1
|
Nordborg FM, Brinkman DL, Fisher R, Parkerton TF, Oelgemöller M, Negri AP. Effects of aromatic hydrocarbons and evaluation of oil toxicity modelling for larvae of a tropical coral. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 196:115610. [PMID: 37804672 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Application of oil toxicity modelling for assessing the risk of spills to coral reefs remains uncertain due to a lack of data for key tropical species and environmental conditions. In this study, larvae of the coral Acropora millepora were exposed to six aromatic hydrocarbons individually to generate critical target lipid body burdens (CTLBBs). Larval metamorphosis was inhibited by all six aromatic hydrocarbons, while larval survival was only affected at concentrations >2000 μg L-1. The derived metamorphosis CTLBB of 9.7 μmol g-1 octanol indicates larvae are more sensitive than adult corals, and places A. millepora larvae among the most sensitive organisms in the target lipid model (TLM) databases. Larvae were also more sensitive to anthracene and pyrene when co-exposed to ecologically relevant levels of ultraviolet radiation. The results suggest that the application of the phototoxic TLM would be protective of A. millepora larvae, provided adequate chemical and light data are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Mikaela Nordborg
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; College of Science & Engineering, Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, James Cook University, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Diane L Brinkman
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Fisher
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Michael Oelgemöller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH-University of Applied Sciences, D-65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Andrew P Negri
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
St Romain SJ, Basirico LM, Kim YH, Nolan EV, Xu W, Armbrust KL. Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging on the Intermediate Production of Anthracene and Anthraquinone in Fresh versus Saltwater Environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:1721-1729. [PMID: 37283213 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While salinity can alter the photodegradation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), the cause of their altered kinetics in seawater is not well understood. Because HOC intermediate photoproducts are often more toxic than their parent compounds, characterizing the generation of intermediates in saline environments is needed to accurately predict their health effects. The present study investigated the influence of salinity on the generation of anthraquinone through the photolysis of anthracene and the generation of anthrone and 1-hydroxyanthraquinone from the photolysis of anthraquinone as well as their reactivities with hydroxyl radicals. This was conducted by measuring the photolysis rates of anthracene and anthraquinone and characterizing their product formation in buffered deionized water, artificial seawater, individual seawater halides (bromide, chloride, and iodide), dimethyl sulfoxide, furfuryl alcohol, and solutions of hydrogen peroxide. Salinity enhanced the persistence of anthraquinone by a factor >10 and altered its product formation, including the generation of the suspected carcinogen 1-hydroxyanthraquinone. In part, this was attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging by the seawater constituents chloride and bromide. In addition, anthraquinone and its hydroxylated products were found to be moderately to highly reactive with hydroxyl radicals, further illustrating their tendency to react with ROS in aqueous environments. The present study emphasizes the importance of considering the effects of salinity on organic contaminant degradation; it can significantly enhance the persistence of HOCs and alter their intermediate formation, subsequently impacting chemical exposure times and potential toxic effects on estuarine/marine organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1721-1729. © 2023 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J St Romain
- Department of Environmental Science, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Laura M Basirico
- Department of Environmental Science, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yong-Ha Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emily Vebrosky Nolan
- Existing Chemicals Risk Assessment Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin L Armbrust
- Department of Environmental Science, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Safiarian M, Ugboya A, Khan I, Marichev KO, Grant KB. New Insights into the Phototoxicity of Anthracene-Based Chromophores: The Chloride Salt Effect†. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1002-1020. [PMID: 37347986 PMCID: PMC10354805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the causes underlying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phototoxicity is an essential step in understanding the harmful effects of these compounds in nature. Toward this end, we have studied the DNA interactions and photochemistry of N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride in the presence and absence of NaF, KF, NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, NaI, and KI (350 nm hν, pH 7.0). Exposing pUC19 plasmid to UV light in solutions containing 400 mM KCl formed significantly more direct strand breaks in DNA compared to no-salt control reactions. In contrast, NaCl increased DNA damage moderately, while the sodium(I) and potassium(I) fluoride, bromide, and iodide salts generally inhibited cleavage (I- > Br- > F-). A halide anion-induced heavy-atom effect was indicated by monitoring anthracene photodegradation and by employing the hydroxyl radical (•OH) probe hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF). These studies revealed that among no-salt controls and the eight halide salts, only NaCl and KCl enabled the anthracene to photosensitize the production of high levels of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pre-irradiation of N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride at 350 nm increased the amounts of chloride salt-induced •OH detected by HPF in subsequent anthracene photoactivation experiments. Taking into consideration that •OH and other highly reactive ROS are extremely short-lived, this result suggests that the pre-irradiation step might lead to the formation of oxidized anthracene photoproducts that are exceedingly redox-active. The fluorometric probes HPF and Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green revealed that KCl concentrations ranging from 150 to 400 mM and from 100 to 400 mM, respectively, enhanced N1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride photosensitized •OH and singlet oxygen (1O2) production over no-salt controls. Considering the relatively high levels of Na+, K+, and Cl- ions that exist in the environment and in living organisms, our findings may be relevant to the phototoxic effects exhibited by anthracenes and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imran Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kostiantyn O. Marichev
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kathryn B. Grant
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarmiento DJ, Majestic BJ. Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals from the Irradiation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37316958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) provide a complex matrix for environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) to stabilize in particulate matter, allowing them to be transported over long distances in the atmosphere while participating in light-driven reactions and causing various cardiopulmonary diseases. In this study, four PAHs ranging from three to five rings (anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[e]pyrene) were investigated for EPFR formation upon photochemical and aqueous-phase aging. Through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, it was found that approximately 1015 to 1016 spins g-1 of EPFRs were formed from the PAH upon aging. EPR analysis also revealed that carbon-centered and monooxygen-centered radicals were predominantly formed by irradiation. However, oxidation and fused-ring matrices have added complexity to the chemical environment of these carbon-centered radicals, as observed by their g-values. This study showed that atmospheric aging results not only in the transformation of PAH-derived EPFR but also in an increase in EPFR concentrations of up to 1017 spins g-1. Therefore, because of their stability and photosensitivity, PAH-derived EPFRs have a major impact on the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree J Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Brian J Majestic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dettman HD, Wade TL, French-McCay DP, Bejarano AC, Hollebone BP, Faksness LG, Mirnaghi FS, Yang Z, Loughery J, Pretorius T, de Jourdan B. Recommendations for the advancement of oil-in-water media and source oil characterization in aquatic toxicity test studies. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 261:106582. [PMID: 37369158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
During toxicity testing, chemical analyses of oil and exposure media samples are needed to allow comparison of results between different tests as well as to assist with identification of the drivers and mechanisms for the toxic effects observed. However, to maximize the ability to compare results between different laboratories and biota, it has long been recognized that guidelines for standard protocols were needed. In 2005, the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum (CROSERF) protocol was developed with existing common analytical methods that described a standard method for reproducible preparation of exposure media as well as recommended specific analytical methods and analyte lists for comparative toxicity testing. At the time, the primary purpose for the data collected was to inform oil spill response and contingency planning. Since then, with improvements in both analytical equipment and methods, the use of toxicity data has expanded to include their integration into fate and effect models that aim to extend the applicability of lab-based study results to make predictions for field system-level impacts. This paper focuses on providing a summary of current chemical analyses for characterization of oil and exposure media used during aquatic toxicity testing and makes recommendations for the minimum analyses needed to allow for interpretation and modeling purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry L Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce P Hollebone
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Emergency Sciences and Technology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fatemeh S Mirnaghi
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Emergency Sciences and Technology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Emergency Sciences and Technology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Loughery JR, Coelho GM, Lee K, de Jourdan B. Setting the stage to advance oil toxicity testing: Overview of knowledge gaps, and recommendations. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 261:106581. [PMID: 37285785 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum created a standardized protocol for comparing the in vivo toxicity of physically dispersed oil to chemically dispersed oil to support science-based decision making on the use of dispersants in the early 2000s. Since then, the protocol has been frequently modified to incorporate advances in technology; enable the study of unconventional and heavier oils; and provide data for use in a more diverse manner to cover the growing needs of the oil spill science community. Unfortunately, for many of these lab-based oil toxicity studies consideration was not given to the influence of modifications to the protocol on media chemistry, resulting toxicity and limitations for the use of resulting data in other contexts (e.g., risk assessments, models). To address these issues, a working group of international oil spill experts from academia, industry, government, and private organizations was convened under the Multi-Partner Research Initiative of Canada's Oceans Protection Plan to review publications using the CROSERF protocol since its inception to support their goal of coming to consensus on the key elements required within a "modernized CROSERF protocol".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Loughery
- Department of Aquatic Science, Huntsman Marine Science Center, St. Andrews, NB, Canada.
| | - Gina M Coelho
- Oil Spill Preparedness Division, Response Research Branch, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Sterling, VA, United States
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Department of Aquatic Science, Huntsman Marine Science Center, St. Andrews, NB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi J, Jiang J, Chen Q, Wang L, Nian K, Long T. Production of higher toxic intermediates of organic pollutants during chemical oxidation processes: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
|
8
|
Alloy MM, Finch BE, Ward CP, Redman AD, Bejarano AC, Barron MG. Recommendations for advancing test protocols examining the photo-induced toxicity of petroleum and polycyclic aromatic compounds. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 256:106390. [PMID: 36709615 PMCID: PMC10519366 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced toxicity of petroleum products and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is the enhanced toxicity caused by their interaction with ultraviolet radiation and occurs by two distinct mechanisms: photosensitization and photomodification. Laboratory approaches for designing, conducting, and reporting of photo-induced toxicity studies are reviewed and recommended to enhance the original Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Research Forum (CROSERF) protocols which did not address photo-induced toxicity. Guidance is provided on conducting photo-induced toxicity tests, including test species, endpoints, experimental design and dosing, light sources, irradiance measurement, chemical characterization, and data reporting. Because of distinct mechanisms, aspects of photosensitization (change in compound energy state) and photomodification (change in compound structure) are addressed separately, and practical applications in laboratory and field studies and advances in predictive modeling are discussed. One goal for developing standardized testing protocols is to support lab-to-field extrapolations, which in the case of petroleum substances often requires a modeling framework to account for differential physicochemical properties of the constituents. Recommendations are provided to promote greater standardization of laboratory studies on photo-induced toxicity, thus facilitating comparisons across studies and generating data needed to improve models used in oil spill science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Alloy
- Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Bryson E Finch
- Department of Ecology, State of Washington, Lacey, WA, USA
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mace G Barron
- Office of Research & Development, US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ben Othman H, Pick FR, Sakka Hlaili A, Leboulanger C. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on marine and freshwater microalgae - A review. J Hazard Mater 2023; 441:129869. [PMID: 36063709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first synthetic review of the PAHs effects on microalgae in experimental studies and aquatic ecosystems is provided. Phytoplankton and phytobenthos from marine and freshwaters show a wide range of sensitivities to PAHs, and can accumulate, transfer and degrade PAHs. Different toxicological endpoints including growth, chlorophyll a, in vivo fluorescence yield, membrane integrity, lipid content, anti-oxidant responses and gene expression are reported for both freshwater and marine microalgal species exposed to PAHs in culture and in natural assemblages. Photosynthesis, the key process carried out by microalgae appears to be the most impacted by PAH exposure. The effect of PAHs is both dose- and species-dependent and influenced by environmental factors such as UV radiation, temperature, and salinity. Under natural conditions, PAHs are typically present in mixtures and the toxic effects induced by single PAHs are not necessarily extrapolated to mixtures. Natural microalgal communities appear more sensitive to PAH contamination than microalgae in monospecific culture. To further refine the ecological risks linked to PAH exposure, species-sensitivity distributions (SSD) were analyzed based on published EC50s (half-maximal effective concentrations during exposure). HC5 (harmful concentration for 5% of the species assessed) was derived from SSD to provide a toxicity ranking for each of nine PAHs. The most water-soluble PAHs naphthalene (HC5 = 650 µg/L), acenaphthene (HC5 = 274 µg/L), and fluorene (HC5 = 76.8 µg/L) are the least toxic to microalgae, whereas benzo[a]pyrene (HC5 = 0.834 µg/L) appeared as the more toxic. No relationship between EC50 and cell biovolume was established, which does not support assumptions that larger microalgal cells are less sensitive to PAHs, and calls for further experimental evidence. The global PAHs HC5 for marine species was on average higher than for freshwater species (26.3 and 1.09 µg/L, respectively), suggesting a greater tolerance of marine phytoplankton towards PAHs. Nevertheless, an important number of experimental exposure concentrations and reported toxicity thresholds are above known PAHs solubility in water. The precise and accurate assessment of PAHs toxicity to microalgae will continue to benefit from more rigorously designed experimental studies, including control of exposure duration and biometric data on test microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Ben Othman
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia; MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, Sète, France
| | - Frances R Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Asma Sakka Hlaili
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR18ES41 Sciences de l'Environnement, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Katz SD, Chen H, Fields DM, Beirne EC, Keyes P, Drozd GT, Aeppli C. Changes in Chemical Composition and Copepod Toxicity during Petroleum Photo-oxidation. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:5552-5562. [PMID: 35435676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoproducts can be formed rapidly in the initial phase of a marine oil spill. However, their toxicity is not well understood. In this study, oil was irradiated, chemically characterized, and tested for toxicity in three copepod species (Acartia tonsa, Temora longicornis, and Calanus finmarchicus). Irradiation led to a depletion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in oil residues, along with an enrichment in aromatic and aliphatic oil photoproducts. Target lipid model-based calculations of PAH toxicity units predicted that PAH toxicities were lower in water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of irradiated oil residues ("irradiated WAFs") than in WAFs of dark-control samples ("dark WAFs"). In contrast, biomimetic extraction (BE) measurements showed increased bioaccumulation potential of dissolved constituents of irradiated WAFs compared to dark WAFs, mainly driven by photoproducts present in irradiated oil. In line with the BE results, copepod mortality increased in irradiated WAFs compared to dark WAFs. However, low copepod toxicities were observed for WAFs produced with photo-oxidized oil slicks collected during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The results of this study suggest that while oil photoproducts have the potential to be a significant source of copepod toxicity, dilution and dispersion of these higher solubility products appear to help mitigate their toxicity at sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Katz
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Haining Chen
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - David M Fields
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Erin C Beirne
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Phoebe Keyes
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Greg T Drozd
- Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Q, Sun X, Zhang W, Sun Z, Na S, Chen Z, Wang L, Yuan C, Sun H. Effect of Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite on arsenic oxidation and anthracene transformation in soil. Sci Total Environ 2022; 814:151939. [PMID: 34838910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite can oxidize arsenite (As(III)) and also degrade anthracene. However, the application of Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite to remediate soil contaminated by arsenic and/or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has not been reported. In this study, we first investigated the transformation of arsenic and anthracene on the surface of Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite, and then added Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite to spiked soil to examine its effect on arsenic oxidation and anthracene transformation. The experiments included treatments with As(III) and anthracene added separately or combined (both at a rate of 100 mg/kg). Compared with Na-modified montmorillonite, Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite significantly promoted As(III) oxidation and anthracene transformation on its surface. After 15 days of incubation, the proportion of As(V) (As(V)/[As(III) + As(V)]) on Na-modified montmorillonite was approximately 60%, and the transformation extent of anthracene was < 30%; on Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite, on the other hand, the proportion of As(V) was approximately 90%, and almost all anthracene was transformed. Adding 5% Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite to spiked soil also significantly enhanced As(III) oxidation and anthracene transformation. After 15 days, in the soil with added Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite, the proportion of As(V) was approximately 40%, the transformation extent of anthracene was > 60%, and approximately half of the initial added anthracene was transformed to anthraquinone. By contrast, after 15 days, in the soil without added Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite, the proportion of As(V) was only approximately 20%, the transformation extent of anthracene was < 25%, and anthraquinone was not detected. In both the montmorillonite and soil systems, the transformation of arsenic and anthracene had little influence on each other. The results showed that Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite has the potential to remediate soil contaminated by arsenic and PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinhui Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuo Na
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chaolei Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
González A, Vidal C, Espinoza D, Moenne A. Anthracene induces oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes in Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). Sci Rep 2021; 11:7748. [PMID: 33833321 PMCID: PMC8032757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to analyze whether the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca can absorb and metabolize anthracene (ANT), the alga was cultivated with 5 µM ANT for 0-72 h, and the level of ANT was detected in the culture medium, and in the alga. The level of ANT rapidly decreased in the culture medium reaching a minimal level at 6 h, and rapidly increased in the alga reaching a maximal level at 12 h and then decreased to reach a minimal level at 48 h of culture. In addition, ANT induced an increase in hydrogen peroxide that remained until 72 h and a higher increase in superoxide anions that reach a maximal level at 24 h and remained unchanged until 72 h, indicating that ANT induced an oxidative stress condition. ANT induced an increase in lipoperoxides that reached a maximal level at 24 h and decreased at 48 h indicating that oxidative stress caused membrane damage. The activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, AP, GR and GP increased in the alga treated with ANT whereas DHAR remained unchanged. The level of transcripts encoding these antioxidant enzymes increased and those encoding DHAR did not change. Inhibitors of monooxygenases, dioxygenases, polyphenol oxidases, glutathione-S-transferases and sulfotransferases induced an increase in the level of ANT in the alga cultivated for 24 h. These results strongly suggest that ANT is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in U. lactuca and the latter involves Phase I and II metabolizing enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto González
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Vidal
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Espinoza
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Moenne
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun Z, Wang X, Liu C, Fang G, Chu L, Gu C, Gao J. Persistent Free Radicals from Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Compounds Enhance Cross-Coupling Reactions and Toxicity of Anthracene on Amorphous Silica Surfaces under Light. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:3716-3726. [PMID: 33635628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination has raised great environmental concerns, while the effects of low-molecular-weight organic compounds (LMWOCs) on PAH photodegradation at amorphous silica (AS)/air interfaces have been largely ignored. In this study, the phototransformation of anthracene (ANT) at amorphous silica (AS)/air interfaces was investigated with the addition of LMWOCs. ANT removal was attributed to •OH attacking and the energy transfer process via 3ANT*. Light irradiation induced the fractured ≡SiO• or ≡Si• generation on AS surfaces, which could react with absorbed H2O and O2 to generate •OH and further yield a series of hydroxylated products of ANT. The presence of citric acid and oxalic acid improved •OH generation and enhanced ANT removal by 1.0- and 2.2-fold, respectively. For comparison, the presence of catechol and hydroquinone significantly decreased ANT removal and produced coupling products. The results of density functional theory calculations suggest that persistent free radicals (PFRs) on AS surfaces from catechol or hydroquinone after •OH attacking prefer to cross-couple with ANT via C-C bonding rather than self-couple. Dianthrone and cross-coupling products might possess higher ecotoxicity, while hydroxylated products were less ecotoxic than their parent compounds based on Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) estimation. The results of this study revealed the potential ecotoxicity of PAH-adsorbed particulates coexisting with LMWOCs and also provided a new insight into PAH transformation through PFR pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Cun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Longgang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kirby AR, Galli G, Crossley J, Sweet LE, Crossley DA, Roberts AP. Gill filament permeabilization: A novel approach to assess mitochondrial function in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) following anthraquinone exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 230:108699. [PMID: 31899309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene is a highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and its toxicity is increased 8-fold after compounding exposure to UV radiation. Exposure to either the parent or photo-modified compound has been shown to cause increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation. Since the majority of ROS production occurs within mitochondria, we investigated simultaneous mitochondrial respiration and ROS production in the gills of sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) acutely (48 h) exposed to anthraquinone (40 μg l-1). Anthraquinone exposure caused a 25% increase in oxidative phosphorylation with electrons donated to Complex I (OXPHOSCI) and a 33% increase in Leak respiration with oligomycin (Leak-OmyCI). ROS production was slightly increased (33.3%) in Leak state with oligomyocin respiring on Complex I substrates (Leak-OmyCI) after anthraquinone exposure, but this value remained unchanged in all other respiratory states. When ROS production was normalized to mitochondrial oxygen consumption, we found that ROS production was decreased in all respiratory states, but most noticeably in the Leak state. We speculate that differences in the antioxidant defense system may have played a role in decreased ROS production. Overall, in this paper we present a novel technique to measure mitochondrial function in the gill filaments of teleost fish exposed to xenobiotic molecules, and we show anthraquinone exposure alters aspects of oxidative phosphorylation and ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Reynolds Kirby
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - Gina Galli
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Janna Crossley
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - Lauren E Sweet
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America.
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Q, Sun H, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang L, Han Y. Environmentally Persistent Free Radical (EPFR) Formation by Visible-Light Illumination of the Organic Matter in Atmospheric Particles. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10053-10061. [PMID: 31389239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A secondary process may be an important source of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in atmospheric particulates; yet, this process remains to be elucidated. This study demonstrated that secondary EPFRs could be generated by visible-light illumination of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), and their lifetimes were only 30 min to 1 day, which were much shorter than the lifetimes of the original EPFRs in PM. The yields of secondary EPFRs produced by PM could reach 15-60% of those of the original EPFRs. The extractable organic matter contributed to the formation of secondary EPFRs (∼55%), and a humic-like substance was the main precursor of the secondary EPFRs and was also the most productive precursor compared to the other aerosol components. The results of simulation experiments showed that the secondary EPFRs generated by the extractable and nonextractable PM components were similar to those produced by phenolic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. We have found that oxygen molecules play an important role in the photochemical generation and decay of EPFRs. The reactive oxygen capture experiments showed that the original EPFRs may contribute to singlet oxygen generation, while the secondary EPFRs generated by photoexcitation may not produce singlet oxygen or hydroxyl radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Haoyao Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Mamin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Yuemei Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Berenbeim J, Boldissar S, Owens S, Haggmark M, Gate G, Siouri F, Cohen T, Rode MF, Patterson CS, de Vries M. Excited state intramolecular proton transfer in hydroxyanthraquinones: Toward predicting fading of organic red colorants in art. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw5227. [PMID: 31523708 PMCID: PMC6731090 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Compositionally similar organic red colorants in the anthraquinone family, whose photodegradation can cause irreversible color and stability changes, have long been used in works of art. Different organic reds, and their multiple chromophores, suffer degradation disparately. Understanding the details of these molecules' degradation therefore provides a window into their behavior in works of art and may assist the development of improved conservation methods. According to one proposed model of photodegradation dynamics, intramolecular proton transfer provides a kinetically favored decay pathway in some photoexcited chromophores, preventing degradation-promoting electron transfer (ET). To further test this model, we measured excited state lifetimes of substituted gas-phase anthraquinones using high-level theory to explain the experimental results. The data show a general structural trend: Anthraquinones with 1,4-OH substitution are long-lived and prone to damaging ET, while excited state intramolecular proton transfers promote efficient quenching for hydroxyanthraquinones that lack this motif.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Berenbeim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - S. Boldissar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - S. Owens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - M.R. Haggmark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - G. Gate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - F.M. Siouri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - T. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - M. F. Rode
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotników 32/46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - C. Schmidt Patterson
- Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 700, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M.S. de Vries
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Domínguez-Morueco N, Ratola N, Sierra J, Nadal M, Jiménez-Guerrero P. Combining monitoring and modelling approaches for BaP characterization over a petrochemical area. Sci Total Environ 2019; 658:424-438. [PMID: 30579200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, air concentrations of BaP in two different seasons (winter 2015 and summer 2016) and BaP levels in ground vegetation from Tarragona County were used as control simulations performed with the WRF-CHIMERE air quality modelling system, in order to reproduce the incidence of that hazardous chemical in air and soils. The CTM was validated for the present climatology, showing a good ability to represent air and soil concentrations of BaP over the target domain (petrochemical, chemical, urban and background sites), particularly in the winter. Then, the variation of the BaP concentrations in air and soils were simulated for the time series 1996-2015 and for the climate change scenario RCP8.5 (2031-2050). While an increase is projected for the levels in air, particularly in chemical and remote sites where the variation can go up to 10%, in terms of soil deposition the findings are the opposite, with an evident decrease in soil BaP concentrations, particularly for background sites. Finally, a potential health effect of BaP for the local population (lung cancer) was assessed. Although according to the projections the EU threshold for BaP atmospheric incidence (1 ng m-3) will not be reached by 2050, there will be an increase in the life-time risk of lung cancer, particularly in the most populated areas within the simulation domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Domínguez-Morueco
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuno Ratola
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
- Physics of the Earth, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Witte B, Walgraeve C, Demeestere K, Van Langenhove H. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels: analytical method development and occurrence in the Belgian coastal zone. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:9065-9078. [PMID: 30715706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed for the trace quantification of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxyPAHs) in mussels. Compounds included were naphthalene-1-ol, 9H-fluoren-9-one, anthracene-9,10-dione, 7H-benz[de]anthracene-7-one, naphtacene-5,12-dione, and benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione. Pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde was applied as an internal standard. Sample extraction by pressurized liquid extraction was followed by cleanup on silica, separation by high performance liquid chromatography, and quantitative measurement by mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. The method was validated by the analysis of spiked mussel samples, resulting in trueness values of 90-124% and measurement uncertainties of 6-49%, except for naphthalene-1-ol. Quantification limits varied from 0.25 ng·g-1 to 10.7 ng·g-1. The developed analytical oxyPAH method was applied on mussel samples from groynes and quaysides along the Belgian coastline and oxyPAH data were compared to PAH concentration data. The sum of 14 US EPA priority PAHs reached maxima at the eastern side of the Belgian coastal zone, with on average 202 ng·g-1 wet weight for quayside Zeebrugge and 38.4 ng·g-1 wet weight for groyne Knokke mussels. Anthracene-9,10-dione concentrations reached maxima of 19.1 ng·g-1 wet weight at the most industrialized quayside of Zeebrugge. For other oxyPAHs, no clear relationship could be made with direct PAH emissions. Concentrations of anthracene-9,10-dione and 9H-fluoren-9-one were found to exceed corresponding parent PAH concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bavo De Witte
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit-Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Walgraeve
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martínez-vargas BL, Cruz-ramírez M, Díaz-real JA, Rodríguez-lópez J, Bacame-valenzuela FJ, Ortega-borges R, Reyes-vidal Y, Ortiz- Frade L. Synthesis and characterization of n-ZnO/p-MnO nanocomposites for the photocatalytic degradation of anthracene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019; 369:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Herschmann JR, Ali A, Harris M, McClinton M, Zamadar M. Effect of Toxic Metal Ions on Photosensitized Singlet Oxygen Generation for Photodegradation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives and Inactivation of Escherichia coli. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:823-832. [PMID: 30447175 DOI: 10.1111/php.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report an experimental study of the effect of toxic metal ions on photosensitized singlet oxygen generation for photodegradation of PAH derivatives, Anthracene-9,10-dipropionic acid disodium salt (ADPA) and 1,5-dihydroxynapthalene (DHN) and photoinactivation of Escherichia coli bacteria by using cationic meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphine tetrachloride (TMPyP) as a singlet oxygen photosensitizer. Three s-block metals ions, such as Na+ , K+ and Ca2+ and five toxic metals such as Cd2+ , Cu2+ , Hg2+ , Zn2+ and Pb2+ were studied. The s-block metal ions showed no change in the rate of photodegradation of ADPA or DHN by TMPyP, whereas a dramatic change in the photodegradation of ADPA and DHN was observed in the presence of toxic metals. The maximum photodegradation rate constants of ADPA and DHN were observed for Cd2+ ions [(3.91 ± 0.20) × 10-3 s-1 and (7.18 ± 0.35) × 10-4 s-1 , respectively]. Strikingly, the photodegradation of ADPA and DHN was almost completely inhibited in the presence of Hg2+ ions and Cu2+ ions. A complete inhibition of growth of E. coli was observed upon visible light irradiation of E. coli solutions with TMPyP and toxic metal ions particularly, Cd2+ , Hg2+ , Zn2+ and Pb2+ ions, except for Cu2+ ions where a significantly slow inhibition of E. coli's growth was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Herschmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX
| | - Aqeeb Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX
| | - Michele Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX
| | - Matthew McClinton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX
| | - Matibur Zamadar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang Z, Zhang G, Hollebone BP, Brown CE, Yang C, Lambert P, Wang Z, Landriault M, Shah K. Fate of oxygenated intermediates in solar irradiated diluted bitumen mixed with saltwater. Environ Pollut 2017; 231:622-634. [PMID: 28843901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two types of diluted bitumen (dilbit) and a light crude oil spiked onto the surface of saltwater were irradiated with natural solar light in Ottawa to assess the impact of sunlight to the fate of oxygenated intermediates. Oxygenated components, including carbonyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and acidic polar fractions (naphthenic acid fraction compounds, NAFCs), were identified after periods of solar exposure under both winter and summer conditions. Carbonyl PAHs and NAFCs were formed in both seasons; however, light crude and summer irradiation produced higher abundance of them than dilbits and winter exposure. The formed NAFCs were abundant with the congeners containing a heteroatom of oxygen only (Oo species), accompanied by the minor amounts of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing acids. The produced Oo species were predominant with the congeners with light molecular weight, high degree of saturation and heavy oxygen numbers. For both carbonyl PAHs and NAFCs, their abundance continually increased throughout the period of winter exposure. In the summer, some carbonyl PAHs and all Oo species increased during the early exposure period; then they decreased with continued exposure for most oils, illustrating their transitional nature. Oxygenated intermediates thus appear to have been created through the photo-oxidation of non-to medium-polar petroleum hydrocarbons or the intermediates of aldehydes or ketones (O1). Oil properties, the duration of exposure, exposure season and the chemical structure of these intermediates are critical factors controlling their fate through photo-oxidation. The observed chemical changes highlight the effects of sunlight on the potential behavior, fate and impact of spilled oil, with the creation of new resin group compounds and the reduction of aromatics and saturates. These results also imply that the ecological effects of spilled oil, after ageing in sunlight, depend on the specific oil involved and the environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada.
| | - Gong Zhang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Bruce P Hollebone
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Carl E Brown
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Chun Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Patrick Lambert
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Zhendi Wang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Mike Landriault
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Keval Shah
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0H3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang L, Qiu Y, Li Y. Effects analysis of substituent characteristics and solvents on the photodegradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Chemosphere 2017; 185:737-745. [PMID: 28734210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet spectra and electron transition information of 209 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in gas were first calculated via time-dependent density functional theory using Gaussian 09 software. The main and second-order interactional effects of substituent characteristics on the photodegradation of PBDEs were then analysed using a full factorial experimental design. Solvent effects were considered to research the effect and promotion mechanism of solvent molecules on the photodegradation of PBDEs compared with that in gas. The results showed that the introduction of substituents at each position promoted excitation of PBDEs from their ground states to excited states to induce photodegradation. The different positions affected the photodegradation of PBDEs with magnitudes of para > meta > ortho. The congeners with a concentrated distribution of substituents can always be photodegraded more easily than those with separated substituents. From the viewpoint of light-induced reactions, the electron transfer reactions between molecules of PBDE* T1 and Solvent* T1 are the main driving force for the enhanced photodegradation of PBDEs in solvents compared with that in gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; North China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd., Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Youli Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
White LJ, Wells NJ, Blackholly LR, Shepherd HJ, Wilson B, Bustone GP, Runacres TJ, Hiscock JR. Towards quantifying the role of hydrogen bonding within amphiphile self-association and resultant aggregate formation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7620-7630. [PMID: 29568426 PMCID: PMC5848798 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03888g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hydrogen bonding within aggregate formation and CMC: can these properties be predicted by low level computational modelling?
Herein, we present a series of five tetrabutylammonium (TBA) sulfonate–urea amphiphilic salts. In solution these amphiphilic salts have been shown to form a variety of self-associated species. The proportion and type of which are both solvent and concentration dependent. In DMSO-d6 a variety of NMR experiments provide evidence towards the formation of mainly dimeric over larger aggregate species. Increasing the percentage of water was shown to increase the concentration of the larger aggregates over dimers in solution. A correlation was established between critical micelle concentration (CMC) values obtained in a 1 : 19 EtOH : H2O mixture, dimeric self-association constants obtained in a DMSO-d6 – 0.5% H2O and the results of simple semi-empirical PM6 computational modelling methods. This approach begins to quantify the role of hydrogen bonding in amphiphile self-association and the effects it imparts on surfactant properties. This consequently provides preliminary evidence that these properties maybe predicted by simple low level computational modelling techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J White
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Park Wood Road , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NH , UK . ; Tel: +44(0) 1227 823043
| | - N J Wells
- School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - L R Blackholly
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Park Wood Road , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NH , UK . ; Tel: +44(0) 1227 823043
| | - H J Shepherd
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Park Wood Road , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NH , UK . ; Tel: +44(0) 1227 823043
| | - B Wilson
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Park Wood Road , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NH , UK . ; Tel: +44(0) 1227 823043
| | - G P Bustone
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Park Wood Road , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NH , UK . ; Tel: +44(0) 1227 823043
| | - T J Runacres
- School of Biosciences , University of Kent , Park Wood Road , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NH , UK
| | - J R Hiscock
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Park Wood Road , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NH , UK . ; Tel: +44(0) 1227 823043
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Arnberg M, Moodley L, Dunaevskaya E, Ramanand S, Ingvarsdóttir A, Nilsen M, Ravagnan E, Westerlund S, Sanni S, Tarling GA, Bechmann RK. Effects of chronic crude oil exposure on early developmental stages of the Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica). J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:916-931. [PMID: 28849995 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rising oil and gas activities in northern high latitudes have led to an increased risk of petroleum pollution in these ecosystems. Further, seasonal high UV radiation at high latitudes may elevate photo-enhanced toxicity of petroleum pollution to marine organisms. Zooplanktons are a key ecological component of northern ecosystems; therefore, it is important to assess their sensitivity to potential pollutants of oil and gas activity. As ontogenetic development may be particularly sensitive, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of chronic exposure to oil water dispersion (OWD) on development and feeding of early life stages of the Northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica. In a range of experiments, embryonic, nonfeeding, and feeding larval stages were exposed to concentrations of between 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L of oil or photo-modified oil for 19 and 21 d. No significant effects on egg respiration, hatching success, development, length and larval survival were observed from these treatments. Similarly, evolution of fatty acid composition patterns during ontogenetic development was unaffected. The results indicates a high degree of resilience of these early developmental stages to such types and concentrations of pollutants. However, feeding and motility in later calyptopis-stage larvae were significantly impaired at exposure of 0.1 mg/L oil. Data indicate that feeding larval stage of krill was more sensitive to OWD than early nonfeeding life stages. This might be attributed to the narcotic effects of oil pollutants, their direct ingestion, or accumulated adverse effects over early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maj Arnberg
- a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Leon Moodley
- a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | | | - Sreerekha Ramanand
- a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Anna Ingvarsdóttir
- a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Marianne Nilsen
- b Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (HVL) , Sogndal , Norway
| | - Elisa Ravagnan
- a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Stig Westerlund
- a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Steinar Sanni
- a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
- c University of Stavanger , Faculty of Science and Technology , Stavanger , Norway
| | - Geraint A Tarling
- d British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council , Cambridge , UK
| | - Renée K Bechmann
- a IRIS-International Research Institute of Stavanger , Randaberg , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gallacher C, Thomas R, Taylor C, Lord R, Kalin RM. Comprehensive composition of Creosote using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). Chemosphere 2017; 178:34-41. [PMID: 28315805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Creosote is a distillation product of coal tar and is widely used as wood preservative for railway sleepers, utility poles and for other applications. Creosote can have potentially negative effects on the environment and many of the components are toxic. This study presents the analysis of a Creosote sample from a former wood impregnation plant located in the UK. The sample was analysed using two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) and a database of compounds that could be detected was produced. The GCxGG-TOFMS was capable of detecting 1505 individual compounds, which is far more than previous estimates for the number of compounds present within Creosote. Post extraction derivatization using BTSFA with 1% TMCS was employed to increase the potential number of compounds detected with 255 derivatized compounds detected, 231 of which would not have been detected without prior derivatization. Selected derivatized compounds were quantified with limits of detection ranging from 0.6 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg from a concentrated dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). This work presents the first published full analysis of a Creosote using GCxGC-TOFMS combined with derivatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gallacher
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK.
| | - Russell Thomas
- WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff, Kings Orchard, 1 Queen St, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, UK
| | - Richard Lord
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert M Kalin
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ranc B, Faure P, Croze V, Lorgeoux C, Simonnot MO. Comparison of the effectiveness of soil heating prior or during in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of aged PAH-contaminated soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:11265-11278. [PMID: 28299567 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatments prior or during chemical oxidation of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils have already shown their ability to increase oxidation effectiveness. However, they were never compared on the same soil. Furthermore, oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (O-PACs), by-products of PAH oxidation which may be more toxic and mobile than the parent PAHs, were very little monitored. In this study, two aged PAH-contaminated soils were heated prior (60 or 90 °C under Ar for 1 week) or during oxidation (60 °C for 1 week) with permanganate and persulfate, and 11 O-PACs were monitored in addition to the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) PAHs. Oxidant doses were based on the stoichiometric oxidant demand of the extractable organic fraction of soils by using organic solvents, which is more representative of the actual contamination than only the 16 US EPA PAHs. Higher temperatures actually resulted in more pollutant degradation. Two treatments were about three times more effective than the others: soil heating to 60 °C during persulfate oxidation and soil preheating to 90 °C followed by permanganate oxidation. The results of this study showed that persulfate effectiveness was largely due to its thermal activation, whereas permanganate was more sensitive to PAH availability than persulfate. The technical feasibility of these two treatments will soon be field-tested in the unsaturated zone of one of the studied aged PAH-contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Ranc
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7360 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Site Aiguillettes, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54001, Nancy cedex, France
- ICF Environnement, 14 à 30 rue Alexandre, 92635, Gennevilliers, France
| | - Pierre Faure
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7360 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Site Aiguillettes, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Véronique Croze
- ICF Environnement, 14 à 30 rue Alexandre, 92635, Gennevilliers, France
- Element Terre, 2 rue Charles Fourier, 95240, Cormeilles en Parisis, France
| | - Catherine Lorgeoux
- GeoRessources Laboratoire, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CREGU, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Marie-Odile Simonnot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54001, Nancy cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ranc B, Faure P, Croze V, Simonnot MO. Selection of oxidant doses for in situ chemical oxidation of soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review. J Hazard Mater 2016; 312:280-297. [PMID: 27043880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a promising alternative to thermal desorption for the remediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). For field application, one major issue is the selection of the optimal doses of the oxidizing solution, i.e. the oxidant and appropriate catalysts and/or additives. Despite an extensive scientific literature on ISCO, this choice is very difficult because many parameters differ from one study to another. The present review identifies the critical factors that must be taken into account to enable comparison of these various contributions. For example, spiked soils and aged, polluted soils cannot be compared; PAHs freshly spiked into a soil are fully available for degradation unlike a complex mixture of pollutants trapped in a soil for many years. Another notable example is the high diversity of oxidation conditions employed during batch experiments, although these affect the representativeness of the system. Finally, in this review a methodology is also proposed based on a combination of the stoichiometric oxidant demand of the organic pollutants and the design of experiments (DOE) in order to allow a better comparison of the various studies so far reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ranc
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Site Aiguillette, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Site Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; ICF Environnement, 14 à 30 rue Alexandre, 92635 Gennevilliers, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France; CNRS, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - P Faure
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Site Aiguillette, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Site Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - V Croze
- ICF Environnement, 14 à 30 rue Alexandre, 92635 Gennevilliers, France
| | - M O Simonnot
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France; CNRS, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ge L, Li J, Na G, Chen CE, Huo C, Zhang P, Yao Z. Photochemical degradation of hydroxy PAHs in ice: Implications for the polar areas. Chemosphere 2016; 155:375-379. [PMID: 27135699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) are derived from hydroxylated PAHs as contaminants of emerging concern. They are ubiquitous in the aqueous and atmospheric environments and may exist in the polar snow and ice, which urges new insights into their environmental transformation, especially in ice. In present study the simulated-solar (λ > 290 nm) photodegradation kinetics, products and pathways of four OH-PAHs (9-Hydroxyfluorene, 2-Hydroxyfluorene, 1-Hydroxypyrene and 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene) in ice were investigated, and the corresponding implications for the polar areas were explored. It was found that the kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics with the photolysis quantum yields (Φs) ranging from 7.48 × 10(-3) (1-Hydroxypyrene) to 4.16 × 10(-2) (2-Hydroxyfluorene). These 4 OH-PAHs were proposed to undergo photoinduced hydroxylation, resulting in multiple hydroxylated intermediates, particularly for 9-Hydroxyfluorene. Extrapolation of the lab data to the real environment is expected to provide a reasonable estimate of OH-PAH photolytic half-lives (t1/2,E) in mid-summer of the polar areas. The estimated t1/2,E values ranged from 0.08 h for 1-OHPyr in the Arctic to 54.27 h for 9-OHFl in the Antarctic. In consideration of the lower temperature and less microorganisms in polar areas, the photodegradation can be a key factor in determining the fate of OH-PAHs in sunlit surface snow/ice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the photodegradation of OH-PAHs in polar areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linke Ge
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Huo
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ziwei Yao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marquès M, Mari M, Audí-Miró C, Sierra J, Soler A, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils under a climate change base scenario. Chemosphere 2016; 148:495-503. [PMID: 26841292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two typical Mediterranean soils, either coarse- or fine-textured, was here investigated. Soil samples, spiked with the 16 US EPA priority PAHs, were incubated in a climate chamber at stable conditions of temperature (20 °C) and light (9.6 W m(-2)) for 28 days, simulating a climate change base scenario. PAH concentrations in soils were analyzed throughout the experiment, and correlated with data obtained by means of Microtox(®) ecotoxicity test. Photodegradation was found to be dependent on exposure time, molecular weight of each hydrocarbon, and soil texture. Fine-textured soil was able to enhance sorption, being PAHs more photodegraded than in coarse-textured soil. According to the EC50 values reported by Microtox(®), a higher detoxification was observed in fine-textured soil, being correlated with the outcomes of the analytical study. Significant photodegradation rates were detected for a number of PAHs, namely phenanthrene, anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and indeno(123-cd)pyrene. Benzo(a)pyrene, commonly used as an indicator for PAH pollution, was completely removed after 7 days of light exposure. In addition to the PAH chemical analysis and the ecotoxicity tests, a hydrogen isotope analysis of benzo(a)pyrene was also carried out. The degradation of this specific compound was associated to a high enrichment in (2)H, obtaining a maximum δ(2)H isotopic shift of +232‰. This strong isotopic effect observed in benzo(a)pyrene suggests that compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) may be a powerful tool to monitor in situ degradation of PAHs. Moreover, hydrogen isotopes of benzo(a)pyrene evidenced a degradation process of unknown origin occurring in the darkness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Mari
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Audí-Miró
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, SIMGEO UB-CSIC, Universitat de Barcelona UB, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, SIMGEO UB-CSIC, Universitat de Barcelona UB, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ge L, Na G, Chen CE, Li J, Ju M, Wang Y, Li K, Zhang P, Yao Z. Aqueous photochemical degradation of hydroxylated PAHs: Kinetics, pathways, and multivariate effects of main water constituents. Sci Total Environ 2016; 547:166-172. [PMID: 26780142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) are contaminants of emerging concern in the aquatic environment, so it is of great significance to understand their environmental transformation and toxicity. This study investigated the aqueous photochemical behavior of four OH-PAHs, 9-Hydroxyfluorene (9-OHFL), 2-Hydroxyfluorene, 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-Hydroxypyrene, under simulated sunlight irradiation (λ>290 nm). It was observed that their photodegradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Based on the determined quantum yields, their calculated solar apparent photodegradation half-lives in surface waters at 45° N latitude ranged from 0.4min for 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene to 7.5 × 10(3)min for 9-OHFL, indicating that the OH-PAHs would intrinsically photodegrade fast in sunlit surface waters. Furthermore, 9-OHFL as an example was found to undergo direct photolysis, and self-sensitized photooxidation via OH rather than (1)O2 in pure water. The potential photoreactions involved photoinduced hydroxylation, dehydrogenation and isomerization based on product identification by GC-MS/MS. 9-OHFL photodegraded slower in natural waters than in pure water, which was attributed to the integrative effects of the most photoreactive species, such as Fe(III), NO3(-), Cl(-) and humic acid. The photomodified toxicity was further examined using Vibrio fischeri, and it was found that the toxicity of photolyzed 9-OHFL did not decrease significantly (p>0.05) either in pure water or in seawater, implying the comparable or higher toxicity of some intermediates. These results are important for assessing the fate and risks of OH-PAHs in surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linke Ge
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Maowei Ju
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ziwei Yao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mahler BJ, Ingersoll CG, Van Metre PC, Kunz JL, Little EE. Acute toxicity of runoff from sealcoated pavement to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:5060-5069. [PMID: 25860716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Runoff from coal-tar-based (CT) sealcoated pavement is a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and N-heterocycles to surface waters. We investigated acute toxicity of simulated runoff collected from 5 h to 111 days after application of CT sealcoat and from 4 h to 36 days after application of asphalt-based sealcoat containing about 7% CT sealcoat (AS/CT-blend). Ceriodaphnia dubia (cladocerans) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) were exposed in the laboratory to undiluted and 1:10 diluted runoff for 48 h, then transferred to control water and exposed to 4 h of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Mortality following exposure to undiluted runoff from unsealed asphalt pavement and UVR was ≤10% in all treatments. Test organisms exposed to undiluted CT runoff samples collected during the 3 days (C. dubia) or 36 days (P. promelas) following sealcoat application experienced 100% mortality prior to UVR exposure; with UVR exposure, mortality was 100% for runoff collected across the entire sampling period. Phototoxic-equivalent PAH concentrations and mortality demonstrated an exposure-response relation. The results indicate that runoff remains acutely toxic for weeks to months after CT sealcoat application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mahler
- †U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
| | | | - Peter C Van Metre
- †U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
| | - James L Kunz
- ‡U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Edward E Little
- ‡U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liao X, Zhao D, Yan X, Huling SG. Identification of persulfate oxidation products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon during remediation of contaminated soil. J Hazard Mater 2014; 276:26-34. [PMID: 24862467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The extent of PAH transformation, the formation and transformation of reaction byproducts during persulfate oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coking plant soil was investigated. Pre-oxidation analyses indicated that oxygen-containing PAHs (oxy-PAHs) existed in the soil. Oxy-PAHs including 1H-phenalen-1-one, 9H-fluoren-9-one, and 1,8-naphthalic anhydride were also produced during persulfate oxidation of PAHs. Concentration of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride at 4h in thermally activated (50°C) persulfate oxidation (TAPO) treatment increased 12.7 times relative to the oxidant-free control. Additionally, the oxy-PAHs originally present and those generated during oxidation can be oxidized by unactivated or thermally activated persulfate oxidation. For example, 9H-fluoren-9-one concentration decreased 99% at 4h in TAPO treatment relative to the control. Thermally activated persulfate resulted in greater oxy-PAHs removal than unactivated persulfate. Overall, both unactivated and thermally activated persulfate oxidation of PAH-contaminated soil reduced PAH mass, and oxidized most of the reaction byproducts. Consequently, this treatment process could limit environmental risk related to the parent compound and associated reaction byproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Liao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Dan Zhao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiulan Yan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Scott G Huling
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Division, Ada, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC, Foreman WT. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and azaarenes in runoff from coal-tar- and asphalt-sealcoated pavement. Environ Pollut 2014; 188:81-87. [PMID: 24556229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coal-tar-based sealcoat, used extensively on parking lots and driveways in North America, is a potent source of PAHs. We investigated how concentrations and assemblages of PAHs and azaarenes in runoff from pavement newly sealed with coal-tar-based (CT) or asphalt-based (AS) sealcoat changed over time. Samples of simulated runoff were collected from pavement 5 h to 111 d following application of AS or CT sealcoat. Concentrations of the sum of 16 PAHs (median concentrations of 328 and 35 μg/L for CT and AS runoff, respectively) in runoff varied relatively little, but rapid decreases in concentrations of azaarenes and low molecular weight PAHs were offset by increases in high molecular weight PAHs. The results demonstrate that runoff from CT-sealcoated pavement, in particular, continues to contain elevated concentrations of PAHs long after a 24-h curing time, with implications for the fate, transport, and ecotoxicological effects of contaminants in runoff from CT-sealcoated pavement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, USA.
| | | | - William T Foreman
- U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory, Box 25046, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Partovinia A, Naeimpoor F. Comparison of phenanthrene biodegradation by free and immobilized cell systems: formation of hydroxylated compounds. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:5889-5898. [PMID: 24448881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the foremost environmental issues having a key role in the feasibility study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biodegradation is the concern of the toxicity of the formed intermediate metabolites. In this study, biodegradability of phenanthrene (PHE) at initial concentrations of 100-500 ppm and its hydroxylated intermediate metabolites (IMs) in aqueous phase were investigated using free cells (FC) and immobilized cells (IC) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cryogel beads. Results showed that both FC and IC systems were capable of complete PHE biodegradation at initial concentrations lower than 250 ppm after 7 days, though IC system showed a higher PHE removal rate. The maximum IM concentrations observed at initial PHE concentrations of 100 and 250 ppm were 20 and 49 ppm for FC system, whereas 7.4 and 19 ppm were obtained for IC system, respectively, and IMs were finally removed after 7 days. Similarly, at 500 ppm, IC system resulted in higher removal of PHE compared to FC system. However, during the 7-day period for FC system, IMs concentration rose up to 59 ppm, while for IC system, IMs concentration reaches a maximum at day 5 and thereafter it follows a negative rate. It was also shown that resorcinol as an indicator of hydroxylated aromatic metabolites at concentrations of 0-100 ppm can well be biodegraded by free and immobilized cell systems. No prohibition on PHE biodegradation could hence occur due to IMs formation. Additionally, stability of IC system was examined in repeated-batch cultures, showing the effective removal of PHE up to nine reuse cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Partovinia
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gan S, Yap CL, Ng HK. Investigation of the impacts of ethyl lactate based Fenton treatment on soil quality for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater 2013; 262:691-700. [PMID: 24121640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impacts of ethyl lactate (EL) based Fenton treatment on soil quality for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soils. Accumulation of oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) was observed, but quantitative measurement on the most abundant compound 9,10-anthraquinone (ATQ) showed lower accumulation of the compound than that reported for ethanol (ET) based Fenton treatment. In general, as compared to conventional water (CW) based Fenton treatment, the EL based Fenton treatment exerted either a lower or higher negative impact on soil physicochemical properties depending on the property type and shared the main disadvantage of reduced soil pH. For revegetation, EL based Fenton treatment was most appropriately adopted for soil with native pH >/~ 6.2 in order to obtain a final soil pH >/~ 4.9 subject to the soil buffering capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyin Gan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rojo-Nieto E, Smith KEC, Perales JA, Mayer P. Recreating the seawater mixture composition of HOCs in toxicity tests with Artemia franciscana by passive dosing. Aquat Toxicol 2012; 120-121:27-34. [PMID: 22609739 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity testing of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in aquatic media is generally challenging, and this is even more problematic for mixtures. The hydrophobic properties of these compounds make them difficult to dissolve, and subsequently to maintain constant exposure concentrations. Evaporative and sorptive losses are highly compound-specific, which can alter not only total concentrations, but also the proportions between the compounds in the mixture. Therefore, the general aim of this study was to explore the potential of passive dosing for testing the toxicity of a PAH mixture that recreates the mixture composition found in seawater from a coastal area of Spain, the Bay of Algeciras. First, solvent spiking and passive dosing were compared for their suitability to determine the acute toxicity to Artemia franciscana nauplii of several PAHs at their respective solubility limits. Second, passive dosing was applied to recreate the seawater mixture composition of PAHs measured in a Spanish monitoring program, to test the toxicity of this mixture at different levels. HPLC analysis was used to confirm the reproducibility of the dissolved exposure concentrations for the individual PAHs and mixtures. This study shows that passive dosing has some important benefits in comparison with solvent spiking for testing HOCs in aquatic media. These include maintaining constant exposure concentrations, leading to higher reproducibility and a relative increase in toxicity. Passive dosing is also able to faithfully reproduce real mixtures of HOCs such as PAHs, in toxicity tests, reproducing both the levels and proportions of the different compounds. This provides a useful approach for studying the toxicity of environmental mixtures of HOCs, both with a view to investigating their toxicity but also for determining safety factors before such mixtures result in detrimental effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Rojo-Nieto
- Andalusian Centre of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Department of Environmental Technologies, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fathalla EM, Andersson JT. Products of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in oil spill photodegradation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2011; 30:2004-2012. [PMID: 21713971 DOI: 10.1002/etc.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Photo-oxidation is a potentially significant process in the degradation of crude oil spilled in the environment. The polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) in an Egyptian crude oil (0.8 % sulfur) were photo-oxidized as a film on the surface of water in the presence of anthraquinone as photosensitizer under simulated solar irradiation. The polar photoproducts were characterized using negative ion electrospray ionization with time of flight mass spectrometry and, after trimethylsilylation, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The photoproducts identified revealed the presence of a large variety of sulfonic acids, aliphatic and aromatic acids, and alcohols. The data also give new information on the substituents of the aromatic compounds in the unexposed oil and indicate the presence of cyclohexyl substituted aromatic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiman M Fathalla
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pieri V, Belancic A, Morales S, Stuppner H. Identification and quantification of major steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana purified extracts by 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:4378-4384. [PMID: 21417451 DOI: 10.1021/jf104922q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of (1)H NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of Stevia rebaudiana extracts is presented. The developed method allows qualitative and quantitative determination of the major steviol glycosides in purified extracts and fractions obtained from various stages of the purification process. Moreover, it proved to be a powerful tool to differentiate between glycosides which are naturally occurring in the stevia plant and artifacts formed in the course of the manufacturing process. Identification of steviol glycosides was achieved by the use of 2D NMR techniques, whereas quantification is based on qHNMR using anthracene as internal standard. The solvent mixture pyridine-d(5)-DMSO-d(6) (6:1) enabled satisfactory separation of the signals to be integrated. Validation of the method was performed in terms of specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, and stability. Quantitative results were compared to those obtained with the JECFA HPLC-UV method and were found to be in reasonable agreement. NMR analysis does not rely on the use of reference compounds and enables significantly faster analysis compared to HPLC-UV. Thus, NMR represents a feasible alternative to HPLC-based methods for the quality control of Stevia rebaudiana extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Pieri
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Baścik-Remisiewicz A, Aksmann A, Żak A, Kowalska M, Tukaj Z. Toxicity of cadmium, anthracene, and their mixture to Desmodesmus subspicatus estimated by algal growth-inhibition ISO standard test. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 60:610-617. [PMID: 20680257 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cells of Desmodesmus subspicatus 86.81 were used to examine the toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) and anthracene (ANT) applied individually and in combination. The experiments were performed according to standardized ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 8692 protocol (2004). Parameters measured were the number of cells and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. E(r)C(10) and E(r)C(50) values (growth rate [r] inhibition by 10% and 50%, respectively) for single toxicants were determined separately. The effect of mixtures of the substances (Cd + ANT) at concentrations corresponding to E(r)C(10) (E(r)C(10) + E(r)C(10)) and E(r)C(50) (E(r)C(50) + E(r)C(50)) values was characterized. The toxicity of individual chemicals after a 72-h exposure was as follows: ANT (E(r)C(10) = 0.06; E(r)C(50) = 0.26 mg l(-1)) and CdCl(2) (E(r)C(10) = 0.12; E(r)C(50) = 0.30 mg l(-1)). The combination Cd + ANT decreased the population growth rate more strongly than the substances applied individually. Cadmium at a concentration corresponding to E(r)C(10) slightly influenced the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence as measured by the OJIP test (O, J, I, and P are the different steps of fluorescence induction curve), whereas the influence of ANT was not statistically significant. In Cd + ANT-treated samples, the photosynthetic "vitality" (PI), the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (φ(Po)), and the fraction of active PS II reaction centre (RC) decreased, but the values of ABS/RC, TR(0)/RC, and DI(0)/RC increased. The type of interaction between Cd and ANT depended on the concentration of chemicals used. When the substances were applied at concentrations of E(r)C(10), synergistic effects were observed, whereas the mixture of chemicals used at an E(r)C(50) concentration showed an antagonistic interaction.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ohnuki G, Toyooka T, Ibuki Y. UVB in solar-simulated light causes formation of BaP-photoproducts capable of generating phosphorylated histone H2AX. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2010; 702:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
41
|
Mekkawy IAA, Mahmoud UM, Osman AG, Sayed AEDH. Effects of ultraviolet A on the activity of two metabolic enzymes, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation during early developmental stages of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Fish Physiol Biochem 2010; 36:605-626. [PMID: 19609701 PMCID: PMC2923706 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-009-9334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many ultraviolet-A (UVA)-induced biochemical and physiological changes are valid as biomarkers using aquatic species for detection of the degree of stress. Changes in the concentration and activities of enzymes, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehyderogenase (G6PDH), lactate dehyderogenase (LDH), DNA damage and lipid peroxidation (LPO), can be used as biomarkers to identify possible environmental contamination in fish. This study aimed to investigate the impact of UVA on the activity of the selected enzymes, DNA damage and LPO during early developmental stages of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Embryo hemogenates were used for measurements of G6PDH, LDH, DNA damage and LPO concentrations and activities spectrophotometrically at 37 degrees C. The normal ontogenetic variations in enzyme activities, DNA damage and LPO of the early developmental stages (24-168 h-PFS; hours-post fertilization stage) were studied. There was a significant decrease in the activity of G6PDH till 120 h-PFS. Then after 120 h-PFS, the activity of such enzymes insignificantly increased toward higher stages. The LDH activity was recorded with a pattern of decrease till 96 h-PFS, followed by a significant increase toward 168 h-PFS. The polynomial pattern of variations in DNA damage and LPO was also evident. The patterns of the enzyme activities, corresponding DNA damage and LPO of the early ontogenetic stages under the influence of three different UVA doses (15, 30 and 60 min), were recorded. The pattern of variations in G6PDH activity in UVA-induced groups was similar to that of the control group with variation in the magnitude of such activity. In all treated groups, LDH activity decreased till 96 h-PFS, then increased till 168 h-PFS. Within each of the embryonic stages, the increase in UVA led to a significant increase in DNA damage. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation under UVA doses was recorded. The variability in number and molecular weight of proteins under exposure to UVA was evident, reflecting some of the genetic and transcriptional changes during exposure and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imam A A Mekkawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Usama M Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Alaa G Osman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Oguntimehin I, Eissa F, Sakugawa H. Negative effects of fluoranthene on the ecophysiology of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Fluoranthene mists negatively affected tomato plants. Chemosphere 2010; 78:877-884. [PMID: 20006894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cherry tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) were sprayed with fluoranthene and mixture of fluoranthene and mannitol solutions for 30d. The exposure was carried out in growth chambers in field conditions, and the air was filtered through charcoal filters to remove atmospheric contaminants. Plants were sprayed with 10microM fluoranthene as mist until they reached the fruiting stage, and the eco-physiological parameters were measured to determine the effects of the treatments. We measured CO(2) uptake and water vapour exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf pigment contents, visual symptoms and biomass allocation. Fluoranthene which was deposited as mist onto leaves negatively affected both growth and the quality of tomato plants, while other treatments did not. The photosynthetic rate measured at saturated irradiance was approximately 37% lower in fluoranthene-treated plants compared with the control group. Other variables, such as stomata conductance, the photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark, Chl a, Chl b, and the total chlorophyll contents of the tomato leaves were significantly reduced in the fluoranthene-treated plants. Tomato plants treated with fluoranthene showed severe visible injury symptoms on the foliage during the exposure period. Mannitol (a reactive oxygen scavenger) mitigated effects of fluoranthene; thus, reactive oxygen species generated through fluoranthene may be responsible for the damaged tomato plants. It is possible for fluoranthene to decrease the aesthetic and hence the economic value of this valuable crop plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilemobayo Oguntimehin
- Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hu X, Wang P, Hwang HM. Oxidation of anthracene by immobilized laccase from Trametes versicolor. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:4963-4968. [PMID: 19564104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The laccase of Trametes versicolor was immobilized on the functionalized nanoparticles SBA-15 with the average diameter less than 10 nm. Laccase mediated oxidations of anthracene (ANT) were investigated in the presence of two mediators, 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT). Oxidation of ANT was more efficiently enhanced by adding 1 mM of HBT than that by adding ABTS. After 48 h oxidation HBT group significantly oxidized ANT with residue 58% relative to 88% in the ABTS group. HPLC and GC/MS analyses indicated the main product of ANT oxidation was anthraquinone (ANQ). The fluorescein diacetate (FDA) uptake of two human cell lines was used to assess the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of ANT and ANQ. Treatments with ANT and ANQ at 5 and 10 microM exhibited significant cytotoxicity to the HaCaT cells and the A3 lymphocytes and no significant genotoxicity was observed. The results illustrated that ANQ is less toxic than ANT as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Hu
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ahmed S, Kishikawa N, Ohyama K, Maki T, Kurosaki H, Nakashima K, Kuroda N. An ultrasensitive and highly selective determination method for quinones by high-performance liquid chromatography with photochemically initiated luminol chemiluminescence. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3977-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Gomes V, Passos MJACR, Leme NMP, Santos TCA, Campos DYF, Hasue FM, Phan VN. Photo-induced toxicity of anthracene in the Antarctic shallow water amphipod, Gondogeneia antarctica. Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
46
|
Guiraud P, Bonnet JL, Boumendjel A, Kadri-Dakir M, Dusser M, Bohatier J, Steiman R. Involvement of Tetrahymena pyriformis and selected fungi in the elimination of anthracene, and toxicity assessment of the biotransformation products. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2008; 69:296-305. [PMID: 17257678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene (AC) is a non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic, low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in the environment. Its toxicity can be dramatically increased after solar-light exposure. Biotransformation capacities of AC by Tetrahymena pyriformis and a selection of eight micromycetes were studied, and the ability of these microorganisms to detoxify the polluted ecosystems was assessed. We showed that T. pyriformis was able to accumulate high amounts of AC without any transformation. In contrast, the fungi Cunninghamella elegans, Absidia fusca, Absidia cylindrospora, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Aspergillus terreus were able to transform AC with a high efficiency. Cytotoxicity assays conducted on HeLa cells and T. pyriformis showed that crude extract from A. fusca culture medium obtained after AC biotransformation was not toxic. For A. fusca and A. cylindrospora, 1-4 dihydroxyanthraquinone was shown to be the major product during the biotransformation process. This compound seemed to be a dead-end metabolite at least for the Absidia strains. The cytotoxicity of 1-4 dihydroxyanthraquinone was higher than that of AC to T. pyriformis but lower to HeLa cells. On the whole our results showed that the microorganisms studied were all able to decontaminate an AC-polluted ecosystem, either by accumulating or transforming the compound. A possible detoxification process resulting from AC biotransformation can be considered only using the human cell model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Guiraud
- Laboratoire ORSOX (EA-3776, CEA-LRC 8M), Université Joseph Fourier, UFR de Pharmacie, Domaine de La Merci, 38700 La Tronche, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Toyooka T, Ohnuki G, Ibuki Y. Solar-simulated light-exposed benzo[a]pyrene induces phosphorylation of histone H2AX. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2008; 650:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
48
|
Lundstedt S, White PA, Lemieux CL, Lynes KD, Lambert IB, Oberg L, Haglund P, Tysklind M. Sources, fate, and toxic hazards of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at PAH-contaminated sites. Ambio 2007; 36:475-85. [PMID: 17985702 DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[475:sfatho]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we show that oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are important cocontaminants that should be taken into account during risk assessment and remediation of sites with high levels of PAHs. The presented data, which have been collected both from our own research and the published literature, demonstrate that oxy-PAHs are abundant but neglected contaminants at these sites. The oxy-PAHs show relatively high persistency and because they are formed through transformation of PAHs, their concentrations in the environment may even increase as the sites are remediated by methods that promote PAH degradation. Furthermore, we show that oxy-PAHs are toxic to both humans and the environment, although the toxicity seems to be manifested through other effects than those known to be important for polycyclic aromatic compounds in general, that is, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Finally, we present data that support the hypothesis that oxy-PAHs are more mobile in the environment than PAHs, due to their polarity, and thus have a higher tendency to spread from contaminated sites via surface water and groundwater. We believe that oxy-PAHs should be included in monitoring programs at PAH-contaminated sites, even if a number of other toxicologically relevant compounds that may also be present, such as nitro-PAHs and azaarenes, are not monitored. This is because oxy-PAH levels are difficult to predict from the PAH levels, because their environmental behavior differs substantially from that of PAHs, and oxy-PAHs may be formed as PAHs are degraded.
Collapse
|
49
|
Küster A, Pohl K, Altenburger R. A fluorescence-based bioassay for aquatic macrophytes and its suitability for effect analysis of non-photosystem II inhibitors. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2007; 14:377-83. [PMID: 17993220 DOI: 10.1065/espr2007.04.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND, GOALS AND SCOPE: During the last years the miniaturization of toxicity test systems for rapid and parallel measurements of large quantities of samples has often been discussed. For unicellular algae as well as for aquatic macrophytes, fluorescence-based miniaturized test systems have been introduced to analyze photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors. Nevertheless, high-throughput screening should also guarantee the effect detection of a broad range of toxicants in order to ensure routinely applicable, high-throughput measuring device experiments which can cover a broad range of toxicants and modes of action others than PSII inhibition. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish a fast and reproducible measuring system for non-PSII inhibitors for aquatic macrophyte species to overcome major limitations for use. METHODS A newly developed imaging pulse-amplitude-modulated chlorophyll fluorometer (I-PAM) was applied as an effect detector in short-term bioassays with the aquatic macrophyte species Lemna minor. This multiwell-plate based measuring device enabled the incubation and measurement of up to 24 samples in parallel. The chemicals paraquat-dichloride, alizarine and triclosan were chosen as representatives for the toxicant groups of non-PSII herbicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), which are often detected in the aquatic environment. The I-PAM was used (i) to establish and validate the sensitivity of the test system to the three non-PSII inhibitors, (ii) to compare the test systems with standardized and established biotests for aquatic macrophytes, and (iii) to define necessary time scales in aquatic macrophyte testing. For validation of the fluorescence-based assay, the standard growth test with L. minor (ISO/DIS 20079) was performed in parallel for each chemical. RESULTS The results revealed that fluorescence-based measurements with the I-PAM allow rapid and parallel analysis of large amounts of aquatic macrophyte samples. The I-PAM enabled the recording of concentration-effect-curves with L. minor samples on a 24-well plate with single measurements. Fluorescence-based concentration-effect-curves could be detected for all three chemicals after only 1 h of incubation. After 4-5 h incubation time, the maximum inhibition of fluorescence showed an 80-100% effect for the chemicals tested. The EC50 after 24 h incubation were estimated to be 0.06 mg/L, 0.84 mg/L and 1.69 mg/L for paraquat-dichloride, alizarine and triclosan, respectively. DISCUSSION The results obtained with the I-PAM after 24 h for the herbicide paraquat-dichloride and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon alizarine were in good accordance with median effective concentrations (EC50s) obtained by the standardized growth test for L. minor after 7 d incubation (0.09 mg/L and 0.79 mg/L for paraquat-dichloride and alizarine, respectively). Those results were in accordance with literature findings for the two chemicals. In contrast, fluorescence-based EC50 of the antimicrobial agent triclosan proved to be two orders of magnitude greater when compared to the standard growth test with 7 d incubation time (0.026 mg/L) as well as with literature findings. CONCLUSION Typically, aquatic macrophyte testing is very time consuming and relies on laborious experimental set-ups. The I-PAM measuring device enabled fast effect screening for the three chemicals tested. While established test systems for aquatic macrophytes need incubation times of > or = 7 d, the I-PAM can detect inhibitory effects much earlier (24 h), even if inhibition of chemicals is not specifically associated with PSII. Thus, the fluorescence-based bioassay with the I-PAM offers a promising approach for the miniaturization and high-throughput testing of chemicals with aquatic macrophytes. For the chemical triclosan, however, the short-term effect prediction with the I-PAM has been shown to be less sensitive than with long-term bioassays, which might be due to physicochemical substance properties such as lipophilicity. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The results of this study show that the I-PAM represents a promising tool for decreasing the incubation times of aquatic macrophyte toxicity testing to about 24 h as a supplement to existing test batteries. The applicability of this I-PAM bioassay on emergent and submerged aquatic macrophyte species should be investigated in further studies. Regarding considerations that physicochemical properties of the tested substances might play an important role in microplate bioassays, the I-PAM bioassay should either be accompanied by evaluating physicochemical properties modeled from structural information prior to an experimental investigation, or by intensified chemical analyses to identify and determine nominal concentrations of the toxicants tested. The chemicals paraquat-dichloride, alizarine and triclosan were chosen as representatives for the toxicant groups of non-PSII herbicides, PAHs and PPCPs which are often detected in the aquatic environment. Nevertheless, in order to ensure a routinely applicable measuring device, experiments with a broader range of toxicants and samples of surface and/or waste waters are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Küster
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Okay OS, Karacik B. Photoinduced toxicity of selected PAHs to the marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2007; 42:707-14. [PMID: 17473996 DOI: 10.1080/10934520701304344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of different concentrations of pyrene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and chrysene within the solubility limits of the chemicals on marine microalgal species of Phaeodactylum tricornutum were examined under UV-A and UV-B lights by application of batch toxicity tests. The algal species were also exposed to the individual PAHs under cool-white fluorescent bulbs in the same laboratory conditions in order to compare the results with the responses of UV-exposed organisms. EC50 values calculated with the trimmed Spearman Karber method demonstrate that the UV light dramatically enhances the toxicity of the selected model PAHs. In most cases, the magnitude of increase in PAH toxicity was directly related to the concentration of individual PAHs and the duration of UV-lighting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oya S Okay
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|