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Gadar K, McCarthy RR. Using next generation antimicrobials to target the mechanisms of infection. NPJ ANTIMICROBIALS AND RESISTANCE 2023; 1:11. [PMID: 38686217 PMCID: PMC11057201 DOI: 10.1038/s44259-023-00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable impact of antibiotics on human health is being eroded at an alarming rate by the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens. There is a recognised consensus that new strategies to tackle infection are urgently needed to limit the devasting impact of antibiotic resistance on our global healthcare infrastructure. Next generation antimicrobials (NGAs) are compounds that target bacterial virulence factors to disrupt pathogenic potential without impacting bacterial viability. By disabling the key virulence factors required to establish and maintain infection, NGAs make pathogens more vulnerable to clearance by the immune system and can potentially render them more susceptible to traditional antibiotics. In this review, we discuss the developing field of NGAs and how advancements in this area could offer a viable standalone alternative to traditional antibiotics or an effective means to prolong antibiotic efficacy when used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gadar
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH United Kingdom
| | - Ronan R. McCarthy
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH United Kingdom
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Garland
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sebastian Loscher
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Cecioni S, Imberty A, Vidal S. Glycomimetics versus Multivalent Glycoconjugates for the Design of High Affinity Lectin Ligands. Chem Rev 2014; 115:525-61. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500303t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Cecioni
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Zhang G. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of bisubstrate analog inhibitors of cholera toxin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3724-7. [PMID: 18515100 PMCID: PMC2536626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bisubstrate analog inhibitors in which a nicotinamide mimic is attached to a series of structurally diversified guanidines (arginine mimics) were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of cholera toxin. The mechanism-based bisubstrate inhibitors were up to 1400-fold more potent than the natural substrate NAD+ and 400-fold more potent than the artificial substrate diethylamino (benzylidine-amino)guanidine (DEABAG) in an assay toward an intrinsically active mutant of wild-type cholera toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, PO Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Fan E, O'Neal CJ, Mitchell DD, Robien MA, Zhang Z, Pickens JC, Tan XJ, Korotkov K, Roach C, Krumm B, Verlinde CLMJ, Merritt EA, Hol WGJ. Structural biology and structure-based inhibitor design of cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin. Int J Med Microbiol 2004; 294:217-23. [PMID: 15532979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural biology studies on cholera toxin and the closely related heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli over the past decade have shed light on the mechanism of toxin action at molecular and atomic levels. Also, components of the extracellular protein secretion apparatus that translocate the toxins across the outer membrane are being investigated. At the same time, structure-based design has led to various classes of compounds targeting different toxin sites, including highly potent multivalent inhibitors that block the toxin receptor-binding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357742, Seattle WA 98195, USA
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Tinker JK, Erbe JL, Hol WGJ, Holmes RK. Cholera holotoxin assembly requires a hydrophobic domain at the A-B5 interface: mutational analysis and development of an in vitro assembly system. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4093-101. [PMID: 12819100 PMCID: PMC162025 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.7.4093-4101.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) and related Escherichia coli enterotoxins LTI and LTIIb have a conserved hydrophobic region at the AB(5) interface postulated to be important for toxin assembly. Hydrophobic residue F223 in the A subunit of CT (CTA) as well as residues 174, L77, and T78 in the B subunit of CT (CTB) were replaced individually with aspartic acid, and the resulting CTA and CTB variants were analyzed for their ability to assemble into holotoxin in vivo. CTA-F223D holotoxin exhibited decreased stability and toxicity and increased susceptibility to proteolysis by trypsin. CTB-L77D was unable to form functional pentamers. CTB-I74D and CTB-T78D formed pentamers that bound to GM(1) and D-galactose but failed to assemble with CTA to form holotoxin. In contrast, CTB-T78D and CTA-F223H interacted with each other to form a significant amount of holotoxin in vivo. Our findings support the importance of hydrophobic interactions between CTA and CTB in holotoxin assembly. We also developed an efficient method for assembly of CT in vitro, and we showed that CT assembled in vitro was comparable to wild-type CT in toxicity and antigenicity. CTB-I74D and CTB-T78D did not form pentamers or holotoxin in vitro, and CTA-F223D did not form holotoxin in vitro. The efficient system for in vitro assembly of CT described here should be useful for future studies on the development of drugs to inhibit CT assembly as well as the development of chimeric CT-like molecules as potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette K Tinker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Abstract
High-resolution crystal structures of AB(5) toxins in their native form or in complex with a variety of ligands have led to the structure-based design and discovery of inhibitors targeting different areas of the toxins. The most significant progress is the development of highly potent multivalent ligands that block binding of the toxins to their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fan
- Department of Biological Structure, Biomolecular Structure Center, WA Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Meadows ES, De Wall SL, Barbour LJ, Fronczek FR, Kim MS, Gokel GW. Structural and Dynamic Evidence for C−H···O Hydrogen Bonding in Lariat Ethers: Implications for Protein Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9940672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Meadows
- Contribution from the Bioorganic Chemistry Program & Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809-1804
| | - Stephen L. De Wall
- Contribution from the Bioorganic Chemistry Program & Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809-1804
| | - Leonard J. Barbour
- Contribution from the Bioorganic Chemistry Program & Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809-1804
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Contribution from the Bioorganic Chemistry Program & Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809-1804
| | - Min-Sook Kim
- Contribution from the Bioorganic Chemistry Program & Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809-1804
| | - George W. Gokel
- Contribution from the Bioorganic Chemistry Program & Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809-1804
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