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Shimada T, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Koga N, Uehara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Kim D, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Roles of Human CYP2A6 and Monkey CYP2A24 and 2A26 Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in the Oxidation of 2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1899-1909. [PMID: 27625140 PMCID: PMC6047209 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) induced type I binding spectra with cytochrome P450 (P450) 2A6 and 2A13, with Ks values of 9.4 and 0.51 µM, respectively. However, CYP2A6 oxidized 2,5,2',5'-TCB to form 4-hydroxylated products at a much higher rate (∼1.0 minute-1) than CYP2A13 (∼0.02 minute-1) based on analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Formation of 4-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-TCB by CYP2A6 was greater than that of 3-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-TCB and three other hydroxylated products. Several human P450 enzymes, including CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B6, 2D6, 2E1, 2C9, and 3A4, did not show any detectable activities in oxidizing 2,5,2',5'-TCB. Cynomolgus monkey CYP2A24, which shows 95% amino acid identity to human CYP2A6, catalyzed 4-hydroxylation of 2,5,2',5'-TCB at a higher rate (∼0.3 minute-1) than CYP2A26 (93% identity to CYP2A6, ∼0.13 minute-1) and CYP2A23 (94% identity to CYP2A13, ∼0.008 minute-1). None of these human and monkey CYP2A enzymes were catalytically active in oxidizing other TCB congeners, such as 2,4,3',4'-, 3,4,3',4'-, and 3,5,3',5'-TCB. Molecular docking analysis suggested that there are different orientations of interaction of 2,5,2',5'-TCB with the active sites (over the heme) of human and monkey CYP2A enzymes, and that ligand interaction energies (U values) of bound protein-ligand complexes show structural relationships of interaction of TCBs and other ligands with active sites of CYP2A enzymes. Catalytic differences in human and monkey CYP2A enzymes in the oxidation of 2,5,2',5'-TCB are suggested to be due to amino acid changes at substrate recognition sites, i.e., V110L, I209S, I300F, V365M, S369G, and R372H, based on the comparison of primary sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Donghak Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
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Yoo J, Hirano M, Mizukawa H, Nomiyama K, Agusa T, Kim EY, Tanabe S, Iwata H. In Vitro and in Silico Analyses for Predicting Hepatic Cytochrome P450-Dependent Metabolic Potencies of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Baikal Seal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14588-14596. [PMID: 26579933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent metabolic pathway and potency of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica). In vitro metabolism of 62 PCB congener mixtures was investigated by using liver microsomes of this species. A decreased ratio of over 20% was observed for CB3, CB4, CB8, CB15, CB19, CB22, CB37, CB54, CB77, and CB105, suggesting the preferential metabolism of low-chlorinated PCBs by CYPs. The highly activated metabolic pathways in Baikal seals that were predicted from the decreased PCBs and detected hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) were CB22 to 4'OH-CB20 and CB77 to 4'OH-CB79. The total amount of OH-PCBs detected as identified and unidentified congeners accounted for only a 3.8 ± 1.7 mol % of loaded PCBs, indicating many unknown PCB metabolic pathways. To explore factors involved in CYP-dependent PCB metabolism, we examined the relationships among the structural and physicochemical properties of PCBs, the in silico PCB-CYP docking parameters, and the in vitro PCB decreased ratios by principal component analysis. Statistical analysis showed that the decreased PCB ratio was at least partly accounted for by the substituted chlorine number of PCBs and the distance from the Cl-unsubstituted carbon of docked PCBs to the heme Fe in CYP2A and 2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Yoo
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masashi Hirano
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Agusa
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University , Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Mizukawa H, Nomiyama K, Kunisue T, Watanabe MX, Subramanian A, Iwata H, Ishizuka M, Tanabe S. Organohalogens and their hydroxylated metabolites in the blood of pigs from an open waste dumping site in south India: association with hepatic cytochrome P450. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:255-263. [PMID: 25743931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs and OH-PBDEs) were measured in the blood of Eurasian wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from a municipal waste open dumping site (DS) and a reference site (RS) in South India. We showed that contamination with OH-PCBs was higher in female pigs from the DS than in all other adult pigs. The highest OH-PCB concentrations were found in piglets from the DS. Moreover, the hepatic expression levels of CYP1A and CYP2B were higher in piglets than in their dam, implying metabolism of PCBs by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The OH-PCB congener profiles differed according to sex and collection sites, possibly because of variations in the expression levels of phase I and phase II enzymes among individual pigs, differences in the exposure sources, and maternal transfer of parent PCBs. The hepatic CYP1A expression levels were positively correlated with the blood concentrations of 4OH-CB107, 4OH-CB162, and 4OH-CB187, implying CYP1A-dependent formation of these OH-PCBs in the pig liver. We found no significant correlations between the blood concentrations of OH-PCBs and thyroid hormones (THs); however, the thyroxin (T4) levels were lower in pigs from the DS than in pigs from the RS. Our limited dataset suggest that induced CYP enzymes accelerate the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous molecules in pigs. Thus, besides parental compounds, the risk of hydroxylated metabolites entering wildlife and humans living in and around municipal open waste dumping sites should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Mizukawa
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Michio X Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Annamalai Subramanian
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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