1
|
Fulop T, Larbi A, Pawelec G, Cohen AA, Provost G, Khalil A, Lacombe G, Rodrigues S, Desroches M, Hirokawa K, Franceschi C, Witkowski JM. Immunosenescence and Altered Vaccine Efficiency in Older Subjects: A Myth Difficult to Change. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040607. [PMID: 35455356 PMCID: PMC9030923 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal ageing is associated with many physiological changes, including differences in the immune system of most animals. These differences are often considered to be a key cause of age-associated diseases as well as decreased vaccine responses in humans. The most often cited vaccine failure is seasonal influenza, but, while it is usually the case that the efficiency of this vaccine is lower in older than younger adults, this is not always true, and the reasons for the differential responses are manifold. Undoubtedly, changes in the innate and adaptive immune response with ageing are associated with failure to respond to the influenza vaccine, but the cause is unclear. Moreover, recent advances in vaccine formulations and adjuvants, as well as in our understanding of immune changes with ageing, have contributed to the development of vaccines, such as those against herpes zoster and SARS-CoV-2, that can protect against serious disease in older adults just as well as in younger people. In the present article, we discuss the reasons why it is a myth that vaccines inevitably protect less well in older individuals, and that vaccines represent one of the most powerful means to protect the health and ensure the quality of life of older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.K.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Alan A. Cohen
- Groupe de Recherche PRIMUS, Department of Family Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Ave N, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | | | - Abedelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Guy Lacombe
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain;
- BCAM—The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, CEDEX, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France;
- The Jean Alexandre Dieudonné Laboratory, Université Côte d’Azur, CEDEX 2, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Laboratory of Systems Biology of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky State University, 603000 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Jacek M. Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schiffers C, Reynaert NL, Wouters EFM, van der Vliet A. Redox Dysregulation in Aging and COPD: Role of NOX Enzymes and Implications for Antioxidant Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111799. [PMID: 34829671 PMCID: PMC8615131 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With a rapidly growing elderly human population, the incidence of age-related lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to rise. It is widely believed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in ageing and in age-related disease, and approaches of antioxidant supplementation have been touted as useful strategies to mitigate age-related disease progression, although success of such strategies has been very limited to date. Involvement of ROS in ageing is largely attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired adaptive antioxidant responses. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes represent an important enzyme family that generates ROS in a regulated fashion for purposes of oxidative host defense and redox-based signalling, however, the associations of NOX enzymes with lung ageing or age-related lung disease have to date only been minimally addressed. The present review will focus on our current understanding of the impact of ageing on NOX biology and its consequences for age-related lung disease, particularly COPD, and will also discuss the implications of altered NOX biology for current and future antioxidant-based strategies aimed at treating these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Schiffers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.S.); (E.F.M.W.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Niki L. Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Emiel F. M. Wouters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.S.); (E.F.M.W.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.S.); (E.F.M.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schiffers C, Lundblad LKA, Hristova M, Habibovic A, Dustin CM, Daphtary N, Aliyeva M, Seward DJ, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Wouters EFM, Reynaert NL, van der Vliet A. Downregulation of DUOX1 function contributes to aging-related impairment of innate airway injury responses and accelerated senile emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L144-L158. [PMID: 33951398 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00021.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a gradual loss of lung function due to increased cellular senescence, decreased regenerative capacity, and impaired innate host defense. One important aspect of innate airway epithelial host defense to nonmicrobial triggers is the secretion of alarmins such as IL-33 and activation of type 2 inflammation, which were previously found to depend on activation of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) homolog DUOX1, and redox-dependent signaling pathways that promote alarmin secretion. Here, we demonstrate that normal aging of C57BL/6J mice resulted in markedly decreased lung innate epithelial type 2 responses to exogenous triggers such as the airborne allergen Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, which was associated with marked downregulation of DUOX1, as well as DUOX1-mediated redox-dependent signaling. DUOX1 deficiency was also found to accelerate age-related airspace enlargement and decline in lung function but did not consistently affect other features of lung aging such as senescence-associated inflammation. Intriguingly, observations of age-related DUOX1 downregulation and enhanced airspace enlargement due to DUOX1 deficiency in C57BL/6J mice, which lack a functional mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), were much less dramatic in C57BL/6NJ mice with normal NNT function, although the latter mice also displayed impaired innate epithelial injury responses with advancing age. Overall, our findings indicate a marked aging-dependent decline in (DUOX1-dependent) innate airway injury responses to external nonmicrobial triggers, but the impact of aging on DUOX1 downregulation and its significance for age-related senile emphysema development was variable between different C57BL6 substrains, possibly related to metabolic alterations due to differences in NNT function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Schiffers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart K A Lundblad
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Aida Habibovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Christopher M Dustin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nirav Daphtary
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Minara Aliyeva
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Ludwig Boltzman Institute for Lung Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu Q, Fu S, Zhang Q, Tian J, Zhao Y, Yao Y. Female Fertility Has a Negative Relationship With Longevity in Chinese Oldest-Old Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:616207. [PMID: 33613452 PMCID: PMC7887279 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.616207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite research efforts in this field for more than a century, the relationship between female fertility and longevity is unclear. This study was designed to investigate this relationship in Chinese oldest-old population. METHODS The China Hainan Centenarian Cohort Study was performed in 18 cities and counties of Hainan. A total of 1,226 females, including 758 centenarian women and 468 women aged 80-99 years, were enrolled in this study. Using a standardized protocol, in-person interviews and blood analyses were conducted by a well-trained research team through home visits. RESULTS Centenarian women had significantly lower number of children (NOC) and higher initial childbearing age (ICA) and last childbearing age (LCA) than women aged 80-99 years (p < 0.05 for all). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NOC and testosterone (T) levels were positively associated with women aged 80-99 years, when centenarian women was considered as reference (p < 0.05 for all). ICA, LCA, and estradiol (E2) levels were negatively associated with women aged 80-99 years, when centenarian women was considered as reference (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS The centenarians had crucial characteristics of less and delayed childbearing, indicating a negative relationship between female fertility and longevity in Chinese oldest-old population. Serum E2 levels were positively associated and serum T levels were negatively associated with longevity. The less and late childbearing might be a significant factor of longevity, and successful aging might be promoted by reducing and delaying female childbearing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Shihui Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Jinwen Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Jinwen Tian, ; Yali Zhao, ; Yao Yao,
| | - Yali Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Jinwen Tian, ; Yali Zhao, ; Yao Yao,
| | - Yao Yao
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, Raissun Institute for Advanced Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatrics Division, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Jinwen Tian, ; Yali Zhao, ; Yao Yao,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zandveld J, van den Heuvel J, Mulder M, Brakefield PM, Kirkwood TBL, Shanley DP, Zwaan BJ. Pervasive gene expression responses to a fluctuating diet in Drosophila melanogaster: The importance of measuring multiple traits to decouple potential mediators of life span and reproduction. Evolution 2017; 71:2572-2583. [PMID: 28833068 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is an important concept in life-history evolution, and most organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster, show a plastic life-history response to diet. However, little is known about how these life-history responses are mediated. In this study, we compared adult female flies fed an alternating diet (yoyo flies) with flies fed a constant low (CL) or high (CH) diet and tested how whole genome expression was affected by these diet regimes and how the transcriptional responses related to different life-history traits. We showed that flies were able to respond quickly to diet fluctuations throughout life span by drastically changing their transcription. Importantly, by measuring the response of multiple life-history traits we were able to decouple groups of genes associated with life span or reproduction, life-history traits that often covary with a diet change. A coexpression network analysis uncovered which genes underpin the separate and shared regulation of these life-history traits. Our study provides essential insights to help unravel the genetic architecture mediating life-history responses to diet, and it shows that the flies' whole genome transcription response is highly plastic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Zandveld
- Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost van den Heuvel
- Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Mulder
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Rapenburg 58, 2311 EZ, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Brakefield
- Department of Zoology, University Museum of Zoology Cambridge, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B L Kirkwood
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daryl P Shanley
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gottschling DE, Nyström T. The Upsides and Downsides of Organelle Interconnectivity. Cell 2017; 169:24-34. [PMID: 28340346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interconnectivity and feedback control are hallmarks of biological systems. This includes communication between organelles, which allows them to function and adapt to changing cellular environments. While the specific mechanisms for all communications remain opaque, unraveling the wiring of organelle networks is critical to understand how biological systems are built and why they might collapse, as occurs in aging. A comprehensive understanding of all the routes involved in inter-organelle communication is still lacking, but important themes are beginning to emerge, primarily in budding yeast. These routes are reviewed here in the context of sub-system proteostasis and complex adaptive systems theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van den Heuvel J, English S, Uller T. Disposable Soma Theory and the Evolution of Maternal Effects on Ageing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145544. [PMID: 26752635 PMCID: PMC4709080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects are ubiquitous in nature and affect a wide range of offspring phenotypes. Recent research suggests that maternal effects also contribute to ageing, but the theoretical basis for these observations is poorly understood. Here we develop a simple model to derive expectations for (i) if maternal effects on ageing evolve; (ii) the strength of maternal effects on ageing relative to direct environmental effects; and (iii) the predicted relationships between environmental quality, maternal age and offspring lifespan. Our model is based on the disposable soma theory of ageing, and the key assumption is thus that mothers trade off their own somatic maintenance against investment in offspring. This trade-off affects the biological age of offspring at birth in terms of accumulated damage, as indicated by biomarkers such as oxidative stress or telomere length. We find that the optimal allocation between investment in maternal somatic investment and investment in offspring results in old mothers and mothers with low resource availability producing offspring with reduced life span. Furthermore, the effects are interactive, such that the strongest maternal age effects on offspring lifespan are found under low resource availability. These findings are broadly consistent with results from laboratory studies investigating the onset and rate of ageing and field studies examining maternal effects on ageing in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost van den Heuvel
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
- Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sinead English
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Uller
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Watson H, Cohen AA, Isaksson C. A theoretical model of the evolution of actuarial senescence under environmental stress. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:80-8. [PMID: 26335620 PMCID: PMC4710637 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Free-living organisms are exposed to a wide range of stressors, all of which can disrupt components of stress-related and detoxification physiology. The subsequent accumulation of somatic damage is widely believed to play a major role in the evolution of senescence. Organisms have evolved sophisticated physiological regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in response to environmental perturbations, but these systems are likely to be constrained in their ability to optimise robustness to multiple stressors due to functional correlations among related traits. While evolutionary change can accelerate due to human ecological impacts, it remains to be understood how exposure to multiple environmental stressors could affect senescence rates and subsequently population dynamics and fitness. We used a theoretical evolutionary framework to quantify the potential consequences for the evolution of actuarial senescence in response to exposure to simultaneous physiological stressors – one versus multiple and additive versus synergistic – in a hypothetical population of avian “urban adapters”. In a model in which multiple stressors have additive effects on physiology, species may retain greater capacity to recover, or respond adaptively, to environmental challenges. However, in the presence of high synergy, physiological dysregulation suddenly occurs, leading to a rapid increase in age-dependent mortality and subsequent population collapse. Our results suggest that, if the synergistic model is correct, population crashes in environmentally-stressed species could happen quickly and with little warning, as physiological thresholds of stress resistance are overcome. Environmental stressors challenge physiological systems linked to senescence. Various scenarios of stress exposure were simulated on a hypothetical “urban adapter”. Actuarial senescence increased rapidly in synergistic models of stress. Wild populations may be at greater risk of collapse than demography alone suggests. An explicit model of how stressors affect physiology underlying ageing is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Watson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - A A Cohen
- Groupe de recherche PRIMUS, Department of Family Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1J 3H5, Canada
| | - C Isaksson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kriete A. Robustness and aging--a systems-level perspective. Biosystems 2013; 112:37-48. [PMID: 23562399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The theory of robustness describes a system level property of evolutionary systems, which predicts tradeoffs of great interest for the systems biology of aging, such as accumulation of non-heritable damage, occurrence of fragilities and limitations in performance, optimized allocation of restricted resources and confined redundancies. According to the robustness paradigm cells and organisms evolved into a state of highly optimized tolerance (HOT), which provides robustness to common perturbations, but causes tradeoffs generally characterized as "robust yet fragile". This raises the question whether the ultimate cause of aging is more than a lack of adaptation, but an inherent fragility of complex evolutionary systems. Since robustness connects to evolutionary designs, consideration of this theory provides a deeper connection between evolutionary aspects of aging, mathematical models and experimental data. In this review several mechanisms influential for aging are re-evaluated in support of robustness tradeoffs. This includes asymmetric cell division improving performance and specialization with limited capacities to prevent and repair age-related damage, as well as feedback control mechanisms optimized to respond to acute stressors, but unable to halt nor revert aging. Improvement in robustness by increasing efficiencies through cellular redundancies in larger organisms alleviates some of the damaging effects of cellular specialization, which can be expressed in allometric relationships. The introduction of the robustness paradigm offers unique insights for aging research and provides novel opportunities for systems biology endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Kriete
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone Research Center, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Steinsaltz D, Mohan G, Kolb M. Markov models of aging: Theory and practice. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:792-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Teixeira INDO, Guariento ME. [Biology of aging: theories, mechanisms, and perspectives]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2011; 15:2845-57. [PMID: 20922293 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232010000600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The article reviews the major biological theories of aging, and discusses the most relevant mechanisms to explain the aging process. It begins with the evolutionary theories, explores the molecular-cellular mechanisms, and presents the perspective of the systemic theories. The complex etiology of aging is a challenge to the researchers. The knowledge on that phenomenon develops towards an integrative approach.
Collapse
|
12
|
Avogaro A, de Kreutzenberg SV, Fadini GP. Insulin signaling and life span. Pflugers Arch 2009; 459:301-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
13
|
LAIRD RA, SHERRATT TN. The evolution of senescence through decelerating selection for system reliability. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:974-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
Density dependence, lifespan and the evolutionary dynamics of longevity. Theor Popul Biol 2008; 75:46-55. [PMID: 19027031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Longevity is a life-history trait that is shaped by natural selection. Evolution will shape mortality trajectories and lifespans, but until now the evolutionary analysis of longevity is based principally on a density-independent (Euler-Lotka) framework. The effects of density dependence on the evolution of lifespan and mortality remain largely unexplored. We investigate the influence of different population demographies on the evolution of longevity, and show how these can be linked to adaptive radiations. We present a range of models to explore the intraspecific and interspecific density effects on longevity and, consequently, diversification. We show how the magnitude, type, and timing of mutation can also affect fitness, invasion and diversification. We argue that fitness of alternative strategies under a range of different demographic structures leads to flat, as opposed to rugged, landscapes and that these flat fitness surfaces are important in the evolution of lifespan and senescence.
Collapse
|
15
|
McNamara J, Barta Z, Wikelski M, Houston A. A Theoretical Investigation of the Effect of Latitude on Avian Life Histories. Am Nat 2008; 172:331-45. [DOI: 10.1086/589886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Mangel M. Environment, damage and senescence: modelling the life-history consequences of variable stress and caloric intake. Funct Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
18
|
McNamara JM, Houston AI. Optimal annual routines: behaviour in the context of physiology and ecology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:301-19. [PMID: 17673417 PMCID: PMC2606752 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms in a seasonal environment often schedule activities in a regular way over the year. If we assume that such annual routines have been shaped by natural selection then life-history theory should provide a basis for explaining them. We argue that many life-history trade-offs are mediated by underlying physiological variables that act on various time scales. The dynamics of these variables often preclude considering one period of the year in isolation. In order to capture the essence of annual routines, and many life-history traits, a detailed model of changes in physiological state over the annual cycle is required. We outline a modelling approach based on suitable physiological and ecological state variables that can capture this underlying biology, and describe how models based on this approach can be used to generate a range of insights and predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M McNamara
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pike TW, Blount JD, Bjerkeng B, Lindström J, Metcalfe NB. Carotenoids, oxidative stress and female mating preference for longer lived males. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 274:1591-6. [PMID: 17439854 PMCID: PMC2169282 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the most spectacular exaggerated sexual ornaments are carotenoid dependent. It has been suggested that such ornaments have evolved because carotenoid pigments are limiting for both signal expression and in their role as antioxidants and immunostimulants. An implicit assumption of this hypothesis is that males which can afford to produce more elaborate carotenoid-dependent displays are signalling their enhanced ability to resist parasites, disease or oxidative stress and hence would be predicted to live longer. Therefore, in species with carotenoid-dependent ornaments where a parent's future longevity is crucial for determining offspring survival, there should be a mating preference for partners that present the lowest risk of mortality during the breeding attempt, as signalled by the ability to allocate carotenoids to sexual displays. In an experimental study using three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), we show that when dietary carotenoid intake is limited, males attempt to maintain their sexual ornament at the expense of body carotenoids and hence suffer from reduced reproductive investment and a shorter lifespan. These males also suffer from an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, suggesting that this may constitute the mechanism underlying the increased rate of ageing. Furthermore, in pairwise mate-choice trials, females preferred males that had a greater access to carotenoids and chance of surviving the breeding season, suggesting that females can make adaptive mate choice decisions based on a male's carotenoid status and potential future longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Pike
- Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Evans SN, Steinsaltz D. Damage segregation at fissioning may increase growth rates: a superprocess model. Theor Popul Biol 2007; 71:473-90. [PMID: 17442356 PMCID: PMC2430589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A fissioning organism may purge unrepairable damage by bequeathing it preferentially to one of its daughters. Using the mathematical formalism of superprocesses, we propose a flexible class of analytically tractable models that allow quite general effects of damage on death rates and splitting rates and similarly general damage segregation mechanisms. We show that, in a suitable regime, the effects of randomness in damage segregation at fissioning are indistinguishable from those of randomness in the mechanism of damage accumulation during the organism's lifetime. Moreover, the optimal population growth is achieved for a particular finite, non-zero level of combined randomness from these two sources. In particular, when damage accumulates deterministically, optimal population growth is achieved by a moderately unequal division of damage between the daughters, while too little or too much division is sub-optimal. Connections are drawn both to recent experimental results on inheritance of damage in protozoans, and to theories of aging and resource division between siblings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven N. Evans
- Steven N. Evans Department of Statistics #3860 367 Evans Hall University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3860 USA
| | - David Steinsaltz
- David Steinsaltz Department of Mathematics and Statistics Queen’s University Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 CANADA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramanujan VK, Herman BA. Aging process modulates nonlinear dynamics in liver cell metabolism. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:19217-26. [PMID: 17446172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700572200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory dynamics of energy metabolism in living cells entails a coordinated response of multiple enzyme networks that operate under non-equilibrium conditions. Here we show that mitochondrial dysfunctions associated with the aging process significantly modify nonlinear dynamical signatures in free radical generation/removal, thereby altering energy metabolism in liver cells. We support our data with a plausible biochemical mechanism for modified bioenergetics that involves uncoupling protein-2 that is up-regulated in aged cells as an adaptive response to mitigate increased oxidative stress. Combining high spatial and temporal resolution imaging and bio-energetic measurements, our work provides experimental support to the hypothesis that mitochondria manifest nonlinear dynamical behavior for efficiently regulating energy metabolism in intact cells, and any partial or complete reduction in this behavior would contribute to organ dysfunctions including the aging process and other disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Krishnan Ramanujan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Munch SB, Mangel M. Evaluation of mortality trajectories in evolutionary biodemography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16604-7. [PMID: 17060634 PMCID: PMC1637628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601735103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An important task in evolutionary biodemography is to determine the schedule of survival and reproduction as the outcome of natural selection acting on life histories. We do this by using a model in which the state of the organism is characterized by mass and accumulated damage, both of which are affected by activity and which affect the rate of mortality. Focusing on growth during the juvenile period, we determine the level of activity that maximizes reproductive value. Given this, we are able to project forward and determine the trajectory of mortality for an individual following the optimal life history, given the physiological and reproductive parameters. We show that there are two main classes of juvenile mortality trajectories: U-shaped (such as recently reported for prereproductive humans) and steadily declining and we are able to connect the shape of the mortality trajectory with the physiological and reproductive parameters characterizing the life history. Our work shows the importance of state in models of evolutionary biodemography and the power of modern computational methods to illuminate biological process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan B. Munch
- Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000; and
| | - Marc Mangel
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95063
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marshall J. Life extension research: an analysis of contemporary biological theories and ethical issues. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2006; 9:87-96. [PMID: 16645801 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-005-2668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many opinions and ideas about aging exist. Biological theories have taken hold of the popular and scientific imagination as potential answers to a "cure" for aging. However, it is not clear what exactly is being cured or whether aging could be classified as a disease. Some scientists are convinced that aging will be biologically alterable and that the human lifespan will be vastly extendable. Other investigators believe that aging is an elusive target that may only be "statistically" manipulatable through a better understanding of the operational principles of systems situated within complex environments. Not only is there confusion over definitions but also as to the safety of any potential intervention. Curing cell death, for example, may lead to cell cancer. The search for a cure for aging is not a clearly beneficial endeavour. This paper will first, describe contemporary ideas about aging processes and second, describe several current life extension technologies. Third, it analyses these theories and technologies, focusing on two representative and differing scientific points of view. The paper also considers the public health dilemma that arises from life extension research and examines two issues, risk/benefit ratio and informed consent, that are key to developing ethical guidelines for life extension technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Marshall
- Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, 3647 Peel Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 1X1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morbey YE, Brassil CE, Hendry AP. Rapid Senescence in Pacific Salmon. Am Nat 2005; 166:556-68. [PMID: 16224721 DOI: 10.1086/491720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Any useful evolutionary theory of senescence must be able to explain variation within and among natural populations and species. This requires a careful characterization of age-specific mortality rates in nature as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence these rates. We perform this task for two populations of semelparous Pacific salmon. During the breeding season, estimated daily mortality rates increased from 0 to 0.2-0.5 (depending on the year) over the course of several weeks. Early-arriving individuals had a later onset and/or a lower rate of senescence in each breeding season, consistent with adaptive expectations based on temporal variation in selection. Interannual variation in senescence was large, in part because of extrinsic factors (e.g., water temperature). Predation rates were higher in Pick Creek sockeye salmon (anadromous Oncorhynchus nerka) than in Meadow Creek kokanee (nonanadromous O. nerka), but in contrast to evolutionary theory, senescence was not more rapid in the former. Interannual variation may have obscured interpopulation divergence in senescence. Pacific salmon are a promising system for further studies on the physiological, evolutionary, and genetic bases of senescence. In particular, we encourage further research to disentangle the relative importance of adaptive and nonadaptive variation in senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda E Morbey
- Department of Zoology, Ramsay Wright Zoological Laboratories, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bitner A, Fiałkowski M, Grzybowski BA. Color Micropatterning with Reconfigurable Stamps. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp045539o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bitner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Illinois 60208
| | - M. Fiałkowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Illinois 60208
| | - B. A. Grzybowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Illinois 60208
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mangel MM, Bonsall MB. The shape of things to come: using models with physiological structure to predict mortality trajectories. Theor Popul Biol 2004; 65:353-9. [PMID: 15136010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
If mortality rate is viewed as the outcome of processes of behavior, growth and reproduction, then it should be possible to predict mortality rate as a result of those processes. We provide two examples of how this may be done. In the first, we use the method of linear chains to treat mortality that is the result of multiple physiological processes, some of which may have delays. In the second, we assume that mortality is the result of damage associated with growth and metabolism. Both approaches lead to a rich diversity of predicted mortality trajectories. Although many of these look Gompertzian at young ages, the behavior at older ages depends upon the details of the physiological models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marc Mangel
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Jack Baskin School of Engineering and Center for Stock Assessment Research, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
McNamara JM, Welham RK, Houston AI, Daan S, Tinbergen JM. The effects of background mortality on optimal reproduction in a seasonal environment. Theor Popul Biol 2004; 65:361-72. [PMID: 15136011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We consider optimal annual routines of reproductive behaviour in a seasonal environment. In our model the condition of the organism is adversely affected by hard work, but can recover during easy periods. Our analysis concentrates on the effects of background mortality (i.e., mortality that cannot be avoided) on the optimal strategy and how often an organism following this strategy breeds. In particular, we are concerned with whether reproduction occurs at specific times of year (entrained to the annual cycle), and if so then how many reproductive bouts occur per year. We find that an increase in background mortality can have various effects. If the animal is entrained to the annual cycle and has one breeding attempt per year, then breeding tends to occur earlier and there may be two breeding attempts per season. Another possible outcome is that breeding is no longer entrained. If the animal is entrained but sometimes skips reproduction so that it does not breed every year, then an increase in mortality may make it more likely that the animal breeds every year. We show that as background mortality increases the resultant increase in the frequency of breeding contributes to the increase in annual mortality. We also explore the effects of mortality on the timing of reproduction within a year, highlighting the tension between the interests of the parent and that of the young.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M McNamara
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marden JH, Rogina B, Montooth KL, Helfand SL. Conditional tradeoffs between aging and organismal performance of Indy long-lived mutant flies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:3369-73. [PMID: 12626742 PMCID: PMC152299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0634985100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations that extend the life span of animals and yeast typically involve decreases in metabolic rate, growth, physical activity, and/or early-life fecundity. This negative correlation between life span and the ability to assimilate and process energy, to move, grow, and reproduce, raises questions about the potential utility of life span extension. Tradeoffs between early-life fitness and longevity are central to theories of the evolution of aging, which suggests there is necessarily a price to be paid for reducing the rate of aging. It is not yet clear whether life span can be extended without undesirable effects on metabolism and fecundity. Here, we report that the long-lived Indy mutation in Drosophila causes a decrease in the slope of the mortality curve consistent with a slowing in the rate of aging without a concomitant reduction in resting metabolic rate, flight velocity, or age-specific fecundity under normal rearing conditions. However, Indy mutants on a decreased-calorie diet have reduced fecundity, suggesting that a tradeoff between longevity and this aspect of performance is conditional, i.e., the tradeoff can occur in a stressful environment while being absent in a more favorable environment. These results provide evidence that there do exist mechanisms, albeit conditional, that can extend life span without significant reduction in fecundity, metabolic rate, or locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Marden
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|