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Zhu J, Wang X, Zhao J, Ji F, Zeng J, Wei Y, Xu L, Dong G, Ma X, Wang C. Genomic characterization and related functional genes of γ- poly glutamic acid producing Bacillus subtilis. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:125. [PMID: 38622505 PMCID: PMC11017564 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
γ- poly glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a high molecular weight polymer, is synthesized by microorganisms and secreted into the extracellular space. Due to its excellent performance, γ-PGA has been widely used in various fields, including food, biomedical and environmental fields. In this study, we screened natto samples for two strains of Bacillus subtilis N3378-2at and N3378-3At that produce γ-PGA. We then identified the γ-PGA synthetase gene cluster (PgsB, PgsC, PgsA, YwtC and PgdS), glutamate racemase RacE, phage-derived γ-PGA hydrolase (PghB and PghC) and exo-γ-glutamyl peptidase (GGT) from the genome of these strains. Based on these γ-PGA-related protein sequences from isolated Bacillus subtilis and 181 B. subtilis obtained from GenBank, we carried out genotyping analysis and classified them into types 1-5. Since we found B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 can produce γ-PGA, we obtained the B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens strains from GenBank and classified them into types 6 and 7 based on LL3. Finally, we constructed evolutionary trees for these protein sequences. This study analyzed the distribution of γ-PGA-related protein sequences in the genomes of B. subtilis, B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens strains, then the evolutionary diversity of these protein sequences was analyzed, which provided novel information for the development and utilization of γ-PGA-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yanwen Wei
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - LiLi Xu
- Union Biology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Guoying Dong
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Chengmin Wang
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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Li C, Ma H, Li P, Zhang S, Xu J, Wang L, Sheng W, Xu T, Shen L, Wang W, Xia T. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) with heterologous poly-γ-glutamic acid has skin moisturizing, whitening and anti-wrinkle effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130026. [PMID: 38336313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Three genes involved in poly-γ-glutamic acid(γ-PGA)synthesis cloned from Bacillus licheniformis were transformed into cucumber for the first time. Compared with control, its water content increased by 6-14 % and water loss rate decreased by 11-12 %. In zebrafish and human skin experiments, the moisturizing effect of transgenic cucumber was significantly higher than that of CK, γ-PGA and hyaluronic acid group. Transgenic cucumber reduced facial wrinkles and roughness by 19.58 % and 24.97 %, reduced skin melanin content by 5.27 %, increased skin topological angle and L-value by 5.89 % and 2.49 %, and increased the R2 and Q1 values of facial elasticity by 7.67 % and 5.64 %, respectively. The expressions of aqp3, Tyr, silv and OCA2 were down-regulated, eln1, eln2, col1a1a and col1a1b were up-regulated in zebrafish after treated with transgenic cucumber. This study provides an important reference for the endogenous synthesis of important skin care functional molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Haizhen Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Panpan Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shengkui Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jieting Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Tianyu Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Lu Shen
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wanxia Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
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3
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Xu G, Wang J, Shen J, Zhu Y, Liu W, Chen Y, Zha J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Shi J, Koffas MAG, Xu Z. Enhanced poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum by reconstituting PgsBCA complex and fermentation optimization. Metab Eng 2024; 81:238-248. [PMID: 38160746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Previously, a novel Corynebacterium glutamicum strain for the de novo biosynthesis of tailored poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) has been constructed by our group. The strain was based on the γ-PGA synthetase complex, PgsBCA, which is the only polyprotein complex responsible for γ-PGA synthesis in Bacillus spp. In the present study, PgsBCA was reconstituted and overexpressed in C. glutamicum to further enhance γ-PGA synthesis. First, we confirmed that all the components (PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA) of γ-PGA synthetase derived from B. licheniformis are necessary for γ-PGA synthesis, and γ-PGA was detected only when PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA were expressed in combination in C. glutamicum. Next, the expression level of each pgsB, pgsC, and pgsA was tuned in order to explore the effect of expression of each of the γ-PGA synthetase subunits on γ-PGA production. Results showed that increasing the transcription levels of pgsB or pgsC and maintaining a medium-level transcription level of pgsA led to 35.44% and 76.53% increase in γ-PGA yield (γ-PGA yield-to-biomass), respectively. Notably, the expression level of pgsC had the greatest influence (accounting for 68.24%) on γ-PGA synthesis, followed by pgsB. Next, genes encoding for PgsC from four different sources (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus methylotrophicus, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were tested in order to identify the influence of PgsC-encoding orthologues on γ-PGA production, but results showed that in all cases the synthesis of γ-PGA was significantly inhibited. Similarly, we also explored the influence of gene orthologues encoding for PgsB on γ-PGA production, and found that the titer increased to 17.14 ± 0.62 g/L from 8.24 ± 0.10 g/L when PgsB derived from B. methylotrophicus replaced PgsB alone in PgsBCA from B. licheniformis. The resulting strain was chosen for further optimization, and we achieved a γ-PGA titer of 38.26 g/L in a 5 L fermentor by optimizing dissolved oxygen level. Subsequently, by supplementing glucose, γ-PGA titer increased to 50.2 g/L at 48 h. To the best of our knowledge, this study achieved the highest titer for de novo production of γ-PGA from glucose, without addition of L-glutamic acid, resulting in a novel strategy for enhancing γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jiyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiancheng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Cai M, Han Y, Zheng X, Xue B, Zhang X, Mahmut Z, Wang Y, Dong B, Zhang C, Gao D, Sun J. Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid and Its Application in Biomedical Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:15. [PMID: 38203869 PMCID: PMC10779536 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural polymer composed of glutamic acid monomer and it has garnered substantial attention in both the fields of material science and biomedicine. Its remarkable cell compatibility, degradability, and other advantageous characteristics have made it a vital component in the medical field. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the production methods, primary application forms, and medical applications of γ-PGA, drawing from numerous prior studies. Among the four production methods for PGA, microbial fermentation currently stands as the most widely employed. This method has seen various optimization strategies, which we summarize here. From drug delivery systems to tissue engineering and wound healing, γ-PGA's versatility and unique properties have facilitated its successful integration into diverse medical applications, underlining its potential to enhance healthcare outcomes. The objective of this review is to establish a foundational knowledge base for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yumin Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xianhong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Baigong Xue
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xinyao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zulpya Mahmut
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuda Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Donghui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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5
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Suzuki H, Sasabu A. First Example of the Extracellular Surface Expression of Intrinsically Periplasmic Escherichia coli γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, a Member of the N-Terminal Nucleophile Hydrolase Superfamily, and the Use of Cells as a Catalyst for γ-Glutamylvalylglycine Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1132-1138. [PMID: 36606639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the purified Escherichia coli γ-glutamyltranspeptidase has much higher transpeptidation activity than hydrolysis activity, almost all γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity is hydrolysis activity in vivo, that is when measured using the whole cells. By using the Met1 to Arg232 fragment of E. coli YiaT or the CapA of Bacillus subtilis subsp. Natto as an anchor protein, we succeeded in expressing E. coli γ-glutamyltranspeptidase on the extracellular surface of the cells, and these cells showed higher transpeptidation activity than hydrolysis activity in the presence of NaCl. Furthermore, E. coli cells overexpressing γ-glutamyltranspeptidase without an anchor from the T5 promoter maintained γ-glutamyltranspeptidase on the extracellular surface of the cells immediately after being harvested from the culture medium, but the enzyme was released from the extracellular surface of the cells subsequently in the absence of NaCl. Using these cells expressing γ-glutamyltranspeptidase on the extracellular surface, γ-Glu-Val-Gly, a kokumi compound, was successfully produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Suzuki
- Division of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Asuka Sasabu
- Division of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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6
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Hoffmann K, Halmschlag B, Briel S, Sieben M, Putri S, Fukusaki E, Blank LM, Büchs J. Online measurement of the viscosity in shake flasks enables monitoring of γ-PGA production in depolymerase knockout mutants of Bacillus subtilis with the phosphate-starvation inducible promoter P pst. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3293. [PMID: 36081345 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer with a wide range of applications, mainly produced using Bacillus strains. The formation and concomitant secretion of γ-PGA increases the culture broth viscosity, while enzymatic depolymerisation and degradation of γ-PGA decreases the culture broth viscosity. In this study, the recently published ViMOS (Viscosity Monitoring Online System) is applied for optical online measurements of broth viscosity in eight parallel shake flasks. It is shown that the ViMOS is suitable to monitor γ-PGA production and degradation online in shake flasks. This online monitoring enables the detailed analysis of the Ppst promoter and γ-PGA depolymerase knockout mutants in genetically modified Bacillus subtilis 168. The Ppst promoter becomes active under phosphate starvation. The different single depolymerase knockout mutants are ∆ggt, ∆pgdS, ∆cwlO and a triple knockout mutant. An increase in γ-PGA yield in gγ-PGA /gglucose of 190% could be achieved with the triple knockout mutant compared to the Ppst reference strain. The single cwlO knockout also increased γ-PGA production, while the other single knockouts of ggt and pgdS showed no impact. Partial depolymerisation of γ-PGA occurred despite the triple knockout. The online measured data are confirmed with offline measurements. The online viscosity system directly reflects γ-PGA synthesis, γ-PGA depolymerisation, and changes in the molecular weight. Thus, the ViMOS has great potential to rapidly gain detailed and reliable information about new strains and cultivation conditions. The broadened knowledge will facilitate the further optimization of γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hoffmann
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Birthe Halmschlag
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Briel
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michaela Sieben
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sastia Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Agmatine production by Escherichia coli cells expressing SpeA on the extracellular surface. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 162:110139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Parati M, Philip C, Mendrek B, Townrow D, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Stanley M, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G, Radecka I. A circular bioprocess application of algal-based substrate for Bacillus subtilis natto production of γ-PGA. Front Chem 2023; 11:1158147. [PMID: 37153520 PMCID: PMC10158937 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1158147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a bio-derived water-soluble, edible, hydrating, non-immunogenic polymer. Bacillus subtilis natto is a wild-type γ-PGA producer originally isolated from Japanese fermented natto beans whose activity has been shown to be enhanced through ion-specific activation of Extrachromosomal DNA maintenance mechanisms. Being a GRAS γ-PGA producer, this microorganism has attracted great interest in its use within an industrial context. Here we successfully synthesised amorphous, crystalline and semi-crystalline γ-PGA between 11-27 g/L. In line with circular economy principles, scalable macroalgal biomass has been evaluated as substrate for γ-PGA, displaying great potential in both yields and material composition. In this study whole cell, freeze dried seaweed -namely Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta-were pre-treated by means of mechanical methods, sterilised and subsequently inoculated with B. subtilis natto. High shear mixing was found to be the most suitable pre-treatment technique. Supplemented L. digitata (9.1 g/L), S. latissima (10.2 g/L), A. esculenta (13 g/L) displayed γ-PGA yields comparable to those of standard GS media (14.4 g/L). Greatest yields of pure γ-PGA were obtained during the month of June for L. digitata (Avg. 4.76 g/L) comparable to those obtained with GS media (7.0 g/L). Further, pre-treated S. latissima and L. digitata complex media enabled for high molar mass (4,500 kDa) γ-PGA biosynthesis at 8.6 and 8.7 g/L respectively. Compared to standard GS media, algal derived γ-PGA displayed significantly higher molar masses. Further studies will be necessary to further evaluate the impact of varying ash contents upon the stereochemical properties and modify the properties of algal media based γ-PGA with the aid of key nutrients; however, the material synthesised to date can directly displace a number of fossil fuel derived chemicals in drug delivery applications, cosmetics, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, flocculation and as cryoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Parati
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mattia Parati, ; Iza Radecka,
| | - Catherine Philip
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Mendrek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - David Townrow
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michele Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Iza Radecka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mattia Parati, ; Iza Radecka,
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9
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Zhang Z, He P, Cai D, Chen S. Genetic and metabolic engineering for poly-γ-glutamic acid production: current progress, challenges, and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:208. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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A New Method of Myostatin Inhibition in Mice via Oral Administration of Lactobacillus casei Expressing Modified Myostatin Protein, BLS-M22. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169059. [PMID: 36012334 PMCID: PMC9409196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and is an endogenous negative regulator of muscle growth. This study aimed to determine whether an oral administration of Lactobacillus casei expressing modified human myostatin (BLS-M22) could elicit sufficient levels of myostatin-specific antibody and improve the dystrophic features of an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD; mdx mouse). BLS-M22 is a recombinant L. casei engineered to harbor the pKV vector and poly-gamma-glutamic acid gene linked to a modified human myostatin gene. Serological analysis showed that anti-myostatin IgG titers were significantly increased, and serum creatine kinase was significantly reduced in the BLS-M22-treated mdx mice compared to the control mice. In addition, treatment of BLS-M22 resulted in a significant increase in body weight and motor function (Rotarod behavior test). Histological analysis showed an improvement in the dystrophic features (fibrosis and muscle hypertrophy) of the mdx mice with the administration of BLS-M22. The circulating antibodies generated after BLS-M22 oral administration successfully lowered serum myostatin concentration. Myostatin blockade resulted in serological, histological, and functional improvements in mdx mice. Overall, the findings suggest the potential of BLS-M22 to treat DMD; however, further clinical trials are essential to ascertain its efficacy and safety in humans.
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11
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Arnaouteli S, Bamford NC, Stanley-Wall NR, Kovács ÁT. Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation and social interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:600-614. [PMID: 33824496 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a process in which microbial cells aggregate to form collectives that are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is used to dissect the mechanisms controlling matrix production and the subsequent transition from a motile planktonic cell state to a sessile biofilm state. The collective nature of life in a biofilm allows emergent properties to manifest, and B. subtilis biofilms are linked with novel industrial uses as well as probiotic and biocontrol processes. In this Review, we outline the molecular details of the biofilm matrix and the regulatory pathways and external factors that control its production. We explore the beneficial outcomes associated with biofilms. Finally, we highlight major advances in our understanding of concepts of microbial evolution and community behaviour that have resulted from studies of the innate heterogeneity of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arnaouteli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Natalie C Bamford
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nicola R Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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12
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Thapa P, Thapa A, Khadka S, Sapkota S, Panta OP, Sharma S, Karki TB, Poudel P. Screening and characterization of potent poly glutamic acid producing Bacillus sp. isolated from Kinema, water and soil samples. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07715. [PMID: 34401591 PMCID: PMC8358410 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbially produced gamma poly glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a commercially important biopolymer with many applications in foods and various other substances and are abundantly used in different parts of the world. With an aim to study the potent γ-PGA producing Bacillus species, a total of 47 different samples (Kinema, soil, and water) were randomly collected from different locations across the country, and Bacillus sp. were selectively isolated, screened, and characterized by performing physiological, biochemical, morphological, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbial production of γ-PGA was assayed with the selected isolates on the PGA medium and the metabolite obtained was recovered by ethanol precipitation method and further characterized by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Thermotolerance (25-60 °C), pH tolerance (4-9), and NaCl tolerance (1-9%) tests were performed to optimize the bacterial growth and γ-PGA production and its viscosity were measured by Ostwald's viscometer. Out of 145 randomly selected colonies, 63 isolates were Gram-positive, rods, and endospore producers and were presumptively confirmed as genus Bacillus. Higher growth of γ-PGA producers were reported in 22 isolates and was found at optimum conditions such as temperature (30-37 °C), pH (6.5-7), incubation time (3 days), and NaCl concentration (3%) and γ-PGA thus produced was further verified by TLC with the retention factor (RF) value 0.27. The potent isolates were closely similar to Bacillus subtilis subsp. stercoris, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus paranthracis, and Bacillus licheniformis etc. Based on the findings of the study, B. licheniformis is the most potent γ-PGA producing Bacillus sp. which can further be used for the commercial production of γ-PGA. To the best of our knowledge, there is yet no published research from Nepal showing the production of the γ-PGA although microbially produced γ-PGA are the major constituents in some popular foods in particular communities of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Thapa
- Department of Microbiology, National College (NIST), Tribhuvan University, P.O. Box: 8659, Khusibu, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Alina Thapa
- State Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sujan Khadka
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sanjeep Sapkota
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Om Prakash Panta
- Department of Microbiology, National College (NIST), Tribhuvan University, P.O. Box: 8659, Khusibu, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suprina Sharma
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 44601, Nepal
| | - Tika Bahadur Karki
- Department of Microbiology, National College (NIST), Tribhuvan University, P.O. Box: 8659, Khusibu, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pramod Poudel
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal.,Research Division, University Grants Commission (UGC), P.O. Box: 10796, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal
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13
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Zhang R, Zhang S, Jiang G, Gan L, Xu Z, Tian Y. Optimization of fermentation conditions, purification and rheological properties of poly (γ-glutamic acid) produced by Bacillus subtilis 1006-3. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:302-310. [PMID: 34236935 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1941103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the optimal fermentation condition, purification and rheological properties of extracellular polymers produced by Bacillus subtilis 1006-3. An optimum temperature of 30.2 °C, inoculation amount of 6.1%, and pH of 8.2 were determined via Response Surface Methodology. The result of amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis indicated that the obtained polymer contained only glutamic acid, with a wide molecular weight range. This polymer was finally determined as γ-PGA by infrared spectroscopy. The γ-PGA solution displayed a behavior of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid with shear thinning properties, which can be described by the Ostward-de Waele power law model. The apparent viscosity of γ-PGA solution increased with the increase in its concentration from 1% to 10%. The deviation in pH from neutral value, and the addition of NaCl or MgCl2 can reduce the apparent viscosity of γ-PGA solution, and it was more sensitive to Mg2+ than to Na+ addition. At the concentration of 4, 6, and 8%, γ-PGA solution showed predominantly viscous response in the range of 0.1-100 rad/s angular frequency (G″>G'). These results indicated the potential application of the γ-PGA as a thickening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Guangyang Jiang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Longzhan Gan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
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14
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Balogun-Agbaje OA, Odeniyi OA, Odeniyi MA. Drug delivery applications of poly-γ-glutamic acid. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer of microbial origin, consisting of repeating units of l-glutamic acid and/or D-glutamic acid. The biopolymer has found use in the fields of agriculture, food, wastewater, and medicine, owing to its non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties. Due to its biodegradability, γ-PGA is being tipped to dislodge synthetic plastics in drug delivery application. High cost of production, relative to plastics, is however a clog in the wheel of achieving this.
Main body of abstract
This review looked at the production, nanoparticles fabrication, and drug delivery application of γ-PGA. γ-PGA production optimization by modifying the fermentation medium to tailor towards the production of desirable polymer at reduced cost and techniques for the formulation of γ-PGA nanoparticle as well as its characterization were discussed. This review also evaluated the application of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles in the delivery of drugs to action site. Characterization of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles is a crucial step towards determining the applicability of the biopolymer. γ-PGA has been used in the delivery of active agents to action sites.
Conclusion
This review highlights some of the efforts that have been made in the appraisal of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles for drug delivery. γ-PGA is a candidate for future extensive use in drug delivery.
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15
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Li M, Zhang Z, Li S, Tian Z, Ma X. Study on the mechanism of production of γ-PGA and nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis natto based on RNA-seq analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 33836770 PMCID: PMC8034199 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and nattokinase (NK) are the main substances produced by Bacillus subtilis natto in solid-state fermentation and have wide application prospects. We found that our strains had higher activity of nattokinase when soybeans were used as substrate to increase the yield of γ-PGA. Commercial production of γ-PGA and nattokinase requires an understanding of the mechanism of co-production. Here, we obtained the maximum γ-PGA yield (358.5 g/kg, w/w) and highest activity of NK during fermentation and analyzed the transcriptome of Bacillus subtilis natto during co-production of γ-PGA and NK. By comparing changes in expression of genes encoding key enzymes and the metabolic pathways associated with the products in genetic engineering, the mechanism of co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase can be summarized based on RNA-seq analysis. This study firstly provides new insights into the mechanism of co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis natto and reveals potential molecular targets to promote the co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China.
| | - Xia Ma
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200436, China.
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16
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Fujimoto Z, Hong LTT, Kishine N, Suzuki N, Kimura K. Tetramer formation of Bacillus subtilis YabJ protein that belongs to YjgF/YER057c/UK114 family. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:297-306. [PMID: 33590041 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis YabJ protein belongs to the highly conserved YjgF/YER057c/UK114 family, which has a homotrimeric quaternary structure. The dominant allele of yabJ gene that is caused by a single amino acid mutation of Ser103Phe enables poly-γ-glutamic acid (γPGA) production of B. subtilis under conditions where the cell-density signal transduction was disturbed by the loss of DegQ function. X-ray crystallography of recombinant proteins revealed that unlike the homotrimeric wild-type YabJ, the mutant YabJ(Ser103Phe) had a homotetrameric quaternary structure, and the structural change appeared to be triggered by an inversion of the fifth β-strand. The YabJ homotetramer has a hole that is highly accessible, penetrating through the tetramer, and 2 surface concaves as potential ligand-binding sites. Western blot analyses revealed that the conformational change was also induced in vivo by the Ser103Phe mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Fujimoto
- Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NAAC/NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Le Thi Thu Hong
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NFRI/NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naomi Kishine
- Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NAAC/NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NAAC/NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Institute of Material Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keitarou Kimura
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NFRI/NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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17
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Bacillus subtilis extracellular polymeric substances conditioning layers inhibit Escherichia coli adhesion to silicon surfaces: A potential candidate for interfacial antifouling additives. Biointerphases 2021; 16:011003. [PMID: 33706527 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofouling on material surfaces is a ubiquitous problem in a variety of fields. In aqueous environments, the process of biofouling initiates with the formation of a layer of macromolecules called the conditioning layer on the solid-liquid interface, followed by the adhesion and colonization of planktonic bacteria and the subsequent biofilm development and maturation. In this study, the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by Bacillus subtilis were collected and used to prepare conditioning layers on inert surfaces. The morphologies and antifouling performances of the EPS conditioning layers were investigated. It was found that the initial adhesion of Escherichia coli was inhibited on the surfaces precoated with EPS conditioning layers. To further explore the underlying antifouling mechanisms of the EPS conditioning layers, the respective roles of two constituents of B. subtilis EPS (γ-polyglutamic acid and surfactin) were investigated. This study has provided the possibility of developing a novel interfacial antifouling additive with the advantages of easy preparation, nontoxicity, and environmental friendliness.
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18
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Motta Nascimento B, Nair NU. Characterization of a membrane enzymatic complex for heterologous production of poly-γ-glutamate in E. coli. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 11:e00144. [PMID: 32963960 PMCID: PMC7490850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) produced by many Bacillus species is a polymer with many distinct and desirable characteristics. However, the multi-subunit enzymatic complex responsible for its synthesis, PGA Synthetase (PGS), has not been well characterized yet, in native nor in recombinant contexts. Elucidating structural and functional properties are crucial for future engineering efforts aimed at altering the catalytic properties of this enzyme. This study focuses on expressing the enzyme heterologously in the Escherichia coli membrane and characterizing localization, orientation, and activity of this heterooligomeric enzyme complex. In E. coli, we were able to produce high molecular weight PGA polymers with minimal degradation at titers of approximately 13 mg/L in deep-well microtiter batch cultures. Using fusion proteins, we observed, for the first time, the association and orientation of the different subunits with the inner cell membrane. These results provide fundamental structural information on this poorly studied enzyme complex and will aid future fundamental studies and engineering efforts. Successfully expressed active poly-γ-glutamate synthetase (PGS) in E. coli. Confirmed PGS localization at inner membrane of E. coli. Elucidated topology of PGS components in E. coli membrane. Culture and expression in microplates might allow future screening of a high number of samples. Faster production of poly-γ-glutamate in E. coli supernatant compared to B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Motta Nascimento
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Nikhil U Nair
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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19
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Fujita KI, Tomiyama T, Inoi T, Nishiyama T, Sato E, Horibe H, Takahashi R, Kitamura S, Yamaguchi Y, Ogita A, Tanaka T. Effect of pgsE expression on the molecular weight of poly(γ-glutamic acid) in fermentative production. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Liu CL, Dong HG, Xue K, Yang W, Liu P, Cai D, Liu X, Yang Y, Bai Z. Biosynthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid in Escherichia coli by heterologous expression of pgsBCAE operon from Bacillus. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1390-1399. [PMID: 31837088 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an excellent water-soluble biosynthesis material. To confirm the rate-limiting steps of γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway, we introduced a heterologous Bacillus strain pathway and employed an enzyme-modulated dismemberment strategy in Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we heterologously introduced the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway of two laboratory-preserved strains-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 and Bacillus subtilis 168 into E. coli, and compared their γ-PGA production levels. Next, by changing the plasmid copy numbers and supplying sodium glutamate, we explored the effects of gene expression levels and concentrations of the substrate l-glutamic acid on γ-PGA production. We finally employed a two-plasmid induction system using an enzyme-modulated dismemberment of pgsBCAE operon to confirm the rate-limiting genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway. CONCLUSION Through heterologously over-expressing the genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway and exploring gene expression levels, we produced 0·77 g l-1 γ-PGA in strain RSF-EBCAE(BS). We also confirmed that the rate-limiting genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway were pgsB and pgsC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work is beneficial to increase γ-PGA production and study the mechanism of γ-PGA biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - H-G Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - K Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - W Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - P Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - D Cai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - X Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Y Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Z Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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21
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Jiang Y, Jia S, Zheng D, Li F, Wang S, Wang L, Qiao X, Cui W, Tang L, Xu Y, Xia X, Li Y. Protective Immunity against Canine Distemper Virus in Dogs Induced by Intranasal Immunization with a Recombinant Probiotic Expressing the Viral H Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040213. [PMID: 31835572 PMCID: PMC6963260 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) elicits a severe contagious disease in a broad range of hosts. CDV mortality rates are 50% in domestic dogs and 100% in ferrets. Its primary infection sites are respiratory and intestinal mucosa. This study aimed to develop an effective mucosal CDV vaccine using a non-antibiotic marked probiotic pPGΔCm-T7g10-EGFP-H/L. casei 393 strain expressing the CDV H protein. Its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice was evaluated using intranasal and oral vaccinations, whereas in dogs the intranasal route was used for vaccination. Our results indicate that this probiotic vaccine can stimulate a high level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)-based mucosal and IgG-based humoral immune responses in mice. SIgA levels in the nasal lavage and lungs were significantly higher in intranasally vaccinated mice than those in orally vaccinated mice. Both antigen-specific IgG and sIgA antibodies were effectively elicited in dogs through the intranasal route and demonstrated superior immunogenicity. The immune protection efficacy of the probiotic vaccine was evaluated by challenging the immunized dogs with virulent CDV 42 days after primary immunization. Dogs of the pPGΔCm-T7g10-EGFP-H/L. casei 393 group were completely protected against CDV. The proposed probiotic vaccine could be promising for protection against CDV infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Dianzhong Zheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Fengsai Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shengwen Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (Y.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-5519-0363 (Y.L.)
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (Y.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-5519-0363 (Y.L.)
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Halmschlag B, Steurer X, Putri SP, Fukusaki E, Blank LM. Tailor-made poly-γ-glutamic acid production. Metab Eng 2019; 55:239-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hong LTT, Hachiya T, Hase S, Shiwa Y, Yoshikawa H, Sakakibara Y, Nguyen SLT, Kimura K. Poly-γ-glutamic acid production of Bacillus subtilis (natto) in the absence of DegQ: A gain-of-function mutation in yabJ gene. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:690-696. [PMID: 31272833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γPGA) production by Bacillus subtilis is regulated by the quorum sensing system where DegQ transmits the cell density signal to a DNA-binding protein DegU. A mutation suppressing the γPGA-negative phenotype of degQ gene knock-out mutant (ΔdegQ) was identified through whole genome sequencing. The mutation conferred an amino acid substitution of Ser103 to phenylalanine (S103F) in yabJ that belongs to the highly conserved YjgF/YER057c/UK114 family. Genetic experiments including LacZ-fusion assay of γPGA synthetic operon confirmed that the suppressor mutation (yabJS103F) was responsible for the recovery of γPGA production. The yabJ itself was not essential for the γPGA production and the mutant allele enabled γPGA production of the ΔdegQ strain even in the presence of wild type yabJ. Thus, yabJS103F was a dominant positive allele. degU-lacZ fusion gene was hyper-expressed in cells carrying the yabJS103F, but disruption of yabJ did not affect the transcription level of the degU-lacZ. These observations suggested that YabJ acquired a function to stimulate expression of degU by the S103F mutation which is involved in the regulation of γPGA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Thu Hong
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NFRI/NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hachiya
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Hase
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuh Shiwa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yasubumi Sakakibara
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sy Le Thanh Nguyen
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NFRI/NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Keitarou Kimura
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NFRI/NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
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Coherent Aspects of Multifaceted Eco-friendly Biopolymer - Polyglutamic Acid from the Microbes. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ogasawara Y, Shigematsu M, Sato S, Kato H, Dairi T. Involvement of Peptide Epimerization in Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2019; 21:3972-3975. [PMID: 31090431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is a promising polymer that comprises d- and l-glutamic acid (Glu) connected via an amide bond. PGA is biosynthesized by a transmembrane enzyme complex composed of PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA. However, the detailed reaction, especially the mechanism for introducing d-Glu residues into PGA, remains elusive. We herein report isotope tracer experiments with deuterated l- and d-Glu and demonstrate that epimerization of a growing peptide is involved in PGA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Mayuko Shigematsu
- Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Shota Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Hinata Kato
- Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
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Enhanced Low Molecular Weight Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Production in Recombinant Bacillus subtilis 1A751 with Zinc Ion. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:411-423. [PMID: 31037584 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a novel biodegradable polyamide material. Microbial fermentation is the only way to produce γ-PGA, but the molecular weight of γ-PGA varied depending on different strains and culture conditions used. The molecular weight of γ-PGA is a main factor affecting the utilization of γ-PGA. It is urgent to find an efficient way to prepare γ-PGA with specific molecular weight, especially low molecular weight. Bacillus subtilis ECUST is a glutamate-dependent strain that produces γ-PGA. In this study, a recombinant B. subtilis harboring the γ-PGA synthase gene cluster pgsBCAE of our preciously identified γ-PGA-producing B. subtilis ECUST was constructed. Assay of γ-PGA contents and properties showed that recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE obtained the ability to synthesize γ-PGA with low molecular weight (about 10 kDa). The excessive addition of glutamate inhibited the γ-PGA synthesis, while the addition of Zn2+ could promote the synthesis of γ-PGA by increasing the transcription of pgsB but had no effect on the molecular weight of synthesized γ-PGA. Under optimized conditions, γ-PGA produced by recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE increased from initial 0.54 g/L to 3.9 g/L, and the glutamate conversion rate reached 78%. Recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE has the potential for efficient preparation of low molecular weight γ-PGA.
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Gao X, Ma Y, Wang Z, Bai J, Jia S, Feng B, Jiang Y, Cui W, Tang L, Li Y, Wang L, Xu Y. Oral immunization of mice with a probiotic Lactobacillus casei constitutively expressing the α-toxoid induces protective immunity against Clostridium perfringens α-toxin. Virulence 2019; 10:166-179. [PMID: 30806148 PMCID: PMC6422513 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1582975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens α-toxin is one of the major virulence factors during C. perfringens infection, causing hemolysis of erythrocytes in various species. Here, genetically engineered Lactobacillus casei (pPG-α/L. casei 393) constitutively expressing the toxoid of C. perfringens α-toxin was generated and its immunogenicity in mice for induction of protective immunity against the α-toxin was evaluated via oral immunization. The α-toxoid was constitutively expressed by pPG-α/L. casei 393 without a specific inducer, as confirmed by western blotting, laser confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. In an experiment on BALB/c mice to evaluate the oral immunogenicity of pPG-α/L. casei 393, significant levels of a specific secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody in the intestinal mucus and feces and an IgG antibody in the serum of the probiotic vaccine group were detected after booster immunization (p < 0.05) as compared with the pPG/L. casei 393 and PBS control groups. These antibodies effectively neutralized C. perfringens natural α-toxin. Moreover, significantly higher levels of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and interferon (IFN) γ in the serum and increased proliferation of spleen lymphocytes obtained from mice orally immunized with pPG-α/L. casei 393 were detected. With a commercial C. perfringens type A inactivated vaccine as a control, immune protection provided by the probiotic vaccine against C. perfringens α-toxin was evaluated, and 90% and 80% protection rates were observed, respectively. Therefore, strain pPG-α/L. casei 393 effectively elicited mucosal, humoral, and cellular immunity, suggesting that pPG-α/L. casei 393 is a promising candidate for development of a vaccine against C. perfringens α-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Gao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Yingying Ma
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Jing Bai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Shuo Jia
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Baohua Feng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Wen Cui
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Lijie Tang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Yijing Li
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China.,b China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Northeastern Science Inspection Station , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Yigang Xu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China.,b China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Northeastern Science Inspection Station , Harbin , P.R. China.,c Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P.R. China
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Lekota KE, Bezuidt OKI, Mafofo J, Rees J, Muchadeyi FC, Madoroba E, van Heerden H. Whole genome sequencing and identification of Bacillus endophyticus and B. anthracis isolated from anthrax outbreaks in South Africa. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:67. [PMID: 29986655 PMCID: PMC6038202 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus endophyticus is a soil plant-endophytic bacterium, while B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. The virulence factors of B. anthracis are the plasmid encoded tripartite toxins (pXO1) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule (pXO2). B. endophyticus isolated alongside B. anthracis from animals that died of anthrax in Northern Cape Province (NCP), South Africa, harbored polyglutamate genes. The study compared the characteristics of B. anthracis and B. endophyticus with other Bacillus species with a focus on the presence of the PGA capsule or/and unbound PGA. The morphology and whole genome sequence analysis of B. endophyticus strains and B. anthracis were compared. Results In conventional microbiology, B. endophyticus showed gram-positive round-shaped rods in single/short chains, which were endospore-forming, non-motile, non-haemolytic with white and dry colonies, and γ-phage resistant. B. anthracis was differentiated from B. endophyticus based on the latter’s box-shaped rods in pairs/long chains, white-grey and slimy colonies, encapsulated and γ-phage susceptible. The study identified a PGA polyglutamate synthase operon that consisted of pgsBCA, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt) and pgsE in B. endophyticus genomes. Conclusions PGA regions of B. anthracis contain capBCADE genes located in the pXO2 required for capsulation formation, while B. endophyticus contain the pgsBCAE genes in the chromosome. Whole genome and microbiology analysis identified B. endophyticus, as a non-capsuled endospore-forming bacterium that consists of PGA required for biosynthesis. B. endophyticus strains do not synthesize surface associated PGA, therefore capsule visualization of B. anthracis is a key diagnostic characteristic. The study highlights the significance of using whole genome shotgun sequencing to identify virulence and other important genes that might be present amongst unknown samples from natural outbreaks. None of the B. anthracis related plasmids or virulence genes were found in the B. endophyticus genomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1205-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgaugelo Edward Lekota
- The Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,Bacteriology section, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Christiaan De Wet/ Pioneer Dr, P.O. Box X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | | | - Joseph Mafofo
- The Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Jasper Rees
- The Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Farai Catherine Muchadeyi
- The Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Bacteriology section, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Christiaan De Wet/ Pioneer Dr, P.O. Box X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Sawada K, Araki H, Takimura Y, Masuda K, Kageyama Y, Ozaki K, Hagihara H. Poly-L-gamma-glutamic acid production by recombinant Bacillus subtilis without pgsA gene. AMB Express 2018; 8:110. [PMID: 29971620 PMCID: PMC6029982 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (PGA) is a promising bio-based polymer that shares many functions with poly (acrylic acid) and its derivatives. Thus, technologies for efficient production and molecular size control of PGA are required to expand the application of this useful biopolymer. In Bacillus strains, PGA is synthesized by the PgsBCA protein complex, which is encoded by the pgsBCA gene operon, otherwise is known as ywsC and ywtAB operons and/or capBCA operon. Hence, we investigated responsible components of the PgsBCA complex in B. subtilis for over-production of PGA. In particular, we constructed genomic pgsBCA gene-deletion mutants of B. subtilis. And also, we assembled high copy-number plasmids harboring σA-dependent promoter, leading to high-level expression of all combinations of pgsBCA, pgsBC, pgsBA, pgsCA, pgsB, pgsC, and/or pgsA genes. Subsequently, PGA production of the transformed B. subtilis mutant was determined in batch fermentation using medium supplemented with l-glutamate. PGA production by the transformants introduced with pgsBC genes (lacking the genomic pgsBCA genes) was 26.0 ± 3.0 g L−1, and the enantiomeric ratio of d- and l-glutamic acid (d/l-ratio) in the produced PGA was 5/95. In contrast, d/l-ratio of produced PGA by the transformants introduced with pgsBCA genes (control strains) was 75/25. In conclusion, B. subtilis without pgsA gene could over-produce PGA with an l-rich enantiomeric ratio.
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Purification of extra cellular poly-γ-glutamic acid as an antibacterial agent using anion exchange chromatography. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:142-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cao M, Feng J, Sirisansaneeyakul S, Song C, Chisti Y. Genetic and metabolic engineering for microbial production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1424-1433. [PMID: 29852203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural biopolymer of glutamic acid. The repeating units of γ-PGA may be derived exclusively from d-glutamic acid, or l-glutamic acid, or both. The monomer units are linked by amide bonds between the α-amino group and the γ-carboxylic acid group. γ-PGA is biodegradable, edible and water-soluble. It has numerous existing and emerging applications in processing of foods, medicines and cosmetics. This review focuses on microbial production of γ-PGA via genetically and metabolically engineered recombinant bacteria. Strategies for improving production of γ-PGA include modification of its biosynthesis pathway, enhancing the production of its precursor (glutamic acid), and preventing loss of the precursor to competing byproducts. These and other strategies are discussed. Heterologous synthesis of γ-PGA in industrial bacterial hosts that do not naturally produce γ-PGA is discussed. Emerging trends and the challenges affecting the production of γ-PGA are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, NSF Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1098, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sarote Sirisansaneeyakul
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Cunjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Yu Y, Yan F, He Y, Qin Y, Chen Y, Chai Y, Guo JH. The ClpY-ClpQ protease regulates multicellular development in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:848-862. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yinghao He
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuxuan Qin
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian-hua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Synthesis, Gene Regulation, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Role in Fermentation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122644. [PMID: 29215550 PMCID: PMC5751247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable biopolymer produced by several bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and other Bacillus species; it has good biocompatibility, is non-toxic, and has various potential biological applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. In this review, we have described the mechanisms of γ-PGA synthesis and gene regulation, its role in fermentation, and the phylogenetic relationships among various pgsBCAE, a biosynthesis gene cluster of γ-PGA, and pgdS, a degradation gene of γ-PGA. We also discuss potential applications of γ-PGA and highlight the established genetic recombinant bacterial strains that produce high levels of γ-PGA, which can be useful for large-scale γ-PGA production.
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Zeng W, Chen G, Guo Y, Zhang B, Dong M, Wu Y, Wang J, Che Z, Liang Z. Production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by a thermotolerant glutamate-independent strain and comparative analysis of the glutamate dependent difference. AMB Express 2017; 7:213. [PMID: 29177886 PMCID: PMC5701898 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising microbial polymer with wide applications in industry, agriculture and medicine. In this study, a novel glutamate-independent γ-PGA producing strain with thermotolerant characteristics was isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis GXG-5, then its product was also characterized. The fermentation process was optimized by single-factor tests, and results showed that high temperature (50 °C) was especially suitable for the γ-PGA production by GXG-5. The γ-PGA yield reached 19.50 ± 0.75 g/L with substrate conversion efficiency of 78% at 50 °C in 10 L fermentor. Comparison of GXG-5 and GXA-28 (glutamate-dependent strain) under respective optimal fermentation conditions, the γ-PGA yield of GXG-5 was 19.0% higher than that of GXA-28, and GXG-5 was also superior to GXA-28 in the availability of carbon sources and substrates. Furthermore, the glutamate dependent difference between GXA-28 and GXG-5 was analyzed by genomic sequencing, results indicated that genes related to the glutamate dependent difference mainly involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism and amino acid metabolism, and 13 genes related to γ-PGA synthesis were mutated in GXG-5. This study provided a potential glutamate-independent strain to replace glutamate-dependent strain for γ-PGA production, and shared novel information for understanding the glutamate dependent difference at the genomic level.
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36
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Kongklom N, Shi Z, Chisti Y, Sirisansaneeyakul S. Enhanced Production of Poly-γ-glutamic Acid by Bacillus licheniformis TISTR 1010 with Environmental Controls. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:990-999. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yu Y, Yan F, Chen Y, Jin C, Guo JH, Chai Y. Poly-γ-Glutamic Acids Contribute to Biofilm Formation and Plant Root Colonization in Selected Environmental Isolates of Bacillus subtilis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1811. [PMID: 27891125 PMCID: PMC5102903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is long known to produce poly-γ-glutamic acids (γ-PGA) as one of the major secreted polymeric substances. In B. subtilis, the regulation of γ-PGA production and its physiological role are still unclear. B. subtilis is also capable of forming structurally complex multicellular communities, or biofilms, in which an extracellular matrix consisting of secreted proteins and polysaccharides holds individual cells together. Biofilms were shown to facilitate B. subtilis-plant interactions. In this study, we show that different environmental isolates of B. subtilis, all capable of forming biofilms, vary significantly in γ-PGA production. This is possibly due to differential regulation of γ-PGA biosynthesis genes. In many of those environmental isolates, γ-PGA seems to contribute to robustness and complex morphology of the colony biofilms, suggesting a role of γ-PGA in biofilm formation. Our evidence further shows that in selected B. subtilis strains, γ-PGA also plays a role in root colonization by the bacteria, pinpointing a possible function of γ-PGA in B. subtilis-plant interactions. Finally, we found that several pathways co-regulate both γ-PGA biosynthesis genes and genes for the biofilm matrix in B. subtilis, but in an opposing fashion. We discussed potential biological significance of that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA; Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Christopher Jin
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsNanjing, China
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
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Goto T, Tsuji M, Kanemaru K, Yokoigawa K. Adsorption of Shiga Toxin to Poly-γ-Glutamate Precipitated. J Food Sci 2016; 81:M2977-M2981. [PMID: 27792838 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We screened foods containing indigestible ingredients in the ability to adsorb Shiga toxin (Stx). When 5 mg of foods and dietary fibers such as dry vegetables and inulin were mixed and incubated with 0.5 mL of Stx solution (100 ng/mL) containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin, both Stx1 and Stx2 seemed to be adsorbed by only a fermented food, natto (a traditional Japanese food prepared from steamed soybeans by the biological action of Bacillus subtilis). We purified the Stx-adsorbing substance from natto by extraction with H2 O, acid treatment, Proteinase K treatment, and an ion exchange chromatography. The purified substance showed an average molecular mass of about 600 kDa. We identified it as poly-γ-glutamate (PGA) by amino acid analysis of its hydrolysate and peptide analysis after its treatment with Proteinase K. Purified PGA (MW: molecular weight = about 600 kDa) was considered to adsorb both Stx1 and Stx2 when we separated adsorbed and unadsorbed Stxs (MW = about 72 kDa) by an ultrafiltration method with a centrifugal filter unit (MWCO: molecular weight cut-off = 100 K). However, PGA with the ability to adsorb Stx was an insoluble form precipitated in the filter unit during centrifugation. PGA precipitated beyond the saturated density was also confirmed to well adsorb both Stx1 and Stx2 by an equilibrated dialysis method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 1st report on food-adsorbing Stx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukie Goto
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima Univ, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan.,Dept. of Science for Human Health, Junior College, Shikoku Univ, 123-1 Ebisuno, Furukawa, Ojin-cho, Tokushima, 771-1192, Japan
| | - Makiko Tsuji
- Kobe Women's Junior College, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima Univ, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
| | - Kumio Yokoigawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima Univ, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
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Zeng W, Chen G, Wu H, Wang J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liang Z. Improvement of Bacillus subtilis for poly-γ-glutamic acid production by genome shuffling. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:824-833. [PMID: 27562078 PMCID: PMC5072198 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) is a promising microbial polymer with potential applications in industry, agriculture and medicine. The use of high γ‐PGA‐producing strains is an effective approach to improve productivity of γ‐PGA. In this study, we developed a mutant, F3‐178, from Bacillus subtilis GXA‐28 using genome shuffling. The morphological characteristics of F3‐178 and GXA‐28 were not identical. Compared with GXA‐28 (18.4 ± 0.8 g l−1), the yield of γ‐PGA was 1.9‐fold higher in F3‐178 (34.3 ± 1.2 g l−1). Results from batch fermentation in 3.7 l fermenter showed that F3‐178 was satisfactory for industrial production of γ‐PGA. Metabolic studies suggested that the higher γ‐PGA yield in F3‐178 could be attributed to increased intracellular flux and uptake of extracellular glutamate. Real‐time PCR indicated that mRNA level of pgsB in F3‐178 was 18.8‐fold higher than in GXA‐28, suggesting the higher yield might be related to the overexpression of genes involved in γ‐PGA production. This study demonstrated that genome shuffling can be used for rapid improvement of γ‐PGA strains, and the possible mechanism for the improved phenotype was also explored at the metabolic and transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Guiguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Yanliao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Ye Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China. .,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China. .,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.
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Cloning and Expression of the γ-Polyglutamic Acid Synthetase Gene pgsBCA in Bacillus subtilis WB600. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3073949. [PMID: 27073802 PMCID: PMC4814633 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3073949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To clone and express the γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) synthetase gene pgsBCA in Bacillus subtilis, a pWB980 plasmid was used to construct and transfect the recombinant expression vector pWB980-pgsBCA into Bacillus subtilis WB600. PgsBCA was expressed under the action of a P43 promoter in the pWB980 plasmid. Our results showed that the recombinant bacteria had the capacity to synthesize γ-PGA. The expression product was secreted extracellularly into the fermentation broth, with a product yield of 1.74 g/L or higher. γ-PGA samples from the fermentation broth were purified and characterized. Hydrolysates of γ-PGA presented in single form, constituting simple glutamic acid only, which matched the characteristics of the infrared spectra of the γ-PGA standard, and presented as multimolecular aggregates with a molecular weight within the range of 500-600 kDa. Expressing the γ-PGA synthetase gene pgsBCA in B. subtilis system has potential industrial applications.
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41
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Schmieden DT, Meyer AS, Aubin-Tam ME. Using bacteria to make improved, nacre-inspired materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Peng Y, Zhang T, Mu W, Miao M, Jiang B. Intracellular synthesis of glutamic acid in Bacillus methylotrophicus SK19.001, a glutamate-independent poly(γ-glutamic acid)-producing strain. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:66-72. [PMID: 26112100 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus methylotrophicus SK19.001 is a glutamate-independent strain that produces poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA), a polymer of D- and L-glutamic acids that possesses applications in food, the environment, agriculture, etc. This study was undertaken to explore the synthetic pathway of intracellular L- and D-glutamic acid in SK19.001 by investigating the effects of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and different amino acids as metabolic precursors on the production of γ-PGA and analyzing the activities of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of L- and D-glutamate. RESULTS Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and amino acids could participate in the synthesis of γ-PGA via independent pathways in SK19.001. L-Aspartate aminotransferase, L-glutaminase and L-glutamate synthase were the enzymatic sources of L-glutamate. Glutamate racemase was responsible for the formation of D-glutamate for the synthesis of γ-PGA, and the synthetase had stereoselectivity for glutamate substrate. CONCLUSION The enzymatic sources of L-glutamate were investigated for the first time in the glutamate-independent γ-PGA-producing strain, and multiple enzymatic sources of L-glutamate were verified in SK19.001, which will benefit efforts to improve production of γ-PGA with metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 22400, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Yu W, Chen Z, Shen L, Wang Y, Li Q, Yan S, Zhong CJ, He N. Proteomic profiling ofBacillus licheniformisreveals a stress response mechanism in the synthesis of extracellular polymeric flocculants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:797-806. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen PR China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen PR China
| | - Liang Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen PR China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen PR China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen PR China
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Chemistry; State University of New York at Binghamton; Binghamton 13902 New York
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhong
- Department of Chemistry; State University of New York at Binghamton; Binghamton 13902 New York
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen PR China
- Department of Chemistry; State University of New York at Binghamton; Binghamton 13902 New York
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The Bacterial Tyrosine Kinase Activator TkmA Contributes to Biofilm Formation Largely Independently of the Cognate Kinase PtkA in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3421-32. [PMID: 26283769 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00438-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In Bacillus subtilis, biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide (EPS), a key biofilm matrix component, is regulated at the posttranslational level by the bacterial tyrosine kinase (BY-kinase) EpsB. EpsB, in turn, relies on the cognate kinase activator EpsA for activation. A concerted role of a second BY-kinase-kinase activator pair, PtkA and TkmA, respectively in biofilm formation was also indicated in previous studies. However, the exact functions of PtkA and TkmA in biofilm formation remain unclear. In this work, we show that the kinase activator TkmA contributes to biofilm formation largely independently of the cognate kinase, PtkA. We further show that the biofilm defect caused by a ΔtkmA mutation can be rescued by complementation by epsA, suggesting a functional overlap between TkmA and EpsA and providing a possible explanation for the role of TkmA in biofilm formation. We also show that the importance of TkmA in biofilm formation depends largely on medium conditions; the biofilm defect of ΔtkmA is very severe in the biofilm medium LBGM (lysogenic broth [LB] supplemented with 1% [vol/vol] glycerol and 100 μM MnSO4) but marginal in another commonly used biofilm medium, MSgg (5 mM potassium phosphate [pH 7.0], MOPS [100 mM morpholinepropanesulfonic acid] [pH 7.0], 2 mM MgCl2, 700 μM CaCl2, 50 μM MnCl2, 50 μM FeCl3, 1 μM ZnCl2, 2 μM thiamine, 0.5% glycerol, 0.5% glutamic acid, 50 μg/ml tryptophan, 50 μg/ml threonine, and 50 μg/ml phenylalanine). The molecular basis for the medium dependence is likely due to differential expression of tkmA and epsA in the two different media and complex regulation of these genes by both Spo0A and DegU. Our studies provide genetic evidence for possible cross talk between a BY-kinase activator (TkmA) and a noncognate kinase (EpsB) and an example of how environmental conditions may influence such cross talk in regulating biofilm formation in B. subtilis. IMPORTANCE In bacteria, biosynthesis of secreted polysaccharides is often regulated by bacterial tyrosine kinases (BY-kinases). BY-kinases, in turn, rely on cognate kinase activators for activation. In this study, we investigated the role of a BY-kinase activator in biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis. We present evidence that different BY-kinase activators may functionally overlap each other, as well as an example of how activities of the BY-kinase activators may be highly dependent on environmental conditions. Our study broadens the understanding of the complexity of regulation of the BY-kinases/kinase activators and the influence on bacterial cell physiology.
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Kongklom N, Luo H, Shi Z, Pechyen C, Chisti Y, Sirisansaneeyakul S. Production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by glutamic acid-independent Bacillus licheniformis TISTR 1010 using different feeding strategies. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Yan S, Yao H, Chen Z, Zeng S, Xi X, Wang Y, He N, Li Q. Poly-γ-glutamic acid produced from Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 as a potential substitute for polyacrylamide in the sugarcane industry. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1287-94. [PMID: 26033934 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As an environmentally friendly and industrially useful biopolymer, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) from Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 was characterized by the high-resolution mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR. A flocculating activity of 11,474.47 U mL(-1) obtained with γ-PGA, and the effects of carbon sources, ions, and chemical properties (D-/L-composition and molecular weight) on the production and flocculating activity of γ-PGA were discussed. Being a bioflocculant in the sugar refinery process, the color and turbidity of the sugarcane juice was IU 1,877.36 and IU 341.41 with 0.8 ppm of γ-PGA, respectively, which was as good as the most widely used chemically synthesized flocculant in the sugarcane industry--polyacrylamide with 1 ppm. The γ-PGA produced from B. licheniformis CGMCC 2876 could be a promising alternate of chemically synthesized flocculants in the sugarcane industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China.,Dept. of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902,, Unites States
| | - Haosheng Yao
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Shengquan Zeng
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Xi Xi
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Ning He
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
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The Matrix Reloaded: Probing the Extracellular Matrix Synchronizes Bacterial Communities. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2092-2103. [PMID: 25825428 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02516-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to chemical communication, bacterial cells often organize themselves into complex multicellular communities that carry out specialized tasks. These communities are frequently referred to as biofilms, which involve collective behavior of different cell types. Like cells of multicellular eukaryotes, the biofilm cells are surrounded by self-produced polymers that constitute the extracellular matrix (ECM), which binds them to each other and to the surface. In multicellular eukaryotes, it has been evident for decades that cell-ECM interactions control multiple cellular processes during development. While cells, both in biofilms and in multicellular eukaryotes, are surrounded by ECM and activate various genetic programs, until recently it has been unclear whether cell-ECM interactions are recruited in bacterial communicative behaviors. In this review, we will describe the examples reported thus far for ECM involvement in control of cell behavior throughout the different stages of biofilm formation. The studies presented in this review provide a newly emerging perspective of the bacterial ECM as an active player in regulation of biofilm development.
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49
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Tork SE, Aly MM, Alakilli SY, Al-Seeni MN. Purification and characterization of gamma poly glutamic acid from newly Bacillus licheniformis NRC20. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 74:382-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Kobayashi K. Plant methyl salicylate induces defense responses in the rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilis. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1365-76. [PMID: 25181478 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a rhizobacterium that promotes plant growth and health. Cultivation of B. subtilis with an uprooted weed on solid medium produced pleat-like architectures on colonies near the plant. To test whether plants emit signals that affect B. subtilis colony morphology, we examined the effect of plant-related compounds on colony morphology. Bacillus subtilis formed mucoid colonies specifically in response to methyl salicylate, which is a plant-defense signal released in response to pathogen infection. Methyl salicylate induced mucoid colony formation by stimulating poly-γ-glutamic acid biosynthesis, which formed enclosing capsules that protected the cells from exposure to antimicrobial compounds. Poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis depended on the DegS-DegU two-component regulatory system, which activated DegSU-dependent gene transcription in response to methyl salicylate. Bacillus subtilis did not induce plant methyl salicylate production, indicating that the most probable source of methyl salicylate in the rhizosphere is pathogen-infected plants. Methyl salicylate induced B. subtilis biosynthesis of the antibiotics bacilysin and fengycin, the latter of which exhibited inhibitory activity against the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. We propose that B. subtilis may sense plants under pathogen attack via methyl salicylate, and express defense responses that protect both B. subtilis and host plants in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science & Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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