Binding study of semotiadil and levosemotiadil with alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein using high-performance frontal analysis

Binding of benzodiazepine drugs to bovine serum albumin: a second derivative spectrophotometric study

The binding constants (K values) of three benzodiazepine drugs to bovine serum albumin were determined by a second derivative spectrophotometric method. Despite the sample and reference samples were prepared in the same way to maintain the same albumin content in each sample and reference pair, the absorption spectra show that the baseline compensation was incomplete because of the strong background signals caused by bovine serum albumin. Accordingly, further quantitative spectral information could not be obtained from these absorption spectra. On the other hand, the calculated second derivative spectra clearly show isosbestic points indicating the complete removal of the residual background signal effects. Using the derivative intensity differences (ΔD values) of the studied benzodiazepine drugs before and after the addition of albumin, the binding constants were calculated and obtained with R.S.D. of less than 8%. The interactions of drugs with bovine serum albumin were investigated using Scatchard's plot. In addition, the consistency between the fractions of bound benzodiazepine calculated from the obtained K values and the experimental values were established. The results indicate that the second derivative method can be advantageously applicable to the determination of binding constants of drugs to serum albumin without prior separation. Moreover, the validity of the proposed method was confirmed.

Study on the Interaction between the chiral drug of propranolol and α1-acid glycoprotein by fluorescence spectrophotometry

The interaction between the chiral drug of propranolol (PPL) and alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP, orosomucoid) has been first studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The fluorescence intensity of PPL increased due to the addition of AGP into PPL. The equation of Scatchard was employed to calculate the association constant and binding site number of the two enantiomers with AGP. The association constant is 2.62 x 10(5)M-1 for R-PPL and 8.57 x 10(5)M-1 for S-PPL and the binding site number is 0.41 for R-PPL and 1.17 for S-PPL at 17 degrees C respectively. The method of thermodynamics was applied to determine the binding type of S-PPL with AGP. The results suggested that the binding type is mainly van der waals force or hydrogen bond. At last the effect of three metal cations on the association constant and the binding site number of S-PPL with AGP was examined.

Simultaneous determination of unbound thyroid hormones in human plasma using high performance frontal analysis with electrochemical detection

A direct injection HPLC method in combination with high-performance frontal analysis (HPFA) and electrochemical detection (ECD) was developed for the simultaneous and sensitive determination of unbound thyroid hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and reverse triiodothyronine) in human plasma. The present on-line HPLC/HPFA system consists of an HPFA column, an extraction column and an analytical HPLC column connected through a column-switching device, and the eluent from the analytical column was monitored by ECD. The calibration lines showed good linearity (rsq.>0.999) within 7.4-148.2 pM for T4 and 1.5-74.1 pM for T3 and rT3. Unbound T4 and T3 concentrations determined by the present system were 16.4+/-2.4 pM (n=15) and 7.14+/-1.04 pM (n=15), which were in agreement with those determined by the EIA method. The unbound rT3 concentration was 2.30+/-0.27 pM (n=15). The CV% values of intra-day and inter-day assays (n=15) were less than 14.9% for T4, 14.5% for T3 and 13.2% for rT3. The present system was also applied to a competitive binding study of these thyroid hormones in human plasma.

High-Performance Frontal Analysis of the Binding of Thyroxine Enantiomers to Human Serum Albumin Binding of Thyroxine Enantiomers to Human Serum Albumin Kimura

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to characterize the binding property between thyroxine and human serum albumin (HSA) qualitatively and enantioselectively using high-performance frontal analysis (HPFA).

METHODS

An on-line HPLC system consisting of an HPFA column, an extraction column, and an analytical HPLC column was developed to be used to determine the unbound concentrations of thyroxine enantiomers.

RESULTS

Both enantiomers were bound to human serum albumin at two high-affinity sites with similar affinities. The binding constant (K) and the number of binding sites on an HSA molecule (n) evaluated from Scatchard plot analysis were K = 1.01 x 10(6)m(-1) and n = 1.90 for L: -thyroxine, and K = 9.71 x 10(5) m(-1) and n = 1.97 for D: -thyroxine. The binding sites were identified using phenylbutazone and diazepam as site-specific probes for sites I and II, respectively, and each enantiomer was found to bind to both sites. Incorporation of a chiral HPLC column into the on-line system permitted the investigation of enantiomer-enantiomer interactions, which revealed that both enantiomers competitively bind to the same binding sites without significant allosteric effects.

Binding study of desethyloxybutynin using high-performance frontal analysis method

Plasma protein binding of N-desethyloxybytynin (DEOXY), a major active metabolite of oxybutynin (OXY), was investigated quantitatively and enantioselectively using high-performance frontal analysis (HPFA). An on-line HPLC system which consists of HPFA column, extraction column and analytical column was developed to determine the unbound concentrations of DEOXY enantiomers in human plasma, in human serum albumin (HSA) solutions, and in human alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) solutions. DEOXY is bound in human plasma strongly and enantioselectively. The unbound drug fraction in human plasma samples containing 5 microM (R)- or (S)-DEOXY was 1.19 +/- 0.001 and 2.33 +/- 0.044%, respectively. AGP plays the dominant role in this strong and enantioselective plasma protein binding of DEOXY. The total binding affinity (nK) of (R)-DEOXY and (S)-DEOXY to AGP was 2.97 x 10(7) and 1.31 x 10(7) M(-1), respectively, while the nK values of (R)-DEOXY and (S)-DEOXY to HSA were 7.77 x 10(3) and 8.44 x 10(3) M(-1), respectively. While the nK value of (S)-DEOXY is weaker than that of (S)-OXY (1.53 x 10(7) M(-1)), the nK value of (R)-DEOXY is 4.33 times stronger than that of (R)-OXY (6.86 x I0(6) M(-1)). This suggests that the elimination of an ethyl group weakens the binding affinity of the (S)-isomer because of the decrease in hydrophobicity, while the binding affinity of the (R)-isomer is enhanced by the decrease in steric hindrance. The total binding affinity of DEOXY to HSA is much lower than that of DEOXY-AGP binding as well as OXY-HSA binding (2.64 x 10(4) and 2.19 x 10(4) M(-1) for (R)-OXY and (S)-OXY, respectively). The study on competitive binding between OXY and DEOXY indicated that DEOXY enantiomers and OXY enantiomers are all bound competitively at the same binding site of AGP molecule.

Plasma protein binding study of oxybutynin by high-performance frontal analysis

Plasma protein binding of oxybutynin (OXY) was investigated quantitatively and enantioselectively using high-performance frontal analysis (HPFA). An on-line HPLC system which consists of HPFA column, extraction column and analytical column was developed to determine the unbound concentrations of OXY enantiomers in human plasma, in human serum albumin (HSA) solutions, and in human alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) solutions. OXY is bound in human plasma strongly and enantioselectively. The bound drug fraction in human plasma containing 2-10 microM (R)- or (S)-OXY was higher than 99%, and the unbound fraction of (R)-OXY was 1.56 times higher than that of (S)-isomer. AGP plays the dominant role in this strong and enantioselective plasma protein binding. The total binding affinities (nK) of (R)- and (S)-OXY to AGP were 6.86 x 10(6) and 1.53 x 10(7) M(-1), respectively, while the nK values of (R)- and (S)-OXY to HSA were 2.64 x 10(4) and 2.19 x 10(-4) M(-1), respectively. The binding affinity of OXY to AGP is much higher than that to HSA, and shows high enantioselectivity (SIR ratio of nK values is 2.2). It was found that both enantiomers are bound competitively at the same binding site on an AGP molecule. The binding property between OXY and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was investigated by using the frontal analysis method incorporated in high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE/FA). It was found the binding is non-saturable and non-enantioselective.

Human alpha-1-glycoprotein and its interactions with drugs

For about half a century, the binding of drugs to plasma albumin, the "silent receptor," has been recognized as one of the major determinants of drug action, distribution, and disposition. In the last decade, the binding of drugs, especially but not exclusively basic entities, to another plasma protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), has increasingly become important in this regard. The present review points out that hundreds of drugs with diverse structures bind to this glycoprotein. Although plasma concentration of AAG is much lower than that of albumin, AAG can become the major drug binding macromolecule in plasma with significant clinical implications. Also, briefly reviewed are the physiological, pathological, and genetic factors that influence binding, the role of AAG in drug-drug interactions, especially the displacement of drugs and endogenous substances from AAG binding sites, and pharmacokinetic and clinical consequences of such interactions. It can be predicted that in the future, rapid automatic methods to measure binding to albumin and/or AAG will routinely be used in drug development and in clinical practice to predict and/or guide therapy.

Chromatographic and electrophoretic studies of protein binding to chiral solutes

Protein interactions are important in determining the transport, metabolism and/or activity of many chiral compounds within the body. This review examines data that have been obtained on these interactions by various chromatographic and electrophoretic methods, especially those based on either high-performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. Zonal elution, frontal analysis and vacancy methods are each considered, as are approaches that employ either soluble or immobilized proteins. There are a variety of different items that can be learned about a solute-protein system through these techniques. This includes information on the binding constants and number of binding sites for a solute-protein system, as well as the thermodynamic parameters, rate constants, interaction forces and binding site structure for the protein and solute. Numerous examples are provided throughout this review, as taken from the literature and from work performed within the author's laboratory.