected catechols. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1336:295-302. [PMID: 9305802 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical detection system was employed together with a specific salicylate hydroxylation assay to comparatively assess the effects of various substances on the iron-mediated generation of the hydroxyl radical (.OH). Hydroxyl radical production was found to be enhanced significantly by reduced glutathione, cysteine, ascorbic acid, and selected catechols, but not by mannitol, melatonin or tyramine. The data showed that over the range of concentrations examined, the augmented effects were linearly proportional to the amount of added reductant for a given amount of iron in the system. The pro-oxidant activity of thiols and ascorbate reduced and recycled iron providing both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and catalytic ferrous ions for augmented .OH production by the Fenton reaction. The enhanced production of .OH by catechols resulted from their oxidation either by molecular oxygen or ferric ions, with the accompanying formation of semiquinones, superoxide anion and H2O2. These data caution against therapeutic applications of thiols and ascorbate for ameliorating oxy-radical-induced tissue damage in environments where free redox-active metal ions may be present to function both as foci for site-specific peroxidative activity, and as catalysts to promote the pro-oxidant properties of certain endogenous reductants, thereby elevating rather than diminishing .OH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nappi
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, IL 60626, USA.
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38
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Abu-Shakra A, Zeiger E. Formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine following treatment of 2'-deoxyguanosine or DNA by hydrogen peroxide or glutathione. Mutat Res 1997; 390:45-50. [PMID: 9150751 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1218(96)00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that free radicals generated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in the presence of divalent iron (Fe2+) and a chelator (EDTA), oxidize 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) to 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The 8-OHdG formed by this reaction was isolated and quantitated using reverse-phase HPLC with UV and electrochemical detection. A 1-h incubation of dG with H2O2 caused a 50% increase in 8-OHdG over background, which increased to 100% after 2 h. However, when an H2O2-generating system [glutathione (GSH), Fe2+, EDTA] was used, there was no increase in 8-OHdG yield after the 1-h incubation, but up to a 50% increase over background was observed with GSH after 2-h incubation. Attempts to detect increased levels of 8-OHdG after H2O2- or GSH-treatment of purified calf thymus or rat DNA, or purified Salmonella typhimurium DNA were not successful. This may have been because the treatment procedures used generated 8-OHdG in the control samples at sufficiently high levels to mask any H2O2-induced responses that may have been present. This artifactual production of 8-OHdG has presented a problem in all in vitro studies to date. In contrast, treatment of Salmonella cells (strain TA104) with increasing concentrations of H2O2, caused a doubling in the 8-OHdG yield. GSH-treatment of strain TA104 cells under the same conditions did not result in an increase of 8-OHdG. The study presented here shows that the ubiquitous molecule H2O2 can play a major role in DNA oxidation, mutation, and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abu-Shakra
- Environmental Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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