1
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Kato S, Liberona MF, Cerda-Infante J, Sánchez M, Henríquez J, Bizama C, Bravo ML, Gonzalez P, Gejman R, Brañes J, García K, Ibañez C, Owen GI, Roa JC, Montecinos V, Cuello MA. Simvastatin interferes with cancer 'stem-cell' plasticity reducing metastasis in ovarian cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:821-836. [PMID: 29848667 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell plasticity of 'stem-like' cancer-initiating cells (CICs) is a hallmark of cancer, allowing metastasis and cancer progression. Here, we studied whether simvastatin, a lipophilic statin, could impair the metastatic potential of CICs in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS-ovC), the most lethal among the gynecologic malignancies. qPCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to assess simvastatin effects on proteins involved in stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal cell plasticity (EMT). Its effects on tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated using different models (e.g., spheroid formation and migration assays, matrigel invasion assays, 3D-mesomimetic models and cancer xenografts). We explored also the clinical benefit of statins by comparing survival outcomes among statin users vs non-users. Herein, we demonstrated that simvastatin modifies the stemness and EMT marker expression patterns (both in mRNA and protein levels) and severely impairs the spheroid assembly of CICs. Consequently, CICs become less metastatic in 3D-mesomimetic models and show fewer ascites/tumor burden in HGS-ovC xenografts. The principal mechanism behind statin-mediated effects involves the inactivation of the Hippo/YAP/RhoA pathway in a mevalonate synthesis-dependent manner. From a clinical perspective, statin users seem to experience better survival and quality of life when compared with non-users. Considering the high cost and the low response rates obtained with many of the current therapies, the use of orally or intraperitoneally administered simvastatin offers a cost/effective and safe alternative to treat and potentially prevent recurrent HGS-ovCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kato
- Division of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - M F Liberona
- Division of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - J Cerda-Infante
- Department of Hematology and OncologyFaculty of Medicine, PUC, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cellular and MolecularFaculty of Biological Sciences, PUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Sánchez
- Department of Hematology and OncologyFaculty of Medicine, PUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Henríquez
- Department of Hematology and OncologyFaculty of Medicine, PUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Bizama
- Department of PathologyFaculty of Medicine, PUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - M L Bravo
- Department of Physiological SciencesFaculty of Biological Sciences, PUC, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyPUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Gonzalez
- Department of Physiological SciencesFaculty of Biological Sciences, PUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Gejman
- Department of PathologyFaculty of Medicine, PUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Brañes
- Division of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - K García
- Division of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - C Ibañez
- Department of Hematology and OncologyFaculty of Medicine, PUC, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyPUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - G I Owen
- Department of Physiological SciencesFaculty of Biological Sciences, PUC, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyPUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - J C Roa
- Department of PathologyFaculty of Medicine, PUC, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyPUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Montecinos
- Department of Hematology and OncologyFaculty of Medicine, PUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - M A Cuello
- Division of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
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2
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Structural and functional identification of vasculogenic mimicry in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6985. [PMID: 28765613 PMCID: PMC5539303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07622-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) describes a process by which cancer cells establish an alternative perfusion pathway in an endothelial cell-free manner. Despite its strong correlation with reduced patient survival, controversy still surrounds the existence of an in vitro model of VM. Furthermore, many studies that claim to demonstrate VM fail to provide solid evidence of true hollow channels, raising concerns as to whether actual VM is actually being examined. Herein, we provide a standardized in vitro assay that recreates the formation of functional hollow channels using ovarian cancer cell lines, cancer spheres and primary cultures derived from ovarian cancer ascites. X-ray microtomography 3D-reconstruction, fluorescence confocal microscopy and dye microinjection conclusively confirm the existence of functional glycoprotein-rich lined tubular structures in vitro and demonstrate that many of structures reported in the literature may not represent VM. This assay may be useful to design and test future VM-blocking anticancer therapies.
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3
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Koizume S, Miyagi Y. Tissue Factor-Factor VII Complex As a Key Regulator of Ovarian Cancer Phenotypes. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2015; 7:1-13. [PMID: 26396550 PMCID: PMC4562604 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s29318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane protein widely expressed in normal human cells. Blood coagulation factor VII (fVII) is a key enzyme in the extrinsic coagulation cascade that is predominantly secreted by hepatocytes and released into the bloodstream. The TF–fVII complex is aberrantly expressed on the surface of cancer cells, including ovarian cancer cells. This procoagulant complex can initiate intracellular signaling mechanisms, resulting in malignant phenotypes. Cancer tissues are chronically exposed to hypoxia. TF and fVII can be induced in response to hypoxia in ovarian cancer cells at the gene expression level, leading to the autonomous production of the TF–fVII complex. Here, we discuss the roles of the TF–fVII complex in the induction of malignant phenotypes in ovarian cancer cells. The hypoxic nature of ovarian cancer tissues and the roles of TF expression in endometriosis are discussed. Arguments will be extended to potential strategies to treat ovarian cancers based on our current knowledge of TF–fVII function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Koizume
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
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4
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Tamir A, Jag U, Sarojini S, Schindewolf C, Tanaka T, Gharbaran R, Patel H, Sood A, Hu W, Patwa R, Blake P, Chirina P, Oh Jeong J, Lim H, Goy A, Pecora A, Suh KS. Kallikrein family proteases KLK6 and KLK7 are potential early detection and diagnostic biomarkers for serous and papillary serous ovarian cancer subtypes. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:109. [PMID: 25477184 PMCID: PMC4271347 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-014-0109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early detection of ovarian cancer remains a challenge due to widespread metastases and a lack of biomarkers for early-stage disease. This study was conducted to identify relevant biomarkers for both laparoscopic and serum diagnostics in ovarian cancer. Methods Bioinformatics analysis and expression screening in ovarian cancer cell lines were employed. Selected biomarkers were further validated in bio-specimens of diverse cancer types and ovarian cancer subtypes. For non-invasive detection, biomarker proteins were evaluated in serum samples from ovarian cancer patients. Results Two kallikrein (KLK) serine protease family members (KLK6 and KLK7) were found to be significantly overexpressed relative to normal controls in most of the ovarian cancer cell lines examined. Overexpression of KLK6 and KLK7 mRNA was specific to ovarian cancer, in particular to serous and papillary serous subtypes. In situ hybridization and histopathology further confirmed significantly elevated levels of KLK6 and KLK7 mRNA and proteins in tissue epithelium and a lack of expression in neighboring stroma. Lastly, KLK6 and KLK7 protein levels were significantly elevated in serum samples from serous and papillary serous subtypes in the early stages of ovarian cancer, and therefore could potentially decrease the high “false negative” rates found in the same patients with the common ovarian cancer biomarkers human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). Conclusion KLK6 and KLK7 mRNA and protein overexpression is directly associated with early-stage ovarian tumors and can be measured in patient tissue and serum samples. Assays based on KLK6 and KLK7 expression may provide specific and sensitive information for early detection of ovarian cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13048-014-0109-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Tamir
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Ushma Jag
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Sreeja Sarojini
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Craig Schindewolf
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Takemi Tanaka
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Rajendra Gharbaran
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Hiren Patel
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Anil Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Wei Hu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Ruzeen Patwa
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Patrick Blake
- Sophic Systems Alliance, Inc, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Polina Chirina
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Jin Oh Jeong
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Heejin Lim
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Andre Goy
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Andrew Pecora
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - K Stephen Suh
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, D. Jurist Research Building, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
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Manipulating the expression of chemokine receptors enhances delivery and activity of cytokine-induced killer cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1992-9. [PMID: 24642619 PMCID: PMC3992500 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo-expanded immune cells that express NK-cell and T-cell markers and that are routinely used in the treatment of many cancers. One key advantage of CIK cells is their ability to efficiently traffic to many solid tumours. Although likely to be mediated by chemokine receptor (CKR) expression, a thorough examination of the mechanism of tumour targeting has not been previously explored. Methods: Here, human CIK cell expansions were examined for the level, profile and kinetics of CKR expression. Results: It was found that CIK cells express a panel of CKRs, with considerable variation between donors. Importantly, CKR levels dropped considerably beyond 14 days in culture, being significantly reduced by day 28 (the time at which cytolytic activity peaked). As such, CIK preparations that are used clinically may not have optimal CKR expression. Several approaches were found to re-stimulate CKR cell-surface levels at these later time points. These approaches also enhanced cytolytic activity in vitro and were demonstrated to increase both in vivo tumour trafficking and anti-tumour activity in mouse models. Conclusions: Simple modifications of the CIK expansion protocol could therefore be used to significantly enhance the anti-tumour effects of this therapy.
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6
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Yan BX, Ma JX, Zhang J, Guo Y, Riedel H, Mueller MD, Remick SC, Yu JJ. PSP94 contributes to chemoresistance and its peptide derivative PCK3145 represses tumor growth in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:5288-94. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Weissig V. From Serendipity to Mitochondria-Targeted Nanocarriers. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2657-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic actions of a novel human and mouse ovarian tumor-associated gene OTAG-12: downregulation, alternative splicing and drug sensitization. Oncogene 2011; 30:2874-87. [PMID: 21339736 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In studying the age dependence and chronology of ovarian tumors in follicle stimulating hormone receptor knockout mice, we identified a novel ovarian tumor associated gene-12 (OTAG-12), which is progressively downregulated and maps to Chr. 8B3.3. OTAG-12 protein overexpression in mouse ovarian and mammary tumor cells suggested powerful anti-proliferative effects. In human epithelial ovarian cancers (OCs) and OC cell lines, OTAG-12 mRNA expression is downregulated in comparison with normal ovaries. Cloning and identification revealed that human OTAG-12 mapping to gene-rich Chr. 19p13.12 is expressed in three spliced forms: hOTAG-12a, hOTAG-12b and hOTAG-12c, of which b is predominant in the normal ovary. Functionally active hOTAG-12b is a simple protein with no disulfide bonds and a nuclear localization signal is present in all variants. Transfection of OTAG-12 variants in OC and tumorigenic HEK293 cells confirmed nuclear localization. hOTAG-12b overexpression in OC and HEK293 cells effectively suppressed cell growth, anchorage-dependent and independent colony formation followed by apoptosis, whereas hOTAG-12a and hOTAG-12c had no such effects. Deletion mutants identified the critical importance of carboxyl terminus for hOTAG-12b function. Doxycycline-inducible growth inhibition of HEK293 cells by hOTAG-12a was associated with effects on G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. hOTAG-12b expression rendered tumorigenic cells more sensitive to four apoptotic stimuli including etoposide-a topoisomerase-II inhibitor. Doxycycline-induced hOTAG-12b expression blocked xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, whereas hOTAG-12a was ineffective. Although p53-pathway-dependent apoptotic agents could upregulate endogenous hOTAG-12b and p53 in UCI-101/107 OC cells, hOTAG-12b could also induce apoptosis in p53-null and platinum-resistant SKOV3 OC cells and Doxycycline-induced hOTAG-12b did not alter p53. Further study showed that hOTAG-12b increases mRNAs of pro-apoptotic genes such as BAD, GADD45α and CIEDB, while inhibiting anti-apoptotic NAIP and Akt1 expression, suggesting that hOTAG-12b-induced apoptosis might be p53-independent. These results indicate that hOTAG-12b is a putative ovarian tumor suppressor gene warranting further studies.
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9
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Genomic and proteomic characterization of YDOV-157, a newly established human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 319:189-201. [PMID: 18682896 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The existence of several model systems with which to investigate a particular disease is advantageous for researchers. This is especially true for ovarian cancer, which, due to its complex and heterogeneous nature, inherently requires a large number of model systems. Here, we report a new ovarian serous adenocarcinoma cell line, designated YDOV-157, and characterized via post genomics and post proteomics. In this study, primary culture of tumor cells from ascites was performed and the cells were immortalized up to at least 60 passages in vitro. We studied the morphologies, cell proliferation, BRCA1/2 mutations, tumorigenesis capacity, and chemosensitivity of YDOV-157. Using a cDNA microarray, differentially expressed genes were identified and some of them were validated. Using proteomic analysis, we identified proteins that were differentially expressed in YDOV-157. The newly derived cell line, designated YDOV-157, grew as a monolayer and the doubling time was 102 h. When transplanted into nude mice, it initiated the formation of tumor masses with microscopic findings identical to those of the primary tumor. Chemosensitivity test showed that paclitaxel induced the highest chemosensitivity index. In microarray analysis, 2,520 probes were differently expressed, compared to human ovarian surface epithelial cells (HOSEs). In SYBR Green real-time PCR, the expression of E2F2 (P = 0.040) and CRABP2 genes (P = 0.030) was significantly higher in the ovarian cancer cell lines than in HOSEs. Furthermore, proteomic analysis showed that expression of 28 spots was significantly altered between YDOV-157 and HOSE. In conclusion, the newly derived YDOV-157 cell line may be an important research resource for studying cancer cell biology and should also be very useful for developing new strategies that inhibit cancer cell growth and progression.
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10
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Scoles DR, Pavelka J, Cass I, Tran H, Baldwin RL, Armstrong K, Karlan BY. Characterization of CSOC 882, a novel immortalized ovarian cancer cell line expressing EGFR, HER2, and activated AKT. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104:120-8. [PMID: 16956650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Only a small number of comprehensively characterized immortalized ovarian cancer cell lines are available for laboratory studies on ovarian cancer. We describe a new ovarian cancer cell line that arose from primary culture of a stage IC, grade III ovarian carcinoma, designated CSOC 882. METHODS We characterized CSOC 882 by karyotyping, growth modeling, immunohistochemical staining, immunoblotting, drug sensitivity testing, and xenografting in nude mice. RESULTS CSOC 882 possessed an abnormal tetraploid karyotype including loss of one copy of chromosomes 2, 17, 19, and 21, and deletion of 8p21. Growth of CSOC 882 was best modeled using the logistic growth equation revealing an average doubling time of 31 h. CSOC 882 cells expressed vimentin, cytokeratin, p53, BRCA1, EGF receptor, HER2, androgen receptor, estrogen receptor alpha, and progesterone receptor, while no evidence of estrogen receptor beta or factor VIII was observed. Some but not all CSOC 882 cells were positive for CA125 reflecting the primary tumor, which had patchy CA125 staining. Drug sensitivity assays demonstrated that CSOC 882 was more sensitive to cisplatin and carboplatin than SKOV3 and HCC1937 while CSOC 882 and SKOV3 were both sensitive to paclitaxel unlike HCC1937. CSOC 882 xenografts retained the original characteristics of vimentin, cytokeratin, and factor VIII labeling. CONCLUSIONS CSOC 882 is an immortalized cell line that has survived more than 130 passages in culture and retained molecular features of the primary tumor from which it was derived. Compared to the most common ovarian carcinoma cell lines, CSOC 882 is a unique resource for genetic and cellular research on ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Scoles
- Women's Cancer Research Institute at Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute and Division of Gynecologic Oncology, CSMC Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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11
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Chan JK, Hamilton CA, Cheung MK, Karimi M, Baker J, Gall JM, Schulz S, Thorne SH, Teng NN, Contag CH, Lum LG, Negrin RS. Enhanced killing of primary ovarian cancer by retargeting autologous cytokine-induced killer cells with bispecific antibodies: a preclinical study. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1859-67. [PMID: 16551871 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo activated and expanded CD8+ natural killer T cells that have been shown to have antitumor activity. This is the first study exploring cell killing of primary ovarian carcinoma cells with and without bispecific antibodies. Primary cancer cells and autologous CIK cells were collected from women with epithelial ovarian cancer. Bispecific antibodies against cancer antigen-125 (BSAbxCA125) and Her2 (BSAbxHer2) were developed using chemical heteroconjugation. On fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, the expansion of CIK cells resulted in a significant increase of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD56+ T cells. With enhancement by bispecific antibodies, the mean percent lysis in a 51Cr release assay of fresh ovarian cancer cells exposed to autologous CIK cells increased from 21.7 +/- 0.3% to 89.4 +/- 2.1% at an E:T ratio of 100:1 (P < 0.001). Anti-NKG2D antibodies attenuated the CIK activity by 56.8% on primary cells (P < 0.001). In a xenograft severe combined immunodeficient mouse model, real-time tumor regression and progression was visualized using a noninvasive in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. Four hours after CIK cell injection, we were able to visualize CD8+NKG2D+ CIK cells infiltrating Her2-expressing cancer cells on fluorescence microscopy. Mice that underwent adoptive transfer of CIK cells redirected with BSAbxCA125 and BSAbxHer2 had significant reduction in tumor burden (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) and improvement in survival (P = 0.05 and P = 0.006) versus those treated with CIK cells alone. Bispecific antibodies significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of CIK cells in primary ovarian cancer cells and in our in vivo mouse model. The mechanism of cytolysis seems to be mediated in part by the NKG2D receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Chan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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12
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Bignone PA, Lee KY, Liu Y, Emilion G, Finch J, Soosay AER, Charnock FML, Beck S, Dunham I, Mungall AJ, Ganesan TS. RPS6KA2, a putative tumour suppressor gene at 6q27 in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2006; 26:683-700. [PMID: 16878154 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We had previously defined by allele loss studies a minimal region at 6q27 (between D6S264 and D6S297) to contain a putative tumour suppressor gene. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-3 gene (p90 Rsk-3, RPS6KA2) maps in this interval. It is a serine-threonine kinase that signals downstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. It is expressed in normal ovarian epithelium, whereas reduced or absent in tumours or cell lines. We show that RPS6KA2 is monoallelically expressed in the ovary suggesting that loss of a single expressed allele is sufficient to cause complete loss of expression in cancer cells. Further, we have identified two new isoforms of RPS6KA2 with an alternative start codon. Homozygous deletions were identified within the RPS6KA2 gene in two cell lines. Re-expression of RPS6KA2 in ovarian cancer cell lines suppressed colony formation. In UCI101 cells, the expression of RPS6KA2 reduced proliferation, caused G1 arrest, increased apoptosis, reduced levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and altered other cell cycle proteins. In contrast, small interfering RNA against RPS6KA2 showed the opposite effect in 41M cells. The above results suggest that RPS6KA2 is a putative tumour suppressor gene to explain allele loss at 6q27.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- RNA Interference
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/genetics
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bignone
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Ovarian Cancer Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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13
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Karimi M, Cao TM, Baker JA, Verneris MR, Soares L, Negrin RS. Silencing Human NKG2D, DAP10, and DAP12 Reduces Cytotoxicity of Activated CD8+T Cells and NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:7819-28. [PMID: 16339517 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human CD8+ T cells activated and expanded by TCR cross-linking and high-dose IL-2 acquire potent cytolytic ability against tumors and are a promising approach for immunotherapy of malignant diseases. We have recently reported that in vitro killing by these activated cells, which share phenotypic and functional characteristics with NK cells, is mediated principally by NKG2D. NKG2D is a surface receptor that is expressed by all NK cells and transmits an activating signal via the DAP10 adaptor molecule. Using stable RNA interference induced by lentiviral transduction, we show that NKG2D is required for cytolysis of tumor cells, including autologous tumor cells from patients with ovarian cancer. We also demonstrated that NKG2D is required for in vivo antitumor activity. Furthermore, both activated and expanded CD8+ T cells and NK cells use DAP10. In addition, direct killing was partially dependent on the DAP12 signaling pathway. This requirement by activated and expanded CD8+ T cells for DAP12, and hence stimulus from a putative DAP12-partnered activating surface receptor, persisted when assayed by anti-NKG2D Ab-mediated redirected cytolysis. These studies demonstrated the importance of NKG2D, DAP10, and DAP12 in human effector cell function.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobin Karimi
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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14
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Abstract
Animal models that are biologically and clinically relevant are essential for conducting research to investigate the pathophysiologic progression of disease and to develop diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. Several rodent models that vary in methods of induction allow appropriate in vivo evaluation for ovarian cancer. The types of rodent models discussed include chemically (nonhormonal and hormonal) induced, genetic (knockout and transgenic), xenograft, and syngeneic. A summary of the available rodent models is provided with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Optimization and application of these rodent models to future research may benefit the detection and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Sloan Stakleff
- Kenneth Calhoun Research Laboratory, Akron General Medical Center, Akron, Ohio USA.
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15
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Liu Y, Dodds P, Emilion G, Mungall AJ, Dunham I, Beck S, Wells RS, Charnock FML, Ganesan TS. The human homologue of unc-93 maps to chromosome 6q27 - characterisation and analysis in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Genet 2002; 3:20. [PMID: 12381271 PMCID: PMC134458 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-3-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Accepted: 10/15/2002] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sporadic ovarian cancer, we have previously reported allele loss at D6S193 (62%) on chromosome 6q27, which suggested the presence of a putative tumour suppressor gene. Based on our data and that from another group, the minimal region of allele loss was between D6S264 and D6S149 (7.4 cM). To identify the putative tumour suppressor gene, we established a physical map initially with YACs and subsequently with PACs/BACs from D6S264 to D6S149. To accelerate the identification of genes, we sequenced the entire contig of approximately 1.1 Mb. Seven genes were identified within the region of allele loss between D6S264 and D6S149. RESULTS The human homologue of unc-93 (UNC93A) in C. elegans was identified to be within the interval of allele loss centromeric to D6S149. This gene is 24.5 kb and comprises of 8 exons. There are two transcripts with the shorter one due to splicing out of exon 4. It is expressed in testis, small intestine, spleen, prostate, and ovary. In a panel of 8 ovarian cancer cell lines, UNC93A expression was detected by RT-PCR which identified the two transcripts in 2/8 cell lines. The entire coding sequence was examined for mutations in a panel of ovarian tumours and ovarian cancer cell lines. Mutations were identified in exons 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8. Only 3 mutations were identified specifically in the tumour. These included a c.452G>A (W151X) mutation in exon 3, c.676C>T (R226X) in exon 5 and c.1225G>A(V409I) mutation in exon 8. However, the mutations in exon 3 and 5 were also present in 6% and 2% of the normal population respectively. The UNC93A cDNA was shown to express at the cell membrane and encodes for a protein of 60 kDa. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that no evidence for UNC93A as a tumour suppressor gene in sporadic ovarian cancer has been identified and further research is required to evaluate its normal function and role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Mutation
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Phillippa Dodds
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Gracy Emilion
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ian Dunham
- Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Spencer Wells
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - F Mark L Charnock
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Trivadi S Ganesan
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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16
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Yanagibashi T, Gorai I, Nakazawa T, Miyagi E, Hirahara F, Kitamura H, Minaguchi H. Complexity of expression of the intermediate filaments of six new human ovarian carcinoma cell lines: new expression of cytokeratin 20. Br J Cancer 1997; 76:829-35. [PMID: 9328139 PMCID: PMC2228076 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Six permanent human ovarian carcinoma cell lines (OVISE, OVTOKO, OVMANA and OVSAYO from clear cell adenocarcinoma, and OVSAHO and OVKATE from serous papillary adenocarcinoma) were established from solid tumours. The cell lines have been in culture for 5-8 years, the passage number varying from 62 to 246. Immunohistochemical analysis has shown that five of the six cell lines express at least six cytokeratin (CK) polypeptides. OVISE and OVSAYO expressed CKs 6, 7, 8, 18, 19 and 15 and/or 16. OVTOKO was positive for CKs 7, 8, 18, 19 and 15 and/or 16. OVSAHO expressed CKs 6, 7, 8, 14, 18, 19 and 15 and/or 16. OVMANA expressed CKs 6, 7, 8, 18, 19, 20 and 15 and/or 16. OVKATE expressed CKs 6, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 15 and/or 16. The expression of CK7, additional expression of vimentin, and clinical and histopathological findings enabled us to confirm that six cell lines had been established from primary ovarian cancers. Two of the six cell lines were positive for CK20, although CK20 was not expressed in the original tumours. The heterotransplanted tumours produced by CK20-positive cells also expressed CK20. This is the first report of ovarian carcinoma cell lines that express CK20 irrespective of their histological type. CK20 has been found in all colon carcinoma cell lines, but only in the mucinous type of ovarian tumours. These new ovarian carcinoma cell lines will therefore provide a relevant experimental system for elucidating the regulatory control mechanisms of intermediate filament expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yanagibashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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17
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Kim JW, Lee CG, Lyu MS, Kim HK, Rha JG, Kim DH, Kim SJ, Namkoong SE. A new cell line from human undifferentiated carcinoma of the ovary: establishment and characterization. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997; 123:82-90. [PMID: 9030246 DOI: 10.1007/bf01269885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A cell line designated CUMO-2 has been established from an undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma. The s.c. injection of cells into nude mice gave rise to fast-growing tumors, while the i.p. route induced a peritoneal carcinomatosis with ascites. Histopathologically, the transplanted s.c. tumors closely resembled the original tumor, but tumors developed in the peritoneal cavity were highly anaplastic. The epithelial nature of the cells was confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. Sequential cytogenetic analyses on early and late passages revealed highly aneuploid tumor cells with consistent structural aberrations of chromosomes 1, 3, 8 and 11. CUMO-2 cells were found to produce CA 125 in vitro and in vivo. Cytosol estrogen receptor (ER) was found but progesterone receptor (PR) was not measured. HLA typing indicated the presence of DR8 and DQw4. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) analog inhibited cell growth and Gn-RH receptor mRNA was detected by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction in this cell line. Administration of transforming growth factor beta 1 inhibited both cell growth and c-myc mRNA expression. This cell line demonstrated a conformational band shift in exon 7 of the p53 gene. It was a frameshift mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Han X, Papadopoulos AJ, Jones TA, Sheer D, Raju KS. SR8--the establishment and characterisation of a new ovarian carcinoma cell line and xenograft model. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A:160-7. [PMID: 8695226 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line, SR8, and xenograft model of ovarian carcinoma has been established in this laboratory over the past 20 months from a patient with advanced ovarian cancer. Electron microscopic examination of SR8 cells demonstrated the presence of desmosomes and tonofilaments; SR8 cells expressed epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and glandular associated cytokeratin, all of these confirmed the epithelial origin of this cell line. In addition, SR8 cells expressed CA125, as did the original ovarian tumour. EGF-R and TP53 expression was identified by immunocytochemistry (ICC) in this line. Nearly all the SR8 cells (93%) expressed HLA-class I antigen while 13.5% expressed HLA-DR. SR8 cells showed near-diploid and -triploid chromosome populations with several clonal and non-clonal rearrangements. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal xenografting of SR8 cells resulted in invasive tumour production at both sites in 3/4 and 4/4 female nude mice, respectively. These xenografts exhibited similar morphology as that of original tumour and were found to express EMA, cytokeratin, CA125 and TP53. The potential research applications of this cell line are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UMDS, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, U.K
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19
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Orth K, Hung J, Gazdar A, Bowcock A, Mathis JM, Sambrook J. Genetic instability in human ovarian cancer cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:9495-9. [PMID: 7937795 PMCID: PMC44839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.20.9495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the stability of microsatellites in cell lines derived from human ovarian cancers and found that 5 out of 10 of the ovarian tumor cell lines are genetically unstable at the majority of the loci analyzed. In clones and subclones derived serially from one of these cell lines (2774; serous cystadenocarcinoma), a very high proportion of microsatellites distributed in many different regions of the genome change their size in a mercurial fashion. We conclude that genomic instability in ovarian tumors is a dynamic and ongoing process whose high frequency may have been previously underestimated by PCR-based allelotyping of bulk tumor tissue. We have identified the source of the genetic instability in one ovarian tumor as a point mutation (R524P) in the human mismatch-repair gene MSH2 (Salmonella MutS homologue), which has recently been shown to be involved in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Patient 2774 was a 38-year-old heterozygote, and her normal tissue carried both mutant and wild-type alleles of the human MSH2 gene. However the wild-type allele was lost at some point early during tumorigenesis so that DNA isolated either from the patient's ovarian tumor or from the 2774 cell line carries only the mutant allele of the human MSH2 gene. The genetic instability observed in the tumor and cell line DNA, together with the germ-line mutation in a mismatch-repair gene, suggest that the MSH2 gene is involved in the onset and/or progression in a subset of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Orth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75235
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