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Loive J, Strandberg B, Christensen K, Hagvall L. Indoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) in public buildings with creosote impregnated constructions - A pilot case study using passive samplers. Chemosphere 2024; 352:141240. [PMID: 38266881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Creosote has been used in Sweden as a wood preservative in buildings since the 19th century. These buildings can function as workplaces, homes, and cultural buildings to which the public has access. Creosote contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are well known carcinogens. To understand exposure and risks in an indoor environment, it is important to determine air levels of parent PAHs as well as the more toxic nitrated and oxygenated PAH derivatives (NPAH, OPAH). This study aims to investigate indoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) e.g., PAH, NPAH, OPAH and dibenzothiophenes in buildings containing creosote sources and whether these levels pose a health risk. Four cultural buildings were studied, all located within a radius of 130 m. Two were known to have creosote sources, and two had not. Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were used to indicate possible point sources. PUF-PAS measurements were performed for one month in each building winter and summer. Simultaneously, PAC outdoor level measurements were performed. Buildings with creosote impregnated constructions had notably higher indoor air levels of PAC (31-1200 ng m-3) compared to the two buildings without creosote sources (14-45 ng m-3). The PAH cancer potency (sum of benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaPeq)) was more than one order of magnitude higher in the buildings containing creosote impregnated wood compared to reference buildings. The highest value was 5.1 BaPeq ng m-3 which was significantly higher than the outdoor winter measurement (1.3 BaPeq ng m-3). Fluoranthene and phenanthrene, with significant distribution in gas phase, but also several particulate NPAHs contributed significantly to the total cancer risk. Thus, creosote containing buildings can still contaminate the indoor air with PACs despite being over a hundred years old. The PUF-PAS was shown to be a good tool providing quantitative/semiquantitative measures of PACs exposure in indoor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Loive
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Karen Christensen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden.
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da Rocha Soares LC, Mendes GP, Viegas RMA, Barbosa AM, Yoshikawa NK, Nascimento CAOD. Study of creosote transport properties in sandy and clay soils. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:967. [PMID: 37464226 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Creosote is an organic pollutant formed by a complex mixture of highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds and classified as a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). Its migration depends on media and fluid properties that control the multiphase flow in the subsurface. Residual saturation and hydraulic conductivity are essential parameters to accurately simulate fluid displacement in porous media. This work shows the behavior of creosote in porous medium for sandy and clay soils, collected in a contaminated area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Creosote retention was evaluated and compared to water. The retention curve parameters were obtained based on van Genuchten and Brooks and Corey models. The hydraulic conductivities of creosote and water are presented for both soils. The results show that, in the clay soil, water was more retained than creosote, while in the sandy soil, creosote retention was higher. The hydraulic conductivity values obtained in the clay soil show a difference of two orders of magnitude between creosote and water. Although creosote is a viscous fluid, it presents considerable mobility in the clay soil, which is relevant in remediation processes. This study advances our knowledge about DNAPL behavior in clay and sand, and no other study of creosote parameters in these porous media was found. A more accurate estimate of the time required for a liquid spill to reach groundwater can then be predicted, so that appropriate actions can be taken and risk management can be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Paupitz Mendes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Muselli Barbosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Waste and Contaminated Areas, Institute for Technological Research, São Paulo, SP, 05508-901, Brazil
| | - Nestor Kenji Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Waste and Contaminated Areas, Institute for Technological Research, São Paulo, SP, 05508-901, Brazil
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Nishi I, Yoshitomi T, Nakano F, Uemura H, Tahara M, Kawakami T. Development of a safer and improved analytical method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in creosote products. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1698:464007. [PMID: 37099903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in creosote products used for wood preservation are regulated in Japan. Although the analytical method for this regulation has been stipulated by law, two main problems have been highlighted, namely the use of dichloromethane, a potential carcinogen, as a solvent and inadequate purification. Therefore, an analytical method to solve these problems was developed in this study. Actual creosote-treated wood samples were examined, and it was found that acetone could be used as an alternative solvent. Purification methods using centrifugation, silica gel cartridges, and strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges were also developed. It was found that the SAX cartridges strongly retained PAHs, and an effective purification method was developed using this phenomenon, in which contaminants were removed by washing with diethyl ether/hexane (1/9 v/v), which could not be achieved with a silica gel cartridge. This strong retention was attributed to cation-π interactions. The analytical method developed in this study yielded good recoveries (81.4-113.0%) with low relative standard deviations (<6.8%), and the limit of quantification (0.02-0.29 µg/g) was significantly lower than the current creosote product regulation. Therefore, this method can safely and effectively extract and purify PAHs from creosote products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwaki Nishi
- Division of Chemistry, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan.
| | - Taichi Yoshitomi
- Division of Chemistry, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan
| | - Fumi Nakano
- Division of Chemistry, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Uemura
- Division of Chemistry, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan
| | - Maiko Tahara
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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Sansom GT, Fawkes LS, Thompson CM, Losa LM, McDonald TJ, Chiu WA. Cancer risk associated with soil distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within three environmental justice neighborhoods in Houston, Texas. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:333-342. [PMID: 35246781 PMCID: PMC10216892 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Residents and advocacy groups began voicing concerns over the environmental quality located in the neighborhoods of Kashmere Gardens, Fifth Ward, and Denver Harbor in Houston, TX, following the confirmation of a cancer cluster in 2019 and another in 2021. These neighborhoods are in close proximity to a railyard and former wood treatment plant known to have utilized coal tar creosote and contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This research took core soil samples in September and October 2020 from 46 sites to assess for the presence and concentration of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) 7 Carcinogenic PAHs. Results showed the cumulative concentration of these PAHs in each sample was variable with a range of 13,767 ng/g to 328 ng/g and a mean of 2,517.2 ng/g ± 3122. A regional soil screening evaluation revealed that 40 of the 46 soil samples were in excess of the USEPAs most conservative screening levels of 1.0 × 10-6 increased cancer risk, but none exceeding levels considered actionable for remediation. This study is a fundamental first step for quantifying the environmental pollutants in this minority-majority community. Findings revealed a low risk of cancer risk based on current PAH concentrations alone but cannot assess contributions from other contaminants or from past, possibly higher, levels of contamination. Further research is needed to identify the potential casual pathways of the observed cancer cluster and to explore possible remediation needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garett T Sansom
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Leanne S Fawkes
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Courtney M Thompson
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, Eller Oceanography and Meteorology Building 3147, 797 Lamar St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lyssa M Losa
- College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Langford Architecture Building 3137, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Thomas J McDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Departments of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Choi JS, Lim SH, Jung SR, Lingamdinne LP, Koduru JR, Kwak MY, Yang JK, Kang SH, Chang YY. Experimentally and spectroscopically evidenced mechanistic study of butyl peroxyacid oxidative degradation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil. J Environ Manage 2022; 317:115403. [PMID: 35660830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a major indicator of soil contamination and categorized as a highly persistent, carcinogenic, and mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. An advanced peroxyacid oxidation process was developed to reduce soil pollution caused by BaP originating from creosote spills from railroad sleepers. The pH, organic matter, particle size distribution of soil, and concentrations of BaP and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As) in the BaP-contaminated soils were estimated. A batch experiment was conducted to determine the effects of organic acid type, soil particle size, stirring speed, and reaction time on the peroxyacid oxidation of BaP in the soil samples. Additionally, the effect of the organic acid concentration on the peroxyacid degradation of BaP was investigated using an oxidizing agent in spiked soil with and without hydrogen peroxide. The results of the oxidation process indicated that BaP and heavy metal residuals were below acceptable Korean standards. A significant difference in the oxidative degradation of BaP was observed between the spiked and natural soil samples. The formation of a peroxyacid intermediate was primarily responsible for the enhanced BaP oxidation. Further, butyric acid could be reused thrice without losing the efficacy (<90%). The systematic peroxyacid oxidative degradation mechanism of BaP was also discussed. A qualitative analysis of the by-products of the BaP reaction was conducted, and their corresponding toxicities were determined for possible field applications. The findings conclude that the developed peroxyacid oxidation method has potential applications in the treatment of BaP-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Soo Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rak Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea; Institute of Global Environment Kyunghee University, Seoul, 03134, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Janardhan Reddy Koduru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Jae-Kyu Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hong Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Volkoff SJ, Rodriguez DL, Singleton DR, McCumber AW, Aitken MD, Stewart JR, Gunsch CK. Identifying bioaugmentation candidates for bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated estuarine sediment of the Elizabeth River, VA, USA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1715-1727. [PMID: 35089401 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Estuarine sediments near former creosoting facilities along the Elizabeth River (Virginia, USA) are contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, we interrogated the bacterial community of the Elizabeth River with both culture-based and culture-independent methods to identify potential candidates for bioremediation of these contaminants. DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments with phenanthrene and fluoranthene using sediment from the former Republic Creosoting site identified relevant PAH-degrading bacteria within the Azoarcus, Hydrogenophaga, and Croceicoccus genera. Targeted cultivation of PAH-degrading bacteria from the same site recovered 6 PAH-degrading strains, including one strain highly similar to Hydrogenophaga sequences detected in SIP experiments. Other isolates were most similar to organisms within the Novosphingobium, Sphingobium, Stenotrophomonas, and Alcaligenes genera. Lastly, we performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon microbiome analyses of sediment samples from four sites, including Republic Creosoting, with varying concentrations of PAHs. Analysis of these data showed a striking divergence of the microbial community at the highly contaminated Republic Creosoting site from less contaminated sites with the enrichment of several bacterial clades including those affiliated with the Pseudomonas genus. Sequences within the microbiome libraries similar to SIP-derived sequences were generally found at high relative abundance, while the Croceicoccus sequence was present at low to moderate relative abundance. These results suggest that Azoarcus and Hydrogenophaga strains might be good target candidates for biostimulation, while Croceicoccus spp. might be good targets for bioaugmentation in these sediments. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the value of culture-based and culture-independent methods in identifying promising bacterial candidates for use in a precision bioremediation scheme. KEY POINTS: • This study highlights the importance of using multiple strategies to identify promising bacterial candidates for use in a precision bioremediation scheme. • We used both selective cultivation techniques and DNA-based stable isotope probing to identify bacterial degraders of prominent PAHs at a historically contaminated site in the Elizabeth River, VA, USA. • Azoarcus and Hydrogenophaga strains might be good target candidates for biostimulation in Elizabeth River sediments, while Croceicoccus spp. might be good targets for bioaugmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J Volkoff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Daniel L Rodriguez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David R Singleton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Alexander W McCumber
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Michael D Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27759-7431, USA
| | - Jill R Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27759-7431, USA
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Ali SS, Mustafa AM, Sun J. Wood‑feeding termites as an obscure yet promising source of bacteria for biodegradation and detoxification of creosote-treated wood along with methane production enhancement. Bioresour Technol 2021; 338:125521. [PMID: 34273631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore distinct bacterial strains from wood-feeding termites and to construct novel bacterial consortium for improving the methane yield during anaerobic digestion by degrading birchwood sawdust (BSD) and removing creosote (CRO) compounds simultaneously. A novel bacterial consortium CTB-4 which stands for the molecularly identified species Burkholderia sp., Xanthomonas sp., Shewanella sp., and Pseudomonas mosselii was successfully developed. The CTB-4 consortium showed high efficiency in the removal of naphthalene and phenol. It also revealed reduction in lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose by 19.4, 52.5, and 76.8%, respectively. The main metabolites after the CRO degradation were acetic acid, succinate, pyruvate, and acetaldehyde. Pretreatment of treated BSD mixed with CRO enhanced the total methane yield (162 L/kg VS) by 82.7% and biomass reduction by 54.7% compared to the untreated substrate. CRO showed a toxicity decrease of >90%, suggesting the efficiency of constructed bacterial consortia in bioremediation and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Mustafa
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resourses Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Konkler MJ, Cappellazzi J, Presley G, Morrell JJ. Migration of creosote components from timbers treated with creosote and processed using Best Management Practices. J Environ Manage 2020; 276:111270. [PMID: 32866752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While creosote components have very low water solubility, concerns have been raised about potential environmental effects and stimulated research to minimize migration. Best management practices have been developed but there are few data quantifying their effects. The effects of post-treatment steaming on migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from horizontally oriented creosote treated southern pine decking subjected to simulated rainfall were examined. Twelve of the 16 PAHs examined were detected in runoff during the rainfall exposure but at concentrations well below those predicted by water solubility. PAH levels declined with increasing rainfall time, although the differences were sometimes slight. Steaming for 1 h had minimal effect on PAH levels in runoff while 3 h of steaming produced more noticeable reductions ranging from ~20 to 80% for naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene. Longer post-treatment steaming times reduced initial losses of creosote components from treated wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Konkler
- Department of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jed Cappellazzi
- Department of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Gerald Presley
- Department of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J Morrell
- National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life, University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Czaplicki LM, Redfern LK, Cooper EM, Ferguson PL, Vilgalys R, Gunsch CK. Investigating the mycobiome of the Holcomb Creosote Superfund Site. Chemosphere 2020; 252:126208. [PMID: 32229362 PMCID: PMC7242165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Even though many fungi are known to degrade a range of organic chemicals and may be advantageous for targeting hydrophobic chemicals with low bioavailability due to their ability to secrete extracellular enzymes, fungi are not commonly leveraged in the context of bioremediation. Here we sought to examine the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) at a model creosote polluted site to determine if fungi were prevalent under high PAH contamination conditions as well as to identify potential mycostimulation targets. Several significant positive associations were detected between OTUs and mid-to high-molecular weight PAHs. Several OTUs were closely related to taxa that have previously been identified in culture-based studies as PAH degraders. In particular, members belonging to the Ascomycota phylum were the most diverse at higher PAH concentrations suggesting this phylum may be promising biostimulation targets. There were nearly three times more positive correlations as compared to negative correlations, suggesting that creosote-tolerance is more common than creosote-sensitivity in the fungal community. Future work including shotgun metagenomic analysis would help confirm the presence of specific degradation genes. Overall this study suggests that mycobiome and bacterial microbiome analyses should be performed in parallel to devise the most optimal in situ biostimulation treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Czaplicki
- Pratt School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Lauren K Redfern
- Pratt School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Ellen M Cooper
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Pratt School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27713, USA.
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Hebisch R, Karmann J, Schäferhenrich A, Göen T, Berger M, Poppek U, Roitzsch M. Inhalation and dermal exposure of workers during timber impregnation with creosote and subsequent processing of impregnated wood. Environ Res 2020; 181:108877. [PMID: 31722805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coal tar creosote oils are used as highly effective wood protectants for, e.g., railway sleepers, utility poles and marine pilings. For impregnation of wood, the hot creosote oil is mostly applied in vacuum processes and by hot-and-cold dipping. From the perspective of an occupational hygienist, creosote tar oils are problematic because they have a number of hazardous properties, including carcinogenicity. We have studied inhalation and dermal exposure in six and four impregnation plants, respectively, in Germany. Some plants were visited repeatedly, for up to five measurement campaigns conducted over several years. Inhalation and dermal exposure resulting from vacuum impregnation and from hot-and-cold dipping, as well as secondary exposure resulting from assembly of impregnated railway sleepers have been measured. Accompanying, human biomonitoring of the employees has been performed. METHODS Inhalation exposure was measured using personal air samplers, collecting particles and vapours simultaneously. Dermal exposure was investigated by whole body dosimetry using disposable chemical protective coveralls and split leather gloves. 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been determined separately by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. For human biomonitoring 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine related to creatinine has been measured using HPLC. Both, pre- and post-shift values have been determined for this metabolite. RESULTS Dermal exposure towards pyrene and the sum of the determined 18 PAHs as well as inhalation exposure to naphthalene, pyrene and the sum of the determined 18 PAHs are presented in this paper. The plants performing vacuum impregnation have employed different constructive, technical and organisational measures, and some measures have also changed between the different measurement campaigns. We have found that cooling the vacuum impregnation vessel before unloading can reduce inhalation exposure to about one-third. However, our data shows that installation of structural or technical risk management measures (RMM) did not always reduce the exposure as intended, and can even lead to increased exposure in adverse constellations. Dermal exposure was strongly affected by differences in the working procedures. Measurements performed during assembly of impregnated railway sleepers indicate that secondary exposure leads to lower inhalation, but similar dermal exposure compared to the impregnation processes. Also 1-OHP excretion rates are similar after impregnation process and after assembly of impregnated railway sleepers. CONCLUSION Our recent data underlines that efficient reduction of the exposure resulting from impregnation with creosote requires sophisticated risk reduction strategies. Structural measures such as the enclosure of the loading area and technical measures like local exhaust ventilation shall be coordinated carefully with organisational measures and provision of personal protective equipment. The data presented here represents a broad bandwidth of current workplace situations in the creosote oil processing industry and is therefore suitable for risk assessment in related plants as well as under regulatory frameworks like the European Biocides Regulation. Each plant in this investigation was unique. Together they represent the whole width of this branch in Germany. Additionally, the number of plants and exposed workers is limited and relative low. Therefore, a comprehensive consideration and statistical analysis were not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Hebisch
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, 44149 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jörg Karmann
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, 44149 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anja Schäferhenrich
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marion Berger
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Noeldnerstraße 40-42, 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Poppek
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, 44149 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Roitzsch
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, 44149 Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Smułek W, Sydow M, Zabielska-Matejuk J, Kaczorek E. Bacteria involved in biodegradation of creosote PAH - A case study of long-term contaminated industrial area. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 187:109843. [PMID: 31678701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in creosote oil are particularly difficult to remove from the soil environment. Their hydrophobic character and low bioavailability to soil microorganisms affects their rate of biodegradation. This study was performed on samples of soil that were (for over forty years) subjected to contamination with creosote oil, and their metagenome and physicochemical properties were characterized. Moreover, the study was undertaken to evaluate the biodegradation of PAHs by autochthonous consortia as well as by selected bacteria strains isolated from long-term contaminated industrial soil. From among the isolated microorganisms, the most effective in biodegrading the contaminants were the strains Pseudomonas mendocina and Brevundimonas olei. They were able to degrade more than 60% of the total content of PAHs during a 28-day test. The biodegradation of these compounds using AT7 dispersant was enhanced only by Serratia marcescens strain. Moreover, the addition of AT7 improved the effectiveness of fluorene and acenaphthene biodegradation by Serratia marcescens 6-fold. Our results indicated that long-term contact with aromatic compounds induced the bacterial strains to use the PAHs as a source of carbon and energy. We observed that supplementation with surfactants does not increase the efficiency of hydrocarbon biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Smułek
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Sydow
- Lukasiewicz Research Network - Wood Technology Institute, Winiarska 1, 60-654, Poznań, Poland
| | - J Zabielska-Matejuk
- Lukasiewicz Research Network - Wood Technology Institute, Winiarska 1, 60-654, Poznań, Poland
| | - E Kaczorek
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland.
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12
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Konkler MJ, Morrell JJ. Assessment of preservative migration from wood using a soil sachet method. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:19598-19605. [PMID: 31077053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of standard soils to capture heavy metals or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA)- or creosote-treated wood, respectively, was assessed using pressure-treated posts immersed in a freshwater pond. The soil, in heat-sealed, permeable plastic mesh sachets, was able to intercept copper, zinc, arsenic, and PAHs migrating from the posts. Chemical levels were much higher immediately adjacent to the posts and declined with distance from the posts. Metals were consistently detected around ACZA-treated posts, while 10 of the 16 EPA priority pollutants were detected in at least one sachet embedded around creosote-treated posts at each sampling point. These results were consistent with traditional sediment sampling methods. The primary advantages of the sachets were their consistency in terms of soil characteristics and the ease with which they could be retrieved from the pond. Further studies are planned to better understand the role of soil characteristics in the sachets on the ability to capture migrating preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Konkler
- Environmental Performance of Treated Wood Cooperative, Department of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Morrell
- National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life, University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, Australia.
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13
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West JE, Carey AJ, Ylitalo GM, Incardona JP, Edmunds RC, Sloan CA, Niewolny LA, Lanksbury JA, O'Neill SM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) embryos exposed to creosote-treated pilings during a piling-removal project in a nearshore marine habitat of Puget Sound. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 142:253-262. [PMID: 31232302 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We used manually spawned, field-deployed embryos of a common marine fish species, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), to evaluate accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with an incomplete creosote-treated piling (CTP) removal project. Embryos near undisturbed 100-year-old CTPs (before removal) accumulated higher PAHs and exhibited higher cyp1a gene expression than embryos from reference areas. Embryos incubated close to CTP debris after CTP removal showed PAHs 90 times higher than reference areas up to a year after CTP removal. cyp1a fold-induction correlated with total embryo PAHs in all three years. Patterns of individual PAH chemicals differed slightly between embryos, wood sampled from CTPs, and passive samplers. This study illustrates the importance of using appropriate techniques and procedures to remove CTPs in aquatic environments to prevent release of toxic chemicals. Of particular concern is that incomplete CTP removal could expose sensitive life stages of fishes to chemicals that may reduce their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E West
- Marine Resources Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington St SE, Olympia, WA 98501, USA.
| | - Andrea J Carey
- Marine Resources Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington St SE, Olympia, WA 98501, USA.
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Richard C Edmunds
- National Research Council Associate Program, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Catherine A Sloan
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Laurie A Niewolny
- Marine Resources Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington St SE, Olympia, WA 98501, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Lanksbury
- Marine Resources Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington St SE, Olympia, WA 98501, USA.
| | - Sandra M O'Neill
- Marine Resources Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington St SE, Olympia, WA 98501, USA.
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14
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Hicknell BN, Mumford KG, Kueper BH. Laboratory study of creosote removal from sand at elevated temperatures. J Contam Hydrol 2018; 219:40-49. [PMID: 30396790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In situ thermal treatment (ISTT) technologies have been applied at sites impacted by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). There is a need to establish expectations for the treatment of semi-volatile NAPLs, including those consisting primarily of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the potential benefits and limitations of partial NAPL removal. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to investigate NAPL removal and soil concentrations during the heating of creosote-impacted sand, as well as aqueous concentrations during post-heating dissolution. The results showed co-boiling near the water boiling temperature due to the low volatility of most creosote components, with limited decreases in NAPL saturation (from 30% to 21% of the pore space). Decreases in soil concentration were more substantial than decreases in NAPL saturation (by a factor of 2-180), with greater removal for higher-volatility components at higher treatment temperatures. Results of the dissolution experiments showed mixed results, with decreases in the aqueous concentrations for 12 of 15 components, but increases in aqueous concentrations for phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene after heating to 205 °C or 320 °C. Overall, the results illustrate the utility of bench-scale treatability tests in helping to establish ISTT goals and expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne N Hicknell
- Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin G Mumford
- Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Bernard H Kueper
- Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Cargouët M, Jeannee N, Vidart B, Gregori P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in environmental media potentially impacted by reused or stored creosote-treated railway ties. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:17409-17424. [PMID: 29654466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disused creosote-treated railway ties are reused in France and many other countries and, in particular, for landscaping and other residential uses. Given the lack of data on the environmental fate of creosote-derived compounds released from used railway ties, a survey of different environmental media (i.e. soil, sediment, surface water, plants and outdoor air) was carried out at six sites located in France where old creosote-treated railway ties are stored or reused for different purposes. Maximum total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations measured in soils ranged from 2 to 140 mg/kg dry weight. PAH impacts were limited both vertically and horizontally to several centimetres from the railway ties. At two sites, PAH levels in plants (up to 140 μg/kg fresh weight) appeared correlated to the levels measured in soils, suggesting a transfer from soils to the plants. PAHs in sediment were measured at concentrations of up to 280 mg/kg dry weight. As observed in soil, PAH concentrations decreased rapidly further away from the railway ties. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering on principal components indicate that PAHs detected in soils and sediments originated from unweathered to severely weathered creosote and could be strongly influenced by urban background. Results on outdoor air measurements show a degradation of air quality above old and fresh railway tie storage areas at a railway station and to a lesser extent in their vicinity. However, this degradation was low to moderate when compared to French regulatory values, ambient background levels reported in France, as well as health-based air comparison values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Cargouët
- AECOM France, 10 Place de Belgique, 92250, La Garenne-Colombes, France.
| | - Nicolas Jeannee
- Geovariances, 49bis Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 77215, Avon cedex, France
- Dassault Systèmes, 10 rue Marcel Dassault, CS 40501, 78946, Vélizy-Villacoublay cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Vidart
- AECOM France, 10 Place de Belgique, 92250, La Garenne-Colombes, France
| | - Patrizia Gregori
- SNCF RESEAU, Département Lignes Voie Environnement, 6 avenue François Mitterrand, 93574, La Plaine Saint Denis, France
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16
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Gallacher C, Thomas R, Taylor C, Lord R, Kalin RM. Comprehensive composition of Creosote using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). Chemosphere 2017; 178:34-41. [PMID: 28315805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Creosote is a distillation product of coal tar and is widely used as wood preservative for railway sleepers, utility poles and for other applications. Creosote can have potentially negative effects on the environment and many of the components are toxic. This study presents the analysis of a Creosote sample from a former wood impregnation plant located in the UK. The sample was analysed using two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) and a database of compounds that could be detected was produced. The GCxGG-TOFMS was capable of detecting 1505 individual compounds, which is far more than previous estimates for the number of compounds present within Creosote. Post extraction derivatization using BTSFA with 1% TMCS was employed to increase the potential number of compounds detected with 255 derivatized compounds detected, 231 of which would not have been detected without prior derivatization. Selected derivatized compounds were quantified with limits of detection ranging from 0.6 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg from a concentrated dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). This work presents the first published full analysis of a Creosote using GCxGC-TOFMS combined with derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gallacher
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK.
| | - Russell Thomas
- WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff, Kings Orchard, 1 Queen St, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, UK
| | - Richard Lord
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert M Kalin
- Department of Civil and Env. Eng., University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St., Glasgow, UK
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17
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Duncan DL, Carls MG, Rice SD, Stekoll MS. The toxicity of creosote-treated wood to Pacific herring embryos and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near creosoted pilings in Juneau, Alaska. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1261-1269. [PMID: 27739099 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from creosote exposure in the laboratory resulted in deleterious effects in developing Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) embryos, and potentially toxic concentrations of PAHs were measured using passive water samplers at 1 of 3 harbor field sites in Juneau, Alaska, USA. Aqueous total PAH concentrations of 4.6 μg/L and 8.4 μg/L from creosote exposure resulted in skeletal defects and ineffective swimming in hatched larvae in the laboratory (10% effective concentrations) and were the most sensitive parameters measured. Hatch rates also suffered from creosote exposure in a dose-dependent manner: at exposures between 5 μg/L and 50 μg/L total PAH, 50% of the population failed to hatch. Comparisons between laboratory and field deployed passive samplers suggested that for at least 1 harbor in Juneau, concentrations sufficient to induce teratogenic effects were found directly on creosoted pilings, within 10 cm of them, and sometimes at a distance of 10 m. Total PAH concentrations generally decreased with distance from creosoted pilings. Creosote pilings contribute to the PAH load within a marina and can rise to PAH concentrations that are harmful to fish embryos, but at a scale that is localized in the environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1261-1269. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Duncan
- School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Mark G Carls
- Auke Bay Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Stanley D Rice
- Auke Bay Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Michael S Stekoll
- School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA
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18
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Lladó S, Covino S, Solanas AM, Petruccioli M, D'annibale A, Viñas M. Pyrosequencing reveals the effect of mobilizing agents and lignocellulosic substrate amendment on microbial community composition in a real industrial PAH-polluted soil. J Hazard Mater 2014; 283:35-43. [PMID: 25261758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal biodiversity throughout different biostimulation and bioaugmentation treatments applied to an industrial creosote-polluted soil were analyzed by means of polyphasic approach in order to gain insight into the microbial community structure and dynamics. Pyrosequencing data obtained from initial creosote polluted soil (after a biopiling step) revealed that Alpha and Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant bacterial groups, whereas Fusarium and Scedosporium were the main fungal genera in the contaminated soil. At the end of 60-days laboratory scale bioremediation assays, pyrosequencing and DGGE data showed that (i) major bacterial community shifts were caused by the type of mobilizing agent added to the soil and, to a lesser extent, by the addition of lignocellulosic substrate; and (ii) the presence of the non-ionic surfactant (Brij 30) hampered the proliferation of Actinobacteria (Mycobacteriaceae) and Bacteroidetes (Chitinophagaceae) and, in the absence of lignocellulosic substrate, also impeded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation. The results show the importance of implementing bioremediation experiments combined with microbiome assessment to gain insight on the effect of crucial parameters (e.g. use of additives) over the potential functions of complex microbial communities harbored in polluted soils, essential for bioremediation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lladó
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - S Covino
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - A M Solanas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Petruccioli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems [DIBAF], University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - A D'annibale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems [DIBAF], University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - M Viñas
- GIRO Joint Research Unit IRTA-UPC, Institute of Research and Technology Food and Agriculture [IRTA], Torre Marimon, E-08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
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Marcotte S, Poisson T, Portet-Koltalo F, Aubrays M, Basle J, de Bort M, Giraud M, Nguyen Hoang T, Octau C, Pasquereau J, Blondeel C. Evaluation of the PAH and water-extractable phenols content in used cross ties from the French rail network. Chemosphere 2014; 111:1-6. [PMID: 24997892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recycling used railway sleepers is a major economic and environmental issue since nearly 50000 tons of those are incinerated every year in France. Therefore, it appeared essential to determine the real toxicity of sleepers and particularly for very old one. They are treated with creosote, which contains toxic and carcinogen compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims at measuring the amount of 16 priority PAHs and water extractable phenols in 12 sleepers implemented between 1936 and 1978. Results showed that the creosote content was systematically far above 1000mgkg(-1), even after 76years ageing. Crossties should then be considered as a hazardous waste according to European regulations. Less creosote and PAHs were detected in the sleepers centers. Moreover, the fraction of volatile PAHs was lower in the surface part, due to their evaporation. It appeared that a long ageing process was not sufficient to remove the major part of volatile PAHs and that they could be yet released in the atmospheric environment. Moreover, most of the treated crossties contained huge amount of the highly toxic benzo[a]pyrene, between 179mgkg(-1) and up to 853mgkg(-1) in wood. In contrast, the study revealed that concentrations of water extractable phenols were well below European regulations (3% by mass of creosote).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marcotte
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR CNRS 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen et INSA de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - T Poisson
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR CNRS 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen et INSA de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - F Portet-Koltalo
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR CNRS 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen et INSA de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - M Aubrays
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - J Basle
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - M de Bort
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - M Giraud
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - T Nguyen Hoang
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - C Octau
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - J Pasquereau
- Département de Chimie, INSA de Rouen, avenue de l'Université, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - C Blondeel
- Réseau Ferré de France, Direction régionale Basse Normandie et Haute Normandie, 38 bis rue verte, 76000 Rouen, France
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20
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Simarro R, González N, Bautista LF, Molina MC. Assessment of the efficiency of in situ bioremediation techniques in a creosote polluted soil: change in bacterial community. J Hazard Mater 2013; 262:158-167. [PMID: 24025312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to assess the effectiveness of different in situ bioremediation treatments (bioaugmentation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation and biostimulation, and natural attenuation) on creosote polluted soil. Toxicity, microbial respiration, creosote degradation and the evolution of bacterial communities were analyzed. Results showed that creosote decreased significantly in all treatments, and no significant differences were found between treatments. However, some specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were degraded to a greater extent by biostimulation. The dominance of low temperatures (8.9 °C average) slowed down microbial creosote and PAH uptake and, despite significantly creosote degradation (>60%) at the end of the experiment, toxicity remained constant and high throughout the biodegradation process. DGGE results revealed that biostimulation showed the highest microbial biodiversity, although at the end of the biodegradation process, community composition in all treatments was different from that of the control assay (unpolluted soil). The active uncultured bacteria belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Flexibacter, Pantoea and Balneimonas, the latter two of which have not been previously described as PAH degraders. The majority of the species identified during the creosote biodegradation belonged to Pseudomonas genus, which has been widely studied in bioremediation processes. Results confirmed that some bacteria have an intrinsic capacity to degrade the creosote without previous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Simarro
- Department of Biology and Geology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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