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Zerihun M, Rubin SJS, Silnitsky S, Qvit N. An Update on Protein Kinases as Therapeutic Targets-Part II: Peptides as Allosteric Protein Kinase C Modulators Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17504. [PMID: 38139336 PMCID: PMC10743673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human protein kinases are highly-sought-after drug targets, historically harnessed for treating cancer, cardiovascular disease, and an increasing number of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Most current treatments involve small molecule protein kinase inhibitors that interact orthosterically with the protein kinase ATP-binding pocket. As a result, these compounds are often poorly selective and highly toxic. Part I of this series reviews the role of PKC isoforms in various human diseases, featuring cancer and cardiovascular disease, as well as translational examples of PKC modulation applied to human health and disease. In the present Part II, we discuss alternative allosteric binding mechanisms for targeting PKC, as well as novel drug platforms, such as modified peptides. A major goal is to design protein kinase modulators with enhanced selectivity and improved pharmacological properties. To this end, we use molecular docking analysis to predict the mechanisms of action for inhibitor-kinase interactions that can facilitate the development of next-generation PKC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulate Zerihun
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed 1311502, Israel; (M.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Samuel J. S. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Shmuel Silnitsky
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed 1311502, Israel; (M.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, P.O. Box 1589, Safed 1311502, Israel; (M.Z.); (S.S.)
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Molecular Signaling to Preserve Mitochondrial Integrity against Ischemic Stress in the Heart: Rescue or Remove Mitochondria in Danger. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123330. [PMID: 34943839 PMCID: PMC8699551 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death and global health problems worldwide, and ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of heart failure (HF). The heart is a high-energy demanding organ, and myocardial energy reserves are limited. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, but under stress conditions, they become damaged, release necrotic and apoptotic factors, and contribute to cell death. Loss of cardiomyocytes plays a significant role in ischemic heart disease. In response to stress, protective signaling pathways are activated to limit mitochondrial deterioration and protect the heart. To prevent mitochondrial death pathways, damaged mitochondria are removed by mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). Mitochondrial quality control mediated by mitophagy is functionally linked to mitochondrial dynamics. This review provides a current understanding of the signaling mechanisms by which the integrity of mitochondria is preserved in the heart against ischemic stress.
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Chaanine AH. Metabolic Remodeling and Implicated Calcium and Signal Transduction Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910579. [PMID: 34638917 PMCID: PMC8508915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is an organ with high-energy demands in which the mitochondria are most abundant. They are considered the powerhouse of the cell and occupy a central role in cellular metabolism. The intermyofibrillar mitochondria constitute the majority of the three-mitochondrial subpopulations in the heart. They are also considered to be the most important in terms of their ability to participate in calcium and cellular signaling, which are critical for the regulation of mitochondrial function and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. This is because they are located in very close proximity with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and for the presence of tethering complexes enabling interorganelle crosstalk via calcium signaling. Calcium is an important second messenger that regulates mitochondrial function. It promotes ATP production and cellular survival under physiological changes in cardiac energetic demand. This is accomplished in concert with signaling pathways that regulate both calcium cycling and mitochondrial function. Perturbations in mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolic remodeling occupy a central role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. In this review we will discuss perturbations in ER-mitochondrial crosstalk and touch on important signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine H. Chaanine
- Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; ; Tel.: +1-(504)-988-1612
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Cilleros-Mañé V, Just-Borràs L, Polishchuk A, Durán M, Tomàs M, Garcia N, Tomàs JM, Lanuza MA. M 1 and M 2 mAChRs activate PDK1 and regulate PKC βI and ε and the exocytotic apparatus at the NMJ. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21724. [PMID: 34133802 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002213r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) regulate cholinergic exocytosis through the M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptors (mAChR), involving the crosstalk between receptors and downstream pathways. Protein kinase C (PKC) regulates neurotransmission but how it associates with the mAChRs remains unknown. Here, we investigate whether mAChRs recruit the classical PKCβI and the novel PKCε isoforms and modulate their priming by PDK1, translocation and activity on neurosecretion targets. We show that each M1 and M2 mAChR activates the master kinase PDK1 and promotes a particular priming of the presynaptic PKCβI and ε isoforms. M1 recruits both primed-PKCs to the membrane and promotes Munc18-1, SNAP-25, and MARCKS phosphorylation. In contrast, M2 downregulates PKCε through a PKA-dependent pathway, which inhibits Munc18-1 synthesis and PKC phosphorylation. In summary, our results discover a co-dependent balance between muscarinic autoreceptors which orchestrates the presynaptic PKC and their action on ACh release SNARE-SM mechanism. Altogether, this molecular signaling explains previous functional studies at the NMJ and guide toward potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cilleros-Mañé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - L Just-Borràs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - A Polishchuk
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M Durán
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - N Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - J M Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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5
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Phosphatidylserine Supplementation as a Novel Strategy for Reducing Myocardial Infarct Size and Preventing Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094401. [PMID: 33922385 PMCID: PMC8122843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserines are known to sustain skeletal muscle activity during intense activity or hypoxic conditions, as well as preserve neurocognitive function in older patients. Our previous studies pointed out a potential cardioprotective role of phosphatidylserine in heart ischemia. Therefore, we investigated the effects of phosphatidylserine oral supplementation in a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We found out that phosphatidylserine increases, significantly, the cardiomyocyte survival by 50% in an acute model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Similar, phosphatidylserine reduced significantly the infarcted size by 30% and improved heart function by 25% in a chronic model of AMI. The main responsible mechanism seems to be up-regulation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKC-ε), the main player of cardio-protection during pre-conditioning. Interestingly, if the phosphatidylserine supplementation is started before induction of AMI, but not after, it selectively inhibits neutrophil's activation, such as Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) expression, without affecting the healing and fibrosis. Thus, phosphatidylserine supplementation may represent a simple way to activate a pre-conditioning mechanism and may be a promising novel strategy to reduce infarct size following AMI and to prevent myocardial injury during myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery. Due to the minimal adverse effects, further investigation in large animals or in human are soon possible to establish the exact role of phosphatidylserine in cardiac diseases.
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Abstract
Preconditioning, a milestone concept in the cardiovascular sciences introduced 32 years back by Murry. This concept opened a new era in the field of organ protection. To start with extensive studies done on ischemic preconditioning for myocardial protection, ischemic preconditioning is an endogenous science of cellular kinetics. Several components in signal transduction cascade have been identified but still some mechanisms not yet revealed. Anesthetic preconditioning also contributed a lot for myocardial protection and concreted the concept of preconditioning. We, with an inquisitive brain meticulously persuing newer methods of cardioprotection. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a brilliant example of it. RIPC can be future of cardioprotection, clinical trials and studies proved the benefits but yet to conclude the superiority of RIPC over myocardial ischemic cardioprotection. This review is an attempt to reveal this extraordinary concept with its basic cellular kinetics, methods, and recent trends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhrid R Annachhatre
- Department of CVTS, MCRI MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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Simó A, Cilleros-Mañé V, Just-Borràs L, Hurtado E, Nadal L, Tomàs M, Garcia N, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. nPKCε Mediates SNAP-25 Phosphorylation of Ser-187 in Basal Conditions and After Synaptic Activity at the Neuromuscular Junction. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5346-5364. [PMID: 30607888 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) and substrates like SNAP-25 regulate neurotransmission. At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), PKC promotes neurotransmitter release during synaptic activity. Thirty minutes of muscle contraction enhances presynaptic PKC isoform levels, specifically cPKCβI and nPKCε, through retrograde BDNF/TrkB signaling. This establishes a larger pool of these PKC isoforms ready to promote neuromuscular transmission. The PKC phosphorylation site in SNAP-25 has been mapped to the serine 187 (Ser-187), which is known to enhance calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release in vitro. Here, we localize SNAP-25 at the NMJ and investigate whether cPKCβI and/or nPKCε regulate SNAP-25 phosphorylation. We also investigate whether nerve and muscle cell activities regulate differently SNAP-25 phosphorylation and the involvement of BDNF/TrkB signaling. Our results demonstrate that nPKCε isoform is essential to positively regulate SNAP-25 phosphorylation on Ser-187 and that muscle contraction prevents it. TrkB and cPKCβI do not regulate SNAP-25 protein level or its phosphorylation during neuromuscular activity. The results provide evidence that nerve terminals need both pre- and postsynaptic activities to modulate SNAP-25 phosphorylation and ensure an accurate neurotransmission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Victor Cilleros-Mañé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Laia Just-Borràs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
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PKCε contributes to lipid-induced insulin resistance through cross talk with p70S6K and through previously unknown regulators of insulin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8996-E9005. [PMID: 30181290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804379115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance drives the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In liver, diacylglycerol (DAG) is a key mediator of lipid-induced insulin resistance. DAG activates protein kinase C ε (PKCε), which phosphorylates and inhibits the insulin receptor. In rats, a 3-day high-fat diet produces hepatic insulin resistance through this mechanism, and knockdown of hepatic PKCε protects against high-fat diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Here, we employed a systems-level approach to uncover additional signaling pathways involved in high-fat diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. We used quantitative phosphoproteomics to map global in vivo changes in hepatic protein phosphorylation in chow-fed, high-fat-fed, and high-fat-fed with PKCε knockdown rats to distinguish the impact of lipid- and PKCε-induced protein phosphorylation. This was followed by a functional siRNA-based screen to determine which dynamically regulated phosphoproteins may be involved in canonical insulin signaling. Direct PKCε substrates were identified by motif analysis of phosphoproteomics data and validated using a large-scale in vitro kinase assay. These substrates included the p70S6K substrates RPS6 and IRS1, which suggested cross talk between PKCε and p70S6K in high-fat diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. These results identify an expanded set of proteins through which PKCε may drive high-fat diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance that may direct new therapeutic approaches for T2D.
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Nowak G, Bakajsova-Takacsova D. Protein kinase Cε targets respiratory chain and mitochondrial membrane potential but not F 0 F 1 -ATPase in renal cells injured by oxidant. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9394-9407. [PMID: 30074270 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that protein kinase Cε (PKCε) is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC). This study examined mitochondrial targets of active PKCε in RPTC injured by the model oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). TBHP exposure augmented the levels of phosphorylated (active) PKCε in mitochondria, which suggested translocation of PKCε to mitochondria after oxidant exposure. Oxidant injury decreased state 3 respiration, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, ATP content, and complex I activity. Further, TBHP exposure increased ΔΨm and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induced mitochondrial fragmentation and RPTC death. PKCε activation by overexpressing constitutively active PKCε exacerbated decreases in state 3 respiration, complex I activity, ATP content, and augmented RPTC death. In contrast, inhibition of PKCε by overexpressing dnPKCε mutant restored state 3 respiration, respiratory control ratio, complex I activity, ΔΨm , and ATP production and content, but did not prevent decreases in F0 F1 -ATPase activity. Inhibition of PKCε prevented oxidant-induced production of ROS and mitochondrial fragmentation, and reduced RPTC death. We conclude that activation of PKCε mediates: (a) oxidant-induced changes in ΔΨm , decreases in mitochondrial respiration, complex I activity, and ATP content; (b) mitochondrial fragmentation; and (c) RPTC death. In contrast, oxidant-induced inhibition of F0 F1 -ATPase activity is not mediated by PKCε. These results show that, in contrast to the protective effects of PKCε in the heart, PKCε activation is detrimental to mitochondrial function and viability in RPTC and mediates oxidant-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Diana Bakajsova-Takacsova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Simó A, Just-Borràs L, Cilleros-Mañé V, Hurtado E, Nadal L, Tomàs M, Garcia N, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. BDNF-TrkB Signaling Coupled to nPKCε and cPKCβI Modulate the Phosphorylation of the Exocytotic Protein Munc18-1 During Synaptic Activity at the Neuromuscular Junction. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:207. [PMID: 29946239 PMCID: PMC6007318 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Munc18-1, a neuron-specific member of the Sec1/Munc18 family, is involved in neurotransmitter release by binding tightly to syntaxin. Munc18-1 is phosphorylated by PKC on Ser-306 and Ser-313 in vitro which reduces the amount of Munc18-1 able to bind syntaxin. We have previously identified that PKC is involved in neurotransmitter release when continuous electrical stimulation imposes a moderate activity on the NMJ and that muscle contraction through TrkB has an important impact on presynaptic PKC isoforms levels, specifically cPKCβI and nPKCε. Therefore, the present study was designed to understand how Munc18-1 phosphorylation is affected by (1) synaptic activity at the neuromuscular junction, (2) nPKCε and cPKCβI isoforms activity, (3) muscle contraction per se, and (4) the BDNF/TrkB signaling in a neuromuscular activity-dependent manner. We performed immunohistochemistry and confocal techniques to evidence the presynaptic location of Munc18-1 in the rat diaphragm muscle. To study synaptic activity, we stimulated the phrenic nerve (1 Hz, 30 min) with or without contraction (abolished by μ-conotoxin GIIIB). Specific inhibitory reagents were used to block nPKCε and cPKCβI activity and to modulate the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Main results obtained from Western blot experiments showed that phosphorylation of Munc18-1 at Ser-313 increases in response to a signaling mechanism initiated by synaptic activity and directly mediated by nPKCε. Otherwise, cPKCβI and TrkB activities work together to prevent this synaptic activity-induced Munc18-1 phosphorylation by a negative regulation of cPKCβI over nPKCε. Therefore, a balance between the activities of these PKC isoforms could be a relevant cue in the regulation of the exocytotic apparatus. The results also demonstrate that muscle contraction prevents the synaptic activity-induced Munc18-1 phosphorylation through a mechanism that opposes the TrkB/cPKCβI/nPKCε signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Laia Just-Borràs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Víctor Cilleros-Mañé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor Secreted from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1096980. [PMID: 29358952 PMCID: PMC5735317 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1096980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study aimed to explore the major factors that account for the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation method, hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was identified as an important factor secreted by MSCs, but not by cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). The protective effects of conditioned medium (CdM) from MSCs or CFs were tested by using either H9C2 cells that were exposed by hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) insult or an in vivo mouse model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Results Compared to CF-CdM, MSC-CdM conferred protection against reperfusion injury. CdM obtained from MSCs that were treated with HDGF-targeted shRNA failed to offer any protection in vitro. In addition, administration of recombinant HDGF alone recapitulated the beneficial effects of MSC-CdM, which was associated with increased protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) phosphorylation, enhanced mitochondria aldehyde dehydrogenase family 2 activity, and decreased 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal accumulation. A significant decrease in infarct size and ameliorated cardiac dysfunction was achieved by administration of HDGF in wild-type mice, which was absent in PKCε dominant negative mice, indicating the essential roles of PKCε in HDGF-mediated protection. Conclusions HDGF secreted from MSCs plays a key role in the protection against reperfusion injury through PKCε activation.
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Nuñez RE, Javadov S, Escobales N. Angiotensin II-preconditioning is associated with increased PKCε/PKCδ ratio and prosurvival kinases in mitochondria. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:1201-1212. [PMID: 28707739 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II-preconditioning (APC) has been shown to reproduce the cardioprotective effects of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), however, the molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of APC remain unknown. In this study, Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to IPC, APC or both (IPC/APC) followed by ischaemia-reperfusion (IR), to determine translocation of PKCε, PKCδ, Akt, Erk1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK and GSK-3β to mitochondria as an indicator of activation of the protein kinases. In agreement with previous observations, IPC, APC and IPC/APC increased the recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), reduced infarct size (IS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, compared to controls. These effects were associated with increased mitochondrial PKCε/PKCδ ratio, Akt, Erk1/2, JNK, and inhibition of permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Chelerythrine, a pan-PKC inhibitor, abolished the enhancements of PKCε but increased PKCδ expression, and inhibited Akt, Erk1/2, and JNK protein levels. The drug had no effect on the APC- and IPC/APC-induced cardioprotection as previously reported, but enhanced the post-ischaemic LVDP in controls. Losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) blocker, abolished the APC-stimulated increase of LVDP and reduced PKCε, Akt, Erk1/2, JNK, and p38. Both drugs reduced ischaemic contracture and LDH release, and abolished the inhibition of mPTP by the preconditioning. Chelerythrine also prevented the reduction of IS by APC and IPC/APC. These results suggest that the cardioprotection induced by APC and IPC/APC involves an AT1-R-dependent translocation of PKCε and survival kinases to the mitochondria leading to mPTP inhibition. In chelerythrine-treated hearts, however, alternate mechanisms appear to maintain cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca E Nuñez
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Nelson Escobales
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Cardioprotection by the transfer of coronary effluent from ischaemic preconditioned rat hearts: identification of cardioprotective humoral factors. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:52. [PMID: 28695353 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) provides myocardial resistance to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. The protection afforded by IPC is not limited to the target tissue but extends to remote tissues, suggesting a mechanism mediated by humoral factors. The aim of the present study was to identify the humoral factors that are responsible for the cardioprotection induced by the coronary effluent transferred from IPC to naïve hearts. Isolated rat hearts were submitted to IPC (three cycles of 5 min I/R) before 30-min global ischaemia and 60-min reperfusion. The coronary effluent (Efl_IPC) collected during IPC was fractionated by ultrafiltration in different molecular weight ranges (<3, 3-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30-50, and >50 kDa) and evaluated for cardioprotective effects by perfusion before I/R in naïve hearts. Only the <3, 5-10 and <10 kDa fractions of hydrophobic eluate reduced I/R injuries. The cardioprotective effect of the 5-10 fraction was blocked by KATP channel blockers and a PKC inhibitor. An Efl_IPC proteomic analysis revealed 14 cytoprotection-related proteins in 4-12 kDa peptides. HSP10 perfusion protected the heart against I/R injuries. These data provide insights into the mechanisms of cardioprotection in humoral factors released by IPC. Cardioprotection is afforded by hydrophobic peptides in the 4-12 kDa size range, which activate pathways that are dependent on PKC and KATP. Fourteen 4-12 kDa peptides were identified, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for these molecules in ischaemic diseases. One of these, HSP10, identified by mass spectrometry, reduced I/R injuries and may be a potential candidate as a therapeutic target.
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Hurtado E, Cilleros V, Nadal L, Simó A, Obis T, Garcia N, Santafé MM, Tomàs M, Halievski K, Jordan CL, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. Muscle Contraction Regulates BDNF/TrkB Signaling to Modulate Synaptic Function through Presynaptic cPKCα and cPKCβI. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:147. [PMID: 28572757 PMCID: PMC5436293 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) acts via tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB) to regulate synapse maintenance and function in the neuromuscular system. The potentiation of acetylcholine (ACh) release by BDNF requires TrkB phosphorylation and Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation. BDNF is secreted in an activity-dependent manner but it is not known if pre- and/or postsynaptic activities enhance BDNF expression in vivo at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Here, we investigated whether nerve and muscle cell activities regulate presynaptic conventional PKC (cPKCα and βI) via BDNF/TrkB signaling to modulate synaptic strength at the NMJ. To differentiate the effects of presynaptic activity from that of muscle contraction, we stimulated the phrenic nerve of rat diaphragms (1 Hz, 30 min) with or without contraction (abolished by μ-conotoxin GIIIB). Then, we performed ELISA, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and electrophysiological techniques. We found that nerve-induced muscle contraction: (1) increases the levels of mature BDNF protein without affecting pro-BDNF protein or BDNF mRNA levels; (2) downregulates TrkB.T1 without affecting TrkB.FL or p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) levels; (3) increases presynaptic cPKCα and cPKCβI protein level through TrkB signaling; and (4) enhances phosphorylation of cPKCα and cPKCβI. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cPKCβI, which is exclusively located in the motor nerve terminals, increases activity-induced acetylcholine release. Together, these results show that nerve-induced muscle contraction is a key regulator of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway, retrogradely activating presynaptic cPKC isoforms (in particular cPKCβI) to modulate synaptic function. These results indicate that a decrease in neuromuscular activity, as occurs in several neuromuscular disorders, could affect the BDNF/TrkB/PKC pathway that links pre- and postsynaptic activity to maintain neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Víctor Cilleros
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Anna Simó
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Teresa Obis
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Manel M Santafé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | | | - Cynthia L Jordan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State UniversityMichigan, MI, United States
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain
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Kang C, Qin J, Osei W, Hu K. Regulation of protein kinase C-epsilon and its age-dependence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:1201-1206. [PMID: 27919679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is an important mediator in the cardioprotection of ischemic preconditioning and has been shown to translocate to mitochondria upon activation. However, little is known about the cellular signaling underlying the translocation of PKC isoforms to mitochondria and its age-dependence. The present study aimed to explore whether adenosine-induced translocation of PKCε to mitochondria is mediated by caveolin-3 and/or adenosine A2B receptor/PI3 kinase mediated signaling, and whether the mitochondrial targeting of PKCε is age-related. Immunofluorescence imaging of isolated mitochondria from cardiomyocytes and H9c2 cells showed that while adenosine-induced increase in mitochondrial PKCε was inhibited by adenosine A1 receptor blocker, pretreatment with adenosine A2B receptor specific inhibitor MRS 1754 or PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin did not significantly reduce adenosine-mediated increase in mitochondrial PKCε. Interestingly, adenosine-induced increase in mitochondrial translocation of PKCε was significantly blocked by suppressing caveolin-3 expression with specific siRNA. When compared to that in young adult rat hearts, the level of mitochondrial PKCε in middle-aged rat hearts was significantly lower at the basal condition and in response to adenosine treatment, along with largely decreased mitochondrial HSP90 and TOM70 protein expression. We demonstrate that adenosine-induced translocation of PKCε to mitochondria is mediated by a caveolin-3-dependent mechanism and this process is age-related, possibly in part, through regulation of HSP90 and TOM70 expression. These results point out a novel mechanism in regulating PKC function in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kang
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jingping Qin
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wil Osei
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keli Hu
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Yu H, Yang Z, Pan S, Yang Y, Tian J, Wang L, Sun W. Hypoxic preconditioning promotes the translocation of protein kinase C ε binding with caveolin-3 at cell membrane not mitochondrial in rat heart. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3557-65. [PMID: 26313243 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1084446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C has been shown to play a central role in the cardioprotection of ischemic preconditioning. However, the mechanism underlying PKC-mediated cardioprotection is not completely understood. Given that caveolae are critical for PKC signaling, we sought to determine whether hypoxic preconditioning promotes translocation and association of PKC isoforms with caveolin-3. A cellular model of hypoxic preconditioning from adult rat cardiac myocytes (ARCM) or H9c2 cells was employed to examine PKC isoforms by molecular, biochemical and cellular imaging analysis. Hypoxia was induced by incubating the cells in an airtight chamber in which O2 was replaced by N2 with glucose-free Tyrode's solution. Cells were subjected to hypoxic preconditioning with 10 minutes of hypoxia followed by 30 minutes of reoxygenation. Western blot data indicated that the band intensity for PKCε, PKCδ or PKCα, but not PKCβ and PKCζ was enhanced significantly by hypoxic preconditioning from the caveolin-enriched plasma membrane interactions. Immunoprecipitation experiments from the caveolin-enriched membrane fractions of ARCM showed that the level of PKCε, PKCδ and PKCα in the anti-caveolin-3 immunoprecipitates was also increased by hypoxic preconditioning. Further, our FRET analysis in H9c2 cells suggested that there is a minimum FRET signal for caveolin-3 and PKCε along cell peripherals, but hypoxic preconditioning enhanced the FRET signal, indicating a potential interaction between caveolin-3 and PKCε. And also treatment of the cells with hypoxic preconditioning led to a smaller amount of translocation of PKCε to the mitochondria than that to the membrane. We demonstrate that hypoxic preconditioning promotes rapid association of PKCε, PKCδ and PKCα with the caveolin-enriched plasma membrane microdomain of cardiac myocytes, and PKCε via direct molecular interaction with caveolin-3. This regulatory mechanism may play an important role in cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yu
- a Department of Molecular Biology ; College of Basic Medical Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun; Jilin , China.,b China-Japan Union Hospital; Jilin University ; Changchun; Jilin , China
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- c NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC); The Ohio State University ; Columbus , OH USA
| | - Su Pan
- b China-Japan Union Hospital; Jilin University ; Changchun; Jilin , China
| | - Yudan Yang
- b China-Japan Union Hospital; Jilin University ; Changchun; Jilin , China
| | - Jiayi Tian
- a Department of Molecular Biology ; College of Basic Medical Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun; Jilin , China
| | - Luowei Wang
- a Department of Molecular Biology ; College of Basic Medical Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun; Jilin , China
| | - Wei Sun
- a Department of Molecular Biology ; College of Basic Medical Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun; Jilin , China
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Maslov LN, Khaliulin I, Oeltgen PR, Naryzhnaya NV, Pei J, Brown SA, Lishmanov YB, Downey JM. Prospects for Creation of Cardioprotective and Antiarrhythmic Drugs Based on Opioid Receptor Agonists. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:871-923. [PMID: 27197922 PMCID: PMC5082499 DOI: 10.1002/med.21395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has now been demonstrated that the μ, δ1 , δ2 , and κ1 opioid receptor (OR) agonists represent the most promising group of opioids for the creation of drugs enhancing cardiac tolerance to the detrimental effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Opioids are able to prevent necrosis and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes during I/R and improve cardiac contractility in the reperfusion period. The OR agonists exert an infarct-reducing effect with prophylactic administration and prevent reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte death when ischemic injury of heart has already occurred; that is, opioids can mimic preconditioning and postconditioning phenomena. Furthermore, opioids are also effective in preventing ischemia-induced arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Khaliulin
- School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | | | - Jian‐Ming Pei
- Department of PhysiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anP. R. China
| | | | - Yury B. Lishmanov
- Research Institute for CardiologyTomskRussia
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University634050TomskRussia
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18
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Scruggs SB, Wang D, Ping P. PRKCE gene encoding protein kinase C-epsilon-Dual roles at sarcomeres and mitochondria in cardiomyocytes. Gene 2016; 590:90-6. [PMID: 27312950 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-epsilon (PKCε) is an isoform of a large PKC family of enzymes that has a variety of functions in different cell types. Here we discuss two major roles of PKCε in cardiac muscle cells; specifically, its role in regulating cardiac muscle contraction via targeting the sarcomeric proteins, as well as modulating cardiac cell energy production and metabolism by targeting cardiac mitochondria. The importance of PKCε action is described within the context of intracellular localization, as substrate selectivity and specificity is achieved through spatiotemporal targeting of PKCε. Accordingly, the role of PKCε in regulating myocardial function in physiological and pathological states has been documented in both cardioprotection and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scruggs
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine (Cardiology) and Bioinformatics, NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ding Wang
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine (Cardiology) and Bioinformatics, NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine (Cardiology) and Bioinformatics, NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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19
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Beyond Preconditioning: Postconditioning as an Alternative Technique in the Prevention of Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8235921. [PMID: 27340509 PMCID: PMC4909928 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8235921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury may significantly compromise hepatic postoperative function. Various hepatoprotective methods have been improvised, aiming at attenuating IR injury. With ischemic preconditioning (IPC), the liver is conditioned with a brief ischemic period followed by reperfusion, prior to sustained ischemia. Ischemic postconditioning (IPostC), consisting of intermittent sequential interruptions of blood flow in the early phase of reperfusion, seems to be a more feasible alternative than IPC, since the onset of reperfusion is more predictable. Regarding the potential mechanisms involved, it has been postulated that the slow intermittent oxygenation through controlled reperfusion decreases the burst production of oxygen free radicals, increases antioxidant activity, suppresses neutrophil accumulation, and modulates the apoptotic cascade. Additionally, favorable effects on mitochondrial ultrastructure and function, and upregulation of the cytoprotective properties of nitric oxide, leading to preservation of sinusoidal structure and maintenance of blood flow through the hepatic circulation could also underlie the protection afforded by postconditioning. Clinical studies are required to show whether biochemical and histological improvements afforded by the reperfusion/reocclusion cycles of postconditioning during early reperfusion can be translated to a substantial clinical benefit in liver resection and transplantation settings or to highlight more aspects of its molecular mechanisms.
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20
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Qiu LY, Chen HP, Yan YF, Li YY, Wang H, Liao ZP, Huang QR. Sasanquasaponin promotes cellular chloride efflux and elicits cardioprotection via the PKCε pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3597-603. [PMID: 26956211 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sasanquasaponin (SQS) is an active component of Camellia oleifera Abel. A recent study by our group demonstrated that SQS was able to inhibit ischemia/reperfusion‑induced elevation of the intracellular chloride ion concentration ([Cl‑]i) and exerted cardioprotective effects; however, the underlying intracellular signal transduction mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. As protein kinase C ε (PKCε) is able to mediate Cl‑ homeostasis, the present study investigated its possible involvement in the effects of SQS on cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiomyocytes were pre‑treated with or without SQS or SQS plus εV1‑2, a selective PKCε inhibitor, followed by simulated ischemia/reperfusion (sI/R). The effects on cell viability, PKCε phosphorylation levels, [Cl‑]i, mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed using an MTS assay, western blot analysis, colorimetric assays and flow cytometry. The results revealed that treatment with SQS prior to sI/R increased the viability of cardiomyocytes, and efficiently attenuated lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase release induced by sI/R. In addition, SQS promoted PKCε phosphorylation and inhibited sI/R‑induced elevation of [Cl‑]i, paralleled by the attenuation of mitochondrial membrane potential loss and ROS generation. However, when the cardiomyocytes were treated with εV1‑2 prior to SQS pre‑conditioning, the cardioprotection induced by SQS was reduced and the inhibitory effects of SQS on sI/R‑induced elevation of [Cl‑]i, production of ROS and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were also attenuated. These findings indicated that SQS may inhibit sI/R‑induced elevation of [Cl‑]i through the PKCε signaling pathway to elicit cardioprotection in cultured cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - He-Ping Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhang-Ping Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Ren Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Abstract
KATP channels are integral to the functions of many cells and tissues. The use of electrophysiological methods has allowed for a detailed characterization of KATP channels in terms of their biophysical properties, nucleotide sensitivities, and modification by pharmacological compounds. However, even though they were first described almost 25 years ago (Noma 1983, Trube and Hescheler 1984), the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these channels, and their regulation by complex biological systems, are only now emerging for many tissues. Even in tissues where their roles have been best defined, there are still many unanswered questions. This review aims to summarize the properties, molecular composition, and pharmacology of KATP channels in various cardiovascular components (atria, specialized conduction system, ventricles, smooth muscle, endothelium, and mitochondria). We will summarize the lessons learned from available genetic mouse models and address the known roles of KATP channels in cardiovascular pathologies and how genetic variation in KATP channel genes contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique N Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William A Coetzee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Sharma R, Randhawa PK, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Bradykinin in ischemic conditioning-induced tissue protection: Evidences and possible mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 768:58-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Rawal S, Manning P, Katare R. Cardiovascular microRNAs: as modulators and diagnostic biomarkers of diabetic heart disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:44. [PMID: 24528626 PMCID: PMC3976030 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic heart disease (DHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the people with diabetes, with approximately 80% of the deaths in diabetics are due to cardiovascular complications. Importantly, heart disease in the diabetics develop at a much earlier stage, although remaining asymptomatic till the later stage of the disease, thereby restricting its early detection and active therapeutic management. Thus, a better understanding of the modulators involved in the pathophysiology of DHD is necessary for the early diagnosis and development of novel therapeutic implications for diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications. microRNAs (miRs) have recently been evolved as key players in the various cardiovascular events through the regulation of cardiac gene expression. Besides their credible involvement in controlling the cellular processes, they are also released in to the circulation in disease states where they serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. However, their potential role in DHD as modulators as well as diagnostic biomarkers is largely unexplored. In this review, we describe the putative mechanisms of the selected cardiovascular miRs in relation to cardiovascular diseases and discuss their possible involvement in the pathophysiology and early diagnosis of DHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Zhong GQ, Tu RH, Zeng ZY, Li QJ, He Y, Li S, He Y, Xiao F. Novel functional role of heat shock protein 90 in protein kinase C-mediated ischemic postconditioning. J Surg Res 2014; 189:198-206. [PMID: 24742623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays a vital role in ischemic preconditioning. The present study was designed to explore whether HSP90 might be responsible for cardioprotection in ischemic postconditioning (PostC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat hearts underwent 30 min of regional ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion in situ, and PostC was effected with three cycles of 30-s reperfusion and 30-s coronary artery occlusion at the end of ischemia. Ninety rats were randomized into five groups: sham; ischemia-reperfusion (I/R); PostC; 1 mg/kg HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) plus PostC (PostC + GA1); and 5 mg/kg GA plus PostC (PostC + GA5). The GA was administered 10 min before reperfusion. RESULTS Compared with the I/R group, the PostC group exhibited lower infarct size (46.7 ± 3.0% versus 27.4 ± 4.0%, respectively), release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB (2252.6 ± 350.8 versus 1713.7 ± 202.4 IU/L, 2804.3 ± 315.7 versus 1846.2 ± 238.0 IU/L, respectively), cardiomyocyte apoptosis (48.4 ± 5.6% versus 27.6 ± 3.8%, respectively), and mitochondrial damage. These beneficial effects were accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial Bcl-2 levels and a decrease in Bax levels. In addition, mitochondrial protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon) was relatively low in the I/R group but significantly higher in the PostC group, whereas cytosolic PKCepsilon was relatively high in the I/R group but significantly lower in the PostC group, suggesting the translocation of PKCepsilon from cytosol to mitochondria during PostC. However, blocking HSP90 function with GA inhibited the protection of PostC and PKCepsilon mitochondrial translocation. CONCLUSIONS HSP90 is critical in PostC-induced cardioprotection, and its activity might be linked to mitochondrial targeting of PKCepsilon, the activation of which results in upregulation of its target gene, Bcl-2, and the inhibition of proapoptotic Bax in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhong
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Rong-Hui Tu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Zeng
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing-Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guang Xi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Bousselmi R, Lebbi MA, Ferjani M. Myocardial ischemic conditioning: Physiological aspects and clinical applications in cardiac surgery. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2013; 26:93-100. [PMID: 24719539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsha.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion is a major determinant of myocardial impairment in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The main goal of research in cardioprotection is to develop effective techniques to avoid ischemia-reperfusion lesions. Myocardial ischemic conditioning is a powerful endogenous cardioprotective phenomenon. First described in animals in 1986, myocardial ischemic conditioning consists of applying increased tolerance of the myocardium to sustained ischemia by exposing it to brief episodes of ischemia-reperfusion. Several studies have sought to demonstrate its effective cardioprotective action in humans and to understand its underlying mechanisms. Myocardial ischemic conditioning has two forms: ischemic preconditioning (IPC) when the conditioning stimulus is applied before the index ischemia and ischemic postconditioning when the conditioning stimulus is applied after it. The cardioprotective action of ischemic conditioning was reproduced by applying the ischemia-reperfusion stimulus to organs remote from the heart. This non-invasive manner of applying ischemic conditioning has led to its application in clinical settings. Clinical trials for the different forms of ischemic conditioning were mainly developed in cardiac surgery. Many studies suggest that this phenomenon can represent an interesting adjuvant to classical cardioprotection during on-pump cardiac surgery. Ischemic conditioning was also tested in interventional cardiology with interesting results. Finally, advances made in the understanding of mechanisms that underlie the cardioprotective action of ischemic conditioning have paved the way to a new form of myocardial conditioning which is pharmacological conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhouane Bousselmi
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Military Hospital of Tunis ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis, El Manar
| | - Mohamed Anis Lebbi
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Military Hospital of Tunis ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis, El Manar
| | - Mustapha Ferjani
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Military Hospital of Tunis ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis, El Manar
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Krenz M, Baines C, Kalogeris T, Korthuis R. Cell Survival Programs and Ischemia/Reperfusion: Hormesis, Preconditioning, and Cardioprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4199/c00090ed1v01y201309isp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Thompson JW, Dave KR, Saul I, Narayanan SV, Perez-Pinzon MA. Epsilon PKC increases brain mitochondrial SIRT1 protein levels via heat shock protein 90 following ischemic preconditioning in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75753. [PMID: 24058702 PMCID: PMC3772907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning is a neuroprotective mechanism whereby a sublethal ischemic exposure is protective against a subsequent lethal ischemic attack. We previously demonstrated that SIRT1, a nuclear localized stress-activated deacetylase, is vital for ischemic preconditioning neuroprotection. However, a recent study demonstrated that SIRT1 can also localize to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial localized SIRT1 may allow for a direct protection of mitochondria following ischemic preconditioning. The objective of this study was to determine whether ischemic preconditioning increases brain mitochondrial SIRT1 protein levels and to determine the role of PKCɛ and HSP90 in targeting SIRT1 to the mitochondria. Here we report that preconditioning rats, with 2 min of global cerebral ischemia, induces a delayed increase in non-synaptic mitochondrial SIRT1 protein levels which was not observed in synaptic mitochondria. This increase in mitochondrial SIRT1 protein was found to occur only in neuronal cells and was mediated by PKCε activation. Inhibition of HSP90, a protein chaperone involved in mitochondrial protein import, prevented preconditioning induced increases in mitochondrial SIRT1 and PKCε protein. Our work provides new insights into a possible direct role of SIRT1 in modulating mitochondrial function under both normal and stress conditions, and to a possible role of mitochondrial SIRT1 in activating preconditioning induced ischemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Thompson
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Isabel Saul
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Srinivasan V. Narayanan
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sivaraman V, Yellon DM. Pharmacologic therapy that simulates conditioning for cardiac ischemic/reperfusion injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013; 19:83-96. [PMID: 24038018 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413499973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of deaths due to noncommunicable diseases, of which ischemic heart disease forms a large percentage. The main therapeutic strategy to treat ischemic heart disease is reperfusion that could either be medical or surgical. However, reperfusion following ischemia is known to increase the infarct size further. Newer strategies such as ischemic preconditioning (IPC), ischemic postconditioning, and remote IPC have been shown to condition the myocardium to ischemia-reperfusion injury and thus reduce the final infarct size. Research over the past 3 decades has deepened our understanding of cellular and subcellular pathways that mediate ischemia-reperfusion injury. This in turn has resulted in the development of several pharmacological agents that act as conditioning agents, which reduce the final myocardial infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion. This review discusses many of these agents, their mechanisms of action, and the animal and clinical evidence behind them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sivaraman
- 1The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Gross ER, Hsu AK, Urban TJ, Mochly-Rosen D, Gross GJ. Nociceptive-induced myocardial remote conditioning is mediated by neuronal gamma protein kinase C. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:381. [PMID: 23982492 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the remote conditioning molecular mechanism may provide targets to develop therapeutics that can broaden the clinical application. To further investigate this, we tested whether two protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, the ubiquitously expressed epsilon PKC (εPKC) and the neuronal-specific gamma PKC (γPKC), mediate nociceptive-induced remote myocardial conditioning. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for both in vivo and ex vivo myocardial ischemia-reperfusion protocols. For the in vivo studies, using a surgical abdominal incision for comparison, applying only to the abdomen either bradykinin or the εPKC activator (ψεRACK) reduced myocardial infarct size (45 ± 1, 44 ± 2 %, respectively, vs. incision: 43 ± 2 %, and control: 63 ± 2 %, P < 0.001). Western blot showed only εPKC, and not γPKC, is highly expressed in the myocardium. However, applying a selective γPKC inhibitor (γV5-3) to the abdominal skin blocked remote protection by any of these strategies. Using an ex vivo isolated heart model without an intact nervous system, only selective εPKC activation, unlike a selective classical PKC isozyme activator (activating α, β, βII, and γ), reduced myocardial injury. Importantly, the classical PKC isozyme activator given to the abdomen in vivo (with an intact nervous system including γPKC) during myocardial ischemia reduced infarct size as effectively as an abdominal incision or ψεRACK (45 ± 1 vs. 45 ± 2 and 47 ± 1 %, respectively). The classical PKC activator-induced protection was also blocked by spinal cord surgical transection. These findings identified potential remote conditioning mimetics, with these strategies effective even during myocardial ischemia. A novel mechanism of nociceptive-induced remote conditioning, involving γPKC, was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Yun N, Lee SM. Activation of protein kinase C delta reduces hepatocellular damage in ischemic preconditioned rat liver. J Surg Res 2013; 185:869-76. [PMID: 23932656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver ischemic preconditioning (IPC), pre-exposure of the liver to transient ischemia, has been applied as a useful surgical method to prevent liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Although activation of protein kinase C (PKC), especially novel PKCs, has been known as central signaling responsible for the liver protection of IPC, determination of the involved isozyme in strong protection afforded by IPC has not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were subjected to 90 min of partial liver ischemia followed by 3, 6, and 24 h of reperfusion. IPC was induced by 10 min of ischemia after 10 min of reperfusion before sustained ischemia. Rottlerin, a PKC-δ selective inhibitor; PKC-εV1-2 peptide, a selective PKC-ε inhibitor; and 3,7-dimethyl-1-[2-propargyl] xanthine, an adenosine A2 receptor antagonist, were intravenously injected before IPC. N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a strong antioxidant, and Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, were injected intraperitoneally before IPC. RESULTS IPC resulted in strong protection against liver I/R injury as evidenced by biochemical and histologic analyses. Inhibition of PKC-δ strongly attenuated the IPC-induced liver protection, whereas PKC-ε inhibition did not exert any effect on IPC-induced protection. Although inhibition of reactive oxygen species, adenosine, and nitric oxide attenuated the beneficial effects of IPC, inhibition of adenosine only attenuated PKC-δ and -ε translocation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that IPC protects against I/R-induced hepatic injury through activation of PKC-δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Yun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Simkhovich BZ, Przyklenk K, Kloner RA. Role of Protein Kinase C in Ischemic “Conditioning”. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013; 18:525-32. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248413494814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) 26 years ago, numerous studies attempted to determine the mechanism of this powerful form of cardioprotection. One of the first proposed pathways of IPC suggested that the preconditioning stimulus activated phospholipase C via G-protein, and diacylglycerol released from phospholipid moieties activated protein kinase C (PKC) by translocating it from the cytosol to the sarcolemmal membranes. The major protective isoform of PKC was found to be the PKC-∊. Despite some contradictions and controversies, today even the most skeptical opponents acknowledge that PKC plays a significant role in the mechanism of IPC. During recent years, both the role and the place of PKC-∊ in the mechanism of IPC have been revised. The current review presents the evolution of the “PKC theory” and summarizes the most recent data regarding the role of PKC in IPC. In addition to classical IPC, PKC appears to play a role in the mechanisms of newer conditioning protocols, that is, remote IPC and ischemic postconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Z. Simkhovich
- Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert A. Kloner
- Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Diacylglycerol kinase α exacerbates cardiac injury after ischemia/reperfusion. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:110-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gao J, Guo J, Li H, Bai S, Li H, Wu B, Wang L, Xi Y, Tian Y, Yang G, Wang R, Wu L, Xu C, Li H. Involvement of dopamine D2 receptors activation in ischemic post-conditioning-induced cardioprotection through promoting PKC-ε particulate translocation in isolated rat hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 379:267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Lang XE, Wang X, Zhang KR, Lv JY, Jin JH, Li QS. Isoflurane preconditioning confers cardioprotection by activation of ALDH2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52469. [PMID: 23468836 PMCID: PMC3585331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile anesthetic, isoflurane, protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is thought to be an endogenous mechanism against ischemia-reperfusion injury possibly through detoxification of toxic aldehydes. We investigated whether cardioprotection by isoflurane depends on activation of ALDH2.Anesthetized rats underwent 40 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion and were randomly assigned to the following groups: untreated controls, isoflurane preconditioning with and without an ALDH2 inhibitor, the direct activator of ALDH2 or a protein kinase C (PKCε) inhibitor. Pretreatment with isoflurane prior to ischemia reduced LDH and CK-MB levels and infarct size, while it increased phosphorylation of ALDH2, which could be blocked by the ALDH2 inhibitor, cyanamide. Isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes were treated with hypoxia followed by reoxygenation. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and injury which were attenuated by isoflurane and forced the activation of ALDH2. In contrast, the effect of isoflurane-induced protection was almost abolished by knockdown of ALDH2. Activation of ALDH2 and cardioprotection by isoflurane were substantially blocked by the PKCε inhibitor. Activation of ALDH2 by mitochondrial PKCε plays an important role in the cardioprotection of isoflurane in myocardium I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-E Lang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ke-Rang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jian-Hua Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Tian YS, Rong TZ, Hong YL, Min L, Jian PG. Pharmacological postconditioning with diazoxide attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in rat liver. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1169-1173. [PMID: 23596486 PMCID: PMC3627466 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that ischemic postconditioning (IPO) is capable of attenuating ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart. However, the novel role of pharmacological postconditioning in the liver remains unclear. In this study, the hypothesis that diazoxide postconditioning reduces I/R-induced injury in rat liver was tested. Rats were assigned randomly to the sham-operated control, I/R (occlusion of the porta hepatis for 60 min, followed by a persistent reperfusion for 120 min), diazoxide ischemic postconditioning (DIPO; occlusion of the porta hepatis for 60 min, then treatment with diazoxide for 10 min reperfusion, followed by a persistent reperfusion for 110 min) or 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD)+DIPO (occlusion of the porta hepatis for 60 min, then treatment with diazoxide and 5-HD for 10 min reperfusion, followed by a persistent reperfusion for 110 min) groups. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were assayed. The expression levels of protein kinase c-ε (pkc-ε), cytochrome c (cyt-c), caspase-3 and bcl-2 protein were determined by western blotting. The serum levels of ALT and AST and expression levels of cyt-c and caspase-3 were significantly lower in the DIPO group (P<0.05). However, the protein expression levels of pkc-ε and bcl-2 were markedly increased in the DIPO group (P<0.05). 5-HD abrogated the protective effects of DIPO. The data of the present study provide the first evidence that DIPO protects the liver from I/R injury by opening the mitochondrial KATP channels, activating and upregulating pkc-ε and inhibiting the activation of the apoptotic pathway by decreasing the release of cyt-c and the expression of caspase-3 and increasing bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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36
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Patil VA, Greenberg ML. Cardiolipin-mediated cellular signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 991:195-213. [PMID: 23775697 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6331-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent studies showing that cardiolipin (CL), a unique mitochondrial phospholipid, regulates many cellular functions and signaling pathways, both inside and outside the mitochondria. Inside the mitochondria, CL is a critical target of mitochondrial generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulates signaling events related to apoptosis and aging. CL deficiency causes perturbation of signaling pathways outside the mitochondria, including the PKC-Slt2 cell integrity pathway and the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, and is a key player in the cross-talk between the mitochondria and the vacuole. Understanding these connections may shed light on the pathology of Barth syndrome, a disorder of CL remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay A Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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37
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miR-1 exacerbates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse models. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50515. [PMID: 23226300 PMCID: PMC3511560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating cardiac injury. Among them, the cardiac enriched microRNA-1(miR-1) has been extensively investigated and proven to be detrimental to cardiac myocytes. However, solid in vivo evidence for the role of miR-1 in cardiac injury is still missing and the potential therapeutic advantages of systemic knockdown of miR-1 expression remained unexplored. In this study, miR-1 transgenic (miR-1 Tg) mice and locked nucleic acid modified oligonucleotide against miR-1 (LNA-antimiR-1) were used to explore the effects of miR-1 on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury (30 min ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion). The cardiac miR-1 level was significantly increased in miR-1 Tg mice, and suppressed in LNA-antimiR-1 treated mice. When subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury, miR-1 overexpression exacerbated cardiac injury, manifested by increased LDH, CK levels, caspase-3 expression, apoptosis and cardiac infarct area. On the contrary, LNA-antimiR-1 treatment significantly attenuated cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. The expression of PKCε and HSP60 was significantly repressed by miR-1 and enhanced by miR-1 knockdown, which may be a molecular mechanism for the role miR-1 in cardiac injury. Moreover, luciferase assay confirmed the direct regulation of miR-1 on protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). In summary, this study demonstrated that miR-1 is a causal factor for cardiac injury and systemic LNA-antimiR-1 therapy is effective in ameliorating the problem.
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Sun Z, Hamilton KL, Reardon KF. Phosphoproteomics and molecular cardiology: Techniques, applications and challenges. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:354-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yun N, Kim SH, Lee SM. Differential consequences of protein kinase C activation during early and late hepatic ischemic preconditioning. J Physiol Sci 2012; 62:199-209. [PMID: 22359070 PMCID: PMC10717168 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-012-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in the protection of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), but the exact role of PKC in early and late hepatic IPC is still unclear. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the differential role of PKC during early and late hepatic IPC. Rats were subjected to 90 min of partial hepatic ischemia followed by 3 (early IPC) and 24 h (late IPC) of reperfusion. IPC was induced by 10 min of ischemia following 10 min of reperfusion prior to sustained ischemia, and chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor, was injected 10 min before IPC (5 mg/kg, i.v.). Chelerythrine abrogated the protection of early IPC, as indicated by increased serum aminotransferase activities and decreased hepatic glutathione content. While the IPC-treated group showed a few apoptotic cell deaths during both phases, chelerythrine attenuated these changes only at late IPC and limited IPC-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) overexpression. Membrane translocation of PKC-δ and -ε during IPC was blocked by chelerythrine. Our results suggest that PKC might play a differential role in early and late IPC; activation of PKC-δ and -ε prevents necrosis in early IPC through preservation of redox state and prevents apoptosis in late IPC with iNOS and HO-1 induction. Therefore, PKC represents a promising target for hepatocyte tolerance to ischemic injury, and understanding the differential role of PKC in early and late IPC is important for clinical application of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Yun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
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40
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Identification of a pivotal endocytosis motif in c-Met and selective modulation of HGF-dependent aggressiveness of cancer using the 16-mer endocytic peptide. Oncogene 2012; 32:1018-29. [PMID: 22525273 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since c-Met has an important role in the development of cancer, it is considered as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Although molecular mechanisms for oncogenic property of c-Met have been actively investigated, regulatory elements for c-Met endocytosis and its effect on c-Met signaling remain unclear. In this study, we identified a pivotal endocytic motif in c-Met and tested it for selective modulation of HGF-induced c-Met response. Using various chimeric constructs with the cytoplasmic tail of c-Met, we were able to demonstrate that a dileucine motif located in the C-terminus of c-Met acts to regulate its endocytosis. Synthetic peptide Ant-3S, consisting of antennapedia-derived protein transduction domain (designated as Ant) and c-Met-derived 16 amino-acids (designated as 3S, spanning amino-acids 1378 to 1393), rapidly moved into cancer cells and disrupted c-Met trafficking. Importantly, an extension of c-Met retention time on the membrane by Ant-3S peptide significantly decreased phosphorylation-dependent c-Met signal transduction. Additionally, the peptide effectively inhibited HGF-induced cell growth, scattering and migration. The underlying molecular mechanism for these observations has been investigated and revealed that the dileucine motif interacts with endocytic machinery, including adaptin β and caveolin-1, for sustained and enhanced signal transduction. Finally, Ant-3S peptide specifically blocked internalization of interleukin-2 receptor α-subunit/3S chimeric protein, but not the other receptors, including Glut4, Glut8 and transferrin receptor. Such results indicate the presence of a selective endocytic assembly for c-Met. It also suggests a potential for c-Met-specific anti-cancer therapy using the identified endocytic motif in this study.
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41
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Yang Z, Sun W, Hu K. Molecular mechanism underlying adenosine receptor-mediated mitochondrial targeting of protein kinase C. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:950-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bell JR, Mellor KM, Wollermann AC, Delbridge LM. Cardiac ischaemic stress: cardiomyocyte Ca²⁺, sex and sex steroids. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 38:717-23. [PMID: 21722161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
1. Important sex differences exist in ischaemic heart disease. Oestrogen has been conventionally regarded as providing a cardioprotective benefit and testosterone frequently perceived to exert a deleterious effect. However, there is accumulating evidence that argues against this simple dichotomy, suggesting that the influence of oestrogen and testosterone conferring benefit or detriment may be context specific. 2. Cardiomyocyte calcium (Ca(2+)) loading is recognized to be a major factor in acute ischaemia-reperfusion pathology, promoting cell death, contractile dysfunction and arrhythmogenic activity. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is a mediator of many of the cardiomyocyte Ca(2+)-related pathologies in ischaemia-reperfusion. Cardiomyocyte Ca(2+)-handling processes have been shown to be modulated by the actions of oestrogen and testosterone. A role for these sex steroids in influencing CaMKII activation is argued. 3. Although many experimental studies of oestrogen manipulation can identify a cardioprotective role for this sex steroid, there are also numerous reports that fail to demonstrate sex differences in postischaemic recovery. Experimental studies report that testosterone can be protective in ischaemia-reperfusion in males and females in some settings. 4. Further studies of sex steroid influence in the ischaemic heart will allow the development of therapeutic interventions that are specifically targeted for male and female hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Bell
- Cardiac Phenomics, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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43
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Chanyshev B, Shainberg A, Isak A, Chepurko Y, Porat E, Hochhauser E. Conditioned medium from hypoxic cells protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 363:167-78. [PMID: 22160856 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis of the present study is that cardiomyocytes subjected to prolonged ischemia, may release survival factors that will protect new cardiac cells from ischemic stress. We exposed neonatal rat cardiomyocyte primary cultures to hypoxia, collected the supernatant, treated intact cardiac cells by this posthypoxic supernatant, and exposed them to hypoxia. The results show cardioprotection of the treated cells compared with the untreated ones. We named the collected posthypoxic supernatant "conditioned medium" (CM), which acts in a dose-dependent manner to protect new cardiac cells from hypoxia: 100 or 75% of CM diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) protected cells as if they were not exposed to hypoxia (P < 0.001). When CM was removed from the cells before hypoxia, protection was not observed. CM also protected skeletal muscle cultures from hypoxia, but not cardiac cells against H(2)O(2)-induced cell damage. Finally, CM treatment protected the isolated heart in Langendorff set-up against ischemia. Smaller infarct size (9.9 ± 4.4% vs. 28.3 ± 8.5%, P < 0.05), better Rate Pressure Product (67 ± 11% vs. 48.6 ± 13.4%, P < 0.05) and better rate of contraction and relaxation were observed following ischemia and reperfusion (1341 ± 399 mmHg/s vs. 951 ± 349 mmHg/s, P < 0.05 and 1053 ± 347 mmHg/s vs. 736 ± 314 mmHg/s, P < 0.05). To conclude, there are factors that are released from the heart cells subjected to ischemia/hypoxia that protects cardiomyocytes from ischemic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chanyshev
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat Gan, Israel
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Okazaki T, Otani H, Shimazu T, Yoshioka K, Fujita M, Iwasaka T. Ascorbic acid and N-acetyl cysteine prevent uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase and increase tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rat heart. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1173-83. [PMID: 21756052 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.605361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress may cause a loss of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a co-factor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), decrease the bioavailability of NO and aggravate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in diabetic heart. We hypothesized that ascorbic acid (AA) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) protect the diabetic heart from I/R injury by increasing BH4/dihydrobiopterin (BH2) ratio and inhibiting uncoupling of NOS. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by streptozotocin treatment, and the hearts were isolated and perfused. BH4 and BH4/BH2 ratio decreased in the diabetic heart associated with increased production of superoxide and nitrotyrosine (NT). Treatment with AA or NAC significantly increased BH4/BH2 ratio in the diabetic heart associated with decreased production of superoxide and NT and increased generation of nitrate plus nitrite (NOx). Pre-treatment with AA or NAC before 30 min ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion improved left ventricular (LV) function and reduced infarct size in the diabetic but not non-diabetic hearts. The NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, inhibited the increase in the generation of superoxide, NT and NOx, but aggravated LV function and increased infarct size in the diabetic heart. L-NAME also abrogated the increase in NOx and improvement of LV function and the infarct size-limiting effect induced by AA or NAC in the diabetic heart. These results suggest that AA and NAC increase BH4/BH2 ratio and prevent NOS uncoupling in the diabetic heart. Resultant increase in the bioavailability of NO renders the diabetic heart toleratant to I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Okazaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
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Xiang SY, Vanhoutte D, Del Re DP, Purcell NH, Ling H, Banerjee I, Bossuyt J, Lang RA, Zheng Y, Matkovich SJ, Miyamoto S, Molkentin JD, Dorn GW, Brown JH. RhoA protects the mouse heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3269-76. [PMID: 21747165 DOI: 10.1172/jci44371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA serves as a nodal point for signaling through hormones and mechanical stretch. However, the role of RhoA signaling in cardiac pathophysiology is poorly understood. To address this issue, we generated mice with cardiomyocyte-specific conditional expression of low levels of activated RhoA (CA-RhoA mice) and demonstrated that they exhibited no overt cardiomyopathy. When challenged by in vivo or ex vivo ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), however, the CA-RhoA mice exhibited strikingly increased tolerance to injury, which was manifest as reduced myocardial lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and infarct size and improved contractile function. PKD was robustly activated in CA-RhoA hearts. The cardioprotection afforded by RhoA was reversed by PKD inhibition. The hypothesis that activated RhoA and PKD serve protective physiological functions during I/R was supported by several lines of evidence. In WT mice, both RhoA and PKD were rapidly activated during I/R, and blocking PKD augmented I/R injury. In addition, cardiac-specific RhoA-knockout mice showed reduced PKD activation after I/R and strikingly decreased tolerance to I/R injury, as shown by increased infarct size and LDH release. Collectively, our findings provide strong support for the concept that RhoA signaling in adult cardiomyocytes promotes survival. They also reveal unexpected roles for PKD as a downstream mediator of RhoA and in cardioprotection against I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Yang Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, San Diego, California 92093-0636, USA
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Sakamoto K, Nakahara T, Ishii K. Rho-Rho kinase pathway is involved in the protective effect of early ischemic preconditioning in the rat heart. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:156-9. [PMID: 21212536 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase is absolutely necessary for the cardioprotection of early ischemic preconditioning in the heart. Reorganization of actin cytoskeleton after translocation of HSP27, which is mediated by p38 MAP kinase, was reported to be necessary for the cardioprotective effect of early ischemic preconditioning. Although Rho and Rho kinase are reported to regulate reorganization of actin filaments, it is unknown whether Rho-Rho kinase pathway is involved in the cardioprotective effect of early ischemic preconditioning. The aim of the present study is to determine the involvement of Rho-Rho kinase pathway in the protective effect of early ischemic preconditioning in the rat hearts. Dominant-negative Rho significantly reduced the hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase, and constitutive active Rho activated p38 MAP kinase in rat myoblast H9c2 cells. Y-27632, a specific Rho kinase inhibitor, concentration-dependently attenuated the post-ischemic recovery of left ventricular developed pressure by early ischemic preconditioning. Thus, Rho-Rho kinase pathway is, at least in part, involved in the mechanism of early ischemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan.
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Nowak G, Bakajsova D, Samarel AM. Protein kinase C-epsilon activation induces mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation in renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F197-208. [PMID: 21289057 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00364.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC-ε activation mediates protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in the myocardium. Mitochondria are a subcellular target of these protective mechanisms of PKC-ε. Previously, we have shown that PKC-ε activation is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in oxidant-injured renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC; Nowak G, Bakajsova D, Clifton GL Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286: F307-F316, 2004). The goal of this study was to examine the role of PKC-ε activation in mitochondrial dysfunction and to identify mitochondrial targets of PKC-ε in RPTC. The constitutively active and inactive mutants of PKC-ε were overexpressed in primary cultures of RPTC using the adenoviral technique. Increases in active PKC-ε levels were accompanied by PKC-ε translocation to mitochondria. Sustained PKC-ε activation resulted in decreases in state 3 respiration, electron transport rate, ATP production, ATP content, and activities of complexes I and IV and F(0)F(1)-ATPase. Furthermore, PKC-ε activation increased mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidant production and induced mitochondrial fragmentation and RPTC death. Accumulation of the dynamin-related protein in mitochondria preceded mitochondrial fragmentation. Antioxidants blocked PKC-ε-induced increases in the oxidant production but did not prevent mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death. The inactive PKC-ε mutant had no effect on mitochondrial functions, morphology, oxidant production, and RPTC viability. We conclude that active PKC-ε targets complexes I and IV and F(0)F(1)-ATPase in RPTC. PKC-ε activation mediates mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperpolarization, and fragmentation. It also induces oxidant generation and cell death, but oxidative stress is not the mechanism of RPTC death. These results show that in contrast to protective effects of PKC-ε activation in cardiomyocytes, sustained PKC-ε activation is detrimental to mitochondrial function and viability in RPTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Boengler K, Heusch G, Schulz R. Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins and their role in cardioprotection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1286-94. [PMID: 21255616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, mitochondria are both a source and a target of injury. In cardioprotective maneuvers such as ischemic and pharmacological pre- and postconditioning mitochondria have a decisive role. Since about 99% of the mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus, deleterious and protective mitochondrial effects most likely comprise the import of cytosolic proteins. The present review therefore discusses the role of mitochondria in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and protection from it, focusing on some cytosolic proteins, which are translocated into mitochondria before, during, or following ischemia/reperfusion. Both morphological and functional alterations are discussed at the level of the heart, the cardiomyocyte and/or the mitochondrion itself. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondria and Cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institut für Pathophysiologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Tissier R, Ghaleh B, Berdeaux A. Ischémie-reperfusion myocardique — Préconditionnement. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-010-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
A series of brief ischemia/reperfusion cycles (termed ischemic preconditioning, IPC) limits myocardial injury produced by a subsequent prolonged period of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Over the last 2 decades our understanding of IPC's mechanism has increased exponentially. Hearts exposed to IPC have a better metabolic and ionic status during prolonged ischemia compared to naïve hearts. However, this difference is not thought to be the main mechanism by which IPC protects against infarction. Signaling pathways that are activated by IPC distinguish IPC hearts from naïve hearts. During the trigger phase of IPC, adenosine, bradykinin and opioid receptors are occupied. Although these three receptors trigger signaling through divergent pathways, the signaling converges on protein kinase C. We have proposed that at the end of the index ischemia the activated PKC sensitizes the low-affinity A(2b) adenosine receptor (A(2b)AR) through phosphorylation of either the receptor or its coupling proteins so that A(2b)AR can be activated by endogenous adenosine released by the previously ischemic cardiomyocytes. The sensitized A(2b)AR would then be responsible for activation of the survival kinases including PI3 kinase, Akt and ERK which then act to inhibit lethal mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation which normally uncouples mitochondria and destroys many myocytes in the first minutes of reperfusion. Herein we review the evidence for the above mechanisms and their functional details.
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