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Tanaka Y, Takami K, Nishijima T, Aoki R, Mawatari T, Ikeda T. Short- and long-term dynamics in the intestinal microbiota following ingestion of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2015; 34:77-85. [PMID: 26594607 PMCID: PMC4639512 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2015-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505 (B. lactis
GCL2505) is able to survive passage through the intestines and proliferate. The daily dynamics of the
intestinal bifidobacteria following ingestion of probiotics are not yet clear. Moreover, the effects of
long-term ingestion of probiotics on the intestinal microbiota have not been well studied. Two experiments
were performed in the present study. In Experiment 1, 53 healthy female volunteers received B.
lactis GCL2505; B. bifidum GCL2080, which can survive but not proliferate in the
intestine; or yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.
bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus for 2 weeks, and the daily
dynamics of intestinal bifidobacteria were investigated. The number of fecal bifidobacteria significantly
increased on day 1, and this was maintained until day 14 in the B. lactis GCL2505 ingestion
group. However, no significant change in the number of fecal bifidobacteria was observed in the other groups
throughout the ingestion period. In Experiment 2, 38 constipated volunteers received either B.
lactis GCL2505 or a placebo for 8 weeks. Both the number of fecal bifidobacteria and the frequency
of defecation significantly increased throughout the ingestion period in the B. lactis
GCL2505 ingestion group. These results suggested that the proliferation of ingested bifidobacteria within the
intestine contributed to a rapid increase in the amount of intestinal bifidobacteria and subsequent
maintenance of these levels. Moreover, B. lactis GCL2505 improved the intestinal microbiota
more effectively than non-proliferating bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tanaka
- Institute of Health Science, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan ; R&D Division, Glico Dairy Products Co., Ltd., 2-14-1 Musashino, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-0021, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Takami
- R&D Division, Glico Dairy Products Co., Ltd., 2-14-1 Musashino, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-0021, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nishijima
- R&D Division, Glico Dairy Products Co., Ltd., 2-14-1 Musashino, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-0021, Japan
| | - Ryo Aoki
- Institute of Health Science, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan ; R&D Division, Glico Dairy Products Co., Ltd., 2-14-1 Musashino, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Mawatari
- Institute of Health Science, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan ; R&D Division, Glico Dairy Products Co., Ltd., 2-14-1 Musashino, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-0021, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Faculty of Human Life Science, Fuji Women's University, 4-5 Hanakawaminami, Ishikari-shi, Hokkaido 061-3204, Japan
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Pak D, Koo OK, Story RS, O'Bryan CA, Crandall PG, Lee SO, Ricke SC. Acridine orange as an alternative to optical density to study growth kinetics of Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC 7517. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:512-515. [PMID: 23452217 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.761919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we assessed the use of acridine orange as an alternative to optical density to quantify the growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC 7517. The growth of bacteria in Lactobacillus de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) medium was measured by both acridine orange (AO) and optical density (OD) measurements for 24 h. The relationship between both methods was compared via correlation analysis. The doubling time of bacteria based on the values of OD600 and AO obtained during 24 h growth were also calculated. The result shows strong correlation of cell growth between OD600 and AO during the first 10 hours of growth, but the correlation was less strong when analyzing the data from 0 to 24 hours. Growth rates, generation time and lag time were also similar. This study indicates that AO could be used in place of OD to prepare growth curves of Lactobacillus bulgaricus during the exponential phase of growth, and to compare growth rates, generation times or lag times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolar Pak
- Center for Food Safety, Dept. of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Wu H, Wu Q, Zhang J, Li C, Huang Z. Study on rapid quantitative detection of total bacterial counts by the ATP-bioluminescence and application in probiotic products. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim ER, Cho YH, Kim YH, Park SO, Woo GJ, Chun HN. Comparison of Bifidobacteria Selective Media for the Detection of Bifidobacteria in Korean Commercial Fermented Milk Products. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2010. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.1.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jia J, Frantz N, Khoo C, Gibson GR, Rastall RA, McCartney AL. Investigation of the faecal microbiota associated with canine chronic diarrhoea. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 71:304-12. [PMID: 20002179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea is a common problem in dogs and can result in disturbance of the normal intestinal microbiota. However, little is known about the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs with chronic diarrhoea and controlled canine studies of dietary management are scarce. The aims of this study were to investigate the predominant faecal microbiota of chronic diarrhoea dogs and to examine the effect(s) of a fibre blend on the canine faecal microbiota. A 3-week fibre supplementation feeding study was performed in nine chronic diarrhoea and eight control dogs. Atopobium cluster, Lactobacillus-Enterococcus group and Clostridium cluster XIV were the predominant bacterial groups in all dogs. Chronic diarrhoea dogs had significantly higher Bacteroides counts at baseline and significantly lower Atopobium cluster counts following fibre supplementation compared with control dogs. Atopobium cluster levels increased significantly in control dogs, while counts of sulphate-reducing bacteria decreased significantly and Clostridium clusters I and II counts increased significantly in chronic diarrhoea dogs during fibre supplementation. Microbial profiles (detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) demonstrated interindividual variation, with greater similarity seen between the chronic diarrhoea and control dogs' profiles after fibre supplementation compared with baseline. In conclusion, fibre supplementation induced changes in the canine faecal microbiota, with greater resemblance between the microbiota of chronic diarrhoea and control dogs after this dietary modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jia
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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Lahtinen SJ, Gueimonde M, Ouwehand AC, Reinikainen JP, Salminen SJ. Comparison of four methods to enumerate probiotic bifidobacteria in a fermented food product. Food Microbiol 2006; 23:571-7. [PMID: 16943053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four methods of enumeration were compared by monitoring levels of probiotic bifidobacteria in fermented oat drink during storage. Strains of Bifidobacterium longum and B. lactis were quantified by plate counts, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative real-time PCR and commercial LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability kit, and the methods were further developed to suit the enumeration of bifidobacteria in fermented foods. Plate counts of both B. lactis and B. longum were lower than the PCR and FISH counts. The LIVE/DEAD counts of B. lactis were comparable to PCR and FISH counts. The plate counts of B. lactis were slightly but significantly lower than LIVE/DEAD counts, suggesting that the cells that were not able to grow on plates may have become dormant. The plate counts of B. longum were several log units lower than LIVE/DEAD counts, suggesting that a remarkable part of the cells were dormant. Real-time PCR and FISH were shown to suit the quantification of the total amount of probiotic bifidobacteria in foods. Plate counts and LIVE/DEAD counts provided conflicting information on viability especially in the case of B. longum. We conclude that the choice of enumeration method for probiotic bacteria may have significant effect on the results of the analysis. The strain-specific properties and the objects of the analysis should be taken into account when enumeration methods for different probiotic strains are chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampo J Lahtinen
- Functional Foods Forum, Department of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Thitaram SN, Siragusa GR, Hinton A. Bifidobacterium-selective isolation and enumeration from chicken caeca by a modified oligosaccharide antibiotic-selective agar medium. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 41:355-60. [PMID: 16162144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the efficacy and selectivity of an acidified, antibiotic-selective, oligosaccharide-containing media for enumerating Bifidobacterium spp. from chicken caeca samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Transoligosaccharide propionate agar medium (TOS) modified by addition of mupirocin (50 microg ml-1) and glacial acetic acid (1%, v/v), did not inhibit the growth of bifidobacteria compared with the control media yet inhibited the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus gordonii. CONCLUSIONS Addition of mupirocin (50 microg ml-1) and glacial acetic acid (1%, v/v) to TOS (TOS-AM50), is an effective selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Bifidobacterium spp. from chicken caeca samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The development of an intestinal bifidobacteria-selective media contributes to the study of probiotics and prebiotics in poultry and potentially other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Thitaram
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Delcenserie V, Bechoux N, China B, Daube G, Gavini F. A PCR method for detection of bifidobacteria in raw milk and raw milk cheese: comparison with culture-based methods. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 61:55-67. [PMID: 15676196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are well known for their beneficial effects on health and are used as probiotics in food and pharmaceutical products. As they form one of the most important groups in both human and animal feces, their use as fecal indicator organisms in raw milk products has recently been proposed. Bifidobacteria species isolated in humans are different from those isolated in animals. It should therefore be possible to determine contamination origin (human or animal). A method of detecting the Bifidobacterium genus was developed by PCR targeting the hsp60 gene. The genus Bifidobacterium was identified by PCR amplification of a 217-bp hsp60 gene fragment. The degenerated primer pair specific to the Bifidobacterium genus used was tested for it specificity on 127 strains. Sensitivity was measured on artificially contaminated samples. Food can however be a difficult matrix for PCR testing since it contains PCR inhibitors. So an internal PCR control was used. An artificially created DNA fragment of 315 bp was constructed. The PCR detection method was tested on raw milk and cheese samples and compared with three culture-based methods, which comprised enrichment and isolation steps. The enrichment step used Brain Heart Infusion medium with propionic acid, iron citrate, yeast extract, supplemented with mupirocin (BHMup) or not (BH) and the isolation step used Columbia blood agar medium, supplemented with mupirocin (CMup) or not (C). The method using mupirocin at both enrichment and isolation steps and the PCR method performed from the culture in BHMup enrichment medium were shown to be the most efficient. No significant difference was observed in raw milk samples between PCR from BHMup and the culture-based method BHMup/CMup, while a significant difference was noticed between the same methods in raw milk cheese samples, which would favor using PCR. The results suggested that PCR on the hsp60 gene was convenient for a rapid detection of bifidobacteria in raw milk and raw milk cheese samples and that bifidobacteria always present throughout raw milk cheese production could be efficiently used as fecal indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Delcenserie
- Food Sciences Department, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B43b 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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Mättö J, Malinen E, Suihko ML, Alander M, Palva A, Saarela M. Genetic heterogeneity and functional properties of intestinal bifidobacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 97:459-70. [PMID: 15281925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to compare several molecular methods for the identification and genotyping of bifidobacteria, and further to investigate genetic heterogeneity and functional properties of bifidobacterial isolates from intestinal samples of Finnish adult subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 153 intestinal bifidobacterial isolates were included in initial screening and 34 isolates were further characterized. Identification results obtained with PCR-ELISA and ribotyping were well in accordance with each other, while randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) gave tentative identification only to Bifidobacterium bifidum and to 65% of the B. longum isolates. The most commonly detected species were B. longum biotype longum followed by B. adolescentis and B. bifidum. In addition, B. animalis (lactis), B. angulatum and B. pseudocatenulatum were found. Ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) proved to be discriminatory methods for bifidobacteria, but also RAPD revealed intraspecies heterogeneity. Besides two B. animalis (lactis) isolates with very close similarity to a commercially available probiotic strain, none of the intestinal isolates showed optimal survival in all tolerance (acid, bile and oxygen) or growth performance tests. CONCLUSIONS Several species/strains of bifidobacteria simultaneously colonize the gastrointestinal tract of healthy Finnish adults and intestinal Bifidobacterium isolates were genetically heterogeneous. Functional properties of bifidobacteria were strain-dependent. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Applicability of ribotyping with the automated RiboPrinter System for identification and genotyping of bifidobacteria was shown in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mättö
- VTT Biotechnology, Espoo, Finland.
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Apajalahti JHA, Kettunen A, Nurminen PH, Jatila H, Holben WE. Selective plating underestimates abundance and shows differential recovery of bifidobacterial species from human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:5731-5. [PMID: 12957972 PMCID: PMC194935 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.9.5731-5735.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to compare the efficacies and levels of selectivity of different culture-dependent and -independent methods for analyzing bifidobacteria in human stool samples. The three different culture media used here significantly differed from each other, particularly with regard to the recovery of Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Bifidobacterium medium failed to recover B. adolescentis; Beerens medium recovered some B. adolescentis organisms (17% of total bifidobacteria), whereas tomato-Eugon medium recovered mainly B. adolescentis organisms (58% of total bifidobacteria). A culture-independent method that combines GC fractionation of bacterial community DNA and 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that B. adolescentis organisms accounted for 85% of all bifidobacteria. Methodological biases, such as those described in this paper, should be taken into account in interpreting earlier studies and designing future experiments.
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Greetham HL, Giffard C, Hutson RA, Collins MD, Gibson GR. Bacteriology of the Labrador dog gut: a cultural and genotypic approach. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:640-6. [PMID: 12234347 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To carry out an extensive study of the microflora composition of the Labrador dog gut. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal specimens from four Labradors were collected and plated onto growth media designed to recover total anaerobes, bacteroides, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, clostridia, Gram-positive cocci, total aerobes and coliforms. Morphologically different isolates were collected from all agars inoculated with faeces from one canine individual (repeated four times). A total of 157 out of 171 isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequence analysis showed that agar selectivity was poor, especially when bacteroides and Gram-positive cocci were the targets. Bifidobacteria were not detected in any of the samples analysed, indicating their presence at low or negligible levels. The gene sequences of many of the isolates (n=45, representing 29% of the total) did not correlate with known species in the Ribosomal Database Project and EMBL databases, suggesting the presence of novel gut diversity. CONCLUSIONS Traditional culture methods fail to reflect the bacterial diversity present in Labrador dog faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has shown the value of molecular-based methodologies for determining bacterial profiles in the Labrador dog gut microbiota, but has also exposed the limitations of purportedly selective agars.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Greetham
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Nebra Y, Jofre J, Blanch AR. The effect of reducing agents on the recovery of injured Bifidobacterium cells. J Microbiol Methods 2002; 49:247-54. [PMID: 11869789 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium spp. have been proposed as a microbial indicator of faecal pollution in water and as possible probiotic in fermented dairy products. These anaerobic bacteria can be subject to metabolic stress in environmental samples because of the presence of oxygen or its derivatives. In this case, their recovery is compromised, especially in selective media. Three reducing agents were tested to improve the recovery of oxygen-stressed bifidobacteria: L-cysteine, sodium pyruvate and sodium thioglycolate. These agents were evaluated individually at various concentrations, and in combination by measuring recovery on rich and selective media. The addition of several mixtures of reducing agents to the water samples and pre-incubation for 4 h at 37 degrees C increased the recovery of Bifidobacterium spp. on culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Nebra
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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