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San Cristóbal Epalza J, Palomares T, García-Alonso I, Herrero de la Parte B. Histological Assessment of Rat Retinas with Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Eur Surg Res 2021; 62:144-150. [PMID: 33915540 DOI: 10.1159/000515832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury occurs in pathological situations that interrupt the blood flow to the retina, such as is the case during central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). The animal models described in the literature are based on the pressure produced by the weight of a given quantity of saline elevated to a certain height; however, to establish these parameters it is necessary to perform mathematical calculations that cannot be easily redone in the case of punctual variations of intraocular pressure (IOP). The aim of this study was to present a new system that allows us to reproduce the conditions of retinal IR and thereby properly assess the level of injury in retinal histological samples. METHODS We developed a retinal IR model in WAG/RijHsd rats based on CRAO through increasing IOP. To develop this model, we produced ischemia for 1 h using a hydrostatic pressure system that maintained a constant high IOP and then allowed reperfusion for 1 h. The injury attributable to IR was assessed by histological examination of retinal samples, determining whether there was histological damage and/or dendritic swelling and counting the outer nuclear layer cells showing cytoplasmic swelling. RESULTS The increase in IOP to 150 mm Hg produced CRAO, in turn causing observable histological damage and dendritic swelling in all retinas subjected to IR. Counting the number of cells showing cytoplasmic swelling yielded a mean of 102.5 ± 35 cells/field. The contralateral retinas were healthy, showing no significant changes. CONCLUSION The retinal IR model proposed is simple, reproducible, and allows variable durations of ischemia and reperfusion, and most importantly, it allows easy correction by adjusting the pressure of the sphygmomanometer, of any change in IOP to keep the ischemia stable, without having to recalculate the elevation height of the ischemia induction system. Moreover, the damage caused by IR can be effectively assessed by the type of histopathological assessment performed. For these reasons, it can be considered a reliable method for studying drugs that may prevent retinal IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan San Cristóbal Epalza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Teodoro Palomares
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, and Physical Medicine, University of The Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Alonso
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, and Physical Medicine, University of The Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Borja Herrero de la Parte
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, and Physical Medicine, University of The Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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De la Cruz Pino JG, Morales Mávil JE, Sánchez García ADC, Hernandez-Baltazar D. Optimized technique to extract and fix Olive ridley turtle hatchling retina for histological study. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151592. [PMID: 32778246 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The efficient extraction and fixation of a tissue allows in preserving the cytoarchitecture, chemical composition and tissue organization, which is key in physiological and histopathological studies. The main goal of this study was to establish a microsurgery technique to obtain ocular tissue and provide an optimized immersion fixation protocol based on the 10 % formalin-intraocular injection on Olive ridley sea turtle hatchlings (Lepidochelys olivacea). To evaluate this optimized technique, a histological comparison between traditional immersion and intraocular/immersion protocols was done. The eyeball were processed into five protocols: Frozen eyes (Group 1), frozen eyes immersed in 10 % formalin (Group 2), fresh eyes immersed in 10 % formalin (Group 3), fresh eyes intraocularly injected with 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and then immersed in 10 % formalin (Group 4), and fresh eyes fixed by 10 % formalin-intraocular followed by 10 % formalin-immersion (Group 5). In comparison with all groups evaluated, the intraocular/immersion fixation protocol lead the conservation of eyeball shape, cell integrity and maintenance of the organization of the retina layers of sea turtle hatchlings. If this method will be the key in studying sea turtle, we suppose that this procedure, with minimal adjustments, could be useful in animals with similar eye anatomy.
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Tokuda K, Baron B, Kuramitsu Y, Kitagawa T, Tokuda N, Morishige N, Kobayashi M, Kimura K, Nakamura K, Sonoda KH. Optimization of fixative solution for retinal morphology: a comparison with Davidson's fixative and other fixation solutions. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018; 62:481-490. [PMID: 29691783 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-018-0592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous fixative solutions are available but many are not amenable to the histomorphological preservation of retinae. The investigators specifically focused on retinal histological studies, which rather than 4% formaldehyde (FA), often use Davidson's fixative. However the latter has its limitations. The purpose of this study was to produce a new fixative which maintains retinae closer to the in vivo conditions. STUDY DESIGN Experimental design. METHODS Four fixative formulations (4% paraformaldehyde, Davidson's fixative, modified Davidson's fixative and an in-house fixative - TB-Fix) were tested on retinae and the outcomes on histomorphology and immunohistochemical staining for selected antigenic markers was compared. RESULTS TB-Fix markedly improved morphological detail following hematoxylin and eosin staining, most importantly eliminating the spongiform appearance in the plexiform layer and the swelling of somata (including Müller cells), when compared to FA, Davidson's fixative and its modified version. Retinal samples fixed with TB-Fix or FA showed comparable results in immunohistological staining for neurons and glia in the retina. Importantly, while the whole eye fixed with FA collapsed in shape and induced artificial retinal detachment, the eye fixed with TB-Fix avoided deformation and detachment. Furthermore, we found that TB-Fix also prevented detachment from the culture plate when used to fix HEK293 cells, which are known to detach from the plate easily. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that TB-Fix provides an overall improvement in the preservation of retinal morphology and chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tokuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
- Department of Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Byron Baron
- Department of Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Department of Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
- Research Institute of Cancer Prevention, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Takao Kitagawa
- Department of Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuko Tokuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Morishige
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Systems Biochemistry in Pathology and Regeneration, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Liu Y, Edward DP. Assessment of PAXgene Fixation on Preservation of Morphology and Nucleic Acids in Microdissected Retina Tissue. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:104-110. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2016.1146777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Stradleigh TW, Ishida AT. Fixation strategies for retinal immunohistochemistry. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:181-202. [PMID: 25892361 PMCID: PMC4543575 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and ex vivo anatomical studies have provided many glimpses of the variety, distribution, and signaling components of vertebrate retinal neurons. The beauty of numerous images published to date, and the qualitative and quantitative information they provide, indicate that these approaches are fundamentally useful. However, obtaining these images entailed tissue handling and exposure to chemical solutions that differ from normal extracellular fluid in composition, temperature, and osmolarity. Because the differences are large enough to alter intercellular and intracellular signaling in neurons, and because retinae are susceptible to crush, shear, and fray, it is natural to wonder if immunohistochemical and anatomical methods disturb or damage the cells they are designed to examine. Tissue fixation is typically incorporated to guard against this damage and is therefore critically important to the quality and significance of the harvested data. Here, we describe mechanisms of fixation; advantages and disadvantages of using formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde as fixatives during immunohistochemistry; and modifications of widely used protocols that have recently been found to improve cell shape preservation and immunostaining patterns, especially in proximal retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Stradleigh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew T Ishida
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Harahush BK, Green K, Webb R, Hart NS, Collin SP. Optimal preservation of the shark retina for ultrastructural analysis: An assessment of chemical, microwave, and high-pressure freezing fixation techniques. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1218-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hilgen G, von Maltzahn J, Willecke K, Weiler R, Dedek K. Subcellular distribution of connexin45 in OFF bipolar cells of the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:433-50. [PMID: 21192077 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse retina, connexin45 (Cx45) participates in the gap junction between ON cone bipolar cells and AII amacrine cells, which constitutes an essential element of the primary rod pathway. Although it has been shown that Cx45 is also expressed in OFF bipolar cells, its subcellular localization and functional role in these cells are unknown. Here, we analyzed the localization of Cx45 on OFF bipolar cells in the mouse retina. For this, we used wild-type mice and a transgenic mouse line that expressed, in addition to native Cx45, a fusion protein consisting of Cx45 and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Cx45-EGFP expression generates an EGFP signal at gap junctions containing Cx45. Combining immunohistochemistry with intracellular injections, we found that Cx45 was present on dendrites and axon terminals of all OFF bipolar cell types. Cx45 was not found at intersections of two terminal processes of the same type, suggesting that Cx45 might not form gap junctions between axon terminals of the same OFF bipolar cell type but rather might connect OFF bipolar cells to amacrine or ganglion cells. In OFF bipolar cell dendrites, Cx45 was found predominantly in the proximal outer plexiform layer (OPL), well below the cone pedicles. Cx45 did not colocalize with Cx36, which is found predominantly in the distal OPL. We conclude that Cx45 is expressed on OFF bipolar cell dendrites, presumably forming gap junctions with cells of the same type, and on OFF bipolar cell axon terminals, presumably forming heterologous gap junctions with other retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Hilgen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Germany
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Differential immunodetection of
l
‐DOPA decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase in the vertebrate retina. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:469-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Washington I, Zhou J, Jockusch S, Turro NJ, Nakanishi K, Sparrow JR. Chlorophyll derivatives as visual pigments for super vision in the red. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:775-9. [PMID: 17609771 DOI: 10.1039/b618104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary event in vision is light-initiated activation of visual pigments. All visual pigments consist of the protein opsin bound to 11-cis-retinal and are responsible for initiating the transformation of light into an electrical signal. In a mouse model, we show that derivatives of chlorophyll can act as visual pigments initiating the transformation of light into an electrical signal and thus change the primary event in vision to initial activation of a chlorophyll derivative. Electroretinographic b-wave amplitudes recorded in response to red and blue light were two-fold greater in mice administered chlorin e(6), which accumulated in photoreceptor outer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Washington
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Schroeder JA, Gelderblom HR, Hauroeder B, Schmetz C, Milios J, Hofstaedter F. Microwave-assisted tissue processing for same-day EM-diagnosis of potential bioterrorism and clinical samples. Micron 2006; 37:577-90. [PMID: 16843832 PMCID: PMC7126925 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the turnaround times, section and image quality of a number of more “difficult” specimens destined for rapid diagnostic electron microscopy (EM) after microwave-assisted processing. The results were assessed and compared with those of conventionally processed samples. A variety of infectious agents, some with a potential for bioterrorism, and liver biopsies serving as an example for routine histopathology samples were studied. The samples represented virus-producing cell cultures (such as SARS-coronavirus, West Nile virus, Orthopox virus), bacteria suspensions (cultures of Escherichia coli and genetically knockout apathogenic Bacillus anthracis), suspensions of parasites (malaria Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania major, Microsporidia cuniculi, Caenorhabditis elegans), and whole Drosophila melanogaster flies infected with microsporidia. Fresh liver samples and infected flies were fixed in Karnovsky-fixative by microwaving (20 min), all other samples were fixed in buffered glutaraldehyde or Karnovsky-fixative overnight or longer. Subsequently, all samples were divided to evaluate alternative processing protocols: one part of the sample was OsO4-postfixed, ethanol-dehydrated, Epon-infiltrated (overnight) in an automated tissue processor (LYNX, Leica), and polymerized at 60 °C for 48 h; in parallel the other part was microwave-assisted processed in the bench microwave device (REM, Milestone), including post-osmication and the resin block polymerization. The microwave-assisted processing protocol required at minimum 3 h 20 min: the respective epon resin blocks were uniformly polymerized allowing an easy sectioning of semi- and ultrathin sections. Sections collected on non-coated 200 mesh grids were stable in the electron beam and showed an excellent preservation of the ultrastructure and high contrast, thus allowing an easy, unequivocal and rapid assessment of specimens. Compared with conventional routine methods, microwave technology facilitates a significant reduction in sample processing time from days to hours without any loss in ultrastructural details. Microwave-assisted processing could, therefore, be a substantial benefit for the routine electron microscopic diagnostic workload. Due to its speed and robust performance it could be applied wherever a rapid electron microscopy diagnosis is required, e.g., if bioterrorism or emerging agents are suspected. Combining microwave technology with digital image acquisition, the 1-day diagnosis based on ultrathin section electron microscopy will become possible, with crucial or interesting findings being consulted or shared worldwide with experts using modern telemicroscopy tools via Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef A Schroeder
- Central EM Laboratory, Pathology Department, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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