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Cesare P, Bonfigli A, Miranda M, Poma AM, Colafarina S, Zarivi O. Transcriptional analysis of tyrosinase gene expression during Bufo bufo development. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:8-19. [PMID: 30655714 PMCID: PMC6329284 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (EC.1.14.18.1.) is a widespread enzyme, in the phylogenetic scale, that produces melanin, from bacteria to man, by using as substrates monophenols, o-diphenols and molecular oxygen. In this work we have confirmed and demonstrated that during Bufo bufo development tyrosinase activity and gene expression first occur at developmental stages 17–18 (tail bud-muscular response) as detected by a spectrophotometric assay and qRT-PCR. As expected, also during B. bufo development tyrosinase gene is expressed after the late gastrula (stage 12), differently from Rana pipiens development when tyrosinase mRNA appears at the neural plate stage and enzyme activity at stage 20 (gill circulation). We have cloned and sequenced the B. bufo tyrosinase cDNA in order to prepare B. bufo tyrosinase cDNA specific primers (forward and reverse). Tyrosinase mRNA cloning has been performed by using degenerate primers prepared according to the anuran tyrosinase gene sequence coding for the copper binding sites. The expressions of tyrosinase gene and enzymatic activity during B. bufo development support that until the developmental stage 17, embryo melanin is of maternal origin and at this stage can start embryo melanin synthesis. A correlation exists between tyrosinase expression and O2 consumption during B. bufo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cesare
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Bonfigli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele Miranda
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Poma
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sabrina Colafarina
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Zarivi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Santos JS, Introíni GO, Veiga-Menoncello ACP, Blasco A, Rivera M, Recco-Pimentel SM. Comparative sperm ultrastructure of twelve leptodactylid frog species with insights into their phylogenetic relationships. Micron 2016; 91:1-10. [PMID: 27644081 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spermatozoa of representatives of three Neotropical frog subfamilies, Leiuperinae, Leptodactylinae and Paratelmatobiinae, were observed using Transmission Electron Microscopy, with the aim of identifying ultrastructural traits that provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships among these anurans, which are currently unclear. In the leiuperines, spermatozoa of Physalaemus albifrons, P. cicada, P. deimaticus and P. feioi were characterized by an acrosomal vesicle covering the subacrosomal cone that was not observed in the spermatozoa of Physalaemus centralis and P. cuvieri. The tail of the spermatozoa of P. albifrons, P. centralis, P. cicada, P. cuvieri, P. deimaticus, and P. feioi presented a long undulating membrane, whereas Engystomops petersi and E. freibergi, which form a sister clade to Physalaemus, had an axial fiber, which were absent in Physalaemus. Other leiuperine, E. puyango had an abaxonemal bulb-like swelling distally to the paraxonemal rod, which were also absent in Physalaemus. These differences support the revalidation of Engystomops as a true taxon, distinct from Physalaemus. The tail of the spermatozoa of E. petersi and E. freibergi was similar to that of Paratelmatobius poecilogaster (Paratelmatobiinae). The spermatozoa of Leptodactylus natalenis (Leptodactylinae) had undulating membrane and axial fiber, in contrast with Adenomera marmorata, which lacked these structures. Morphological differences between A. marmorata and L. natalensis sperm cells appeared to validate the allocation of A. marmorata into a genus distinct from Leptodactylus. Overall, dissimilarities in the spermatozoa of the leptodactylids provided an important phylogenetic signal for the understanding of their taxonomic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sérgio Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-863, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Orlandi Introíni
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina Prado Veiga-Menoncello
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-863, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ailin Blasco
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Miryan Rivera
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-863, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Miranda NEDO, Medeiros Maciel N, Pêssoa Tepedino K, Sebben A. Internal larval characters in anuran systematic studies: a phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodactylus(Anura, Leptodactylidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Esther de Oliveira Miranda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução; Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Laboratório de Anatomia Comparativa de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Natan Medeiros Maciel
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução; Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal; Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - Karla Pêssoa Tepedino
- Laboratório de Anatomia Comparativa de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Antonio Sebben
- Laboratório de Anatomia Comparativa de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
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Badets M, Whittington I, Lalubin F, Allienne JF, Maspimby JL, Bentz S, Du Preez LH, Barton D, Hasegawa H, Tandon V, Imkongwapang R, Ohler A, Combes C, Verneau O. Correlating Early Evolution of Parasitic Platyhelminths to Gondwana Breakup. Syst Biol 2011; 60:762-81. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syr078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Badets
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD, Biologie et Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- Present address: School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Ian Whittington
- Monogenean Research Laboratory, Parasitology Section, The South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Marine Parasitology Laboratory, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Fabrice Lalubin
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD, Biologie et Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Francois Allienne
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD, Biologie et Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Maspimby
- UFR SEE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Bentz
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD, Biologie et Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Louis H. Du Preez
- School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Diane Barton
- School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Oita Medical University, Hasama, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Veena Tandon
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | | | - Annemarie Ohler
- Département de Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 OSEB, Reptiles et Amphibiens, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Claude Combes
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD, Biologie et Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Verneau
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD, Biologie et Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- UMR 5110 CNRS-UPVD, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
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Richards CM, Nussbaum RA, Raxworthy CJ. Phylogenetic relationships within the Madagascan boophids and mantellids as elucidated by mitochondrial ribosomal genes. AFR J HERPETOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2000.9650013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Richards
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202, USA E-mail:
| | - Ronald A. Nussbaum
- b Division of Herpetology, Museum of Zoology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
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Ren Z, Zhu B, Ma E, Wen J, Tu T, Cao Y, Hasegawa M, Zhong Y. Complete nucleotide sequence and gene arrangement of the mitochondrial genome of the crab-eating frog Fejervarya cancrivora and evolutionary implications. Gene 2009; 441:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hertwig S, De Sá RO, Haas A. Phylogenetic signal and the utility of 12S and 16S mtDNA in frog phylogeny. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2004.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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King JD, Leprince J, Vaudry H, Coquet L, Jouenne T, Conlon JM. Purification and characterization of antimicrobial peptides from the Caribbean frog, Leptodactylus validus (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Peptides 2008; 29:1287-92. [PMID: 18501993 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptidomic analysis of norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions from the Caribbean frog Leptodactylus validus Garman, 1888 led to the identification of three peptides with previously undescribed sequences that were structurally similar to those of antimicrobial peptides isolated from other species of leptodactylid frogs. These paralogs have been termed ocellatin-V1 (GVVDILKGAGKDLLAHALSKLSEKV.NH(2)), ocellatin-V2 (GVLDILKGAGKDLLAHALSKISEKV.NH(2)), and ocellatin-V3 (GVLDILTGAGKDLLAHALSKLSEKV.NH(2)). The very low antimicrobial potency (MIC>200microM) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus associated with the peptides is probably a consequence of their lack of amphipathicity and reduced cationicity compared with active members of the ocellatin family from related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay D King
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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CLOUGH MARK, SUMMERS KYLE. Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the poison frogs: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Aguiar O, Bacci M, Lima AP, Rossa-Feres DC, Haddad CFB, Recco-Pimentel SM. Phylogenetic relationships of Pseudis and Lysapsus (Anura, Hylidae, Hylinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Cladistics 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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11
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Hedges SB, Heinicke MP. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of West Indian frogs of the genus Leptodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44:308-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Heinicke MP, Duellman WE, Hedges SB. Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10092-7. [PMID: 17548823 PMCID: PMC1891260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-half of all species of amphibians occur in the New World tropics, which includes South America, Middle America, and the West Indies. Of those, 27% (801 species) belong to a large assemblage, the eleutherodactyline frogs, which breed out of water and lay eggs that undergo direct development on land. Their wide distribution and mode of reproduction offer potential for resolving questions in evolution, ecology, and conservation. However, progress in all of these fields has been hindered by a poor understanding of their evolutionary relationships. As a result, most of the species have been placed in a single genus, Eleutherodactylus, which is the largest among vertebrates. Our DNA sequence analysis of a major fraction of eleutherodactyline diversity revealed three large radiations of species with unexpected geographic isolation: a South American Clade (393 sp.), a Caribbean Clade (171 sp.), and a Middle American Clade (111 sp.). Molecular clock analyses reject the prevailing hypothesis that these frogs arose from land connections with North and South America and their subsequent fragmentation in the Late Cretaceous (80-70 Mya). Origin by dispersal, probably over water from South America in the early Cenozoic (47-29 million years ago, Mya), is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Heinicke
- *Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301; and
| | - William E. Duellman
- Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - S. Blair Hedges
- *Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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GRANT TARAN, FROST DARRELR, CALDWELL JANALEEP, GAGLIARDO RON, HADDAD CÉLIOF, KOK PHILIPPEJ, MEANS DBRUCE, NOONAN BRICEP, SCHARGEL WALTERE, WHEELER WARDC. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE). BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2006. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:psodfa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cao SY, Wu XB, Yan P, Hu YL, Su X, Jiang ZG. Complete nucleotide sequences and gene organization of mitochondrial genome of Bufo gargarizans. Mitochondrion 2006; 6:186-93. [PMID: 16920409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of Bufo gargarizans was sequenced using overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons (GenBank Accession No. DQ275350). The genome is 17,277 base pairs in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (ATP6, ATP8, COI-III, ND1-6, ND4L, Cyt b), 2 ribosomal RNAs (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 transfer RNAs and a putative control region. We analyzed the sequence using bioinformatics methods comparing the obtained mtDNA sequence with other toads and frogs. Based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of protein-coding genes, we constructed a phylogenetic tree with maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods and discussed the phylogenetic relationships among 11 species of Anura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Yang Cao
- Life Science College of Anhui Normal University and Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resource, Wuhu 241000, PR China
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Alcalde L, Barg M. Chondrocranium and cranial muscle morphology in Lysapsus and Pseudis tadpoles (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2006.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Veiga-Menoncello ACP, Lima AP, Recco-Pimentel SM. Sperm morphology of five species of Colostethus (Anura, Dendrobatidae) from Brazil, with phylogenetic comments. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2006.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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FROST DARRELR, GRANT TARAN, FAIVOVICH JULIÁN, BAIN RAOULH, HAAS ALEXANDER, HADDAD CÉLIOF, DE SÁ RAFAELO, CHANNING ALAN, WILKINSON MARK, DONNELLAN STEPHENC, RAXWORTHY CHRISTOPHERJ, CAMPBELL JONATHANA, BLOTTO BORISL, MOLER PAUL, DREWES ROBERTC, NUSSBAUM RONALDA, LYNCH JOHND, GREEN DAVIDM, WHEELER WARDC. THE AMPHIBIAN TREE OF LIFE. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2006. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:tatol]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1225] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Scott E. A phylogeny of ranid frogs (Anura: Ranoidea: Ranidae), based on a simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 2005; 21:507-574. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Salducci MD, Marty C, Fouquet A, Gilles A. Phylogenetic relationships and biodiversity in Hylids (Anura: Hylidae) from French Guiana. C R Biol 2005; 328:1009-24. [PMID: 16286090 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated two biodiversity criteria, higher taxonomic diversity and phylogenetic diversity in French Guiana. For this, we used a recent assessment of the knowledge accumulated since 30 years of study on the amphibian species currently known in French Guiana. We focused on two well-represented genera, Hyla and Scinax, belonging to the subfamily Hylinae. We used partial sequences of two mitochondrial genes (16S rDNA and 12S rDNA, 813 bp) and two nuclear genes (tyrosinase and 18S rRNA, 1590 bp) covering a total of 2403 bp. According to the high bootstrap support in phylogenetic analysis of the complete dataset, the genus Scinax is a homophyletic clade formed by two species groups (rubra and rostrata) in French Guiana. The genus Hyla was confirmed to be a paraphyletic group formed by two species groups as well (30 chromosomes and the 'gladiator frogs'). We confirmed that these genera should be taxonomically reconsidered. Moreover, at the genus, subfamily and family levels, the use of only morphological characters or only molecular DNA markers would hamper estimations of biodiversity. Thus, we strongly advise the combined use of both morphology and molecular data (nuclear and mitochondrial markers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Dominique Salducci
- Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie, EA EGEE 3178, Université de Provence, 3, Place Victor-Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France.
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King JD, Al-Ghaferi N, Abraham B, Sonnevend A, Leprince J, Nielsen PF, Conlon JM. Pentadactylin: an antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretions of the South American bullfrog Leptodactylus pentadactylus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 141:393-7. [PMID: 16236555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions were obtained from male specimens of the South American bullfrog, Leptodactylus pentadactylus and shown to contain two peptides that inhibited the growth of microorganisms. The primary structure of a previously undescribed peptide, termed pentadactylin, was established as Gly-Leu-Leu-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys-Gly-Ala-Ala-Lys-Asn-Val-Val-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ala-Ser-Lys-Val-Met-Glu-Lys-Leu.NH2. The second peptide, which differs from pentadactylin by eight amino acid residues, is identical to fallaxin previously isolated from skin secretions of the Caribbean mountain chicken frog L. fallax. Pentadactylin inhibited the growth of reference strains of both Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B) but potencies were relatively low (MIC values in the range 25-200 microM). The peptide showed very low hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes (LD50>400 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay D King
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Haas A. Phylogeny of frogs as inferred from primarily larval characters (Amphibia:Anura)★. Cladistics 2005; 19:23-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Roelants K, Bossuyt F. Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs. Syst Biol 2005; 54:111-26. [PMID: 15805014 DOI: 10.1080/10635150590905894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current models for the early diversification of living frogs inferred from morphological, ontogenetic, or DNA sequence data invoke very different scenarios of character evolution and biogeography. To explore central controversies on the phylogeny of Anura, we analyzed nearly 4000 base pairs of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA for the major frog lineages. Likelihood-based analyses of this data set are congruent with morphological evidence in supporting a paraphyletic arrangement of archaeobatrachian frogs, with an (Ascaphus + Leiopelma) clade as the sister-group of all other living anurans. The stability of this outcome is reinforced by screening for phylogenetic bias resulting from site-specific rate variation, homoplasy, or the obligatory use of distantly related outgroups. Twenty-one alternative branching and rooting hypotheses were evaluated using a nonparametric multicomparison test and parametric bootstrapping. Relaxed molecular clock estimates situate the emergence of crown-group anurans in the Triassic, approximately 55 million years prior to their first appearance in the fossil record. The existence of at least four extant frog lineages on the supercontinent Pangaea before its breakup gains support from the estimation that three early splits between Laurasia- and Gondwana-associated families coincide with the initial rifting of these landmasses. This observation outlines the potential significance of this breakup event in the formation of separate Mesozoic faunal assemblages in both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Roelants
- Biology Department, Unit of Ecology and Systematics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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FAIVOVICH JULIÁN, HADDAD CÉLIOF, GARCIA PAULOC, FROST DARRELR, CAMPBELL JONATHANA, WHEELER WARDC. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE FROG FAMILY HYLIDAE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HYLINAE: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND TAXONOMIC REVISION. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2005. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:srotff]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Complete or partial dissection of the foot musculature of 404 hylid frogs representing 247 species and 33 genera, along with representatives of eight other families, revealed a number of apomorphic characters that distinguish the hyloid frogs (Hylidae plus Allophryne and Centrolenidae) from other bufonoid frogs. Additional characters were found to define some of the hylid subfamilies. Addition of characters from the foot musculature to Duellman's phylogenetic tree of the hyloids produced a tree in which Allophryne and Centrolenidae are nested within Hylidae. Support was found for the monophyly of the 30-chromosome group within Hyla, and for a large number of the groups that comprise "Boana," viz., the Hyla albomarginata, H. albopunctata, H. boans (except H. vasta), H. geographica, and H. pulchella groups, but foot muscle characters provide no information relating to relationships of the West Indies hylines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Burton
- Department of Pharmacy, La Trobe University, Bendigo Victoria 3552, Australia.
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De Queiroz A, Ashton KG. THE PHYLOGENY OF A SPECIES-LEVEL TENDENCY: SPECIES HERITABILITY AND POSSIBLE DEEP ORIGINS OF BERGMANN'S RULE IN TETRAPODS. Evolution 2004; 58:1674-84. [PMID: 15446422 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely recognized generalizations in biology is Bergmann's rule, the observation that, within species of birds and mammals, body size tends to be inversely related to ambient temperature. Recent studies indicate that turtles and salamanders also tend to follow Bergmann's rule, which hints that this species-level tendency originated early in tetrapod history. Furthermore, exceptions to Bergmann's rule are concentrated within squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes), suggesting that the tendency to express a Bergmann's rule cline may be heritable at the species level. We evaluated species-level heritability and early origination of Bergmann's rule by mapping size-latitude relationships for 352 species onto a tetrapod phylogeny. When the largest available dataset is used, Bergmann's rule shows significant phylogenetic signal, indicating species-level heritability. This represents one of the few demonstrations of heritability for an emergent species-level property and the first for an ecogeographic rule. When species are discretely coded as showing either Bergmann's rule or its converse, parsimony reconstructions suggest that: (1) the tendency to follow Bergmann's rule is ancestral for tetrapods, and (2) most extant species that express the rule have retained this tendency from that ancient ancestor. The first inference also generally holds when the discrete data or size-latitude correlation coefficients are analyzed using maximum likelihood, although the results are only statistically significant for some versions of the discrete analyses. The best estimates of ancestral states suggest that the traditional adaptive explanation for Bergmann's rule-conservation of metabolic heat-was not involved in the origin of the trait since that origin predates the evolution of endothermy. A more general thermoregulatory hypothesis could apply to endotherms and some ectotherms, but fails to explain why salamanders have retained Bergmann's rule. Thus, if thermoregulation underlies the origin of a Bergmann's rule tendency, this trait may have been continuously maintained while its cause changed. Alternatively, thermoregulation may not underlie Bergmann's rule in any tetrapod group. The results also suggest that many extinct groups not included in our analyses followed Bergmann's rule.
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George-Nascimento M, Muñoz G, Marquet PA, Poulin R. Testing the energetic equivalence rule with helminth endoparasites of vertebrates. Ecol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Roelants K, Jiang J, Bossuyt F. Endemic ranid (Amphibia: Anura) genera in southern mountain ranges of the Indian subcontinent represent ancient frog lineages: evidence from molecular data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 31:730-40. [PMID: 15062806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Revised: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The geological history of the Indian subcontinent is marked by successive episodes of extensive isolation, which have provided ideal settings for the development of a unique floral and faunal diversity. By molecular phylogenetic analysis of a large set of ranid frog taxa from the Oriental realm, we show that four genera, now restricted to torrential habitats in the Western Ghats of India and the central highlands of Sri Lanka, represent remnants of ancient divergences. None of three other biodiversity hotspots in the Oriental mainland were found to harbour an equivalent level of long-term evolutionary history in this frog group. By unceasingly providing favourable humid conditions, the subcontinent's southern mountain ranges have served as refugia for old lineages, and hence constitute a unique reservoir of ancient ranid endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Roelants
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Systematics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Brussels), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Darst CR, Cannatella DC. Novel relationships among hyloid frogs inferred from 12S and 16S mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 31:462-75. [PMID: 15062788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2002] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advanced frogs (Neobatrachia) are usually divided into two taxa, Ranoidea (the firmisternal frogs) and Hyloidea (all other neobatrachians). We investigated phylogenetic relationships among several groups of Hyloidea using 12S and 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene sequences and tested explicit relationships of certain problematic hyloid taxa using a sample of 93 neobatrachians. Parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods suggest that both the Ranoidea and Hyloidea are well-supported monophyletic groups. We reject three hypotheses using parametric bootstrap simulation: (1) Dendrobatidae lies within the Ranoidea; (2) The group containing Hylidae, Pseudidae, and Centrolenidae is monophyletic; and (3) Brachycephalus is part of Bufonidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Darst
- Section of Integrative Biology and Texas Memorial Museum, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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30
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de Queiroz A, Ashton KG. THE PHYLOGENY OF A SPECIES-LEVEL TENDENCY: SPECIES HERITABILITY AND POSSIBLE DEEP ORIGINS OF BERGMANN'S RULE IN TETRAPODS. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Kasinsky HE, Frehlick LJ, Su HWH, Ausio J. Protamines in the internally fertilizing neobatrachian frogEleutherodactylus coqui. Mol Reprod Dev 2004; 70:373-81. [PMID: 15696590 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The internally fertilizing primitive frog Ascaphus truei (family Ascaphidae) from the Pacific Northwest is the only frog with an intromittent organ. The more advanced neobatrachian frog Eleutherodactylus coqui (family Leptodactylidae) from Puerto Rico has secondarily acquired internal fertilization but mates by cloacal apposition. Nonetheless, both frogs have introsperm with an elongated head containing highly condensed chromatin. Characterization of sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBPs) in E. coqui by acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that, as in A. truei, testes from a single animal contain several protamines. Amino acid analysis indicates a composition for the most rapidly moving protamine of each species as follows: in E. coqui, ARG (35.6 mol %) + LYS (3.8 mol %) + HIS (7.6 mol %) = 47 mol % total basic residues and in A. truei, ARG (42.1 mol %) + LYS (11.1 mol %) = 53.2 mol % total basic residues. Transmission electron microscopy shows that E. coqui introsperm, like those in A. truei, are elongate with highly condensed chromatin. However, E. coqui introsperm lacks an axial perforatorium that extends into an endonuclear canal. These morphological features are plesiomorphic (primitive) and shared by A. truei with urodeles and basal amniotes (Jamieson et al. (1993) Herpetologica 49:52-65). In E. coqui introsperm, the nucleoprotein complex has a cross-sectional axis of 420 + 20 angstroms and shows a knobby chromatin structural organization in TEM. The presence of arginine-enriched protamines in both a basal anuran like the ascaphid A. truei and a more advanced neobatrachian like the leptodactylid E. coqui supports the hypothesis that internal fertilization acts as a constraint on the range of SNBP diversity in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Kasinsky
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4.
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32
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Nicolas P, Vanhoye D, Amiche M. Molecular strategies in biological evolution of antimicrobial peptides. Peptides 2003; 24:1669-80. [PMID: 15019198 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2003] [Accepted: 08/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides that protect the skin of hylid and ranin frogs against noxious microorganisms are processed from a unique family of precursor polypeptides with a unique pattern of conserved and variable regions opposite to that of conventional secreted peptides. Precursors belonging to this family, designated the preprodermaseptin, have a common N-terminal preproregion that is remarkably well conserved both within and between species, but a hypervariable C-terminal domain corresponding to antimicrobial peptides with very different lengths, sequences, charges and antimicrobial spectra. Each frog species has its own distinct panoply of 10-20 antimicrobial peptides so that the 5000 species of ranids and hylids may produce approximately 100,000 different peptide antibiotics. The strategy that these frogs have evolved to generate this enormous array of peptides includes repeated duplications of a 150 million years old ancestral gene, focal hypermutation of the antimicrobial peptide domain maybe involving a mutagenic DNA polymerase similar to Escherichia coli Pol V, and subsequent actions of positive (diversifying) selection. The hyperdivergence of skin antimicrobial peptides can be viewed as the successful evolution of a multi-drug defense system that provides frogs with maximum protection against rapidly changing microbial biota and minimizes the chance of microorganisms developing resistance to individual peptides. The impressive variations in the expression of frog skin antimicrobial peptides may be exploited for discovering new molecules and structural motifs targeting specific microorganisms for which the therapeutic armamentarium is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nicolas
- Laboratoire de Bioactivation des Peptides, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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33
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Biju SD, Bossuyt F. New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature 2003; 425:711-4. [PMID: 14562102 DOI: 10.1038/nature02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
About 96% of the more than 4,800 living anuran species belong to the Neobatrachia or advanced frogs. Because of the extremely poor representation of these animals in the Mesozoic fossil record, hypotheses on their early evolution have to rely largely on extant taxa. Here we report the discovery of a burrowing frog from India that is noticeably distinct from known taxa in all anuran families. Phylogenetic analyses of 2.8 kilobases of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA unambiguously designate this frog as the sister taxon of Sooglossidae, a family exclusively occurring on two granitic islands of the Seychelles archipelago. Furthermore, molecular clock analyses uncover the branch leading to both taxa as an ancient split in the crown-group Neobatrachia. Our discovery discloses a lineage that may have been more diverse on Indo-Madagascar in the Cretaceous period, but now only comprises four species on the Seychelles and a sole survivor in India. Because of its very distinct morphology and an inferred origin that is earlier than several neobatrachian families, we recognize this frog as a new family.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Biju
- Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695562 Kerala, India
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34
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Buskirk JV. Habitat partitioning in European and North American pond-breeding frogs and toads. DIVERS DISTRIB 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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García-París M, Buchholz DR, Parra-Olea G. Phylogenetic relationships of Pelobatoidea re-examined using mtDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2003; 28:12-23. [PMID: 12801468 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pelobatoidea is a clade of ancient anurans with obscure relationships to the remaining clades of frogs. We used partial sequences of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and 16S RNA) from all Pelobatoidea subclades, including all species of Pelobatidae and Pelodytidae and four outgroup taxa (Xenopus, Ascaphus, Discoglossus, and Rana), to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships within Pelobatoidea. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses support the monophyly of Pelobatoidea, but our hypothesis of internal relationships differs substantially from all previous hypotheses. Megophryidae is sister to Pelobates, and this clade is sister to Pelodytes. The most basal clade within Pelobatoidea is formed by Scaphiopus and Spea. The family Pelobatidae, as previously defined is not monophyletic, and it is split into Eurasian spadefoot toads Pelobates which retain the name Pelobatidae and North American spadefoot toads Scaphiopus and Spea which comprise the revived taxon Scaphiopodidae. Our analysis uncovers the existence of morphologically cryptic taxa within previously recognized species of the genus Spea and reveals marked genetic differentiation within Iberian Pelodytes. We discuss biogeographic implications and the evolution of fossoriality in the light of the new phylogenetic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario García-París
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Vanhoye D, Bruston F, Nicolas P, Amiche M. Antimicrobial peptides from hylid and ranin frogs originated from a 150-million-year-old ancestral precursor with a conserved signal peptide but a hypermutable antimicrobial domain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:2068-81. [PMID: 12709067 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The dermal glands of frogs produce antimicrobial peptides that protect the skin against noxious microorganisms and assist in wound repair. The sequences of these peptides are very dissimilar, both within and between species, so that the 5000 living anuran frogs may produce approximately 100 000 different antimicrobial peptides. The antimicrobial peptides of South American hylid frogs are derived from precursors, the preprodermaseptins, whose signal peptides and intervening sequences are remarkably conserved, but their C-terminal domains are markedly diverse, resulting in mature peptides with different lengths, sequences and antimicrobial spectra. We have used the extreme conservation in the preproregion of preprodermaseptin transcripts to identify new members of this family in Australian and South American hylids. All these peptides are cationic, amphipathic and alpha-helical. They killed a broad spectrum of microorganisms and acted in synergy. 42 preprodermaseptin gene sequences from 10 species of hylid and ranin frogs were analyzed in the context of their phylogeny and biogeography and of geophysical models for the fragmentation of Gondwana to examine the strategy that these frogs have evolved to generate an enormous array of peptide antibiotics. The hyperdivergence of modern antimicrobial peptides and the number of peptides per species result from repeated duplications of a approximately 150-million-year-old ancestral gene and accelerated mutations of the mature peptide domain, probably involving a mutagenic, error-prone, DNA polymerase similar to Escherichia coli Pol V. The presence of antimicrobial peptides with such different structures and spectra of action represents the successful evolution of multidrug defense by providing frogs with maximum protection against infectious microbes and minimizing the chance of microorganisms developing resistance to individual peptides. The hypermutation of the antimicrobial domain by a targeted mutagenic polymerase that can generate many sequence changes in a few steps may have a selective survival value when frogs colonizing a new ecological niche encounter different microbial predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Vanhoye
- Laboratoire de Bioactivation des Peptides, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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37
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Lourenço LB, Garcia PC, Recco-Pimentel SM. Restriction fragment analysis of the ribosomal DNA of Paratelmatobius and Scythrophrys species (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Genet Mol Biol 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572003000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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38
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Aguiar O, Garda AA, Lima AP, Colli GR, Báo SN, Recco-Pimentel SM. Biflagellate spermatozoon of the poison-dart frogs Epipedobates femoralis and Colostethus sp. (Anura, Dendrobatidae). J Morphol 2003; 255:114-21. [PMID: 12420325 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the spermatozoa of the dendrobatids Epipedobates femoralis and Colostethus sp. using light and transmission electron microscopy. Both species possess a biflagellate spermatozoon, an unusual characteristic only previously reported in two anuran species belonging to the families Leptodactylidae and Racophoridae. The acrosomal complex of both species consists of a conical acrosomal vesicle and a subacrosomal cone, both of which cover the anterior portion of the nucleus, but to differing extents. In the midpiece, the centrioles are disposed parallel to each other and to the cell axis and give rise to two axonemes. Two paraxonemal rods were also seen entering the nuclear fossa. Both flagella are surrounded by a single mitochondrial collar. Each flagellum is formed by an axial fiber connected to the axoneme by an axial sheath; juxta-axonemal fibers are absent. Our data seem to support that Epipedobates femoralis should be placed in a separate clade possibly related to Colosthetus and that these two genera may not be monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odair Aguiar
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, (UNICAMP), 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Development creates morphology, and the study of developmental processes has repeatedly shed light on patterns of morphological evolution. However, development itself evolves as well, often concomitantly with changes in life history or in morphology. In this paper, two approaches are used to examine the evolution of skull development in pipoid frogs. Pipoids have highly unusual morphologies and life histories compared to other frogs, and their development also proves to be remarkable. First, a phylogenetic examination of skull bone ossification sequences reveals that jaw ossification occurs significantly earlier in pipoids than in other frogs; this represents a reversal to the primitive vertebrate condition. Early jaw ossification in pipoids is hypothesized to result from the absence of certain larval specializations possessed by other frogs, combined with unusual larval feeding behaviors. Second, thin-plate spline morphometric studies of ontogenetic shape change reveal important differences between pipoid skull development and that of other frogs. In the course of frog evolution, there has been a shift away from salamander-like patterns of ontogenetic shape change. The pipoids represent the culmination of this trend, and their morphologies are highly derived in numerous respects. This study represents the first detailed examination of the evolution of skull development in a diverse vertebrate clade within a phylogenetic framework. It is also the first study to examine ossification sequences across vertebrates, and the first to use thin-plate spline morphometrics to quantitatively describe ontogenetic trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yeh
- Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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40
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Liquori GE, Scillitani G, Mastrodonato M, Ferri D. Histochemical investigations on the secretory cells in the oesophagogastric tract of the Eurasian green toad, Bufo viridis. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2002; 34:517-24. [PMID: 12945734 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024766124211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The secretory cells of the oesophagogastric tract of the Eurasian toad, Bufo viridis, were examined using standard histochemical methods and lectin histochemistry. Two goblet cell types were found in the oesophageal epithelium, differing in their morphology and the histochemical features of the secretory granules. These contained mainly acidic glycoconjugates, both sulphated and carboxylated, and a small amount of pepsinogen. Type I goblet cells contained stable class-III mucosubstances, which were absent in Type II. No pluricellular oesophageal glands were found. The oesophagogastric junction had a superficial epithelium similar to that of the oesophageal epithelium, with alveolar pluricellular glands, secreting stable class-III mucins, and few oxynticopeptic cells. The gastric mucosa presented secretory cells both in the surface epithelium and in the gastric glands. Superficial and foveolar cells produced neutral mucins with Gal(beta)1,3GalNAc residues. Neck cells, oxynticopeptic cells and endocrine cells were found in the gastric glands. Neck cells produced stable class-III mucosubstances. A functional gradient was observed in the oxynticopeptic cells from the oral to the aboral fundus, with a decrease in pepsinogen secretion towards the aboral fundus and a possible increase in HCl secretion. In the pyloric mucosa, the oxynticopeptic cells disappeared and the glands produced only neutral mucins, without stable class-III mucosubstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa E Liquori
- Department of Zoology, Laboratory of Histology and Comparative Anatomy, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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41
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Van Buskirk J. A Comparative Test of the Adaptive Plasticity Hypothesis: Relationships between Habitat and Phenotype in Anuran Larvae. Am Nat 2002; 160:87-102. [DOI: 10.1086/340599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Miniaturization has evolved numerous times and reached impressive extremes in the Anura. I compared the skeletons of miniature frog species to those of closely related larger species to assess patterns of morphological change, sampling 129 species from 12 families. Two types of morphological data were examined: (1) qualitative data on bone presence and absence; and (2) thin-plate spline morphometric descriptions of skull structure and bone shape. Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to address the shared history of species. Miniature anurans were more likely to lose skull bones and phalangeal elements of the limbs. Their skulls also showed consistent differences compared to those of their larger relatives, including relatively larger braincases and sensory capsules, verticalization of lateral elements, rostral displacement of the jaw joint, and reduction of some skull elements. These features are explained by functional constraints and by paedomorphosis. Variation among lineages in the morphological response to miniaturization was also explored. Certain lineages appear to be unusually resistant to the morphological trends that characterize miniature frogs as a whole. This study represents the first large-scale examination of morphology and miniaturization across a major, diverse group of organisms conducted in a phylogenetic framework and with statistical rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yeh
- Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA.
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43
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Salducci MD, Marty C, Chappaz R, Gilles A. Molecular phylogeny of French Guiana Hylinae: implications for the systematic and biodiversity of the Neotropical frogs. C R Biol 2002; 325:141-53. [PMID: 11980175 DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0691(02)01423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study we used nucleotide sequences from a segment of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA gene to investigate the evolutionary relationships of some French Guiana Hylinae. New sequences, representing the members of different French Guiana frogs-five specimens of the Scinax genus, two Hyla, one Osteocephalus, one Hyalinobatrachium and two Rana as out-group-were examined. In addition, 26 sequences available from GenBank database representing the other subfamilies of the Hylidae were added to our study. This work allowed us to clarify relationships within the four hylids subfamilies (Pelodryadinae, Phyllomedusinae, Hemiphractinae and Hylinae) and the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic Scinax genus within the Hylidae. We found that: (1) the Scinax genus displays a high level of differentiation in comparison to two other genera (Litoria and Hyla) belonging to 'Hylidae' family; (2) the Hylinae are paraphyletic given the position of the Litoria, which was the sister-group of the Hyla and the Osteocephalus genera; (3) the anterior works and our results (based on two different data sets) showed the paraphyly of the Hylidae questioning the validity of this family; (4) the reassessment of these different taxonomic groups will induce a huge implication on the estimation (past, present and future) of the biodiversity (in Neotropical frogs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Dominique Salducci
- Laboratoire d'hydrobiologie, EA biodiversité 2202, université de Provence, 3, place Victor-Hugo 13331 Marseille, France
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Read K, Keogh JS, Scott IA, Roberts JD, Doughty P. Molecular phylogeny of the Australian frog genera Crinia, Geocrinia, and allied taxa (Anura: Myobatrachidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001; 21:294-308. [PMID: 11697923 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2001.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a mitochondrial gene tree for representative species of all the genera in the subfamily Myobatrachinae, with special emphasis on Crinia and Geocrinia. This group has been the subject of a number of long-standing taxonomic and phylogenetic debates. Our phylogeny is based on data from approximately 780 bp of 12S rRNA and 676 bp of ND2, and resolves a number of these problems. We confirm that the morphologically highly derived monotypic genera Metacrinia, Myobatrachus, and Arenophryne are closely related, and that Pseudophryne forms the sister group to these genera. Uperoleia and the recently described genus Spicospina are also part of this clade. Our data show that Assa and Geocrinia are reciprocally monophyletic and together they form a well-supported clade. Geocrinia is monophyletic and the phylogenetic relationships with the genus are fully resolved with two major species groups identified: G. leai, G. victoriana, and G. laevis; and G. rosea, G. alba, and G. vitellina (we were unable to sample G. lutea). We confirm that Taudactylus forms the sister group to the other myobatrachine genera, but our data are equivocal on the phylogenetic position of Paracrinia. The phylogenetic relationships among Crinia species are well resolved with strong support for a number of distinct monophyletic clades, but more data are required to resolve relationships among these major Crinia clades. Crinia tasmaniensis and Bryobatrachus nimbus form the sister clade to the rest of Crinia. Due to the lack of generic level synapomorphies for a Bryobatrachus that includes C. tasmaniensis, we synonymize Bryobatrachus with Crinia. Crinia georgiana does not form a clade distinct from other Crinia species and so our data do not support recognition of the genus Ranidella for other Crinia species. Crinia subinsignifera, C. pseudinsignifera, and C. insignifera are extremely closely related despite differences in male advertisement call. A preliminary investigation of phylogeographic substructure within C. signifera revealed significant divergence between samples from across the range of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Read
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Sumida M, Ogata M, Nishioka M. Molecular phylogenetic relationships of pond frogs distributed in the Palearctic region inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2000; 16:278-85. [PMID: 10942614 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2000.0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary relationships of pond frogs distributed in the Far East and Europe were investigated by analyses of nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA) and cytochrome b (cyt b) genes. The nucleotide sequences of a 412-bp segment of the 12S rRNA gene and a 534-bp segment of the cyt b gene were determined by the PCR-direct sequencing method using 19 frogs belonging to six species and one subspecies distributed in the Palearctic region. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood methods using Rana catesbeiana or Xenopus laevis as an outgroup. The 412-bp segment of the 12S rRNA gene contained 65 variable sites including gap sites, and the 534-bp segment of the cyt b gene contained 160 variable sites. The nucleotide sequence divergences of the 12S rRNA gene were 0.25-4.83% within the Far Eastern frogs, 0.25-6.22% within the European frogs, and 8.74-11.24% between the Far Eastern and the European frogs, whereas those of the cyt b gene were 3.64-14.73% within the Far Eastern frogs, 0.38-14.42% within the European frogs, and 16.53-23.58% between the Far Eastern and the European frogs. Although most nucleotide substitutions were at the third codon position of the cyt b gene and were silent mutations, 4 amino acid replacements occurred within the Far Eastern frogs, 4 within the European frogs, and 11 between the Far Eastern and the European frogs. The phylogenetic trees constructed from the nucleotide sequence divergences showed slightly different topologies for the 12S rRNA and cyt b genes. R. esculenta from Ukraine was closely related to R. lessonae from Luxembourg in both the 12S rRNA and the cyt b gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sumida
- Laboratory for Amphibian Biology, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
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Vences M, Kosuch J, Lötters S, Widmer A, Jungfer KH, Köhler J, Veith M. Phylogeny and classification of poison frogs (Amphibia: dendrobatidae), based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2000; 15:34-40. [PMID: 10764533 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1999.0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of partial sequences of the 16S ribosomal rRNA gene (582 bp) of 20 poison frog species (Dendrobatidae) confirmed their phylogenetic relationships to bufonid and leptodactylid frogs. Representatives of the ranoid families and subfamilies Raninae, Mantellinae, Petropedetinae, Cacosterninae, Arthroleptidae, Astylosternidae, and Microhylidae did not cluster as sister group of the Dendrobatidae. Similar results were obtained in an analysis using a partial sequence of the 12S gene (350 bp) in a reduced set of taxa and in a combined analysis. Within the Dendrobatidae, our data supported monophyly of the genus Phyllobates but indicated paraphyly of Epipedobates and Colostethus. Minyobates clustered within Dendrobates, contradicting its previously assumed phylogenetic position. Phobobates species clustered as a monophyletic unit within Epipedobates. Allobates was positioned in a group containing two Colostethus species, indicating that lack of amplexus, presence of skin alkaloids, and aposematic coloration evolved independently in Allobates and the remaining aposematic dendrobatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vences
- Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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