3
|
Shah K, Ali RH, Ansar M, Lee K, Chishti MS, Abbe I, Li B, Smith JD, Nickerson DA, Shendure J, Coucke PJ, Steyaert W, Bamshad MJ, Santos-Cortez RLP, Leal SM, Ahmad W. Mitral regurgitation as a phenotypic manifestation of nonphotosensitive trichothiodystrophy due to a splice variant in MPLKIP. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:13. [PMID: 26880286 PMCID: PMC4754937 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Nonphotosensitive trichothiodystrophy (TTDN) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of neuroectodermal origin. The condition is marked by hair abnormalities, intellectual impairment, nail dystrophies and susceptibility to infections but with no UV sensitivity. Methods We identified three consanguineous Pakistani families with varied TTDN features and used homozygosity mapping, linkage analysis, and Sanger and exome sequencing in order to identify pathogenic variants. Haplotype analysis was performed and haplotype age estimated. A splicing assay was used to validate the effect of the MPLKIP splice variant on expression. Results Affected individuals from all families exhibit several TTDN features along with a heart-specific feature, i.e. mitral regurgitation. Exome sequencing in the probands from families ED168 and ED241 identified a homozygous splice mutation c.339 + 1G > A within MPLKIP. The same splice variant co-segregates with TTDN in a third family ED210. The MPLKIP splice variant was not found in public databases, e.g. the Exome Aggregation Consortium, and in unrelated Pakistani controls. Functional analysis of the splice variant confirmed intron retention, which leads to protein truncation and loss of a phosphorylation site. Haplotype analysis identified a 585.1-kb haplotype which includes the MPLKIP variant, supporting the existence of a founder haplotype that is estimated to be 25,900 years old. Conclusion This study extends the allelic and phenotypic spectra of MPLKIP-related TTDN, to include a splice variant that causes cardiomyopathy as part of the TTDN phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadim Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Raja Hussain Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kwanghyuk Lee
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Muhammad Salman Chishti
- Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Izoduwa Abbe
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Biao Li
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Paul J Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Steyaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Regie Lyn P Santos-Cortez
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parker-Katiraee L, Carson AR, Yamada T, Arnaud P, Feil R, Abu-Amero SN, Moore GE, Kaneda M, Perry GH, Stone AC, Lee C, Meguro-Horike M, Sasaki H, Kobayashi K, Nakabayashi K, Scherer SW. Identification of the imprinted KLF14 transcription factor undergoing human-specific accelerated evolution. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e65. [PMID: 17480121 PMCID: PMC1865561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin manner and are located in clusters throughout the genome. Aberrations in the expression of imprinted genes on human Chromosome 7 have been suggested to play a role in the etiologies of Russell-Silver Syndrome and autism. We describe the imprinting of KLF14, an intronless member of the Krüppel-like family of transcription factors located at Chromosome 7q32. We show that it has monoallelic maternal expression in all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues studied, in both human and mouse. We examine epigenetic modifications in the KLF14 CpG island in both species and find this region to be hypomethylated. In addition, we perform chromatin immunoprecipitation and find that the murine Klf14 CpG island lacks allele-specific histone modifications. Despite the absence of these defining features, our analysis of Klf14 in offspring from DNA methyltransferase 3a conditional knockout mice reveals that the gene's expression is dependent upon a maternally methylated region. Due to the intronless nature of Klf14 and its homology to Klf16, we suggest that the gene is an ancient retrotransposed copy of Klf16. By sequence analysis of numerous species, we place the timing of this event after the divergence of Marsupialia, yet prior to the divergence of the Xenarthra superclade. We identify a large number of sequence variants in KLF14 and, using several measures of diversity, we determine that there is greater variability in the human lineage with a significantly increased number of nonsynonymous changes, suggesting human-specific accelerated evolution. Thus, KLF14 may be the first example of an imprinted transcript undergoing accelerated evolution in the human lineage. Imprinted genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin manner, where one of the two inherited copies of the imprinted gene is silenced. Aberrations in the expression of these genes, which generally regulate growth, are associated with various developmental disorders, emphasizing the importance of their discovery and analysis. In this study, we identify a novel imprinted gene, named KLF14, on human Chromosome 7. It is predicted to bind DNA and regulate transcription and was shown to be expressed from the maternally inherited chromosome in all human and mouse tissues examined. Surprisingly, we did not identify molecular signatures generally associated with imprinted regions, such as DNA methylation. Additionally, the identification of numerous DNA sequence variants led to an in-depth analysis of the gene's evolution. It was determined that there is greater variability in KLF14 in the human lineage, when compared to other primates, with a significantly increased number of polymorphisms encoding for changes at the protein level, suggesting human-specific accelerated evolution. As the first example of an imprinted transcript undergoing accelerated evolution in the human lineage, we propose that the accumulation of polymorphisms in KLF14 may be aided by the silencing of the inactive allele, allowing for stronger selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layla Parker-Katiraee
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew R Carson
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Arnaud
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Feil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Sayeda N Abu-Amero
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gudrun E Moore
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan
| | - George H Perry
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anne C Stone
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Charles Lee
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Mishima, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Metabolism and Biochemical Genetics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nakabayashi K, Amann D, Ren Y, Saarialho-Kere U, Avidan N, Gentles S, MacDonald JR, Puffenberger EG, Christiano AM, Martinez-Mir A, Salas-Alanis JC, Rizzo R, Vamos E, Raams A, Les C, Seboun E, Jaspers NGJ, Beckmann JS, Jackson CE, Scherer SW. Identification of C7orf11 (TTDN1) gene mutations and genetic heterogeneity in nonphotosensitive trichothiodystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:510-6. [PMID: 15645389 PMCID: PMC1196401 DOI: 10.1086/428141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified C7orf11, which localizes to the nucleus and is expressed in fetal hair follicles, as the first disease gene for nonphotosensitive trichothiodystrophy (TTD). C7orf11 maps to chromosome 7p14, and the disease locus has been designated "TTDN1" (TTD nonphotosensitive 1). Mutations were found in patients with Amish brittle-hair syndrome and in other nonphotosensititive TTD cases with mental retardation and decreased fertility but not in patients with Sabinas syndrome or Pollitt syndrome. Therefore, genetic heterogeneity in nonphotosensitive TTD is a feature similar to that observed in photosensitive TTD, which is caused by mutations in transcription factor II H (TFIIH) subunit genes. Comparative immunofluorescence analysis, however, suggests that C7orf11 does not influence TFIIH directly. Given the absence of cutaneous photosensitivity in the patients with C7orf11 mutations, together with the protein's nuclear localization, C7orf11 may be involved in transcription but not DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Daniela Amann
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Yan Ren
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Ulpu Saarialho-Kere
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Nili Avidan
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Simone Gentles
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Jeffrey R. MacDonald
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Erik G. Puffenberger
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Amalia Martinez-Mir
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Julio C. Salas-Alanis
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Esther Vamos
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Anja Raams
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Clifford Les
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Eric Seboun
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Nicolaas G. J. Jaspers
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Charles E. Jackson
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Karolinska Institutet at Stockholm Soder Hospital, Stockholm; The Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York; Department of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels; Department of Genetics, Medical Genetic Cluster, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Division of Genetics and Microbiology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois et l'Université de Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; and Department of Medicine, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX
| |
Collapse
|