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Scalia P, Williams SJ, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y. Human IGF2 Gene Epigenetic and Transcriptional Regulation: At the Core of Developmental Growth and Tumorigenic Behavior. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1655. [PMID: 37371750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the human IGF2 gene displays multiple layers of control, which secures a genetically and epigenetically predetermined gene expression pattern throughout embryonal growth and postnatal life. These predominantly nuclear regulatory mechanisms converge on the function of the IGF2-H19 gene cluster on Chromosome 11 and ultimately affect IGF2 gene expression. Deregulation of such control checkpoints leads to the enhancement of IGF2 gene transcription and/or transcript stabilization, ultimately leading to IGF-II peptide overproduction. This type of anomaly is responsible for the effects observed in terms of both abnormal fetal growth and increased cell proliferation, typically observed in pediatric overgrowth syndromes and cancer. We performed a review of relevant experimental work on the mechanisms affecting the human IGF2 gene at the epigenetic, transcriptional and transcript regulatory levels. The result of our work, indeed, provides a wider and diversified scenario for IGF2 gene activation than previously envisioned by shedding new light on its extended regulation. Overall, we focused on the functional integration between the epigenetic and genetic machinery driving its overexpression in overgrowth syndromes and malignancy, independently of the underlying presence of loss of imprinting (LOI). The molecular landscape provided at last strengthens the role of IGF2 in cancer initiation, progression and malignant phenotype maintenance. Finally, this review suggests potential actionable targets for IGF2 gene- and regulatory protein target-degradation therapies.
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Key Words
- (IGF2/H19) IG-DMR, intergenic differentially methylated region
- BWS, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
- CCD, centrally conserved domain
- CNV, copy number variation
- CTCF, CCCTC binding factor
- DMD, differentially methylated domain
- DMR, differentially methylated region
- GOM, gain of methylation
- ICR1, imprinting control region 1
- IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor-2 peptide
- IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2 gene
- LOI, loss of imprinting
- LOM, loss of methylation
- MOI, maintenance of imprinting
- SRS, Silver Russel Syndrome
- TF: transcription factor
- UPD, uniparental disomy
- WT1, Wilms Tumor protein 1
- mRNA transcript
- p0–p4: IGF2 promoters 0–4
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Scalia
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA, and 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Cancer Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, CST, Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen J Williams
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA, and 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Cancer Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, CST, Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Yoko Fujita-Yamaguchi
- Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Hobeika E, Armouti M, Fierro MA, Winston N, Scoccia H, Zamah AM, Stocco C. Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 by Oocyte-Secreted Factors in Primary Human Granulosa Cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5582040. [PMID: 31588501 PMCID: PMC6938692 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Human granulosa cells (hGCs) produce and respond to insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) but whether the oocyte participates in IGF2 regulation in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of oocyte-secreted factors (OSFs) such as growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) in IGF2 production by hGCs. DESIGN Primary human cumulus GCs in culture. SETTING University infertility center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS GCs of women undergoing in vitro fertilization. INTERVENTION(S) Cells treated with GDF9 and BMP15 in the presence of vehicle, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), dibutyryl cyclic-AMP (dbcAMP), or mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) inhibitors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Quantification of mRNA, protein, promoter activity, and DNA methylation. RESULTS FSH stimulation of IGF2 (protein and mRNA) was significantly potentiated by the GDF9 and BMP15 (G+B) combination (P < 0.0001) in a concentration-dependent manner showing a maximal effect at 5 ng/mL each. However, GDF9 or BMP15 alone or in combination (G+B) have no effect on IGF2 in the absence of FSH. FSH stimulated IGF2 promoter 3 activity, but G+B had no effect on promoter activity. G+B potentiated IGF2 stimulation by cAMP. SMAD3 inhibitors inhibited G+B enhancement of IGF2 stimulation by FSH (P < 0.05) but had no effect on FSH induction. Moreover, inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor partially blocked G+B potentiation of FSH actions (P < 0.009). CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we show that the oocyte actively participates in the regulation of IGF2 expression in hGCs, an effect that is mediated by the specific combination of G+B via SMAD2/3, which in turn target mechanisms downstream of the FSH receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Hobeika
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marah Armouti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michele A Fierro
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nichola Winston
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Humberto Scoccia
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alberuni M Zamah
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carlos Stocco
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Correspondence: Carlos Stocco, 835 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, Illinois, 60612. E-mail:
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Eichenmüller M, Trippel F, Kreuder M, Beck A, Schwarzmayr T, Häberle B, Cairo S, Leuschner I, von Schweinitz D, Strom TM, Kappler R. The genomic landscape of hepatoblastoma and their progenies with HCC-like features. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1312-20. [PMID: 25135868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common childhood liver cancer and occasionally presents with histological and clinical features reminiscent of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Identification of molecular mechanisms that drive the neoplastic continuation towards more aggressive HCC phenotypes may help to guide the new stage of targeted therapies. METHODS We performed comprehensive studies on genetic and chromosomal alterations as well as candidate gene function and their clinical relevance. RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing identified HB as a genetically very simple tumour (2.9 mutations per tumour) with recurrent mutations in ß-catenin (CTNNB1) (12/15 cases) and the transcription factor NFE2L2 (2/15 cases). Their HCC-like progenies share the common CTNNB1 mutation, but additionally exhibit a significantly increased mutation number and chromosomal instability due to deletions of the genome guardians RAD17 and TP53, accompanied by telomerase reverse-transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations. Targeted genotyping of 33 primary tumours and cell lines revealed CTNNB1, NFE2L2, and TERT mutations in 72.5%, 9.8%, and 5.9% of cases, respectively. All NFE2L2 mutations affected residues of the NFE2L2 protein that are recognized by the KEAP1/CUL3 complex for proteasomal degradation. Consequently, cells transfected with mutant NFE2L2 were insensitive to KEAP1-mediated downregulation of NFE2L2 signalling. Clinically, overexpression of the NFE2L2 target gene NQO1 in tumours was significantly associated with metastasis, vascular invasion, the adverse prognostic C2 gene signature, as well as poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the importance of CTNNB1 mutations and NFE2L2-KEAP1 pathway activation in HB development and defines loss of genomic stability and TERT promoter mutations as prominent characteristics of aggressive HB with HCC features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Eichenmüller
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Trippel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Kreuder
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Beck
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate Häberle
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ivo Leuschner
- Institute of Paidopathology, Pediatric Tumor Registry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dietrich von Schweinitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Kappler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ishikawa K, Miyamoto M, Yoshioka T, Kadoya M, Li L, Mishra R, Ichinokawa K, Shoji Y, Matsumura Y, Hida Y, Kaga K, Kato T, Kaji M, Ohbuchi T, Itoh T, Dosaka-Akita H, Matsui Y, Hirano S. Method for the validation of immunohistochemical staining using SCID mouse xenografts: expression of CD40 and CD154 in human non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1315-21. [PMID: 23404288 PMCID: PMC3621727 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This report proposes a concept for the standardization of immunohistochemical evaluation. Immunohistochemical staining has several problems associated with the sensitivity of the technical process and standardization of the assessment of potent staining. We provided data focusing on this concept through immunostaining for CD154 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We used two types of anti-CD154 antibody as primary antibodies in immunohistochemical staining, as previously reported. Western blot analysis confirmed strong CD154 expression in the cultured cell line PC10, but not in LK2. We also assessed CD154 expression in SCID mouse xenografts of these cell lines. SCID xenograft data on western blot analysis were consistent with those of cultured cell lines. These xenografts could thus be used as positive or negative tissue controls for CD154 immunostaining. Primary antibodies should therefore be confirmed as recognizing target lesions, while control tissue specimens should be objectively confirmed as having target products using another experimental method. Our method would allow results to be unified at more than one laboratory and could act as an objective control assessment method in immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keidai Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sapporo-Minamisanjo Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
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Clokie SJH, Lau P, Kim HH, Coon SL, Klein DC. MicroRNAs in the pineal gland: miR-483 regulates melatonin synthesis by targeting arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25312-24. [PMID: 22908386 PMCID: PMC3408182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.356733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a broad range of roles in biological regulation. In this study, rat pineal miRNAs were profiled for the first time, and their importance was evaluated by focusing on the main function of the pineal gland, melatonin synthesis. Massively parallel sequencing and related methods revealed the miRNA population is dominated by a small group of miRNAs as follows: ~75% is accounted for by 15 miRNAs; miR-182 represents 28%. In addition to miR-182, miR-183 and miR-96 are also highly enriched in the pineal gland, a distinctive pattern also found in the retina. This effort also identified previously unrecognized miRNAs and other small noncoding RNAs. Pineal miRNAs do not exhibit a marked night/day difference in abundance with few exceptions (e.g. 2-fold night/day differences in the abundance of miR-96 and miR-182); this contrasts sharply with the dynamic 24-h pattern that characterizes the pineal transcriptome. During development, the abundance of most pineal gland-enriched miRNAs increases; however, there is a marked decrease in at least one, miR-483. miR-483 is a likely regulator of melatonin synthesis, based on the following. It inhibits melatonin synthesis by pinealocytes in culture; it acts via predicted binding sites in the 3"-UTR of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) mRNA, the penultimate enzyme in melatonin synthesis, and it exhibits a developmental profile opposite to that of Aanat transcripts. Additionally, a miR-483 targeted antagonist increased melatonin synthesis in neonatal pinealocytes. These observations support the hypothesis that miR-483 suppresses Aanat mRNA levels during development and that the developmental decrease in miR-483 abundance promotes melatonin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. H. Clokie
- From the Section on Neuroendocrinology, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| | - Pierre Lau
- the Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LIND), University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hyun Hee Kim
- From the Section on Neuroendocrinology, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| | - Steven L. Coon
- From the Section on Neuroendocrinology, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| | - David C. Klein
- From the Section on Neuroendocrinology, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic marking of genes in the parental germline that ensures the stable transmission of monoallelic gene expression patterns in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Epigenetic marking systems are thus able to regulate gene activity independently of the underlying DNA sequence. Several imprinted gene products regulate cell proliferation and fetal growth; loss of their imprinted state, which effectively alters their dosage, might promote or suppress tumourigenic processes. Conversely, global epigenetic changes that underlie tumourigenesis might affect imprinted gene expression. Here, we review imprinted genes with regard to their roles in epigenetic predisposition to cancer, and discuss acquired epigenetic changes (DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin conformation) either as a result of cancer or as an early event in neoplasia. We also address recent work showing the potential role of noncoding RNA in modifying chromatin and affecting imprinted gene expression, and summarise the effects of loss of imprinting in cancer with regard to the roles that imprinted genes play in regulating growth signalling cascades. Finally, we speculate on the clinical applications of epigenetic drugs in cancer.
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Abstract
Gene silencing via heterochromatin formation plays a major role in cell differentiation and maintenance of homeostasis. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel heterochromatinization factor in vertebrates, bromo adjacent homology domain-containing protein 1 (BAHD1). This nuclear protein interacts with HP1, MBD1, HDAC5, and several transcription factors. Through electron and immunofluorescence microscopy studies, we show that BAHD1 overexpression directs HP1 to specific nuclear sites and promotes the formation of large heterochromatic domains, which lack acetyl histone H4 and are enriched in H3 trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Furthermore, ectopically expressed BAHD1 colocalizes with the heterochromatic inactive X chromosome (Xi). The BAH domain is required for BAHD1 colocalization with H3K27me3, but not with the Xi chromosome. As highlighted by whole genome microarray analysis of BAHD1 knockdown cells, BAHD1 represses several proliferation and survival genes, in particular the insulin-like growth factor II gene (IGF2). When overexpressed, BAHD1 specifically binds the CpG-rich P3 promoter of IGF2, which increases MBD1 and HDAC5 targeting at this locus. This region contains DNA-binding sequences for the transcription factor SP1, with which BAHD1 coimmunoprecipitates. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that BAHD1 acts as a silencer by recruiting at specific promoters a set of proteins that coordinate heterochromatin assembly.
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Lawson EA, Zhang X, Crocker JT, Wang WL, Klibanski A. Hypoglycemia from IGF2 overexpression associated with activation of fetal promoters and loss of imprinting in a metastatic hemangiopericytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2226-31. [PMID: 19383775 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanism of IGF2 overexpression in non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia is not understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the imprinting control and promoter usage for IGF2 expression to identify a mechanism for increased IGF-II production in non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia. PATIENT AND METHODS A patient with metastatic hemangiopericytoma was studied. Tissue from the original hemangiopericytoma, metastatic tumor, and uninvolved liver was analyzed for IGF-II immunohistochemistry. IGF2, a paternally imprinted gene, shares a control region with maternally imprinted H19, a putative tumor suppressor. IGF-II and H19 mRNA expression was compared in metastatic tumor and uninvolved liver by quantitative RT-PCR. Imprinting of IGF2/H19 genes and IGF2 promoter usage in metastatic tumor was investigated by RT-PCR and sequence analysis, and the methylation pattern in the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region was analyzed. RESULTS IGF-II protein expression was increased in metastatic tumor vs. uninvolved liver and original tumor. In the metastatic tumor, IGF-II mRNA was increased 60-fold, but H19 mRNA was comparable to uninvolved liver; loss of imprinting of IGF2, but not H19, was identified; no major change in methylation of the IGF2/H19 imprinting control regions was observed; and transcripts from four different IGF2 promoters were detected, compared to two in uninvolved liver. CONCLUSIONS IGF-2 overexpression, newly acquired in the metastatic tumor, was associated with loss of IGF2 gene imprinting and different promoter usage. The imprinting control mechanism governing the IGF2/H19 locus was intact, as evidenced by normal levels of H19, maintenance of H19 imprinting, and no major change in methylation of the imprinting control regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Li Y, Meng G, Huang L, Guo QN. Hypomethylation of the P3 promoter is associated with up-regulation of IGF2 expression in human osteosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1441-7. [PMID: 19427670 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene hypomethylation and hypermethylation can lead to a loss of genetic imprinting in malignancies. The mechanism responsible for overexpression of the imprinted insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) gene has not been investigated in osteosarcoma. In this study, the expression levels, imprinting status, and the extent of cytosine methylation of the IGF2 gene was evaluated in 20 of 24 cases of osteosarcoma using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and bisulfite genomic sequencing. Promoter use analysis indicated that P3- and P4-derived messenger RNAs were more highly expressed than P1 transcripts in the osteosarcoma samples. Loss of imprinting of IGF2 was observed in 3 of 20 of the osteosarcoma samples, but this was not associated with IGF2-specific transcripts. Methylation analysis revealed that the methylation patterns of the differentially methylated region of IGF2 were not uniform, regardless of IGF2-P3 expression. However, the average degree of methylation of the 14 CpG sites in the IGF2-P3 promoter was significantly lower in osteosarcoma samples with P3 transcripts than in osteosarcoma samples without P3 expression (P < .05). This observation was also observed in nontumor samples. These data suggest that hypomethylation of the IGF2-P3 promoter correlates with expression of P3 transcripts in osteosarcoma. Furthermore, elevated IGF2-P3 expression in osteosarcoma tissues is due to P3 promoter hypomethylation, which may represent an early event in progression of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Institute of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ishikawa K, Miyamoto M, Yoshioka T, Kato T, Kaji M, Ohbuchi T, Hirano S, Itoh T, Dosaka-Akita H, Kondo S. Up-regulation of CD40 with juxtacrine activity in human nonsmall lung cancer cells correlates with poor prognosis. Cancer 2008; 113:530-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Beeghly AC, Katsaros D, Wiley AL, Rigault de la Longrais IA, Prescott AT, Chen H, Puopolo M, Rutherford TJ, Yu H. IGF-II promoter methylation and ovarian cancer prognosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:713-23. [PMID: 17569086 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) gene has four promoters that produce distinct transcripts which vary by tissue type and developmental stage. Dysregulation of normal promoter usage has been shown to occur in cancer; DNA methylation regulates promoter use. Thus, we sought to examine if DNA methylation varies among IGF-II promoters in ovarian cancer and if methylation patterns are related to clinical features of the disease. STUDY DESIGN Tumor tissue, clinical data, and follow-up information were collected from 215 patients diagnosed with primary epithelial ovarian cancer. DNA extracted from tumor tissues was analyzed for IGF-II promoter methylation with seven methylation specific PCR (MSP) assays: three for promoter 2 (P2) and two assays each for promoters 3 and 4 (P3 and P4). RESULTS Methylation was found to vary among the seven assays: 19.3% in P2A, 45.6% in P2B, 50.9% in P2C, 48.4% in P3A, 13.1% in P3B, 5.1% in P4A, and 6.1% in P4B. Methylation in any of the three P2 assays was associated with high tumor grade (P = 0.043), suboptimal debulking (P = 0.036), and disease progression [hazards ratio (HR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-2.74]. When comparing promoter methylation patterns, differential methylation of P2 and P3 was found to be associated with disease prognosis; patients with P3 but not P2 methylation were less likely to have disease progression (HR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.17-0.91) compared to patients with P2 but not P3 methylation. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that methylation varies among three IGF-II promoters in ovarian cancer and that this variation seems to have biologic implications as it relates to clinical features and prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Beeghly
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA
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Schnater JM, Bruder E, Bertschin S, Woodtli T, de Theije C, Pietsch T, Aronson DC, von Schweinitz D, Lamers WH, Köhler ES. Subcutaneous and intrahepatic growth of human hepatoblastoma in immunodeficient mice. J Hepatol 2006; 45:377-86. [PMID: 16780998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatoblastoma is the most frequent malignant pediatric liver tumor. Approximately 25% of hepatoblastoma patients cannot be cured with current treatment protocols. Additional treatment options must, therefore, be developed. Subcutaneous animal models for hepatoblastoma exist, but a more physiologic intrahepatic model is lacking. METHODS The alpha-fetoprotein-expressing hepatoblastoma-cell lines HepT1, HuH6 and the childhood hepatocellular carcinoma-cell line HepG2 were injected subcutaneously and intrasplenically into NMRI nu/nu mice. Tumor growth was monitored by measuring tumor size for subcutaneous and serum human alpha-fetoprotein levels for intra-abdominal tumors. Tumors were characterized microscopically. RESULTS Subcutaneous tumor growth occurred in 70% (7/10) of mice injected with HuH6 and 50% (5/10) of mice injected with HepG2. HepT1 did not form tumors. Accumulation of serum alpha-fetoprotein reflected tumor growth. Intrasplenic growth was seen in 50% (14/27, HuH6) and 10% (3/10, HepG2) of the mice, with only HuH6 forming intrahepatic tumors in 25% (7/27) of the mice. Growth pattern and alpha-fetoprotein production were similar at the subcutaneous and intra-abdominal location. Intrahepatic grafting occurred by metastatic spread from the spleen, produced well-defined nodules, and was accompanied by a weakened expression of the hepatocyte marker carbamoylphosphate synthetase, and the canalicular markers CD10 and cytokeratin7. The expression of cytokeratin18 and -19, active caspase3, and beta-catenin was increased. There were no lung metastases. CONCLUSIONS We established an intrahepatic mouse model for human hepatoblastoma, in which tumor growth could be monitored by serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. Engrafting in the liver occurred by metastatic spread from the spleen and was accompanied by some loss of differentiation features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marco Schnater
- Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Childrens' Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Grbesa I, Ivkic M, Pegan B, Gall-Troselj K. Loss of imprinting and promoter usage of the IGF2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2006; 238:224-9. [PMID: 16111804 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene for insulin-like growth factor two, IGF2 is maternally imprinted. Fifteen heterozygous samples were analyzed for the IGF2 imprinting status and promoter usage. IGF2 LOI was detected in four non-tumorous tissues and in six laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) tumors. There was no clear pattern of specific promoter activity in LSCC tumors and the adjacent normal tissues. P1 promoter usage was active in eight LSCCs, among them four with LOI. As it was activated in four tumors with maintenance of imprinting (MOI) and four non-tumors, we concluded that P1 promoter is not exclusively connected with IGF2 LOI in LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grbesa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Roach HI, Yamada N, Cheung KSC, Tilley S, Clarke NMP, Oreffo ROC, Kokubun S, Bronner F. Association between the abnormal expression of matrix-degrading enzymes by human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and demethylation of specific CpG sites in the promoter regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:3110-24. [PMID: 16200590 DOI: 10.1002/art.21300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the abnormal expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 3, 9, and 13 and ADAMTS-4 by human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes is associated with epigenetic "unsilencing." METHODS Cartilage was obtained from the femoral heads of 16 patients with OA and 10 control patients with femoral neck fracture. Chondrocytes with abnormal enzyme expression were immunolocalized. DNA was extracted, and the methylation status of the promoter regions of MMPs 3, 9, and 13 and ADAMTS-4 was analyzed with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS Very few chondrocytes from control cartilage expressed the degrading enzymes, whereas all clonal chondrocytes from late-stage OA cartilage were immunopositive. The overall percentage of non-methylated sites was increased in OA patients (48.6%) compared with controls (20.1%): 20% versus 4% for MMP-13, 81% versus 47% for MMP-9, 57% versus 30% for MMP-3, and 48% versus 0% for ADAMTS-4. Not all CpG sites were equally susceptible to loss of methylation. Some sites were uniformly methylated, whereas in others, methylation was generally absent. For each enzyme, there was 1 specific CpG site where the demethylation in OA patients was significantly higher than that in controls: at -110 for MMP-13, -36 for MMP-9, -635 for MMP-3, and -753 for ADAMTS-4. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that altered synthesis of cartilage-degrading enzymes by late-stage OA chondrocytes may have resulted from epigenetic changes in the methylation status of CpG sites in the promoter regions of these enzymes. These changes, which are clonally transmitted to daughter cells, may contribute to the development of OA.
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Kim Y, Sills RC, Houle CD. Overview of the molecular biology of hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas of the mouse liver. Toxicol Pathol 2005; 33:175-80. [PMID: 15805069 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590522130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of chemically induced hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas in the B6C3FI mouse is unclear but may involve alterations in the fi-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway as was recently described for human liver neoplasms. The objectives of this research were to characterize the mutation frequency and spectrum of P-catenin mutations and the intracellular localization of I-catenin protein accumulation in chemically induced hepatoblastomas and hepatocellular neoplasms. In the majority of the hepatoblastomas examined by immunohistochemical methods, both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of P-catenin protein were detected, whereas in hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and normal liver only membrane staining was observed. Genomic DNA was isolated from paraffin sections of each liver tumor. P-catenin exon 2 (corresponds to exon 3 in humans) genetic alterations were identified in the majority of hepatoblastomas from exposed mice. Deletion mutations were identified more frequently than point mutations in hepatoblastomas. Hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas from treated mice had mutations in exon 2 of the B-catenin gene which ranged from 32-43%, while 10% P-catenin mutations were detected in spontaneous neoplasms. By immunohistochemical methods cyclin Dl was observed in most nuclei of hepatoblastomas and strong expression of cyclin Dl was confirmed by Western analysis regardless of treatment. The cumulative data suggests that P-catenin mutations with upregulation of the B-catenin protein and Wnt signaling most likely increased cyclin Dl expression. Cyclin D1 may provide an advantage during tumor progression of hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas. The review will also focus on other genes which are important in mouse and human liver tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/chemically induced
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/genetics
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Biology
- Mutation
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Wnt Proteins
- beta Catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Alexia C, Fallot G, Lasfer M, Schweizer-Groyer G, Groyer A. An evaluation of the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and of type-I IGF receptor signalling in hepatocarcinogenesis and in the resistance of hepatocarcinoma cells against drug-induced apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1003-15. [PMID: 15313394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence emphasizes the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and of type-I IGF receptor (IGF-IR) signalling in tumourigenesis. In this connection: (i) changes in the expression pattern of components of the IGF system (autocrine/paracrine expression of IGF-I and -II, overexpression of IGF-IR, decreased expression of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and of type-II IGF receptor/cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (IGF-II/M6PR) and (ii) increased serum concentrations of proteases that cleave the IGFBPs (e.g., cathepsin D) were observed in patients with hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), in human hepatoma cell lines and in their conditioned culture medium, as well as in rodent models of hepatocarcinogenesis. Accordingly, studies carried out with animal models do suggest that the IGF system and IGF-IR signalling may play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis and in deregulated proliferation and apoptosis of HCC cells. Finally the instrumental role of Raf/MEK/ERK, one of the signalling cascades stimulated by IGF-IR, in anthracycline-induced apoptosis of HepG2 and Huh-7 human hepatoma cell lines emphasizes that care must be taken when designing combinations of antitumoural molecules for antineoplastic treatment. This review addresses the putative roles of the IGF system in primary HCC, with a special focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms. In a second part it emphasizes the putative interference of IGF-IR signalling with chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alexia
- Inserm U.481, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, BP416, 75870 Paris Cédex 18, France
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Kim SJ, Park SE, Lee C, Lee SY, Kim IH, An HJ, Oh YK. Altered imprinting, promoter usage, and expression of insulin-like growth factor-II gene in gestational trophoblastic diseases. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 88:411-8. [PMID: 12648595 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-8258(02)00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to understand the involvement of imprinted genes in the pathogenesis of gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) such as hydatidiform mole (H-mole) and gestational trophoblastic tumors (GTT). METHODS An allelic-typing assay was performed using a PCR-RFLP-based method for identification of heterozygous informative cases. The usage of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2) promoters was examined by RT-PCR using promoter-specific primers. The mRNA expression of IGF2 and H19 was quantified using a densitometer. RESULTS The imprinting of IGF2 and H19 was maintained in all normal placenta tissues (n = 15) but relaxed in GTD (n = 47). Loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 was in the order of GTT (57%) > complete H-mole (43%) > partial H-mole (25%). Similarly, LOI of H19 was in the order of GTT (40%) > complete H-mole (18%) > partial H-mole (0%). Promoter usage pattern of IGF2 changed with gestation stage of normal placentae and GTD. In normal placentae, the usage of promoter P1 was higher than that of P4 in the first trimester but lowered in the full term. H-mole and GTT predominantly used promoter P1 with relative silencing of promoter P4. Although normal early placenta and various GTD tissues showed the similar usage of IGF2 promoter P1, GTT tissues revealed the higher expression levels of IGF2 but a down-regulation of H19 relative to the normal early placentae. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LOI, deregulation of IGF2 promoters, and the altered expression levels of IGF2 and H19 genes might be associated with the progression of GTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jo Kim
- Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Pundang CHA General Hospital, Sungnam, Kyonggi-do, South Korea
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Wang Z, Ruan YB, Guan Y, Liu SH. Expression of IGF-II in early experimental hepatocellular carcinomas and its significance in early diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:267-70. [PMID: 12532445 PMCID: PMC4611325 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the serum level and expression of insulin growth factor II (IGF-II) in liver tissues of rats with early experimental hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and its significance in early diagnosis.
METHODS: Early experimental hepatocellular carcinomas were induced by diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in 180 male SD rats. Another 20 male SD rats served as control. The IGF-II serum level was measured by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry were used to observe the expression of IGF-II in normal and tumor liver tissues and its ultrastructural location in malignant hepatocytes. The expressions of IGF-II in human hepatoma cell lines HepG2, SMMC7721 and human embryonic liver cell line L-02 were measured by immunocytochemistry. IGF-II mRNA level was studied by in situ hybridization.
RESULTS: IGF-II was expressed in the cytoplasm of both sinusoidal cells in paracancerous cirrhotic liver tissue and malignant hepatocytes in early experimental HCC tissues. Gold particles were seen on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondrion in malignant hepatocytes. IGF-II was expressed in the human hepatoma cell lines. The mRNA level of IGF-II was higher in rat liver tumor tissue than in normal rat liver tissue. The serum IGF-II level of the early experimental HCC group was 34.67 ± 10.53 ng·mL-1 and that of the control group was 11.75 ± 5.84 ng·mL-1. The rank sum test was used for statistical analysis. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: During the induction of early experimental HCC by DENA, IGF-II may promote hepatocytic proliferation via a paracrine mechanism in the pre-cancerous stage. When hepatocytes are transformed into malignant cells, they may secrete IGF-II and promote malignant cell proliferation by an autocrine mechanism. IGF-II may be a possible biological marker in the early diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Medical College, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
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Golden CB, Feusner JH. Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 2002; 49:1369-92, viii. [PMID: 12580370 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(02)00098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A palpable mass in the abdomen of a child is a serious finding. In this article the authors present their single-institution experience of how these malignancies present and their distribution by age and diagnosis. The most common abdominal malignancies diagnosed in the pediatric population include neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor, hepatoblastoma, lymphoma, and germ cell tumors. This article provides the busy general pediatrician with some guidelines of how to proceed after discovering a suspiciousmass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Golden
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Oakland, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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