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Cañas-González B, Fernández-Nistal A, Ramírez JM, Martínez-Fernández V. Influence of Stress and Depression on the Immune System in Patients Evaluated in an Anti-aging Unit. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1844. [PMID: 32849086 PMCID: PMC7417678 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is compelling evidence pointing out that stress and depression produce a dramatic impact on human well-being mainly through impairing the regular function of the immune system and producing a low-chronic inflammation status that favors the occurrence of infections, metabolic diseases, and even cancer. The present work aims to evaluate the stress/depression levels of some patients treated in an antiaging unit and detect any potential relationship with their immune system status prior of the implementation of a physical/psychological program designed to prevent health deterioration. Methods We evaluated 48 patients (16 men and 32 women with a mean age of 55.11 ± 10.71 years) from middle-upper class from psychological and immunological points of view. In particular, we analyzed neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis; lymphocyte chemotaxis and proliferation, and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Results Women showed more depressive symptoms than men. Chemotaxis levels of lymphocytes and neutrophils in women showed a significant reduction compared with those in men. We also found a strong negative correlation between depression and NK cell function. This correlation was also significant independently of gender. Conclusion We conclude that NK activity is affected at least by depression state, and we propose that a combined treatment consisting of cognitive behavioral therapy and physical activity programs might improve patient health deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cañas-González
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alonso Fernández-Nistal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan M Ramírez
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Expression of inflammatory markers in a genetic rodent model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:348-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Amano H, Akiyama H, Bienenstock J. Differential corticosterone responses to stress in the lung in two strains of Flinders rats. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:659-66. [PMID: 18167122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute stress affects a variety of organs and cellular systems. These include the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), mast cells and nerves. Flinders-sensitive (FSL) rat strains have hypercholinergic responses and are more sensitive than Flinders-resistant rats (FRL) to anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of acute water avoidance stress (1 h) on FSL and FRL tracheal epithelial tissue. METHODS We measured short circuit current (I(sc)) as a measure of tracheal response, and the effect of substance P (SP) on tracheal epithelium in Ussing chambers. Electron microscopy was performed to assess mast cell activation. RESULTS Both strains showed increased I(sc) responses to stress, inhibited by prior injection of the CRF receptor 1 and 2 antagonist, alpha-helical CRF-(9-41). No increases in conductance were seen. Stress responses were accompanied by electron microscopic morphologic evidence for mast cell degranulation, which was not completely inhibited by alpha-helical CRF-(9-41) pre-treatment. Stress primed the epithelium for an enhanced response to SP in FSL, but this again was not inhibited by alpha-helical CRF-(9-41). FRL had 2.5 times the corticosterone response of FSL. CONCLUSION Acute stress affects the tracheal epithelium, not accompanied by changes in ion permeability, but associated with mast cell degranulation. Because blunted HPA axis responses are associated with vulnerability to inflammation, this may partially explain the findings. These stress effects on the lung have a genetic basis associated with relative corticosterone responses, are complex and only in part mediated by CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Amano
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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Padley JR, Overstreet DH, Pilowsky PM, Goodchild AK. Impaired cardiac and sympathetic autonomic control in rats differing in acetylcholine receptor sensitivity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H1985-92. [PMID: 15951345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00430.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine receptors (AChR) are important in premotor and efferent control of autonomic function; however, the extent to which cardiovascular function is affected by genetic variations in AChR sensitivity is unknown. We assessed heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in rats bred for resistance (FRL) or sensitivity (FSL) to cholinergic agents compared with Sprague-Dawley rats (SD), confirmed by using hypothermic responses evoked by the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (0.2 mg/kg ip) ( n ≥ 9 rats/group). Arterial pressure, ECG, and splanchnic sympathetic (SNA) and phrenic (PNA) nerve activities were acquired under anesthesia (urethane 1.3 g/kg ip). HRV was assessed in time and frequency domains from short-term R-R interval data, and spontaneous heart rate BRS was obtained by using a sequence method at rest and after administration of atropine methylnitrate (mATR, 2 mg/kg iv). Heart rate and SNA baroreflex gains were assessed by using conventional pharmacological methods. FRL and FSL were normotensive but displayed elevated heart rates, reduced HRV and HF power, and spontaneous BRS compared with SD. mATR had no effect on these parameters in FRL or FSL, indicating reduced cardiovagal tone. FSL exhibited reduced PNA frequency, longer baroreflex latency, and reduced baroreflex gain of heart rate and SNA compared with FRL and SD, indicating in FSL dual impairment of cardiac and circulatory baroreflexes. These findings show that AChR resistance results in reduced cardiac muscarinic receptor function leading to cardiovagal insufficiency. In contrast, AChR sensitivity results in autonomic and respiratory abnormalities arising from alterations in central muscarinic and or other neurotransmitter receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Padley
- Hypertension and Stroke Research Laboratories, Dept. of Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW Australia
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Overstreet DH, Friedman E, Mathé AA, Yadid G. The Flinders Sensitive Line rat: a selectively bred putative animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:739-59. [PMID: 15925699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats were originally selectively bred for increased responses to an anticholinesterase agent. The FSL rat partially resembles depressed individuals because it exhibits reduced appetite and psychomotor function but exhibits normal hedonic responses and cognitive function. The FSL rat also exhibits sleep and immune abnormalities that are observed in depressed individuals. Neurochemical and/or pharmacological evidence suggests that the FSL rat exhibits changes consistent with the cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, NPY, and circadian rhythm models but not the noradrenergic, HPA axis or GABAergic models of depression. However, evidence for the genetic basis of these changes is lacking and it remains to be determined which, if any, of the neurochemical changes are primary to the behavioral alterations. The FSL rat model has been very useful as a screen for antidepressants because known antidepressants reduced swim test immobility when given chronically and psychomotor stimulants did not. Furthermore, rolipram and a melatonin agonist were shown to have anti-immobility effects in the FSL rats and later to have antidepressant effects in humans. Thus, the FSL rat model of depression exhibits some behavioral, neurochemical, and pharmacological features that have been reported in depressed individuals and has been very effective in detecting antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Overstreet
- Department of Psychiatry, Skipper Bowler Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7178, Thurston-Bowles Bldg 3009, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA.
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Elsenbruch S, Wang L, Hollerbach S, Schedlowski M, Tougas G. Pseudo-affective visceromotor responses and HPA axis activation following colorectal distension in rats with increased cholinergic sensitivity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004; 16:801-9. [PMID: 15601430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We analysed visceromotor (VMR) and corticosterone responses to colorectal stimuli under control conditions and following acoustic stress in rats selectively bred for increased sensitivity to cholinergic agonists, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, compared with Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. FSL rats demonstrated a significant VMR response at the smallest distension pressure, whereas no response was evident in FRL controls. FSL rats also demonstrated enhanced VMR responses at both larger distension levels compared with FRL rats. Colorectal distension (CRD) produced significant increases in serum corticosterone levels, which were comparable in FRL and FSL. Noise stress induced divergent corticosterone responses in FRL and FSL, but did not affect VMR to CRD in either group. These data suggest that FSL rats show altered VMR responses to CRD and disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elsenbruch
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Clinic of Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) is common and may affect any part of the digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum. Functional dyspepsia and the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are the most commonly recognized and until recently were considered distinct entities. In recent years, however, new observations and studies of the afferent nervous system have extended our concepts of both IBS and dyspepsia and suggest that these conditions may have common triggers and expression from similar pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Hunt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Room 4W8A, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Friedman EM, Becker KA, Overstreet DH, Lawrence DA. Reduced primary antibody responses in a genetic animal model of depression. Psychosom Med 2002; 64:267-73. [PMID: 11914442 DOI: 10.1097/00006842-200203000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical depression is associated with multiple abnormalities of immune function, including reduced virus-specific responses. This study tested the hypothesis that the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat, a promising genetic animal model of depression, would exhibit reductions in antigen-specific primary antibody responses to immunization. METHODS FSL (N = 13) and control Flinders Resistant Line (FRL; N = 14) rats were immunized with the protein antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; 300 microg/kg), and KLH-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a responses were measured before and 3, 5, 7, 11, and 14 days after immunization. In separate experiments, production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by cells from naive and KLH-immunized animals was measured in vitro to determine whether strain differences in antibody production might be associated with differential production of this regulatory cytokine. RESULTS KLH-specific production of IgM (p <.01) and IgG2a (p <.05) was significantly reduced in the FSL rats compared with the FRL controls. There were no strain differences in IgG or IgG1 production. Although IFN-gamma production between the two strains was similar in naive animals, cells from KLH-immunized FSL rats produced significantly less IFN-gamma when stimulated with KLH in vitro than cells from KLH-immunized FRL controls (p =.01). CONCLUSIONS This study extends previous reports of altered immune function in the FSL rats to include reduced in vivo antigen-specific antibody responses. Moreover, diminished production of IFN-gamma by KLH-primed lymphocytes may contribute to lower antibody production in these animals. Collectively, these data suggest deficiencies in type 1 T-helper cell-mediated immunity in the FSL rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot M Friedman
- Psychology Department, Bronfman Science Center, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
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Overstreet DH, Djuric V. A genetic rat model of cholinergic hypersensitivity: implications for chemical intolerance, chronic fatigue, and asthma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 933:92-102. [PMID: 12000038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fact that only some individuals exposed to environmental chemicals develop chemical intolerance raises the possibility that genetic factors could be contributing factors. The present communication summarizes evidence from a genetic animal model of cholinergic supersensitivity that suggests that an abnormal cholinergic system could be one predisposing genetic factor. The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats were established by selective breeding for increased responses to an organophosphate. It was subsequently found that these FSL rats were also more sensitive to direct-acting muscarinic agonists and had elevated muscarinic receptors compared to the selectively bred parallel group, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats, or randomly bred control rats. Increased sensitivity to cholinergic agents has also been observed in several human populations, including individuals suffering from chemical intolerance. Indeed, the FSL rats exhibit certain behavioral characteristics such as abnormal sleep, activity, and appetite that are similar to those reported in these human populations. In addition, the FSL rats have been reported to exhibit increased sensitivity to a variety of other chemical agents. Peripheral tissues, such as intestinal and airway smooth muscle, appear to be more sensitive to both cholinergic agonists and an antigen, ovalbumin. Hypothermia, a centrally mediated response, is more pronounced in the FSL rats after nicotine and alcohol, as well as agents that are selective for the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. In some cases, the increased sensitivity has been detected in the absence of any changes in the receptors with which the drugs interact (dopamine receptors), while receptor changes have been seen in other cases (nicotine receptors). Therefore, there may be multiple mechanisms underlying the multiple chemical sensitivity-chemical intolerance of the FSL rats. An elucidation of these mechanisms may provide useful clues to those involved in chemical intolerance in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/physiology
- Allergens/immunology
- Allergens/toxicity
- Animals
- Asthma/chemically induced
- Asthma/genetics
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Cholinergic Agents/pharmacology
- Cholinergic Agents/toxicity
- Cholinergic Fibers/drug effects
- Cholinergic Fibers/physiology
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects
- Environmental Pollutants/pharmacology
- Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/genetics
- Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/physiopathology
- Humans
- Hypothermia/chemically induced
- Hypothermia/physiopathology
- Models, Biological
- Multiple Chemical Sensitivity/genetics
- Multiple Chemical Sensitivity/physiopathology
- Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology
- Muscarinic Agonists/toxicity
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology
- Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology
- Nicotinic Agonists/toxicity
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/toxicity
- Pesticides/pharmacology
- Pesticides/toxicity
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Dopamine/physiology
- Receptors, Muscarinic/drug effects
- Receptors, Muscarinic/genetics
- Receptors, Muscarinic/physiology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology
- Second Messenger Systems/drug effects
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/toxicity
- Sleep Wake Disorders/chemically induced
- Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Overstreet
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7178, USA.
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Overstreet DH, Djuric V. Links between multiple chemical sensitivity and asthma in a rat model of cholinergic hypersensitivity: a brief review. Toxicol Ind Health 1999; 15:517-21. [PMID: 10487361 DOI: 10.1177/074823379901500505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) also commonly report symptoms of asthma, but, as far as we have been able to determine, no one has yet suggested that an abnormal cholinergic system may provide the link between asthma and MCS. The present brief review provides evidence for such a link by summarizing recent findings in a genetic animal model of cholinergic hyperresponsiveness. The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats were developed by selective breeding for increased responses to an anticholinesterase agent similar to commonly used organophosphate pesticides. Relative to their control line, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats, the FSL rats are more sensitive to drugs that stimulate acetylcholine receptors, alcohol, diazepam, and drugs that have a selective effect on dopamine or serotonin receptors. These findings raise the possibility that the FSL rats may resemble individuals with MCS. Hyperresponsiveness of the airways is a hallmark of asthma. The procedure known as whole-body plethysmography, where breathing can be monitored in freely moving animals, was employed to study the FSL and FRL rats. The FSL rats exhibited a greater index of bronchoconstriction than the FRL rats in response to both a cholinergic agonist and an allergen challenge. Thus, the FSL rats are more sensitive both to a variety of drugs unrelated to the cholinergic system and to cholinergic- and allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. An abnormal cholinergic system may therefore contribute to both MCS and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Overstreet
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7178, USA
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Djurić VJ, Cox G, Overstreet DH, Smith L, Dragomir A, Steiner M. Genetically transmitted cholinergic hyperresponsiveness predisposes to experimental asthma. Brain Behav Immun 1998; 12:272-84. [PMID: 10080857 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.1998.0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitatory innervation of the airway smooth muscle is primarily cholinergic in nature. However, the potential neural mechanism(s) underlying airway hyperresponsiveness, one of the hallmarks of asthma, is not fully understood. In this study, cholinergic hyperresponsive Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats and their control counterparts, Flinders resistant line (FRL) rats, were repeatedly challenged with different doses of nebulized methacholine (0, 4, 16, 64, and 256 mg/ml) for 5 min. Airway responsiveness was assessed in spontaneously breathing, unrestrained animals by means of whole body plethysmography. Increased airway responsiveness of FSL rats was evidenced as a more pronounced increase in Penh value (enhanced pause, an index of bronchoconstriction) across different concentrations of methacholine. In subsequent experiments, FSL and FRL rats were sensitized to ovalbumin and challenged with nebulized antigen. Our results indicate that the genetically transmitted cholinergic hyperresponsiveness of the FSL rat is paralleled by an increased susceptibility to allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and inflammation of the airways. This study provides further evidence that neural factors can play an important role in determining airway responsiveness and thus may be relevant for the expression of asthma. In addition, the FSL rat may be a useful model for studies of airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Djurić
- Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Gui XY. Mast cells: a possible link between psychological stress, enteric infection, food allergy and gut hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13:980-9. [PMID: 9835312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal mast cell activation (degranulation), which results from previous enteric infection and/or intestinal allergy, may play a central role in the gut hypersensitivity in both motor response and visceral perception in the Irritable Bowel syndrome. This occurs through various mediators acting on enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells. Psychological stress may trigger this sensitive alarm system via the brain-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Gui
- University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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