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Moreno P, Gemez-Mata J, Alvarez-Torres D, Garcia-Rosado E, Bejar J, Alonso MC. Genomic characterization and transcription analysis of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) rtp3 genes. Mol Immunol 2023; 163:243-248. [PMID: 37879238 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish RTP3, belonging to the receptor-transporting protein family, display several functions, including a putative antiviral role as virus-responsive gene. In this work, we have identified and characterized two different European sea bass rtp3 genes. In addition, an in vivo transcription analysis in response to LPS, poly I:C and betanodavirus infection (RGNNV genotype) has been performed. The sequence analysis showed that European sea bass displays two rtp3 genes, X1 and X2, composed of two exons and a single intron (1007-bp and 888-bp long, respectively), located within the ORF sequence. The full-length cDNA is 1969 bp for rtp3 X1, and 1491 bp for rtp3 X2. Several ATTTA motifs have been found in the intron sequence of both genes, whereas rtp3 X1 also contains this motif in both untranslated regions. The transcription analyses revealed significant level of rtp3 X2 mRNA in brain and head kidney after LPS and poly I:C inoculation; however, the induction elicited by RGNNV infection was much higher, suggesting an essential role for this protein in controlling NNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moreno
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Gemez-Mata
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Torres
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Bejar
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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2
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Reiman M, Laan M, Rull K, Sõber S. Effects of RNA integrity on transcript quantification by total RNA sequencing of clinically collected human placental samples. FASEB J 2017; 31:3298-3308. [PMID: 28446590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601031rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA degradation is a ubiquitous process that occurs in living and dead cells, as well as during handling and storage of extracted RNA. Reduced RNA quality caused by degradation is an established source of uncertainty for all RNA-based gene expression quantification techniques. RNA sequencing is an increasingly preferred method for transcriptome analyses, and dependence of its results on input RNA integrity is of significant practical importance. This study aimed to characterize the effects of varying input RNA integrity [estimated as RNA integrity number (RIN)] on transcript level estimates and delineate the characteristic differences between transcripts that differ in degradation rate. The study used ribodepleted total RNA sequencing data from a real-life clinically collected set (n = 32) of human solid tissue (placenta) samples. RIN-dependent alterations in gene expression profiles were quantified by using DESeq2 software. Our results indicate that small differences in RNA integrity affect gene expression quantification by introducing a moderate and pervasive bias in expression level estimates that significantly affected 8.1% of studied genes. The rapidly degrading transcript pool was enriched in pseudogenes, short noncoding RNAs, and transcripts with extended 3' untranslated regions. Typical slowly degrading transcripts (median length, 2389 nt) represented protein coding genes with 4-10 exons and high guanine-cytosine content.-Reiman, M., Laan, M., Rull, K., Sõber, S. Effects of RNA integrity on transcript quantification by total RNA sequencing of clinically collected human placental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Reiman
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Laan
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Rull
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Women's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siim Sõber
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; .,Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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3
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Moreno P, Garcia-Rosado E, Borrego JJ, Alonso MC. Genetic characterization and transcription analyses of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) isg15 gene. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:642-6. [PMID: 27368533 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish interferons are cytokines involved in its resistance to viral infections by inducing the transcription of several interferon-induced genes, such as isg15. The aim of the present study was the genetic characterization of the European sea bass isg15 gene, describing the regulatory motifs found in its sequence. In addition, an in vivo analysis of transcription in response to betanodavirus (RGNNV genotype) and poly I:C has been performed. The analysis of the resulting sequences showed that sea bass isg15 gene is composed of two exons and a single 276-bp intron located at the 5'-UTR region. The full length cDNA is 1143-bp, including a 102-bp 5'-UTR region, a 474-bp ORF, and a 291-bp 3'-UTR region. Several mRNA-regulatory elements, including three unusual ATTTA instability motifs in the intron, and four ATTTA motifs along with a cytoplasmic polyadenylation element in the 3'-UTR region, have been found in this sequence. The in vivo analyses revealed a similar kinetics and level of transcription in fish brain and head kidney after poly I:C inoculation; however, the induction caused by RGNNV started earlier in brain, where the upregulation of isg15 gene transcription was high. The present study contributes to further characterize the European sea bass IFN I response against RGNNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moreno
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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4
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Zhang S, Zhao Y, Hu X, Liu Z, Chen X, Chen X, Du J. Distinct post-transcriptional regulation of Igfbp1 gene by hypoxia in lowland mouse and Qinghai-Tibet plateau root vole Microtus oeconomus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 376:33-42. [PMID: 23748030 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed the particular expression patterns of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau root vole (Microtus oeconomus) under hypoxic challenge. Here we report the molecular mechanisms of Igf gene regulation associated with adaptation to hypoxia. M. oeconomus IGF1 and IGFBP1 were shown to be highly conserved. Hypoxia (8.0% O2, 6h) did not change the liver-derived Igf1 expression in either M. oeconomus or mouse. Hypoxia significantly upregulated hepatic Igfbp1 gene expression and IGFBP1 levels in the liver and plasma of the mouse, but not in M. oeconomus. A functional U-rich element in the 3' untranslated region was found in mouse Igfbp1 mRNA, which was associated with Igfbp1 mRNA stabilization and upregulation under hypoxia, and this U-rich element was eliminated in the M. oeconomus Igfbp1, resulting in blunted Igfbp1 mRNA upregulation, which might be understood as a sequence variation modified during molecular evolution under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengting Zhang
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Kozlowski P, de Mezer M, Krzyzosiak WJ. Trinucleotide repeats in human genome and exome. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:4027-39. [PMID: 20215431 PMCID: PMC2896521 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trinucleotide repeats (TNRs) are of interest in genetics because they are used as markers for tracing genotype–phenotype relations and because they are directly involved in numerous human genetic diseases. In this study, we searched the human genome reference sequence and annotated exons (exome) for the presence of uninterrupted triplet repeat tracts composed of six or more repeated units. A list of 32 448 TNRs and 878 TNR-containing genes was generated and is provided herein. We found that some triplet repeats, specifically CNG, are overrepresented, while CTT, ATC, AAC and AAT are underrepresented in exons. This observation suggests that the occurrence of TNRs in exons is not random, but undergoes positive or negative selective pressure. Additionally, TNR types strongly determine their localization in mRNA sections (ORF, UTRs). Most genes containing exon-overrepresented TNRs are associated with gene ontology-defined functions. Surprisingly, many groups of genes that contain TNR types coding for different homo-amino acid tracts associate with the same transcription-related GO categories. We propose that TNRs have potential to be functional genetic elements and that their variation may be involved in the regulation of many common phenotypes; as such, TNR polymorphisms should be considered a priority in association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kozlowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
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6
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Kim HJ, Yasuike M, Kondo H, Hirono I, Aoki T. Molecular characterization and gene expression of a CXC chemokine gene from Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:1275-84. [PMID: 17804256 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small, secreted cytokine peptides that have the ability to recruit a wide range of immune cells to sites of infection and disease. A novel CXC chemokine was obtained from Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. This chemokine cDNA contains an open reading frame of 333 nucleotides encoding 111 amino acid residues containing four conserved cysteine residues. The gene is composed of four exons and three introns as are those of mammalian and fish CXC chemokines. Results of homology and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Japanese flounder CXC chemokine is closest to CXCL13 subgroup. The gene was expressed in immune-related organs, including head kidney, trunk kidney, spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Japanese flounder CXC chemokine gene expression was observed at 3 and 6h after induction by LPS, but not at 3 and 6h after induction by poly I:C. These results suggest that the Japanese flounder CXC chemokine is probably associated with inflammatory as well as homeostatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Magne L, Blanc E, Marchand A, Fafournoux P, Barouki R, Rouach H, Garlatti M. Stabilization of IGFBP-1 mRNA by ethanol in hepatoma cells involves the JNK pathway. J Hepatol 2007; 47:691-8. [PMID: 17640761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) modulates cell growth and metabolism in a variety of physiopathological conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in IGFBP-1 upregulation by ethanol. METHODS We studied IGFBP-1 regulation by ethanol at the protein, mRNA and gene promoter levels in the human hepatocarcinoma cell line, HepG2, which does not express significantly ethanol-metabolizing enzymes. RESULTS Ethanol (35-150mM) induced the IGFBP-1 mRNA and protein up to 5-fold in a dose-dependent manner. A similar effect was observed using primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Various inhibitors of ethanol metabolism and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine did not prevent ethanol effects. While ethanol did not modify the IGFBP-1 gene promoter activity, it elicited a 2- to 3-fold increase in IGFBP-1 mRNA half-life and this stabilization required the 5' and the 3' untranslated mRNA region. Ethanol triggered a rapid activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in HepG2 cells and IGFBP-1 induction was significantly decreased by a specific inhibitor of JNK. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a novel pathway of gene regulation by alcohol which involves the activation of JNK and the consequent mRNA stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Magne
- INSERM U747, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Paris F-75006, France
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8
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Hyodo S, Kawakoshi A, Bartolo RC, Takei Y, Toop T, Donald JA. Extremely high conservation in the untranslated region as well as the coding region of CNP mRNAs throughout elasmobranch species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 148:181-6. [PMID: 16620814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a crucial osmoregulatory hormone in elasmobranchs, participating in salt secretion and drinking. In contrast to teleosts and tetrapods in which the NP family is composed of a group of structurally related peptides, we have shown that CNP is the sole NP in sharks. In the present study, CNP cDNAs were cloned from four species of batoids, another group of elasmobranchs. The cloned batoid CNP precursors contained a plausible mature peptide of 22 amino acid residues that is identical to most shark CNP-22s, but five successive amino acids were consistently deleted in the prosegment compared with shark precursors, supporting the diphyletic classification of sharks and rays. In addition, molecular phylogenetic trees of CNP precursors were consistent with a diphyletic interpretation. Except for the deletion, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the CNP cDNAs are extremely well-conserved among all elasmobranch species, even between sharks and rays. Surprisingly, high conservation is evident not only for the coding region, but also for the untranslated regions. It is most likely that the high conservation is due to the low nucleotide substitution rate in the elasmobranch genome, and high selection pressure. The 3'-untranslated region of the elasmobranch CNP cDNAs contained three to six repeats of the ATTTA motif that is associated with the regulation of mRNA stability and translation efficiency. Alternative polyadenylation sites were also found; the long 3'-untranslated region contains a core of ATTTA motifs while the short form has only one or no ATTTA motif, indicating that the post-transcriptional modification of mRNA is important for regulation of CNP synthesis. These characteristics in the 3'-untranslated region were conserved among all elasmobranch CNP cDNAs. Since CNP has been implicated as a fast-acting hormone to facilitate salt secretion from the rectal gland, the conserved 3'-untranslated region most likely contributes to rapid regulation of CNP synthesis in elasmobranchs in response to acute changes in internal and external environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Hyodo
- Laboratory of Physiology, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan.
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9
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Averous J, Maurin AC, Bruhat A, Jousse C, Arliguie C, Fafournoux P. Induction of IGFBP-1 expression by amino acid deprivation of HepG2 human hepatoma cells involves both a transcriptional activation and an mRNA stabilization due to its 3'UTR. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:2609-14. [PMID: 15862298 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A dramatic overexpression of IGFBP-1 is responsible for growth inhibition, in response to a low-protein diet feeding. It has been demonstrated that a fall in the amino acid concentration was directly responsible for IGFBP-1 induction. In this report, we sought to determine the mechanism by which amino acid limitation upregulates IGFBP-1 expression. Our results show that both transcriptional activation and mRNA stabilization are involved. We also demonstrate that (i) the mGCN2/ATF4 pathway is not involved in this regulation and (ii) the 3'UTR of IGFBP-1 mRNA is responsible for its destabilization and regulates its stability in response to amino acid starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Averous
- Unité de Nutrition et Métabolisme Protéique, INRA de Theix, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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10
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Cheng CK, Leung PCK. Molecular biology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-I, GnRH-II, and their receptors in humans. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:283-306. [PMID: 15561800 DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In human beings, two forms of GnRH, termed GnRH-I and GnRH-II, encoded by separate genes have been identified. Although these hormones share comparable cDNA and genomic structures, their tissue distribution and regulation of gene expression are significantly dissimilar. The actions of GnRH are mediated by the GnRH receptor, which belongs to a member of the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. However, to date, only one conventional GnRH receptor subtype (type I GnRH receptor) uniquely lacking a carboxyl-terminal tail has been found in the human body. Studies on the transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH receptor gene have indicated that tissue-specific gene expression is mediated by differential promoter usage in various cell types. Functionally, there is growing evidence showing that both GnRH-I and GnRH-II are potentially important autocrine and/or paracrine regulators in some extrapituitary compartments. Recent cloning of a second GnRH receptor subtype (type II GnRH receptor) in nonhuman primates revealed that it is structurally and functionally distinct from the mammalian type I receptor. However, the human type II receptor gene homolog carries a frameshift and a premature stop codon, suggesting that a full-length type II receptor does not exist in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Keung Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3V5
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11
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Chowdhury B, Tsokos CG, Krishnan S, Robertson J, Fisher CU, Warke RG, Warke VG, Nambiar MP, Tsokos GC. Decreased stability and translation of T cell receptor zeta mRNA with an alternatively spliced 3'-untranslated region contribute to zeta chain down-regulation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18959-66. [PMID: 15743765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501048200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms involved in the aberrant expression of T cell receptor (TCR) zeta chain of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are not known. Previously we demonstrated that although normal T cells express high levels of TCR zeta mRNA with wild-type (WT) 3' untranslated region (3' UTR), systemic lupus erythematosus T cells display significantly high levels of TCR zeta mRNA with the alternatively spliced (AS) 3' UTR form, which is derived by splice deletion of nucleotides 672-1233 of the TCR zeta transcript. Here we report that the stability of TCR zeta mRNA with an AS 3' UTR is low compared with TCR zeta mRNA with WT 3' UTR. AS 3' UTR, but not WT 3' UTR, conferred similar instability to the luciferase gene. Immunoblotting of cell lysates derived from transfected COS-7 cells demonstrated that TCR zeta with AS 3' UTR produced low amounts of 16-kDa protein. In vitro transcription and translation also produced low amounts of protein from TCR zeta with AS 3' UTR. Taken together our findings suggest that nucleotides 672-1233 bp of TCR zeta 3' UTR play a critical role in its stability and also have elements required for the translational regulation of TCR zeta chain expression in human T cells.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Densitometry
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Jurkat Cells
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabadeb Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA
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12
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Huising MO, van der Meulen T, Flik G, Verburg-van Kemenade BML. Three novel carp CXC chemokines are expressed early in ontogeny and at nonimmune sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 271:4094-106. [PMID: 15479238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three novel CXC chemokines were identified in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) through homology cloning. Phylogenetic analyses show that one of the three CXC chemokines is an unambiguous orthologue of CXCL14, whereas both others are orthologues of CXCL12, and were named CXCL12a and CXCL12b. Percentages of amino acid identity between each of these carp chemokines and their human and mouse orthologues are markedly higher than those reported previously for other carp CXC chemokines, suggestive of involvement in vital processes, which have allowed for relatively few structural changes. Furthermore, all three novel carp CXC chemokines are expressed during early development, in contrast to established immune CXC chemokines. In noninfected adult carp, CXCL12b and CXCL14 are predominantly expressed in the brain. CXCL12a is highly expressed in kidney and anterior kidney, but its expression is still more abundant in brain than any other carp CXC chemokine. Clearly, these chemokines must play key roles in the patterning and maintenance of the (developing) vertebrate central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Huising
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
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13
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Yeo SJ, Yoon JG, Yi AK. Myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent post-transcriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by CpG DNA: tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-associated factor 6, a diverging point in the Toll-like receptor 9-signaling. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40590-600. [PMID: 12902324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune stimulatory unmethylated CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA (CpG DNA) induce expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2). The present study demonstrates that CpG DNA can up-regulate cox-2 expression by post-transcriptional mechanisms in RAW264.7 cells. To determine the CpG DNA-mediated signaling pathway that post-transcriptionally regulates cox-2 expression, a cox-2 translational reporter (COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase) was generated by inserting sequences within the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of cox-2 to the 3' end of the luciferase gene under control of the SV40 promoter. CpG DNA-induced COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity was completely inhibited by an endosomal acidification inhibitor chloroquine, a Toll-like receptor 9 antagonist inhibitory CpG DNA, or overexpression of a dominant negative (DN) form of MyD88. However, overexpression of DN-IRAK-1 or DN-TRAF6 resulted in substantial, but not complete, inhibition of the CpG DNA-induced COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity. Activation of all three MAPKs (ERK, p38, and JNK) was required for optimal COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity induced by CpG DNA. Overexpression of DN-TRAF6 suppressed CpG DNA-mediated activation of p38 and JNK, but not ERK, explaining the partial inhibitory effects of DN-TRAF6 on CpG DNA-induced COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity. Co-expression of DN-TRAF6 and N17Ras completely inhibited CpG DNA-induced COX2-3'-UTR-luciferase activity, indicating the involvement of Ras in CpG DNA-mediated ERK and COX2-3'-UTR regulation. Collectively, our results suggest that MyD88 and MAPKs play a key regulatory role in CpG DNA-mediated cox-2 expression at the post-transcriptional level and that TRAF6 is a diverging point in the Toll-like receptor 9-signaling pathway for CpG DNA-mediated MAPK activation.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- CpG Islands
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Genes, Reporter
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proteins/physiology
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ju Yeo
- Children's Foundation Research Center at Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, USA
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Yuge S, Inoue K, Hyodo S, Takei Y. A novel guanylin family (guanylin, uroguanylin, and renoguanylin) in eels: possible osmoregulatory hormones in intestine and kidney. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22726-33. [PMID: 12684514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As the intestine is an essential organ for fish osmoregulation, the intestinal hormone guanylins may perform major functions, especially in euryhaline fish such as eels and salmonids. From the intestine of an eel, we identified cDNAs encoding three distinct guanylin-like peptides. Based on the sequence of mature peptide and sites of production, we named them guanylin, uroguanylin, and renoguanylin. Renoguanylin is a novel peptide that possesses the characteristics of both guanylin and uroguanylin and was abundantly expressed in the kidney. By immunohistochemistry, guanylin was localized exclusively in goblet cells, but not enterochromaffin cells, of the intestine. After transfer of eels from fresh water to seawater, mRNA expression of guanylin and uroguanylin did not change for 3 h, but it increased after 24 h. The increase was profound (2-6-fold) after adaptation to seawater. The expression of uroguanylin was also up-regulated in the kidney of seawater-adapted eels, but that of renoguanylin was not so prominent as other guanylins in both intestine and kidney. Collectively, the novel eel guanylin family appears to have important functions for seawater adaptation, particularly long-term adaptation. Eel guanylin may be secreted from goblet cells into the lumen with mucus in response to increased luminal osmolality and act on the epithelium to regulate water and salt absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yuge
- Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan.
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15
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Notley C, Killoran A, Cameron C, Wynd K, Hough C, Lillicrap D. The canine factor VIII 3'-untranslated region and a concatemeric hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 regulatory element enhance factor VIII transgene expression in vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:1583-93. [PMID: 12228013 DOI: 10.1089/10430340260201671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
If gene therapy is to be an effective treatment modality for hemophilia A, therapeutic levels and tissue-restricted expression of factor VIII (FVIII) must be achieved through optimization of transgene expression. To this end, we incorporated three types of sequence elements into a canine B domain-deleted FVIII transgene cassette and individually evaluated their effect on FVIII transgene expression. Functional FVIII activity was initially assessed in vitro and hydrodynamic injection of the different transgene constructs into mice was subsequently used as a model to compare in vivo expression of the various modified transgenes. Our results demonstrate that in vitro transgene expression is, in these studies, not a good predictor of in vivo transgene performance. In vivo analysis of a hybrid tissue-restricted promoter element, consisting of a concatemer of five hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF-1) consensus-binding motifs juxtaposed to the human FVIII proximal promoter, indicates that it is as efficient at mediating expression of the FVIII protein as the cytomegalovirus promoter. Addition of the full-length canine FVIII 3'-UTR also enhances transgene expression of FVIII in vivo. Sequence analysis of the canine FVIII 3'-UTR and human FVIII 3'-UTR indicates that the former lacks instability sequences and may therefore be more effective in stabilizing FVIII mRNA. Subsequent inclusion of FVIII introns 16 and 17 into the natural locations of the transgene disrupted mRNA processing and abolished expression of the FVIII protein. Introduction of intron 17 proximal to the FVIII cDNA did not enhance in vivo expression of canine FVIII from the transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Notley
- Department of Pathology, Richardson Laboratories, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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16
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Frost RA, Nystrom GJ, Lang CH. Regulation of IGF-I mRNA and signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 and -5 (Stat-3 and -5) by GH in C2C12 myoblasts. Endocrinology 2002; 143:492-503. [PMID: 11796503 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.2.8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
GH and IGF-I are critical hormones for the regulation of longitudinal growth and the maintenance of lean body mass in humans. The regulation of IGF-I expression by GH in hepatocytes is well documented; however less is known about the regulation of IGF-I in peripheral tissues such as muscle. We have examined the regulation of IGF-I mRNA by GH and IGF-I in C2C12 myoblasts. GH stimulated the accumulation of IGF-I mRNA dose- and time-dependently. An elevation of IGF-I mRNA was observed with GH doses as low as 0.75 ng/ml and after exposure to GH for as little as 1 h, and the increase required ongoing transcription and translation. GH applied in a pulsatile fashion for 10 min followed by an 8-h interpulse interval increased IGF-I mRNA to a greater extent than continuous exposure. GH stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the GH receptor, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3), and Stat5. Stat5 was resistant to additional phosphorylation if cells were given a GH pulse within 2 h of a previous GH exposure. The refractory period lasted for 4 h, and cells could be maximally stimulated again after 6 h. Stat3 phosphorylation was also enhanced in cells that were allowed to recover from a previous application of GH. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein, PP1, and AG-490, and the MAPK kinase inhibitor, PD98059, did not block Stat3 or Stat5 phosphorylation. In contrast, WHI-P154, a Janus kinase-3 inhibitor, dose-dependently prevented Stat3, but not Stat5, phosphorylation. GH-inducible nuclear transport of Stat3 was likewise inhibited by WHI-P154. Most importantly, GH-dependent IGF-I mRNA expression was inhibited by WHI-P154. In contrast, IGF-I mRNA expression was inhibited by IGF-I peptide, and the effect of IGF-I was dominant over that of GH. IGF-I mRNA was regulated by both PI3K and MAPK signal transduction pathways, but IGF-I peptide signaled predominantly through a wortmannin-sensitive pathway to down-regulate its own mRNA. Our data suggest that Janus kinases (Jak2 or Jak3) and their downstream targets (Stat3 and Stat5) may play important roles in the expression of IGF-I mRNA and the myoblast response to GH. In addition, C2C12 cells appear to be a good model system to examine GH regulation of Janus kinase/Stat signaling and the regulation of IGF-I mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Frost
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes, along with its long-term complications, imposes a serious impact on public health. In spite of the development and application of various insulin formulations, exogenous insulin neither achieves the same degree of glycemic control as that provided by endogenous insulin, nor prevents the long-term complications associated with type 1 diabetes. As an alternative strategy, insulin gene transfer is being explored to restore endogenous insulin production in type 1 diabetes. Sustained hepatic insulin production has been shown to reverse ketonuria, prevent ketoacidosis, improve body weight gain and significantly ameliorate the adverse effects of insulin deficiency in diabetic animals. However, to achieve adequately regulated insulin production in response to changes in blood glucose concentrations remains a major hurdle. This article will review the most recent advances made to address this crucial limitation. In addition, based on the significance of maintaining basal plasma insulin for management of type 1 diabetes, we discuss the feasibility of developing basal hepatic insulin production as an auxiliary treatment to current insulin therapy for achieving tight glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dong
- Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, PO Box 1496, New York, NY 10029, USA
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18
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Barreto V, Marques R, Demengeot J. Early death and severe lymphopenia caused by ubiquitous expression of the Rag1 and Rag2 genes in mice. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3763-72. [PMID: 11745397 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3763::aid-immu3763>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The recombination activating proteins (RAG1 and RAG2) are essential for V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin chains. Expression of both genes is lymphocyte-specific and RAG levels are tightly regulated throughout lymphopoiesis and cell cycle. To assess the significance of this pattern of expression, we generated transgenic mice expressing the Rag genes both continuously throughout lymphocyte development and constitutively in most non-lymphoid tissues. The transgenes partially complement an endogenous Rag2 null mutation and lead to a partial block in early B and T lymphopoiesis when introduced on a Rag2 sufficient background. The defect in thymocyte number is restricted to the alpha beta lineage leaving the gamma delta T cell pool intact, while neither IgH phenotypic allelic exclusion nor the kappa/lambda light chain ratio are altered. Finally, the ectopic expression of the Rag genes associates with growth retardation and early death of the animals, a phenotype reminiscent of those reported for mice deficient in double-strand break repair molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Barreto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, Oeiras, Portugal
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19
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Abstract
Intestinal reabsorption of bile salts plays a crucial role in human health and disease. This process is primarily localized to the terminal ileum and is mediated by a 48-kd sodium-dependent bile acid cotransporter (SLC10A2 = ASBT). ASBT is also expressed in renal tubule cells, cholangiocytes, and the gallbladder. Exon skipping leads to a truncated version of ASBT, which sorts to the basolateral surface and mediates efflux of bile salts. Inherited mutation of ASBT leads to congenital diarrhea secondary to bile acid malabsorption. Partial inhibition of ASBT may be useful in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and intrahepatic cholestasis. During normal development in the rat ileum, ASBT undergoes a biphasic pattern of expression with a prenatal onset, postnatal repression, and reinduction at the time of weaning. The bile acid responsiveness of the ASBT gene is not clear and may be dependent on both the experimental model used and the species being investigated. Future studies of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the ASBT gene and analysis of ASBT knockout mice will provide further insight into the biology, physiology, and pathophysiology of intestinal bile acid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Shneider
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Glendenning P, Ratajczak T, Dick IM, Prince RL. Regulation of the 1b isoform of the plasma membrane calcium pump by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat osteoblast-like cells. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:525-34. [PMID: 11277270 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.3.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The first isogene of the plasma membrane calcium pump (PMCA1) is expressed on the apical plasma membrane of osteoblasts, but its regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] has not been studied in this cell type. We studied 1,25(OH)2D3 effects on PMCA1 function, protein, messenger RNA (mRNA), and isoform expression in osteoblasts. Of seven rat and human immortalized osteoblast-like cell lines studied, PMCA1 mRNA expression was confirmed in all. Only ROS 17/2.8 cells expressed measurable PMCA1 protein by Western analysis. Immunocytochemistry indicated that PMCA1 was expressed predominantly on the plasma membrane of ROS 17/2.8 cells. The 1,25(OH)2D3 but not 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] treatment of confluent ROS 17/2.8 cells resulted in an approximate 3- to 5-fold dose-dependent increase in PMCA1 expression of message and protein as assessed by Western and Northern analysis and vesicular 45Ca uptake of membrane vesicles. 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on PMCA1 posttranscriptional splicing. The 1b isoform of PMCA was expressed under all experimental conditions. 1,25(OH)2D3 favored increased expression of the 5.5 kilobases (kb) over the 7.5-kb PMCA1b transcript, with a 2-fold proportional increase in the smaller transcript relative to the larger transcript evident at the highest dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 studied. The resultant proportional increase in the smaller 5.5-kb transcript may increase mRNA stability and account for the increase in PMCA1b protein and function with 1,25(OH)2D3. These data provide evidence for the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 and PMCA1b in the regulation of calcium transport in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Glendenning
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Wren JD, Forgacs E, Fondon JW, Pertsemlidis A, Cheng SY, Gallardo T, Williams RS, Shohet RV, Minna JD, Garner HR. Repeat polymorphisms within gene regions: phenotypic and evolutionary implications. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:345-56. [PMID: 10889045 PMCID: PMC1287183 DOI: 10.1086/303013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2000] [Accepted: 06/02/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an algorithm that predicted 11,265 potentially polymorphic tandem repeats within transcribed sequences. We estimate that 22% (2,207/9,717) of the annotated clusters within UniGene contain at least one potentially polymorphic locus. Our predictions were tested by allelotyping a panel of approximately 30 individuals for 5% of these regions, confirming polymorphism for more than half the loci tested. Our study indicates that tandem-repeat polymorphisms in genes are more common than is generally believed. Approximately 8% of these loci are within coding sequences and, if polymorphic, would result in frameshifts. Our catalogue of putative polymorphic repeats within transcribed sequences comprises a large set of potentially phenotypic or disease-causing loci. In addition, from the anomalous character of the repetitive sequences within unannotated clusters, we also conclude that the UniGene cluster count substantially overestimates the number of genes in the human genome. We hypothesize that polymorphisms in repeated sequences occur with some baseline distribution, on the basis of repeat homogeneity, size, and sequence composition, and that deviations from that distribution are indicative of the nature of selection pressure at that locus. We find evidence of selective maintenance of the ability of some genes to respond very rapidly, perhaps even on intragenerational timescales, to fluctuating selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Wren
- Program in Genetics, Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Dallas, TX, USA
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Brooks SA, Rigby WF. Characterization of the mRNA ligands bound by the RNA binding protein hnRNP A2 utilizing a novel in vivo technique. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:E49. [PMID: 10773097 PMCID: PMC105388 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.10.e49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation is an important mechanism in cellular response to stimuli, allowing for the rapid and discrete expression of relevant proteins. Genes regulated by this mechanism have specific cis -acting elements, frequently in their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), that have been shown to serve as recognition sites for trans -acting RNA-binding proteins. Unfortunately, the identification of specific mRNA ligands for different RNA binding proteins in vivo has been limited by a lack of adequate methodology. We have developed a novel technique that addresses this shortcoming, using immunoprecipitation of RNA binding proteins from polysomes followed by RT-PCR and library screening to identify the in vivo mRNA ligands of RNA binding proteins. Utilizing this approach, we have identified 32 known and 16 novel mRNAs specifically bound by the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2. Of the clones identified, 74% contained AU-rich elements and/or poly-uridine tracts in their 3' UTRs, cis -acting elements that have been established as impacting mRNA stability. The high percentage of clones containing these uridine-rich sequences compares favorably with the high affinity binding of poly-uridine RNA by hnRNP A2 in vitro. These data thus support the representative nature of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brooks
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03756, USA
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