1
|
Song P, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu W, Wang F, Fu R, Wei F. Microbial proteases and their applications. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236368. [PMID: 37779686 PMCID: PMC10537240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases (proteinases or peptidases) are a class of hydrolases that cleave peptide chains in proteins. Endopeptidases are a type of protease that hydrolyze the internal peptide bonds of proteins, forming shorter peptides; exopeptidases hydrolyze the terminal peptide bonds from the C-terminal or N-terminal, forming free amino acids. Microbial proteases are a popular instrument in many industrial applications. In this review, the classification, detection, identification, and sources of microbial proteases are systematically introduced, as well as their applications in food, detergents, waste treatment, and biotechnology processes in the industry fields. In addition, recent studies on techniques used to express heterologous microbial proteases are summarized to describe the process of studying proteases. Finally, future developmental trends for microbial proteases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coelmont T, Van Gaelen P, Smets I. Quantification of hydrolysis activity in a biological wastewater treatment context. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2143-2153. [PMID: 36929187 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews currently available methods for hydrolysis activity monitoring of the most commonly encountered enzyme categories in biological wastewater treatment. While highlighting the relevant methods for protein, lipid, carbohydrate, organic phosphate, and ester hydrolysis, the discussion of their pros and cons is predominantly aimed at revealing the relevance of the to-be-hydrolyzed substrates that are used in the methods. These "substrates" should mimic the proteins, lipids, or other polymers that are present in the wastewater and are in the reviewed methods (i) real substrates (i.e., naturally present in the wastewater), (ii) chromogenic substrates, or (iii) fluorogenic substrates. We conclude that exploiting relevant substrates such as casein or starch, containing fluorophores, has the highest potential for meaningful high throughput hydrolysis quantification and that lipase activity monitoring is still cumbersome. Monitoring the hydrolysis activity in biological wastewater treatment systems is an underdeveloped area. With this review, which aims at providing a condensed and practice-oriented overview, we hope to facilitate the start or continuation of such monitoring. This monitoring will only grow in importance, given the transition from wastewater treatment plants towards water resource recovery facilities. KEY POINTS: • Colorimetric-based methods are vulnerable to sludge matrix interference. • Bonds in p-nitrophenol-based methods are not representative for the targeted substrates. • Direct methods with relevant/real substrates are preferred. • Fluorophore-containing (real) substrates enable high throughput screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toon Coelmont
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Gaelen
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smets
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mendes SR, Gomis-Rüth FX, Goulas T. Frozen fresh blood plasma preserves the functionality of native human α 2-macroglobulin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4579. [PMID: 36941303 PMCID: PMC10027685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human α2-macroglobulin (hα2M) is a large homotetrameric protein involved in the broad inhibition of endopeptidases. Following cleavage within a bait region, hα2M undergoes stepwise transitions from its native, expanded, highly flexible, active conformation to an induced, compact, triggered conformation. As a consequence, the peptidase is entrapped by an irreversible Venus flytrap mechanism. Given the importance of hα2M, biochemical studies galore over more than seven decades have attempted to ascertain its role, typically using authentic hα2M purified from frozen and non-frozen fresh blood plasma, and even outdated plasma. However, hα2M is sensitive once isolated and purified, and becomes heterogeneous during storage and/or freezing, raising concerns about the functional competence of frozen plasma-derived hα2M. We therefore used a combination of native and sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, affinity and ion-exchange chromatography, multi-angle laser light scattering after size-exclusion chromatography, free cysteine quantification, and peptidase inhibition assays with endopeptidases of two catalytic classes and three protein substrates, to characterize the biochemical and biophysical properties of hα2M purified ad hoc either from fresh plasma or frozen fresh plasma after thawing. We found no differences in the molecular or functional properties of the preparations, indicating that protective components in plasma maintain native hα2M in a functionally competent state despite freezing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraia R Mendes
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cornish KAS, Lange J, Aevarsson A, Pohl E. CPR-C4 is a highly conserved novel protease from the Candidate Phyla Radiation with remote structural homology to human vasohibins. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101919. [PMID: 35405098 PMCID: PMC9108980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candidate Phyla Radiation is a recently uncovered and vast expansion of the bacterial domain of life, made up of largely uncharacterized phyla that lack isolated representatives. This unexplored territory of genetic diversity presents an abundance of novel proteins with potential applications in the life-science sectors. Here, we present the structural and functional elucidation of CPR-C4, a hypothetical protein from the genome of a thermophilic Candidate Phyla Radiation organism, identified through metagenomic sequencing. Our analyses revealed that CPR-C4 is a member of a family of highly conserved proteins within the Candidate Phyla Radiation. The function of CPR-C4 as a cysteine protease was predicted through remote structural similarity to the Homo sapiens vasohibins and subsequently confirmed experimentally with fluorescence-based activity assays. Furthermore, detailed structural and sequence alignment analysis enabled identification of a noncanonical cysteine-histidine-leucine(carbonyl) catalytic triad. The unexpected structural and functional similarities between CPR-C4 and the human vasohibins suggest an evolutionary relationship undetectable at the sequence level alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy A S Cornish
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, County Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, County Durham, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Upper Mountjoy, Durham, County Durham, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernandez-Lopez L, Sanchez-Carrillo S, García-Moyano A, Borchert E, Almendral D, Alonso S, Cea-Rama I, Miguez N, Larsen Ø, Werner J, Makarova KS, Plou FJ, Dahlgren TG, Sanz-Aparicio J, Hentschel U, Bjerga GEK, Ferrer M. The bone-degrading enzyme machinery: From multi-component understanding to the treatment of residues from the meat industry. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6328-6342. [PMID: 34938409 PMCID: PMC8645421 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of enzymes from bone-degrading marine microbiomes. Enzymes degrade sialo/glyco-proteins at multiple conditions of pH and temperatures. Enzyme cocktails are useful for valorising bone residues in biorefinery industry.
Many microorganisms feed on the tissue and recalcitrant bone materials from dead animals, however little is known about the collaborative effort and characteristics of their enzymes. In this study, microbial metagenomes from symbionts of the marine bone-dwelling worm Osedax mucofloris, and from microbial biofilms growing on experimentally deployed bone surfaces were screened for specialized bone-degrading enzymes. A total of 2,043 taxonomically (closest match within 40 phyla) and functionally (1 proteolytic and 9 glycohydrolytic activities) diverse and non-redundant sequences (median pairwise identity of 23.6%) encoding such enzymes were retrieved. The taxonomic assignation and the median identity of 72.2% to homologous proteins reflect microbial and functional novelty associated to a specialized bone-degrading marine community. Binning suggests that only one generalist hosting all ten targeted activities, working in synergy with multiple specialists hosting a few or individual activities. Collagenases were the most abundant enzyme class, representing 48% of the total hits. A total of 47 diverse enzymes, representing 8 hydrolytic activities, were produced in Escherichia coli, whereof 13 were soluble and active. The biochemical analyses revealed a wide range of optimal pH (4.0–7.0), optimal temperature (5–65 °C), and of accepted substrates, specific to each microbial enzyme. This versatility may contribute to a high environmental plasticity of bone-degrading marine consortia that can be confronted to diverse habitats and bone materials. Through bone-meal degradation tests, we further demonstrated that some of these enzymes, particularly those from Flavobacteriaceae and Marinifilaceae, may be an asset for development of new value chains in the biorefinery industry.
Collapse
Key Words
- Bone degradation
- Bone microbiome
- COLL, collagenases (peptidases families U32 and M9)
- Collagenase
- DNS, dinitrosalicylic acid
- FALGPA, N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L-leucyl-glycyl-L-prolyl-L-alanine
- Glycosidase
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HMM, Hidden Markov Models
- HPAEC-PAD, High performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
- MAG, Metagenome Assembled Genome
- Metagenomics
- Neu5Ac-GM2, N-acetyl-galactose-β-1,4-[N-acetylneuraminidate-α-2,3-]-galactose-β-1,4-glucose-α-ceramide
- Neu5Ac-GM3, Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-ceramide
- Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid
- Osedax mucofloris
- PEPT, peptidase (families S1, S8, S53, M61)
- RHAM, α-rhamnosidases
- SIAL, sialidases
- pNP-NAβGal, pNP-N-acetyl-β-galactosaminide
- pNP-NAβGlu, pNP-N-acetyl-β-glucosaminide
- pNP-Neu5Ac, 2-O-(p-nitrophenyl)-α-acetylneuraminic acid
- pNP-sugars, p-nitrophenyl-sugars
- pNP-αAFur, pNP-α-arabinofuranoside
- pNP-αAPyr, pNP-α-arabinopyranoside
- pNP-αFuc, pNP-α-fucopyranoside
- pNP-αGal, pNP-α-galactopyranoside
- pNP-αGlu, pNP-α-glucopyranoside
- pNP-αMal, pNP-α-maltoside
- pNP-αMan, pNP-α-mannopyranoside
- pNP-αRham, pNP-α-rhamnopyranoside
- pNP-αXyl, pNP-α-xylopyranoside
- pNP-βAPyr, pNP-β-arabinopyranoside
- pNP-βCel, pNP-β-cellobioside
- pNP-βFuc, pNP-β-fucopyranoside
- pNP-βGal, pNP-β-galactopyranoside
- pNP-βGlu, pNP-β-glucopyranoside
- pNP-βGlucur, pNP-β-glucuronide
- pNP-βLac, pNP-β-lactoside
- pNP-βMan, pNP-β-mannopyranoside
- pNP-βXyl, pNP-β-xylopyranoside
- αFUC, α-fucosidases
- αGAL, α-galactosidases
- αMAN, α-mannosidases
- αNAG, α-N-acetyl-hexosaminidases
- βGAL, β-galactosidases
- βGLU, β-glucosidases
- βNAG, β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erik Borchert
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Corresponding authors at: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany (E. Borchert). Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain (M. Ferrer).
| | | | | | - Isabel Cea-Rama
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Rocasolano”, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Miguez
- CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Øivind Larsen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, P.O. Box 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838 Bergen, Norway
| | - Johannes Werner
- High Performance and Cloud Computing Group, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung (ZDV), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kira S. Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas G. Dahlgren
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, P.O. Box 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ute Hentschel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Ferrer
- CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding authors at: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany (E. Borchert). Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain (M. Ferrer).
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jun JV, Chenoweth DM, Petersson EJ. Rational design of small molecule fluorescent probes for biological applications. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5747-5763. [PMID: 32691820 PMCID: PMC7453994 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for visualizing biological events, embodying an essential facet of chemical biology. Since the discovery of the first organic fluorophore, quinine, in 1845, both synthetic and theoretical efforts have endeavored to "modulate" fluorescent compounds. An advantage of synthetic dyes is the ability to employ modern organic chemistry strategies to tailor chemical structures and thereby rationally tune photophysical properties and functionality of the fluorophore. This review explores general factors affecting fluorophore excitation and emission spectra, molar absorption, Stokes shift, and quantum efficiency; and provides guidelines for chemist to create novel probes. Structure-property relationships concerning the substituents are discussed in detail with examples for several dye families. We also present a survey of functional probes based on PeT, FRET, and environmental or photo-sensitivity, focusing on representative recent work in each category. We believe that a full understanding of dyes with diverse chemical moieties enables the rational design of probes for the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joomyung V Jun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cassidy AA, Blier PU, Le François NR, Dionne P, Morin PJ, Lamarre SG. Effects of fasting and refeeding on protein and glucose metabolism in Arctic charr. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 226:66-74. [PMID: 30144517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Refeeding, following a period of food deprivation will often lead to compensatory growth. Although many studies have focused on molecular mechanisms behind this accelerated growth response in fish, little is known on the roles of protein and metabolism. We also assessed, for the first time, the potential roles of miRNAs in regulating compensatory growth. Artcic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, a northern freshwater species, was deprived of food for 101 days and then fed to satiety for 126 days. The refeeding period resulted in compensatory growth, with a partial compensation of body mass. The feed deprivation period lead to a decrease in hepatosomatic index (HSI) and intestinal somatic index (ISI). HSI and ISI were then gradually replenished during early refeeding, following a lag phase prior to the compensatory growth response. mRNA transcripts regulating protein degradation via the autophagy pathway (Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L) in muscle were upregulated during feed restriction and downregulated after refeeding, which could allow for greater protein accretion in muscle, facilitating compensatory growth. Transcript levels from the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (Mafbx and Murf1) and the calpain system (Calpain 7 and Calpastatin) suggested that these pathways were not involved in regulating compensatory growth. Furthermore, we've shown that miRNAs (miR-29a and miR-223) could be involved in fish glycogen homeostasis during the early stages of refeeding. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating growth in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Cassidy
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Nathalie R Le François
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada; Division des Collections Vivantes et de la Recherche, Biodôme de Montréal-Espace pour la vie, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Patrick Dionne
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pier Jr Morin
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Simon G Lamarre
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sato K, Kodama A, Kase C, Hirakawa S, Ato M. Development of a Simple Permeability Assay Method for Snake Venom-induced Vascular Damage. ANAL SCI 2018. [PMID: 29526900 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel bioassay method for the detection of snake venom based on the permeability of endothelial cell monolayers cultured in Transwell cell culture inserts. This assay relies on the proteolytic degradation of capillary basement membrane proteins, a pathophysiological event that occurs due to snakebites in vivo. Transwell permeability assays with fluorescence measurements are advantageous with regard to ethical considerations for the use of animals. The assay time was reduced from 24 h for animal tests to 2 h, and many samples could be assayed easily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kae Sato
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University
| | - Ayuki Kodama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University
| | - Chikako Kase
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University
| | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Errasti ME, Caffini NO, López LMI. Proteolytic extracts of three Bromeliaceae species as eco-compatible tools for leather industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21459-21466. [PMID: 29297161 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most tanneries use high proportions of Na2S and CaO during the dehairing step, resulting in effluents of high alkalinity and large amounts of suspended solid, besides the risk of liberating the toxic H2S. Solid waste rich in protein is another environmental problem of tanneries. Enzymes are an interesting technological tool for industry due to their biodegradability, nontoxic nature, and nonpolluting effluent generation. In the leather industry, proteases have been chosen as a promising eco-friendly alternative to Na2S/CaO dehairing. Extracts with high proteolytic activity have been obtained from fruits of Bromeliaceae species: Bromelia balansae Mez (Bb), Bromelia hieronymi Mez (Bh), and Pseudananas macrodontes (Morr.) Harms (Pm). In this work, Bb, Bh, and Pm have been studied for application in the leather industry, focusing in their dehairing properties. Enzymatic activities were measured against collagen, keratin, elastin, and epidermis while a dehairing assay was performed by employing cowhide. All extracts showed similar activity on collagen and epidermis, while Bh and Pm were the most active against keratin at the same caseinolytic unit (CU) values; Bh was the only extract active against elastin. Bb (1 CU/ml), Bh (1.5 CU/ml), and Pm (0.5 CU/ml) were able to depilate cowhide. Desirable characteristics of dehairing were observed for all extracts since hair pores did not show residual hair, grain surface was clean and intact, and collagen fiber bundles of dermis were not damaged. In conclusion, results here presented show that proteolytic extracts of Bromeliaceae species are promising eco-compatible tools for leather industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Errasti
- Centro de Investigaciones de Tecnología del Cuero, CIC-INTI, Camino Parque Centenario e/505 y 508, Manuel B. Gonnet, Argentina.
| | - Néstor Oscar Caffini
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, UNLP-CIC, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Laura María Isabel López
- Centro de Investigaciones de Tecnología del Cuero, CIC-INTI, Camino Parque Centenario e/505 y 508, Manuel B. Gonnet, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities of hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) protein hydrolysates produced by the proteases AFP, HT, Pro-G, actinidin and zingibain. Food Chem 2016; 203:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Andersen RJ, Brask J. Synthesis and evaluation of fluorogenic triglycerides as lipase assay substrates. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 198:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Cassidy AA, Saulnier RJ, Lamarre SG. Adjustments of Protein Metabolism in Fasting Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153364. [PMID: 27096948 PMCID: PMC4838323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein metabolism, including the interrelated processes of synthesis and degradation, mediates the growth of an animal. In ectothermic animals, protein metabolism is responsive to changes in both biotic and abiotic conditions. This study aimed to characterise responses of protein metabolism to food deprivation that occur in the coldwater salmonid, Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. We compared two groups of Arctic charr: one fed continuously and the other deprived of food for 36 days. We measured the fractional rate of protein synthesis (KS) in individuals from the fed and fasted groups using a flooding dose technique modified for the use of deuterium-labelled phenylalanine. The enzyme activities of the three major protein degradation pathways (ubiquitin proteasome, lysosomal cathepsins and the calpain systems) were measured in the same fish. This study is the first to measure both KS and the enzymatic activity of protein degradation in the same fish, allowing us to examine the apparent contribution of different protein degradation pathways to protein turnover in various tissues (red and white muscle, liver, heart and gills). KS was lower in the white muscle and in liver of the fasted fish compared to the fed fish. There were no observable effects of food deprivation on the protease activities in any of the tissues with the exception of liver, where the ubiquitin proteasome pathway seemed to be activated during fasting conditions. Lysosomal proteolysis appears to be the primary degradation pathway for muscle protein, while the ubiquitin proteasome pathway seems to predominate in the liver. We speculate that Arctic charr regulate protein metabolism during food deprivation to conserve proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon G. Lamarre
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lamarre SG, MacCormack TJ, Sykes AV, Hall JR, Speers-Roesch B, Callaghan NI, Driedzic WR. Metabolic rate and rates of protein turnover in food-deprived cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus 1758). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1160-8. [PMID: 27053650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00459.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the metabolic response to food deprivation, cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) juveniles were either fed, fasted (3 to 5 days food deprivation), or starved (12 days food deprivation). Fasting resulted in a decrease in triglyceride levels in the digestive gland, and after 12 days, these lipid reserves were essentially depleted. Oxygen consumption was decreased to 53% and NH4 excretion to 36% of the fed group following 3-5 days of food deprivation. Oxygen consumption remained low in the starved group, but NH4 excretion returned to the level recorded for fed animals during starvation. The fractional rate of protein synthesis of fasting animals decreased to 25% in both mantle and gill compared with fed animals and remained low in the mantle with the onset of starvation. In gill, however, protein synthesis rate increased to a level that was 45% of the fed group during starvation. In mantle, starvation led to an increase in cathepsin A-, B-, H-, and L-like enzyme activity and a 2.3-fold increase in polyubiquitin mRNA that suggested an increase in ubiquitin-proteasome activity. In gill, there was a transient increase in the polyubiquitin transcript levels in the transition from fed through fasted to the starved state and cathepsin A-, B-, H-, and L-like activity was lower in starved compared with fed animals. The response in gill appears more complex, as they better maintain rates of protein synthesis and show no evidence of enhanced protein breakdown through recognized catabolic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Lamarre
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada;
| | - Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Antonio V Sykes
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, Core Research Equipment and Instrument Training Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; and
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Neal I Callaghan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - William R Driedzic
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Supinski GS, Alimov AP, Wang L, Song XH, Callahan LA. Calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 modulates infection-induced diaphragm dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L975-84. [PMID: 26968769 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00312.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain activation contributes to the development of infection-induced diaphragm weakness, but the mechanisms by which infections activate calpain are poorly understood. We postulated that skeletal muscle calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is activated by cytokines and has downstream effects that induce calpain activation and muscle weakness. We determined whether cPLA2 activation mediates cytokine-induced calpain activation in isolated skeletal muscle (C2C12) cells and infection-induced diaphragm weakness in mice. C2C12 cells were treated with the following: 1) vehicle; 2) cytomix (TNF-α 20 ng/ml, IL-1β 50 U/ml, IFN-γ 100 U/ml, LPS 10 μg/ml); 3) cytomix + AACOCF3, a cPLA2 inhibitor (10 μM); or 4) AACOCF3 alone. At 24 h, we assessed cell cPLA2 activity, mitochondrial superoxide generation, calpain activity, and calpastatin activity. We also determined if SS31 (10 μg/ml), a mitochondrial superoxide scavenger, reduced cytomix-mediated calpain activation. Finally, we determined if CDIBA (10 μM), a cPLA2 inhibitor, reduced diaphragm dysfunction due to cecal ligation puncture in mice. Cytomix increased C2C12 cell cPLA2 activity (P < 0.001) and superoxide generation; AACOCF3 and SS31 blocked increases in superoxide generation (P < 0.001). Cytomix also activated calpain (P < 0.001) and inactivated calpastatin (P < 0.01); both AACOCF3 and SS31 prevented these changes. Cecal ligation puncture reduced diaphragm force in mice, and CDIBA prevented this reduction (P < 0.001). cPLA2 modulates cytokine-induced calpain activation in cells and infection-induced diaphragm weakness in animals. We speculate that therapies that inhibit cPLA2 may prevent diaphragm weakness in infected, critically ill patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Supinski
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Alexander P Alimov
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Lin Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xiao-Hong Song
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Leigh A Callahan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sytwala S, Domsalla A, Melzig MF. Investigation of plant latices of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae regarding proteolytic activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:117-123. [PMID: 26458257 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of plant latices is widespread, there are more than 40 families of plants characterized to establish lactiferous structures. The appearance of hydrolytic active proteins, incorporated in latices is already characterized, and hydrolytic active proteins are considerable, and for several plant families, the occurrence of hydrolytic active proteins is already specified e.g. Apocynaceae Juss., Caricaceae Dumort, Euphorbiaceae Juss., Moraceae Gaudich and Papaveraceae Juss. In our investigation, focused on latex bearing plants of order Asterales, Asteraceae and Campanulaceae in particular. The present outcomes represent a comprehensive study, relating to the occurrence of proteolytic active enzymes of order Asterales for the first time. 131 different species of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae were tested, and the appearance of plant latex proteases were determined in different quantities. Proteolytic activity was investigated by inhibitory studies and determination of residual activity in the following, enable us to characterize the proteases. Most of the considered species exhibit a serine protease activity and a multiplicity of species exhibited two or more subclasses of proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sytwala
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Domsalla
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sato M, Sasaki N, Ato M, Hirakawa S, Sato K, Sato K. Microcirculation-on-a-Chip: A Microfluidic Platform for Assaying Blood- and Lymphatic-Vessel Permeability. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137301. [PMID: 26332321 PMCID: PMC4558006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a microfluidic model of microcirculation containing both blood and lymphatic vessels for examining vascular permeability. The designed microfluidic device harbors upper and lower channels that are partly aligned and are separated by a porous membrane, and on this membrane, blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were cocultured back-to-back. At cell-cell junctions of both BECs and LECs, claudin-5 and VE-cadherin were detected. The permeability coefficient measured here was lower than the value reported for isolated mammalian venules. Moreover, our results showed that the flow culture established in the device promoted the formation of endothelial cell-cell junctions, and that treatment with histamine, an inflammation-promoting substance, induced changes in the localization of tight and adherens junction-associated proteins and an increase in vascular permeability in the microdevice. These findings indicated that both BECs and LECs appeared to retain their functions in the microfluidic coculture platform. Using this microcirculation device, the vascular damage induced by habu snake venom was successfully assayed, and the assay time was reduced from 24 h to 30 min. This is the first report of a microcirculation model in which BECs and LECs were cocultured. Because the micromodel includes lymphatic vessels in addition to blood vessels, the model can be used to evaluate both vascular permeability and lymphatic return rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sato
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Dermatology at Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiichi Sato
- Division of Molecular Science, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kae Sato
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Le NCH, Gel M, Zhu Y, Wang J, Dacres H, Anderson A, Trowell SC. Sub-nanomolar detection of thrombin activity on a microfluidic chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:064110. [PMID: 25553187 PMCID: PMC4257965 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a form of Förster resonance energy transfer. BRET has been shown to support lower limits of detection than fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) but, unlike FRET, has not been widely implemented on microfluidic devices for bioanalytical sensing. We recently reported a microscope-based microfluidic system for BRET-based biosensing, using a hybrid, high quantum-efficiency, form of BRET chemistry. This paper reports the first optical fiber-based system for BRET detection on a microfluidic chip, capable of quantifying photon emissions from the low quantum-efficiency BRET(2) system. We investigated the effects of varying core diameter and numerical aperture of optical fibers, as well as varying microfluidic channel design and measurement conditions. We optimized the set-up in order to maximize photon counts and minimize the response time. The optimized conditions supported measurement of thrombin activity, with a limit of detection of 20 pM, which is lower than the microscope-based system and more than 20 times lower than concentrations reported to occur in plasma clots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Cao Hoai Le
- Microfluidics Laboratory , CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Murat Gel
- Microfluidics Laboratory , CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, Clayton South MDC, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | | | - Jian Wang
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship , GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Helen Dacres
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship , GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alisha Anderson
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship , GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen C Trowell
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and CSIRO Food Futures Flagship , GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sobottka AM, Tonial F, Sytwala S, Melzig M. Proteinase activity in latex of three plants of the family Euphorbiaceae. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the family of Euphorbiaceae,the genera Euphorbia and Sapium are known to contain essentially latex-bearing species. In the present study, the latex of Euphorbia selloi(Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., Euphorbia papillosa A.St.-Hil., and Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, plants native from Brazil, were examined concerning proteolytic activity. All studied species have proteins with significant proteolytic activity and E. papillosa has the greatest specific activity. Aiming to verify the type of protease present, an assay with different inhibitors was performed. In the three tested plants, the proteolytic activity was significantly inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF). Using techniques of electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE), the subunits of proteins were separated according to their molecular masses, and the protein activity was visually detected by zymography.
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Chua KCH, Pietsch M, Zhang X, Hautmann S, Chan HY, Bruning JB, Gütschow M, Abell AD. Macrocyclic Protease Inhibitors with Reduced Peptide Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7828-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
21
|
Effects of l- and iso-ascorbic acid on meat protein hydrolyzing activity of four commercial plant and three microbial protease preparations. Food Chem 2014; 149:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Zhai D, Xu W, Zhang L, Chang YT. The role of "disaggregation" in optical probe development. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2402-11. [PMID: 24514005 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60368g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
"Aggregation-caused signal change" is a well-established mechanism by now and has been widely used as the basis for optical probe and sensor development. Compared to aggregation, its reverse process, disaggregation, has received much less attention and is not properly discussed in the literature so far. With the less established paradigm or mechanism, although some of the reported sensors and probes seem to work through disaggregation phenomena, the proper interpretation of the results and applying the concept to novel probe development is seriously hampered. The process from aggregation to disaggregation generally causes a recovery or enhancement of fluorescence signals, and thus provides an interesting new path to design "turn-on" probes. This tutorial review will provide the balanced comparison between aggregation and disaggregation mechanism, and focuses on the less explored advantages of "disaggregation" as a novel sensing mechanism and its recent applications in probe development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duanting Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and MedChem Program, Life Sciences Institude, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore117543.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jones SA, Duncan J, Aitken SG, Coxon JM, Abell AD. The Preparation of Macrocyclic Calpain Inhibitors by Ring Closing Metathesis and Cross Metathesis. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ring closing metathesis and cross metathesis approaches to a new macrocyclic peptidomimetic aldehyde 2 have been developed, with the former route being the most convenient. Aldehyde 2 is a potent inhibitor of calpain II (IC50 of 45 nM) with comparable activity to the benchmark acyclic inhibitor SJA6017 4. Both compounds contain an N-terminal 4-fluorophenylsulfonyl group. The P2 Ile analogue of 2 (16) is significantly less active (IC50 of 2000 nM) which reflects an unusually subtle importance of the P2 residue for active site binding.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kemp CM, Oliver WT, Wheeler TL, Chishti AH, Koohmaraie M. The effects of Capn1 gene inactivation on skeletal muscle growth, development, and atrophy, and the compensatory role of other proteolytic systems. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3155-67. [PMID: 23798514 PMCID: PMC3962768 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibrillar protein turnover is a key component of muscle growth and degeneration, requiring proteolytic enzymes to degrade the skeletal muscle proteins. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the calpain proteolytic system in muscle growth development using μ-calpain knockout (KO) mice in comparison with control wild-type (WT) mice, and evaluate the subsequent effects of silencing this gene on other proteolytic systems. No differences in muscle development between genotypes were observed during the early stages of growth due to the up regulation of other proteolytic systems. The KO mice showed significantly greater m-calpain protein abundance (P < 0.01) and activity (P < 0.001), and greater caspase 3/7 activity (P < 0.05). At 30 wk of age, KO mice showed increased protein:DNA (P < 0.05) and RNA:DNA ratios (P < 0.01), greater protein content (P < 0.01) at the expense of lipid deposition (P < 0.05), and an increase in size and number of fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fibers (P < 0.05), suggesting that KO mice exhibit an increased capacity to accumulate and maintain protein in their skeletal muscle. Also, expression of proteins associated with muscle regeneration (neural cell adhesion molecule and myoD) were both reduced in the mature KO mice (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), indicating less muscle regeneration and, therefore, less muscle damage. These findings indicate the concerted action of proteolytic systems to ensure muscle protein homeostasis in vivo. Furthermore, these data contribute to the existing evidence of the importance of the calpain system's involvement in muscle growth, development, and atrophy. Collectively, these data suggest that there are opportunities to target the calpain system to promote the growth and/or restoration of skeletal muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Kemp
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - W. T. Oliver
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - T. L. Wheeler
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - A. H. Chishti
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - M. Koohmaraie
- IEH Laboratories & Consulting Group, Lake Forest Park, WA 98155; and College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen H, Jiao W, Jones MA, Coxon JM, Morton JD, Bickerstaffe R, Pehere AD, Zvarec O, Abell AD. New tripeptide-based macrocyclic calpain inhibitors formed by N-alkylation of histidine. Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:2473-84. [PMID: 23161629 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Two new series of 15-membered macrocyclic peptidomimetics, in which the P1 and P3 residues of the peptide backbone are linked by a bridge containing a 1,4-disubstituted 1H-imidazole, are reported. The structure with an aldehyde at the C-terminus and the imidazole at P3, i.e., 4c, shows significant inhibitory activity against calpain 2, with an IC(50) value of 238 nM. The macrocyclic aldehyde with the imidazole at the alternative P1 position, i.e., 5c, is significantly less active. The relative activities are linked to the ability of the component macrocycles to mimic a β-strand geometry that is known to favor active-site binding. This ability is defined by conformational searches and docking studies with calpain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Chen
- Chemistry Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pehere AD, Pietsch M, Gütschow M, Neilsen PM, Pedersen DS, Nguyen S, Zvarec O, Sykes MJ, Callen DF, Abell AD. Synthesis and extended activity of triazole-containing macrocyclic protease inhibitors. Chemistry 2013; 19:7975-81. [PMID: 23606616 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-derived protease inhibitors are an important class of compounds with the potential to treat a wide range of diseases. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a series of triazole-containing macrocyclic protease inhibitors pre-organized into a β-strand conformation and an evaluation of their activity against a panel of proteases. Acyclic azido-alkyne-based aldehydes are also evaluated for comparison. The macrocyclic peptidomimetics showed considerable activity towards calpain II, cathepsin L and S, and the 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity. Some of the first examples of highly potent macrocyclic inhibitors of cathepsin S were identified. These adopt a well-defined β-strand geometry as shown by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, and molecular docking studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok D Pehere
- School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ha M, Bekhit AED, Carne A, Hopkins DL. Comparison of the Proteolytic Activities of New Commercially Available Bacterial and Fungal Proteases toward Meat Proteins. J Food Sci 2013; 78:C170-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Carne
- Dept. of Biochemistry; Univ. of Otago; PO Box 56; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | - David L. Hopkins
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; PO Box 129; Cowra; NSW 2794; Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The chemistry of small-molecule fluorogenic probes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 113:1-34. [PMID: 23244787 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Chemical fluorophores find wide use in biology to detect and visualize different phenomena. A key advantage of small-molecule dyes is the ability to construct compounds where fluorescence is activated by chemical or biochemical processes. Fluorogenic molecules, in which fluorescence is activated by enzymatic activity, light, or environmental changes, enable advanced bioassays and sophisticated imaging experiments. Here, we detail the collection of fluorophores and highlight both general strategies and unique approaches that are employed to control fluorescence using chemistry.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ha M, Bekhit AED, Carne A, Hopkins DL. Characterisation of kiwifruit and asparagus enzyme extracts, and their activities toward meat proteins. Food Chem 2013; 136:989-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Birth weight and postnatal dietary protein level affect performance, muscle metabolism and meat quality in pigs. Animal 2012; 5:1382-9. [PMID: 22440283 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), resulting in low birth body weight (LBW) occurs naturally in pigs. However, IUGR may also cause persistent changes in physiology and metabolism resulting in poorer performance, organogenesis and meat quality. As IUGR pigs have a lower daily gain from birth to slaughter they may differ in utilization of nutrients and requirements for dietary protein compared with their larger littermates. Thus, the objective in this study was to examine the interaction between birth body weight (BW) and the postnatal dietary protein level, in relation to postnatal performance, organogenesis, muscle metabolism and meat quality. The experiment was carried out with offspring from 16 purebred Danish Landrace gilts mated to Danish Landrace boars. The female and entire male pigs with LBW that survived at weaning were compared with the female and male pigs with the highest/high birth body weight (HBW) within each litter. The offspring were reared individually from weaning and were fed ad libitum a diet containing either a normal level of protein (NP) for optimal growth or an isocaloric diet containing a 30% lower protein content (LP) from 3 weeks to 150 days of age. At slaughter, we found no interactions between birth weight group and dietary protein level for any of the measured traits. The relative crown-rump length (cm/kg) at birth indicates that LBW pigs were thinner than HBW pigs. Daily gain and feed intake were reduced by 14% and 10%, respectively, while the kg feed/kg gain was slightly increased by 3% in LBW pigs compared with HBW pigs. The LP diet reduced daily gain by 27% due to reduced feed intake and increased kg feed/kg gain by 12% and 21%, respectively compared with the NP diet. LBW male pigs produced meat with a higher shear force than male HBW pigs and also LP pigs produced meat with higher shear force than NP pigs. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the Longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) was reduced in pigs fed the LP diet. Calpastatin was increased in LD of LBW pigs and decreased in pigs fed the NP diet. In conclusion, these results suggest a rejection of our hypothesis that low birth weight littermates have a lower requirement for dietary protein compared with heavy weight littermates. Furthermore, LBW male pigs and LP fed pigs of both genders produced less tender meat than HBW pigs or NP fed pigs, respectively.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ha M, Bekhit AEDA, Carne A, Hopkins DL. Characterisation of commercial papain, bromelain, actinidin and zingibain protease preparations and their activities toward meat proteins. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Lamarre SG, Ditlecadet D, McKenzie DJ, Bonnaud L, Driedzic WR. Mechanisms of protein degradation in mantle muscle and proposed gill remodeling in starved Sepia officinalis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R427-37. [PMID: 22647292 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00077.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods have relatively high rates of protein synthesis compared to rates of protein degradation, along with minimal carbohydrate and lipid reserves. During food deprivation on board protein is catabolized as a metabolic fuel. The aim of the current study was to assess whether biochemical indices of protein synthesis and proteolytic mechanisms were altered in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, starved for 7 days. In mantle muscle, food deprivation is associated with a decrease in protein synthesis, as indicated by a decrease in the total RNA level and dephosphorylation of key signaling molecules, such as the eukaryote binding protein, 4E-BP1 (regulator of translation) and Akt. The ubiquitination-proteasome system (UPS) is activated as shown by an increase in the levels of proteasome β-subunit mRNA, polyubiquitinated protein, and polyubiquitin mRNA. As well, cathepsin activity levels are increased, suggesting increased proteolysis through the lysosomal pathway. Together, these mechanisms could supply amino acids as metabolic fuels. In gill, the situation is quite different. It appears that during the first stages of starvation, both protein synthesis and protein degradation are enhanced in gill. This is based upon increased phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and enhanced levels of UPS indicators, especially 20S proteasome activity and polyubiquitin mRNA. It is proposed that an increased protein turnover is related to gill remodeling perhaps to retain essential hemolymph-borne compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Lamarre
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
New peptidic templates constrained into a β-strand geometry by linking acetylene and azide containing P(1) and P(3) residues of a tripeptide by Huisgen cycloaddition are presented. The conformations of the macrocycles are defined by NMR studies and those that best define a β-strand are shown to be potent inhibitors of the protease calpain. The β-strand templates presented and defined here are prepared under optimized conditions that should be suitable for targeting a range of proteases and other applications requiring such a geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok D Pehere
- School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gaarder MØ, Bahuaud D, Veiseth-Kent E, Mørkøre T, Thomassen MS. Relevance of calpain and calpastatin activity for texture in super-chilled and ice-stored Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets. Food Chem 2011; 132:9-17. [PMID: 26434257 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present experiment was to measure the protease activities in ice-stored and super-chilled Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets, and the effect on texture. Pre-rigour fillets of Atlantic salmon were either super-chilled to a core temperature of -1.5°C or directly chilled on ice prior to 144h of ice storage. A significantly higher calpain activity was detected in the super-chilled fillets at 6h post-treatment compared to the ice-stored fillets and followed by a significant decrease below its initial level, while the calpastatin activity was significantly lower for the super-chilled fillets at all time points. The cathepsin B+L and B activities increased significantly with time post-treatment; however, no significant differences were observed at any time points between the two treatments. For the ice stored fillets, the cathepsin L activity decreased significantly from 6 to 24h post-treatment and thereafter increased significantly to 144h post-treatment. There was also a significantly lower cathepsin L activity in the super-chilled fillets at 0h post-treatment. No significant difference in breaking force was detected; however, a significant difference in maximum compression (Fmax) was detected at 24h post-treatment with lower Fmax in the super-chilled fillets. This experiment showed that super-chilling had a significant effect on the protease activities and the ATP degradation in salmon fillets. The observed difference in Fmax may be a result of these observed differences, and may indicate a softening of the super-chilled salmon muscle at 24h post-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ø Gaarder
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Department of Animal- and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Post Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - D Bahuaud
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Department of Animal- and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Post Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | | | - T Mørkøre
- Nofima Marin AS, Osloveien 1, 1430 Aas, Norway
| | - M S Thomassen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Department of Animal- and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Post Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stuart BG, Coxon JM, Morton JD, Abell AD, McDonald DQ, Aitken SG, Jones MA, Bickerstaffe R. Molecular Modeling: A Search for a Calpain Inhibitor as a New Treatment for Cataractogenesis. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7503-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200471r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
36
|
Gaarder M, Thomassen M, Veiseth-Kent E. Identification of calpastatin, μ-calpain and m-calpain in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) muscle. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Thompson SN, Carrico KM, Mustafa AG, Bains M, Hall ED. A pharmacological analysis of the neuroprotective efficacy of the brain- and cell-permeable calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 in the mouse controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury model. J Neurotrauma 2011; 27:2233-43. [PMID: 20874056 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal and neuronal protective effects of early treatment with the blood-brain barrier- and cell-permeable calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 was examined in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) traumatic brain injury (TBI) model in male CF-1 mice. This was preceded by a dose-response and pharmacodynamic evaluation of IV or IP doses of MDL-28170 with regard to ex vivo inhibition of calpain 2 activity in harvested brain homogenates. From these data, we tested the effects of an optimized MDL-28170 dosing regimen on calpain-mediated degradation of the neuronal cytoskeletal protein α-spectrin in cortical or hippocampal tissue of mice 24 h after CCI-TBI (1.0 mm depth, 3.5 m/sec velocity). With treatment initiated at 15 min post-TBI, α-spectrin degradation was significantly reduced by 40% in hippocampus and 44% in cortex. This effect was still observed with a 1-h but not a 3-h post-TBI delay. The cytoskeletal protection is most likely taking place in neurons surrounding the area of mainly necrotic degeneration, since MDL-28170 did not reduce hemispheric lesion volume as measured by the aminocupric silver staining method. This lack of effect on lesion volume has been seen with other calpain inhibitors, which suggests that pharmacological calpain inhibition by itself, while able to reduce axonal injury, may not be able to produce a measurable reduction in lesion volume. This is in contrast to certain other neuroprotective mechanistic approaches such as the mitochondrial protectant cyclosporine A, which produces at least a partial decrease in lesion volume in the same model. Accordingly, the combination of a calpain inhibitor with a compound such as cyclosporine A may be needed to achieve the optimal degree of post-TBI neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Thompson
- University of Kentucky Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Veiseth-Kent E, Hollung K, Ofstad R, Aass L, Hildrum KI. Relationship between muscle microstructure, the calpain system, and shear force in bovine longissimus dorsi muscle1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3445-51. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
39
|
Morris CA, Selsby JT, Morris LD, Pendrak K, Sweeney HL. Bowman-Birk inhibitor attenuates dystrophic pathology in mdx mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1492-9. [PMID: 20847128 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01283.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC), a serine protease inhibitor, has been shown to diminish disuse atrophy of skeletal muscle. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results from a loss of dystrophin protein and involves an ongoing inflammatory response, with matrix remodeling and activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(1) leading to tissue fibrosis. Inflammatory-mediated increases in extracellular protease activity may drive much of this pathological tissue remodeling. Hence, we evaluated the ability of BBIC, an extracellular serine protease inhibitor, to impact pathology in the mouse model of DMD (mdx mouse). Mdx mice fed 1% BBIC in their diet had increased skeletal muscle mass and tetanic force and improved muscle integrity (less Evans blue dye uptake). Importantly, mdx mice treated with BBIC were less susceptible to contraction-induced injury. Changes consistent with decreased degeneration/regeneration, as well as reduced TGF-β(1) and fibrosis, were observed in the BBIC-treated mdx mice. While Akt signaling was unchanged, myostatin activitation and Smad signaling were reduced. Given that BBIC treatment increases mass and strength, while decreasing fibrosis in skeletal muscles of the mdx mouse, it should be evaluated as a possible therapeutic to slow the progression of disease in human DMD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Morris
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Benniston AC, Copley G, Harriman A, Howgego D, Harrington RW, Clegg W. Cofacial Boron Dipyrromethene (Bodipy) Dimers: Synthesis, Charge Delocalization, and Exciton Coupling. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2018-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
41
|
Lee HYY, Morton JD, Robertson LJG, McDermott JD, Bickerstaffe R, Abell AD, Jones MA, Mehrtens JM, Coxon JM. Evaluation of a novel calpain inhibitor as a treatment for cataract. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 36:852-60. [PMID: 19278481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of a newly synthesized calpain inhibitor, CAT0059, using a naturally occurring in vivo sheep cataract model. METHODS The selectivity of CAT0059 was investigated by an in vitro protease assay. The efficacy of CAT0059 in preventing proteolysis of lens cytoskeletal proteins by calpain 2 was investigated using a lens-based cell-free method. The cytotoxicity and stability of CAT0059 in physiological conditions were examined using cultured sheep lenses. Protein binding of CAT0059 by ocular proteins was assessed and quantified by a modified high-performance liquid chromatography assay. CAT0059 was formulated in an eye drop solution and as an eye ointment. These were applied in vivo daily to one eye of the cataract lambs, over a 67- and 97-day trial period, respectively. The progression of cataracts in the treated and untreated eyes was assessed by an independent veterinary ophthalmologist using a slit-lamp microscope. RESULTS In vitro assays revealed that CAT0059 was selective for cysteine proteases and also protected lens cytoskeletal proteins from degradation. CAT0059 was stable in physiological conditions and non-toxic to the lens. Only 15% of CAT0059 is bound to proteins in the aqueous humour but >90% bound to lens homogenate. The 67-day CAT0059 eye drop treatment was not effective in slowing the rate of cataract development. However, application of CAT0059 in an eye ointment initially slowed cataract development compared with the untreated eye. This effect was temporary. CONCLUSIONS In vitro assays confirmed CAT0059 to be a potent calpain inhibitor. The two in vivo trials addressed the ability of CAT0059 to reach the lens and established its limitations as a therapeutic molecule for cataract treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Y Y Lee
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, 7647 Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abell AD, Jones MA, Coxon JM, Morton JD, Aitken SG, McNabb SB, Lee HYY, Mehrtens JM, Alexander NA, Stuart BG, Neffe AT, Bickerstaffe R. Molecular modeling, synthesis, and biological evaluation of macrocyclic calpain inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1455-8. [PMID: 19145612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The design and elaboration of a series of macrocyclic templates that exhibit a propensity to adopt a beta-strand-like peptide-backbone conformation led to potent and selective inhibitors of calpain 2. Macrocycle 1 retarded calcium-induced opacification in an ovine-lens culture assay and is a lead compound for the development of a drug for cataract treatment. Cbz=carbobenzyloxy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Neti G, Novak SM, Thompson VF, Goll DE. Properties of easily releasable myofilaments: are they the first step in myofibrillar protein turnover? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1383-90. [PMID: 19321741 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00022.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myofibrillar proteins must be removed from the myofibril before they can be turned over metabolically in functioning muscle cells. It is uncertain how this removal is accomplished without disruption of the contractile function of the myofibril. It has been proposed that the calpains could remove the outer layer of filaments from myofibrils as a first step in myofibrillar protein turnover. Several studies have found that myofilaments can be removed from myofibrils by trituration in the presence of ATP. These easily releasable myofilaments (ERMs) were proposed to be intermediates in myofibrillar protein turnover. It was unclear, however, whether the ERMs were an identifiable entity in muscle or whether additional trituration would remove more myofilaments until the myofibril was gone and whether calpains could release ERMs from intact myofibrils. The present study shows that few ERMs could be obtained from the residue after the first removal of ERMs, and the yield of ERMs from well-washed myofibrils was reduced, probably because some ERMs had been removed by the washing process. Mild calpain treatment of myofibrils released filaments that had a polypeptide composition and were ultrastructurally similar to ERMs. The yield of calpain-released ERMs was two- to threefold greater than the normal yield. Hence, ERMs are an identifiable entity in myofibrils, and calpain releases filaments that are similar to ERMs. The role of ERMs in myofibrillar protein turnover is unclear, because only filaments on the surface of the myofibril would turn over, and changes in myofibrillar protein isoforms during development could not occur via the ERM mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girija Neti
- Muscle Biology Group, 626 Shantz, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abell A, Jones M, Coxon J, Morton J, Aitken S, McNabb S, Lee H, Mehrtens J, Alexander N, Stuart B, Neffe A, Bickerstaffe R. Molecular Modeling, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Macrocyclic Calpain Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
- Present address: School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005 (Australia), Fax: (+61) 8‐8303‐4358
| | - Matthew A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
| | - James M. Coxon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
| | - James D. Morton
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, Lincoln University, Post Office Box 84, Canterbury (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 3‐325‐3851
| | - Steven G. Aitken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
| | - Stephen B. McNabb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
| | - Hannah Y.‐Y. Lee
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, Lincoln University, Post Office Box 84, Canterbury (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 3‐325‐3851
| | - Janna M. Mehrtens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
| | - Nathan A. Alexander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
| | - Blair G. Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
| | - Axel T. Neffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch (New Zealand)
- Present address: Institute of Polymer Research, GKSS Research, Centre Geesthacht GmbH, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow (Germany)
| | - Roy Bickerstaffe
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, Lincoln University, Post Office Box 84, Canterbury (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 3‐325‐3851
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Therkildsen M, Houbak MB, Byrne DV. Feeding strategy for improving tenderness has opposite effects in two different muscles. Meat Sci 2008; 80:1037-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
46
|
Jones MA, Morton JD, Coxon JM, McNabb SB, Lee HYY, Aitken SG, Mehrtens JM, Robertson LJ, Neffe AT, Miyamoto S, Bickerstaffe R, Gately K, Wood JM, Abell AD. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling of N-heterocyclic dipeptide aldehydes as selective calpain inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6911-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
47
|
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes embody an essential facet of chemical biology. Although numerous compounds are known, the ensemble of fluorescent probes is based on a modest collection of modular "core" dyes. The elaboration of these dyes with diverse chemical moieties is enabling the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological systems. The importance of fluorescence-based technologies in chemical biology elicits a necessity to understand the major classes of small-molecule fluorophores. Here, we examine the chemical and photophysical properties of oft-used fluorophores and highlight classic and contemporary examples in which utility has been built upon these scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chicharro R, Alonso M, Arán VJ, Herradón B. Studies on calpain inhibitors. Synthesis of partially reduced isoquinoline-1-thione derivatives and conversion to functionalized 1-chloroisoquinolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
49
|
Ibrahim RM, Goll DE, Marchello JA, Duff GC, Thompson VF, Mares SW, Ahmad HA. Effect of two dietary concentrate levels on tenderness, calpain and calpastatin activities, and carcass merit in Waguli and Brahman steers. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1426-33. [PMID: 18310491 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare carcass characteristics of a newly introduced breed, the Waguli (Wagyu x Tuli), with the carcass characteristics of the Brahman breed. Brahman cattle are used extensively in the Southwest of the United States because of their tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. However, Brahman carcasses are discounted according to the height of their humps because of meat tenderness issues. The Waguli was developed in an attempt to obtain a breed that retained the heat tolerance of the Brahman but had meat quality attributes similar to the Wagyu. Twenty-four animals were used. Six steers from each breed were fed a 94% concentrate diet and 6 steers from each breed were fed an 86% concentrate diet. Eight steers, 2 from each group, were harvested after 128 d, after 142 d, and after 156 d on feed. Waguli steers had larger LM, greater backfat thickness, greater marbling scores, and greater quality grades than the Brahman steers (P < 0.05). The Japanese Wagyu breed is well known for its highly marbled and tender meat, and these traits are also present in the Waguli. The Waguli had significantly lower Warner-Bratzler shear force values than the Brahman steers after 7 and 10 d of postmortem aging (P < 0.05); this difference decreased after 14 d postmortem (P = 0.2), when tenderness of the slower aging Brahman had increased to acceptable levels. Toughness of the Brahman has been associated with high levels of calpastatin in Brahman muscle, and the Waguli LM had significantly less calpastatin activity (P = 0.02) at 0 h postmortem than the Brahman LM. At 0-h postmortem, the total LM calpain activity did not differ between the Brahman and Waguli (P = 0.57). Neither diet nor days on feed had any significant effect on the 0-h postmortem calpain or at 0-h postmortem calpastatin activity, nor an effect on Warner-Bratzler shear-force values. In conclusion, LM muscle from the Waguli steers had a high degree of marbling, lower shear force values, and low calpastatin activity, all of which are related to more tender meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Ibrahim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kent MP, Veiseth E, Therkildsen M, Koohmaraie M. An assessment of extraction and assay techniques for quantification of calpain and calpastatin from small tissue samples. J Anim Sci 2008; 83:2182-8. [PMID: 16100074 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8392182x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate whether small (biopsy-sized) samples could be used to measure calpain and calpastatin activities in skeletal muscle. The accuracy of different separation and assay methods for the quantification of calpains and calpastatin from small (1.0 and 0.2 g) skeletal muscle samples was tested. In Exp. 1, the LM was removed from six lambs, and a 50-g subsample was processed using the reference method (DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and casein assay). Subsamples (1.0 and 0.2 g) also were processed using the two-step separation (1 mL DEAE-Sephacel and bulk elution using 200 and 400 mM NaCl) and heated calpastatin methods; in both cases, fractions were assayed with Bodipy-labeled and [14C]-labeled casein microassays. Finally, casein zymography was used to separate and quantify the calpain proteases from 1.0-and 0.2-g samples. The values obtained after processing the 50-g sample using the reference method were judged most accurate, and the alternative approaches were compared with these. For each extraction and assay approach, we considered: 1) the effect of the sample size on the mean activity; 2) increased or decreased variation of data; and 3) the correlation relative to the reference method. Where possible, we compared the ratio of calpain to calpastatin activities determined using the alternative approaches with the ratios found using the reference method. These methodologies were further investigated in Exp. 2, where single homogenates from different tissues (heart, spleen, lung, and muscle) were assayed using the alternative approaches. Experiment 1 established that most of the approaches suffered from poor correlations and/or unacceptable variation. By using a large, homogenous sample in Exp. 2, however, we determined that this error was not due to the methodologies themselves. Therefore, the unacceptable variation found in Exp. 1 resulted from the small sample size, and we recommend that large tissue samples (e.g., 50 g) should be used for calpain and calpastatin activity measurements in skeletal muscle instead of small tissue biopsies (e.g., 0.2 and 1.0 g).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Kent
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 As, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|