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Touré A, Grigoriev V, Mahadevaiah SK, Rattigan A, Ojarikre OA, Burgoyne PS. A protein encoded by a member of the multicopy Ssty gene family located on the long arm of the mouse Y chromosome is expressed during sperm development. Genomics 2004; 83:140-7. [PMID: 14667817 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Multicopy Y-chromosomal genes in human and mouse have been postulated to play a role in spermatogenesis. The mouse Y long arm (Yq) carries hundreds of supposedly intronless copies of Ssty, for which no protein has hitherto been identified; mice lacking Yq are sterile with grossly abnormal sperm. We have now identified an Ssty-encoded protein (Ssty1) that is expressed in spermatids. The protein is absent from spermatids of mice that lack Yq, but is not reduced in mice with a two-thirds reduction of Ssty copies, implying that most do not produce this protein. Furthermore, no protein was produced by a strongly transcribed intronless Ssty transgene, raising doubts as to the protein-encoding potential of these intronless genes. We have now identified an intron-containing copy that is also present in multiple copies on Yq. One or more intron-containing copies are retained in the Ssty-deficient mice and may be the source of the Ssty1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata Touré
- Division of Developmental Genetics, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hil, London, UK.
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2
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Fenner MH, Parrish JE, Boyd Y, Reed V, MacDonald M, Nelson DL, Isselbacher KJ, Shioda T. MSG1 (melanocyte-specific gene 1): mapping to chromosome Xq13.1, genomic organization, and promoter analysis. Genomics 1998; 51:401-7. [PMID: 9721210 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MSG1 (melanocyte-specific gene 1) is a recently isolated gene predominantly expressed in cultured normal melanocytes and pigmented melanoma cells. MSG1 encodes a 27-kDa nuclear protein that has strong intrinsic transcriptional transactivating activity. In this report, the human MSG1 gene was mapped to chromosome Xq13.1 using X chromosome-specific somatic cell hybrids, and the mouse Msg1 gene was mapped 1.9 +/- 1.3 cM proximal to Xist using an interspecific backcross panel. Both the human and the mouse MSG1 genes consist of three exons and two introns within 5 kb of genomic DNA, and their genomic structures are highly conserved. Southern blot analysis suggests the existence of MSG1 homologues in chicken, zebrafish, and Drosophila. A 2.0-kb fragment of the 5'-flanking region of the mouse Msg1 gene contains a TATA box and potential binding sites for several transcription factors including USF, Brn-3, Brn-2, TFE3, Oct-1, AP-2, and Spl. This promoter fragment activates transcription of a reporter gene in pigmented melanoma cells, but not in amelanotic melanoma cells or nonmelanocytic cells, indicating that Msg1 expression is at least partially regulated at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Fenner
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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3
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Laval SH, Reed V, Blair HJ, Boyd Y. The structure of DXF34, a human X-linked sequence family with homology to a transcribed mouse Y-linked repeat. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:689-91. [PMID: 9271673 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Laval
- Molecular Genetics Group, MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxon OX11 ORD, UK
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Batra RS, Hatchwell E, Rider S, Brown R, Brown GK, Craig IW. Localization of human liver 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB1) within a YAC contig in Xp11.21. Genomics 1997; 40:358-61. [PMID: 9119406 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFK-2/FBPase-2) catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a potent regulator of glycolysis. Previous studies assigned the gene for human liver PFK-2/FBPase-2 (HGMW-approved symbol PFKFB1) to the X chromosome; however, precise localization remained ambiguous, with the gene variously placed between Xcen-q13, Xq27-q28, and Xp11.22-p11.21. We have localized the gene within a YAC contig clustered around ALAS2 (human erythroid delta-aminolevulinate synthase) in Xp11.21 and have identified eight YACs positive for the gene. Four of these overlapping YACs were mapped using rare-cutter restriction enzymes to provide in-depth characterization of an 820-kb region encompassing the PFK-2/ FBPase-2 and ALAS2 genes. PFK-2/FBPase-2 was found to lie close (within approx. 250 kb) and telomeric to ALAS2. Three putative CpG islands were also detected in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Batra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Galloway SM, Hanrahan V, Dodds KG, Potts MD, Crawford AM, Hill DF. A linkage map of the ovine X chromosome. Genome Res 1996; 6:667-77. [PMID: 8858342 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6.8.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A genetic linkage map of the ovine X chromosome containing type I and type II markers has been constructed. The map contains 7 known gene markers and 14 microsatellite markers with a recombination length of 141.9 cM. Segregation of polymorphic markers was observed in a three-generation pedigree containing 480 animals. The maximum number of informative meioses was 912. Additional information was obtained for some markers by following segregation in the AgResearch International Mapping Flock, consisting of nine three-generation full-sib pedigrees. A pseudoautosomal region containing two markers has been identified at one end of the linkage map. Comparisons with mouse and human X chromosomes confirms the observation of Ohno (1973) that the gene content of the mammalian X chromosome is retained. In particular, the conserved grouping of the genes PHKA1, ATP7A, and XIST observed in both the human and the mouse X chromosome appears to be conserved in the sheep X chromosome, and XIST has been mapped to near the center of the chromosome. This study provides the first reported genetic linkage map combining both type I and type II markers for any ruminant X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Galloway
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Laval SH, Blair HJ, Mitchell MJ, Boyd Y. Smcx lies distal to DXHX674 and DXHX679 on the mouse X chromosome. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:552. [PMID: 8672147 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Laval
- Genetics Division, MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxon OX11 ORD, UK
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Battinelli EM, Boyd Y, Craig IW, Breakefield XO, Chen ZY. Characterization and mapping of the mouse NDP (Norrie disease) locus (Ndp). Mamm Genome 1996; 7:93-7. [PMID: 8835523 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Norrie disease is a severe X-linked recessive neurological disorder characterized by congenital blindness with progressive loss of hearing. Over half of Norrie patients also manifest different degrees of mental retardation. The gene for Norrie disease (NDP) has recently been cloned and characterized. With the human NDP cDNA, mouse genomic phage libraries were screened for the homolog of the gene. Comparison between mouse and human genomic DNA blots hybridized with the NDP cDNA, as well as analysis of phage clones, shows that the mouse NDP gene is 29 kb in size (28 kb for the human gene). The organization in the two species is very similar. Both have three exons with similar-sized introns and identical exon-intron boundaries between exon 2 and 3. The mouse open reading frame is 393 bp and, like the human coding sequence, is encoded in exons 2 and 3. The absence of six nucleotides in the second mouse exon results in the encoded protein being two amino acids smaller than its human counterpart. The overall homology between the human and mouse NDP protein is 95% and is particularly high (99%) in exon 3, consistent with the apparent functional importance of this region. Analysis of transcription initiation sites suggests the presence of multiple start sites associated with expression of the mouse NDP gene. Pedigree analysis of an interspecific mouse backcross localizes the mouse NDP gene close to Maoa in the conserved segment, which runs from CYBB to PFC in both human and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Battinelli
- Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, East, Charlestown 02129, USA
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Allenet B, Escalier D, Garchon HJ. A putative human equivalent of the murine Xlr (X-linked, lymphocyte-regulated) protein. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:640-4. [PMID: 8535073 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The murine Xlr (X-linked, lymphocyte-regulated) gene family was originally identified by subtractive cDNA hybridization and cloning. It was found to encode two 30-kDa nuclear proteins expressed in lymphoid cells and in primary spermatocytes in a developmentally regulated manner. Our data show that, in contrast to most X-linked genes, the Xlr family is not conserved at the DNA level between mouse and human. However, using anti-Xlr antibodies, an Xlr-immunoreactive nuclear protein of M(r) 30,000 was characterized in human RAJI B-lymphoblastoid cells by flow cytofluorimetry, by immunoblotting, and by immunocytolabeling. An Xlr-like molecule was also found to be expressed in human activated lymphocytes and in human primary spermatocytes, with a stage specificity similar to that known in the mouse. In contrast, no Xlr-immunoreactive protein was detected in a series of human tissues including brain, skeletal muscle, colon, liver, and kidney, revealing a tissue-specific expression pattern similar to that of murine Xlr. These findings most likely identify a human equivalent of Xlr. The Xlr genes belong to a small category of X-linked genes, including STS, MIC2, CSF2RA, and KAL, that diverge at the DNA level in human and in mice. Characterization of the human XLR gene(s) should now be feasible with anti-Xlr antibodies and an expression cloning system. It should provide new insights into the evolution of mammalian X Chromosome (Chr).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Allenet
- INSERM U25, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
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Zhou E, Favor J, Silvers W, Stambolian D. Exclusion of three candidate genes, Grpr, Cxn33, and Pdha1, for the X-linked cataract gene on the distal region of the mouse chromosome X. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:357-9. [PMID: 7626887 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Blair HJ, Hirst MC, MacKinnon R, Davies KE, Boyd Y. Evaluation of human microdissection clones from the FRAXA region as tools for comparative mapping in the mouse: isolation of a conserved genomic clone close to FMR1. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:584-7. [PMID: 8000145 DOI: 10.1007/bf00354936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Blair
- Genetics Division, MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
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Abstract
High resolution genetic maps have been constructed for many regions of the mouse genome and form the basis for the ongoing physical mapping of mouse chromosomes. Comparison of mouse and human genetic maps allows us to identify linkage groups that are conserved between the two organisms, and these have become a powerful tool for the development of mouse models of human genetic disease. Recent advances include the identification of mouse models for human genetic deafness, neural crest defects and X-linked immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Reed V, Laval SH, McCabe V, Willard HF, Boyd Y. Mapping of loci and translocation breakpoints in Xq13: isolation of a conserved locus that maps close to CCG1 in human and mouse. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:237-40. [PMID: 8012115 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Reed
- Genetics Division, MRC Radiobiology Unit, Oxon, UK
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Laval SH, Boyd Y. Partial inversion of gene order within a homologous segment on the X chromosome. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:119-23. [PMID: 8431636 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The locus for the erthyroid transcription factor, GATA1, has been positioned in the small interval between DXS255 and TIMP on the proximal short arm of the human X Chromosome (Chr) by use of a partial human cDNA clone and a well-characterized somatic cell hybrid panel. Analysis of selected recombinants from 108 Mus musculus x Mus spretus backcross progeny with the same clone confirmed that the homologous murine locus (Gf-1) lies between Otc and the centromere of the mouse X Chr. These data imply that a partial inversion of gene order has occurred within the conserved segment that represents Xp21.1-Xp11.23 in human (CYBB-GATA1) and the proximal 6 cM of the mouse X Chr (Gf-1-Timp). Furthermore, they indicate that the mouse mutant scurfy and the human genetic disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, which have been mapped to the same regions as GATA1/Gf-1 in both species, may indeed be homologous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Laval
- Genetics Division, Medical Research Council Radiobiology Unit, Didcot, Oxon, UK
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