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Prati JM, Pontes-Silva A, Gianlorenço ACL. The cerebellum and its connections to other brain structures involved in motor and non-motor functions: A comprehensive review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114933. [PMID: 38458437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a large network of neurons that communicate with several brain structures and participate in different functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the cerebellum is not only associated with motor functions but also participates in several non-motor functions. It is suggested that the cerebellum can modulate behavior through many connections with different nervous system structures in motor, sensory, cognitive, autonomic, and emotional processes. Recently, a growing number of clinical and experimental studies support this theory and provide further evidence. In light of recent findings, a comprehensive review is needed to summarize the knowledge on the influence of the cerebellum on the processing of different functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the neuroanatomical aspects of the activation of the cerebellum and its connections with other structures of the central nervous system in different behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Mário Prati
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Pontes-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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2
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Izadifar M, Formuli A, Isham EA, Paolini M. Subjective time perception in musical imagery: An fMRI study on musicians. Psych J 2023; 12:763-773. [PMID: 37586874 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive preparation of an operation without overt motor execution is referred to as imagery (of any kind). Over the last two decades of progress in brain timing studies, the timing of imagery has received little focus. This study compared the time perception of ten professional violinists' actual and imagery performances to see if such an analysis could offer a different model of timing in musicians' imagery skills. When comparing the timing profiles of the musicians between the two situations (actual and imagery), we found a significant correlation in overestimation of time in the imagery. In our fMRI analysis, we found high activation in the left cerebellum. This finding seems consistent with dedicated models of timing such as the cerebellar timing hypothesis, which assigns a "specialized clock" for tasks. In addition, the present findings might provide empirical data concerning imagery, creativity, and time. Maintaining imagery over time is one of the foundations of creativity, and understanding the underlying temporal neuronal mechanism might help us to apprehend the machinery of creativity per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Izadifar
- Institute of Human Aesthetics, Faculty of Design, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Art & Bamberg University, Coburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Arusu Formuli
- Institute of Human Aesthetics, Faculty of Design, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Art & Bamberg University, Coburg, Germany
| | - Eve A Isham
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Marco Paolini
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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3
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Rogojin A, Gorbet DJ, Sergio LE. Sex differences in the neural underpinnings of unimanual and bimanual control in adults. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:793-806. [PMID: 36738359 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
While many of the movements we make throughout our day involve just one upper limb, most daily movements require a certain degree of coordination between both upper limbs. Historically, sex differences in eye-hand coordination have been observed. As well, there are demonstrated sex-specific differences in hemisphere symmetry, interhemispheric connectivity, and motor cortex organization. While it has been suggested that these anatomical differences may underlie sex-related differences in performance, sex differences in the functional neural correlate underlying bimanual performance have not been explicitly investigated. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that the functional connectivity underlying bimanual movement control differed depending on the sex of an individual. Participants underwent MRI scanning to acquire anatomical and functional brain images. During the functional runs, participants performed unimanual and bimanual coordination tasks using two button boxes. The tasks included pressing the buttons in time to an auditory cue with either their left or their right hand individually (unimanual), or with both hands simultaneously (bimanual). The bimanual task was further divided into either an in-phase (mirror/symmetrical) or anti-phase (parallel/asymmetrical) condition. Participants were provided with extensive training to ensure task comprehension, and performance error rates were found to be equivalent between men and women. A generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analysis was implemented to examine how functional connectivity in each condition was modulated by sex. In support of our hypothesis, women and men demonstrated differences in the neural correlates underlying unimanual and bimanual movements. In line with previous literature, functional connectivity patterns showed sex-related differences for right- vs left-hand movements. Sex-specific functional connectivity during bimanual movements was not a sum of the functional connectivity underlying right- and left-hand unimanual movements. Further, women generally showed greater interhemispheric functional connectivity across all conditions compared to men and had greater connectivity between task-related cortical areas, while men had greater connectivity involving the cerebellum. Sex differences in brain connectivity were associated with both unimanual and bimanual movement control. Not only do these findings provide novel insight into the fundamentals of how the brain controls bimanual movements in both women and men, they also present potential clinical implications on how bimanual movement training used in rehabilitation can best be tailored to the needs of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica Rogojin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diana J Gorbet
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren E Sergio
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Henschke JU, Pakan JMP. Engaging distributed cortical and cerebellar networks through motor execution, observation, and imagery. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1165307. [PMID: 37114187 PMCID: PMC10126249 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1165307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When we interact with the environment around us, we are sometimes active participants, making directed physical motor movements and other times only mentally engaging with our environment, taking in sensory information and internally planning our next move without directed physical movement. Traditionally, cortical motor regions and key subcortical structures such as the cerebellum have been tightly linked to motor initiation, coordination, and directed motor behavior. However, recent neuroimaging studies have noted the activation of the cerebellum and wider cortical networks specifically during various forms of motor processing, including the observations of actions and mental rehearsal of movements through motor imagery. This phenomenon of cognitive engagement of traditional motor networks raises the question of how these brain regions are involved in the initiation of movement without physical motor output. Here, we will review evidence for distributed brain network activation during motor execution, observation, and imagery in human neuroimaging studies as well as the potential for cerebellar involvement specifically in motor-related cognition. Converging evidence suggests that a common global brain network is involved in both movement execution and motor observation or imagery, with specific task-dependent shifts in these global activation patterns. We will further discuss underlying cross-species anatomical support for these cognitive motor-related functions as well as the role of cerebrocerebellar communication during action observation and motor imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia U. Henschke
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janelle M. P. Pakan
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janelle M. P. Pakan,
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5
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Yang YC, Chang FT, Chen JC, Tsai CH, Lin FY, Lu MK. Bereitschaftspotential in Multiple System Atrophy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:608322. [PMID: 34149586 PMCID: PMC8206531 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.608322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder manifesting as parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic dysfunction. It is categorized into MSA with predominant parkinsonism (MSA-P) and into MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C). The pathophysiology of motor control circuitry involvement in MSA subtype is unclear. Bereitschaftspotential (BP) is a feasible clinical tool to measure electroencephalographic activity prior to volitional motions. We recorded BP in patients with MSA-P and MSA-C to investigate their motor cortical preparation and activation for volitional movement. Methods: We included eight patients with MSA-P, eight patients with MSA-C, and eight age-matched healthy controls. BP was recorded during self-paced rapid wrist extension movements. The electroencephalographic epochs were time-locked to the electromyography onset of the voluntary wrist movements. The three groups were compared with respect to the mean amplitudes of early (1,500–500 ms before movement onset) and late (500–0 ms before movement onset) BP. Results: Mean early BP amplitude was non-significantly different between the three groups. Mean late BP amplitude in the two patient groups was significantly reduced in the parietal area contralateral to the movement side compared with that in the healthy control group. In addition, the late BP of the MSA-C group but not the MSA-P group was significantly reduced at the central parietal area compared with that of the healthy control group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients with MSA exhibit motor cortical dysfunction in voluntary movement preparation and activation. The dysfunction can be practicably evaluated using late BP, which represents the cerebello-dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chien Yang
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Chang
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Cheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yu Lin
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuei Lu
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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6
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Zaccarella E, Papitto G, Friederici AD. Language and action in Broca's area: Computational differentiation and cortical segregation. Brain Cogn 2020; 147:105651. [PMID: 33254030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Actions have been proposed to follow hierarchical principles similar to those hypothesized for language syntax. These structural similarities are claimed to be reflected in the common involvement of certain neural populations of Broca's area, in the Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG). In this position paper, we follow an influential hypothesis in linguistic theory to introduce the syntactic operation Merge and the corresponding motor/conceptual interfaces. We argue that actions hierarchies do not follow the same principles ruling language syntax. We propose that hierarchy in the action domain lies in predictive processing mechanisms mapping sensory inputs and statistical regularities of action-goal relationships. At the cortical level, distinct Broca's subregions appear to support different types of computations across the two domains. We argue that anterior BA44 is a major hub for the implementation of the syntactic operation Merge. On the other hand, posterior BA44 is recruited in selecting premotor mental representations based on the information provided by contextual signals. This functional distinction is corroborated by a recent meta-analysis (Papitto, Friederici, & Zaccarella, 2020). We conclude by suggesting that action and language can meet only where the interfaces transfer abstract computations either to the external world or to the internal mental world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Zaccarella
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Giorgio Papitto
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Papitto G, Friederici AD, Zaccarella E. The topographical organization of motor processing: An ALE meta-analysis on six action domains and the relevance of Broca's region. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116321. [PMID: 31678500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Action is a cover term used to refer to a large set of motor processes differing in domain specificities (e.g. execution or observation). Here we review neuroimaging evidence on action processing (N = 416; Subjects = 5912) using quantitative Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) and Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling (MACM) approaches to delineate the functional specificities of six domains: (1) Action Execution, (2) Action Imitation, (3) Motor Imagery, (4) Action Observation, (5) Motor Learning, (6) Motor Preparation. Our results show distinct functional patterns for the different domains with convergence in posterior BA44 (pBA44) for execution, imitation and imagery processing. The functional connectivity network seeding in the motor-based localized cluster of pBA44 differs from the connectivity network seeding in the (language-related) anterior BA44. The two networks implement distinct cognitive functions. We propose that the motor-related network encompassing pBA44 is recruited when processing movements requiring a mental representation of the action itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Papitto
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emiliano Zaccarella
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Caligiore D, Arbib MA, Miall RC, Baldassarre G. The super-learning hypothesis: Integrating learning processes across cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Vecchio F, Caliandro P, Reale G, Miraglia F, Piludu F, Masi G, Iacovelli C, Simbolotti C, Padua L, Leone E, Alù F, Colosimo C, Rossini PM. Acute cerebellar stroke and middle cerebral artery stroke exert distinctive modifications on functional cortical connectivity: A comparative study via EEG graph theory. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:997-1007. [PMID: 31005052 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested whether acute cerebellar stroke may determine changes in brain network architecture as defined by cortical sources of EEG rhythms. METHODS Graph parameters of 41 consecutive stroke patients (<5 days from the event) were studied using eLORETA EEG sources. Network rearrangements of stroke patients were investigated in delta, alpha 2, beta 2 and gamma bands in comparison with healthy subjects. RESULTS The delta network remodeling was similar in cerebellar and middle cerebral artery strokes, with a reduction of small-worldness. Beta 2 and gamma small-worldness, in the right hemisphere of patients with cerebellar stroke, increase respect to healthy subjects, while alpha 2 small-worldness increases only among patients with a middle cerebral artery stroke. CONCLUSIONS The network remodeling characteristics are independent on the size of the ischemic lesion. In the early post-acute stages cerebellar stroke differs from the middle cerebral artery one because it does not cause alpha 2 network remodeling while it determines a high frequency network reorganization in beta 2 and gamma bands with an increase of small-worldness characteristics. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate changes in the balance of local segregation and global integration induced by cerebellar acute stroke in high EEG frequency bands. They need to be integrated with appropriate follow-up to explore whether further network changes are attained during post-stroke outcome stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vecchio
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Caliandro
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Reale
- Institute of Neurology, Area of Neuroscience, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Piludu
- Department of radiologic sciences, Catholic University, Fondazione Policlincio Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianvito Masi
- Institute of Neurology, Area of Neuroscience, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Simbolotti
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Padua
- Unità operativa di neuroriabilitazione ad alta intensità, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli. IRCCS, Roma
| | - Edoardo Leone
- Department of radiologic sciences, Catholic University, Fondazione Policlincio Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Alù
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Colosimo
- Department of radiologic sciences, Catholic University, Fondazione Policlincio Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Neurology, Area of Neuroscience, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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10
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Alahmadi AAS, Pardini M, Samson RS, Friston KJ, Toosy AT, D'Angelo E, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM. Cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei mirror cortical force-related-BOLD responses: Beyond all (linear) expectations. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2566-2579. [PMID: 28240422 PMCID: PMC5413835 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the BOLD response and an applied force was quantified in the cerebellum using a power grip task. To investigate whether the cerebellum responds in an on/off way to motor demands or contributes to motor responses in a parametric fashion, similarly to the cortex, five grip force levels were investigated under visual feedback. Functional MRI data were acquired in 13 healthy volunteers and their responses were analyzed using a cerebellum-optimized pipeline. This allowed us to evaluate, within the cerebellum, voxelwise linear and non-linear associations between cerebellar activations and forces. We showed extensive non-linear activations (with a parametric design), covering the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum with a BOLD-force relationship that is region-dependent. Linear responses were mainly located in the anterior lobe, similarly to the cortex, where linear responses are localized in M1. Complex responses were localized in the posterior lobe, reflecting its key role in attention and executive processing, required during visually guided movement. Given the highly organized responses in the cerebellar cortex, a key question is whether deep cerebellar nuclei show similar parametric effects. We found positive correlations with force in the ipsilateral dentate nucleus and negative correlations on the contralateral side, suggesting a somatotopic organization of the dentate nucleus in line with cerebellar and cortical areas. Our results confirm that there is cerebellar organization involving all grey matter structures that reflect functional segregation in the cortex, where cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei contribute to complex motor tasks with different BOLD response profiles in relation to the forces. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2566-2579, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A S Alahmadi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Pardini
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rebecca S Samson
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed T Toosy
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Brain Connectivity Centre, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.,Brain MRI 3T Mondino Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Fernandez L, Albein-Urios N, Kirkovski M, McGinley JL, Murphy AT, Hyde C, Stokes MA, Rinehart NJ, Enticott PG. Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to the Right Cerebellar Hemisphere Affects Motor Adaptation During Gait. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 16:168-177. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Buma FE, van Kordelaar J, Raemaekers M, van Wegen EEH, Ramsey NF, Kwakkel G. Brain activation is related to smoothness of upper limb movements after stroke. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:2077-2089. [PMID: 26979435 PMCID: PMC4893073 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether additionally recruited sensorimotor areas in the ipsilesional and contralesional hemisphere and the cerebellum can compensate for lost neuronal functions after stroke. The objective of this study was to investigate how increased recruitment of secondary sensorimotor areas is associated with quality of motor control after stroke. In seventeen patients (three females, fourteen males; age: 59.9 ± 12.6 years), cortical activation levels were determined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 12 regions of interest during a finger flexion–extension task in weeks 6 and 29 after stroke. At the same time points and by using 3D kinematics, the quality of motor control was assessed by smoothness of the grasp aperture during a reach-to-grasp task, quantified by normalized jerk. Ipsilesional premotor cortex, insula and cerebellum, as well as the contralesional supplementary motor area, insula and cerebellum, correlated significantly and positively with the normalized jerk of grasp aperture at week 6 after stroke. A positive trend towards this correlation was observed in week 29. This study suggests that recruitment of secondary motor areas at 6 weeks after stroke is highly associated with increased jerk during reaching and grasping. As jerk represents the change in acceleration, the recruitment of additional sensorimotor areas seems to reflect a type of control in which deviations from an optimal movement pattern are continuously corrected. This relationship suggests that additional recruitment of sensorimotor areas after stroke may not correspond to restitution of motor function, but more likely to adaptive motor learning strategies to compensate for motor impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor E Buma
- Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Centre De Hoogstraat, Rembrandtkade 10, 3583TM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85060, 3508AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost van Kordelaar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Raemaekers
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85060, 3508AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin E H van Wegen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nick F Ramsey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85060, 3508AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Kwakkel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center, Reade Centre for Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, PO Box 58271, 1040HG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Rao Barkur R, Bairy LK. Comparison of the developmental milestones and preweaning neurobehavioral parameters in rat pups exposed to lead (Pb) during gestation, lactation and pregestation period. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:248-55. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1082136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajashekar Rao Barkur
- Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India and
| | - Laxminarayana K. Bairy
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
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14
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Pelton TA, Wing AM, Fraser D, van Vliet P. Differential Effects of Parietal and Cerebellar Stroke in Response to Object Location Perturbation. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:293. [PMID: 26217208 PMCID: PMC4499699 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differential contributions of the cerebellum and parietal lobe to coordination between hand transport and hand shaping to an object have not been clearly identified. OBJECTIVE To contrast impairments in reach-to-grasp coordination, in response to object location perturbation, in patients with right parietal and cerebellar lesions, in order to further elucidate the role of each area in reach-to-grasp coordination. METHOD A two-factor design with one between subject factor (right parietal stroke; cerebellar stroke; controls) and one within subject factor (presence or absence of object location perturbation) examined correction processes used to maintain coordination between transport-to-grasp in the presence of perturbation. Sixteen chronic stroke participants (eight with right parietal lesions and eight with cerebellar lesions) were matched in age (mean = 61 years; standard deviation = 12) and hand dominance with 16 healthy controls. Hand and arm movements were recorded during unperturbed baseline trials (10) and unpredictable trials (60) in which the target was displaced to the left (10) or right (10) or remained fixed (40). RESULTS Cerebellar patients had a slowed response to perturbation with anticipatory hand opening, an increased number of aperture peaks and disruption to temporal coordination, and greater variability. Parietal participants also exhibited slowed movements, with increased number of aperture peaks, but in addition, increased the number of velocity peaks and had a longer wrist path trajectory due to difficulties planning the new transport goal and thus relying more on feedback control. CONCLUSION Patients with parietal or cerebellar lesions showed some similar and some contrasting deficits. The cerebellum was more dominant in controlling temporal coupling between transport and grasp components, and the parietal area was more concerned with using sensation to relate arm and hand state to target position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy A. Pelton
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Alan M. Wing
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Dagmar Fraser
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Paulette van Vliet
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Willard AM, Bouchard RS, Gittis AH. Differential degradation of motor deficits during gradual dopamine depletion with 6-hydroxydopamine in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 301:254-67. [PMID: 26067595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder whose cardinal motor symptoms arise due to the progressive loss of dopamine. Although this dopamine loss typically progresses slowly over time, currently there are very few animal models that enable incremental dopamine depletion over time within the same animal. This type of gradual dopamine depletion model would be useful in studies aimed at the prodromal phase of PD, when dopamine levels are pathologically low but motor symptoms have not yet presented. Utilizing the highly characterized neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), we have developed a paradigm to gradually deplete dopamine levels in the striatum over a user-defined time course - spanning weeks to months - in C57BL/6 mice. Dopamine depletions were achieved by administration of five low-dose injections (0.75μg) of 6-OHDA through an implanted intracranial bilateral cannula targeting the medial forebrain bundle. Levels of dopamine within the striatum declined linearly with successive injections, quantified using tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining and high-performance liquid chromatography. Behavioral testing was carried out at each time point to study the onset and progression of motor impairments as a function of dopamine loss over time. We found that spontaneous locomotion, measured in an open field, was robust until ∼70% of striatal dopamine was lost. Beyond this point, additional dopamine loss caused a sharp decline in motor performance, reaching a final level comparable to that of acutely depleted mice. Similarly, although rearing behavior was more sensitive to dopamine loss and declined linearly as a function of dopamine levels, it eventually declined to levels similar to those seen in acutely depleted mice. In contrast, motor coordination, measured on a vertical pole task, was only moderately impaired in gradually depleted mice, despite severe impairments observed in acutely depleted mice. These results demonstrate the importance of the temporal profile of dopamine loss on the magnitude and progression of behavioral impairments. Our gradual depletion model thus establishes a new paradigm with which to study how circuits respond and adapt to dopamine loss over time, information which could uncover important cellular events during the prodromal phase of PD that ultimately impact the presentation or treatability of behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Willard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R S Bouchard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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16
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Caligiore D, Pezzulo G, Miall RC, Baldassarre G. The contribution of brain sub-cortical loops in the expression and acquisition of action understanding abilities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2504-15. [PMID: 23911926 PMCID: PMC3878436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Focusing on cortical areas is too restrictive to explain action understanding ability. We propose that sub-cortical areas support action understanding ability. Cortical and sub-cortical processes allow acquisition of action understanding ability.
Research on action understanding in cognitive neuroscience has led to the identification of a wide “action understanding network” mainly encompassing parietal and premotor cortical areas. Within this cortical network mirror neurons are critically involved implementing a neural mechanism according to which, during action understanding, observed actions are reflected in the motor patterns for the same actions of the observer. We suggest that focusing only on cortical areas and processes could be too restrictive to explain important facets of action understanding regarding, for example, the influence of the observer's motor experience, the multiple levels at which an observed action can be understood, and the acquisition of action understanding ability. In this respect, we propose that aside from the cortical action understanding network, sub-cortical processes pivoting on cerebellar and basal ganglia cortical loops could crucially support both the expression and the acquisition of action understanding abilities. Within the paper we will discuss how this extended view can overcome some limitations of the “pure” cortical perspective, supporting new theoretical predictions on the brain mechanisms underlying action understanding that could be tested by future empirical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caligiore
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISTC-CNR), Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Kipping JA, Grodd W, Kumar V, Taubert M, Villringer A, Margulies DS. Overlapping and parallel cerebello-cerebral networks contributing to sensorimotor control: an intrinsic functional connectivity study. Neuroimage 2013; 83:837-48. [PMID: 23872155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In concert with sensorimotor control areas of the cerebrum, the cerebellum shows differential activation patterns during a variety of sensorimotor-related tasks. However, the spatial details and extent of the complex and heterogeneous cerebello-cerebral systems involved in action control remain uncertain. In this study, we use intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) to examine cerebello-cerebral networks of five cerebellar lobules (I-IV, V, VI, and VIIIa/b) that have been empirically identified to form the functional basis of sensorimotor processes. A refined cerebellar seed-region selection allowed us to identify a network of primary sensorimotor and supplementary motor areas (I-V), a network of prefrontal, premotor, occipito-temporal and inferior-parietal regions (VI), and two largely overlapping networks involving premotor and superior parietal regions, the temporo-parietal junction as well as occipito-temporal regions (VIIIa/b). All networks involved the medial prefrontal/cingulate cortex. These cerebral clusters were used in a partial correlation analysis to systematically map cerebral connectivity throughout the entire cerebellum. We discuss these findings in the framework of affective and cognitive control, sensorimotor, multisensory systems, and executive/language systems. Within the cerebellum we found that cerebro-cerebellar systems seem to run in parallel, as indicated by distinct sublobular functional topography of prefrontal, parietal, sensorimotor, cingulate, and occipito-temporal regions. However, all areas showed overlapping connectivity to various degrees in both hemispheres. The results of both analyses demonstrate that different sublobular parts of the cerebellar lobules may dominate in different aspects of primary or higher-order sensorimotor processing. This systems-level cerebellar organization provides a more detailed structure for cerebello-cerebral interaction which contributes to our understanding of complex motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Kipping
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Verhagen L, Dijkerman HC, Medendorp WP, Toni I. Hierarchical organization of parietofrontal circuits during goal-directed action. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6492-503. [PMID: 23575847 PMCID: PMC6619073 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3928-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two parietofrontal networks share the control of goal-directed movements: a dorsomedial circuit that includes the superior parieto-occipital sulcus (sPOS) and a dorsolateral circuit comprising the anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS). These circuits are thought to independently control either reach and grip components (a functional dissociation), or planning and execution phases of grasping movements (a temporal dissociation). However, recent evidence of functional and temporal overlap between these circuits has undermined those models. Here, we test an alternative model that subsumes previous accounts: the dorsolateral and dorsomedial circuits operate at different hierarchical levels, resulting in functional and temporal dependencies between their computations. We asked human participants to grasp a visually presented object, manipulating movement complexity by varying object slant. We used concurrent single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to probe and record neurophysiological activity in the two circuits. Changes in alpha-band oscillations (8-12 Hz) characterized the effects of task manipulations and TMS interferences over aIPS and sPOS. Increasing the complexity of the grasping movement was accompanied by alpha-suppression over dorsomedial parietofrontal regions, including sPOS, during both planning and execution stages. TMS interference over either aIPS or sPOS disrupted this index of dorsomedial computations; early when aIPS was perturbed, later when sPOS was perturbed, indicating that the dorsomedial circuit is temporally dependent on aIPS. TMS over sPOS enhanced alpha-suppression in inferior parietal cortex, indicating that the dorsolateral circuit can compensate for a transient sPOS perturbation. These findings suggest that both circuits specify the same grasping parameters, with dorsomedial computations depending on dorsolateral contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Verhagen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Zhavoronkova LA, Zharikova AV, Kushnir EM, Mikhalkova AA. EEG markers of upright posture in healthy individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119712050131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Akhlaghi H, Corben L, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Bradshaw J, Delatycki MB, Storey E, Egan GF. A functional MRI study of motor dysfunction in Friedreich's ataxia. Brain Res 2012; 1471:138-54. [PMID: 22771856 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is the most common form of hereditary ataxia. In addition to proximal spinal cord and brain stem atrophy, mild to moderate atrophy of the cerebellum has been reported in advanced FRDA. The aim of this study was to examine dysfunction in motor-related areas involved in the execution of finger tapping tasks in individuals with FRDA, and to investigate functional re-organization of cortico-cerebellar, cortico-striatal and parieto-frontal loops as a result of the cerebellar pathology. Thirteen right-handed individuals with FRDA and fourteen right-handed controls participated. Functional MRI images were acquired during four different finger tapping tasks consisting of visually cued regular and irregular single finger tapping tasks, a self-paced regular finger tapping task, and a visually cued multi-finger tapping task. Both groups showed significant activation of the motor-related network including the pre-central cortex and supplementary motor area bilaterally; the left primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex and putamen; and the right cerebellum. During the visually cued regular finger tapping task, the right hemisphere of the cerebellar cortex, bilateral supplementary motor areas and right inferior parietal cortex showed higher activation in the healthy control group, while in individuals with FRDA the left premotor cortex, left somatosensory cortex and left inferior parietal cortex were more active. In addition, during the visually cued irregular finger tapping task, the right middle temporal gyrus in the control group and the right superior parietal lobule and left superior and middle temporal gyri in the individuals with FRDA showed higher activation. During visually cued multi-finger tapping task, the control group showed higher activation in the bilateral middle frontal gyri, bilateral somatosensory cortices, bilateral inferior parietal lobules, left premotor cortex, left supplementary area, right superior frontal gyrus and right cerebellum, while individuals with FRDA showed increased activity in the left inferior parietal lobule, left primary motor cortex, left middle occipital gyrus, right somatosensory cortex and the left cerebellum. Only the right crus I/II of the cerebellum showed higher activation in individuals with FRDA during the self-paced regular finger tapping task, whereas wide-spread regions including the left superior frontal gyrus, left central opercular cortex, left somatosensory cortex, left putamen, right cerebellum, bilateral primary motor cortices, bilateral inferior parietal lobules and the left insula were more active in the control group. Although the pattern of the BOLD signal from the putamen was different during the self-paced regular finger tapping task to the other tasks in controls, in individuals with FRDA there was no distinction of the signal between the tasks suggesting that primary cerebellar pathology may cause secondary basal ganglia dysregulation. While individuals with FRDA tapped at a slightly lower rate (0.59Hz) compared with controls (0.74Hz) they showed significantly decreased activity of the SMA and the inferior parietal lobule, which may suggest disruption to the fronto-parietal connections. These findings suggest that the motor impairments in individuals with FRDA result from dysfunction extending beyond the spinal cord and cerebellum to include sub-cortical and cortical brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akhlaghi
- Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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21
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Manto M, Bower JM, Conforto AB, Delgado-García JM, da Guarda SNF, Gerwig M, Habas C, Hagura N, Ivry RB, Mariën P, Molinari M, Naito E, Nowak DA, Oulad Ben Taib N, Pelisson D, Tesche CD, Tilikete C, Timmann D. Consensus paper: roles of the cerebellum in motor control--the diversity of ideas on cerebellar involvement in movement. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 11:457-87. [PMID: 22161499 PMCID: PMC4347949 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in developing models of cerebellar function in sensorimotor control, as well as in identifying key problems that are the focus of current investigation. In this consensus paper, we discuss the literature on the role of the cerebellar circuitry in motor control, bringing together a range of different viewpoints. The following topics are covered: oculomotor control, classical conditioning (evidence in animals and in humans), cerebellar control of motor speech, control of grip forces, control of voluntary limb movements, timing, sensorimotor synchronization, control of corticomotor excitability, control of movement-related sensory data acquisition, cerebro-cerebellar interaction in visuokinesthetic perception of hand movement, functional neuroimaging studies, and magnetoencephalographic mapping of cortico-cerebellar dynamics. While the field has yet to reach a consensus on the precise role played by the cerebellum in movement control, the literature has witnessed the emergence of broad proposals that address cerebellar function at multiple levels of analysis. This paper highlights the diversity of current opinion, providing a framework for debate and discussion on the role of this quintessential vertebrate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, FNRS, ULB Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Metabolic Changes of Cerebrum by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Lateral Cerebellum: A Study with FDG PET. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 11:739-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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23
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Thiemann U, Bluschke A, Resch F, Teufert B, Klein C, Weisbrod M, Bender S. Cortical post-movement and sensory processing disentangled by temporary deafferentation. Neuroimage 2011; 59:1582-93. [PMID: 21907294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor system calibration depends crucially on the adjustment to the consequences of a movement, which often occur when the movement itself is already completed. The mechanisms by which reafferent feedback information is compared to the programmed movement remain unclear. In the current study, the hypothesis of a short term memory trace in the motor cortex which outlasts quick movements and is generated independently from reafferent feedback was challenged by temporal deafferentation. Post-movement cortical potentials were recorded by high-resolution EEG during a reaction time task which required speeded unilateral right-hand or left-hand button presses. We analysed lateralized motor N700 (motor post-imperative negative variation), a post-movement component, under temporary deafferentation achieved through application of a blood pressure tourniquet in ten healthy adult subjects. Motor N700 persisted under deafferentation in the absence of reafferent tactile and proprioceptive feedback input into the sensorimotor cortex, which was abolished under deafferentation. Source analysis pointed towards continuing activation in the pre-/primary motor cortex. Thus, motor post-processing can be dissociated from reafferent sensory feedback. Motor cortex activation outlasts quick movements for about a second also in the absence of a reafferent signal. Continuing motor cortex activation could act as an internal motor model in motor learning and allow better adjustment of movements according to the evaluation of their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Thiemann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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Inman CS, James GA, Hamann S, Rajendra JK, Pagnoni G, Butler AJ. Altered resting-state effective connectivity of fronto-parietal motor control systems on the primary motor network following stroke. Neuroimage 2011; 59:227-37. [PMID: 21839174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous brain imaging work suggests that stroke alters the effective connectivity (the influence neural regions exert upon each other) of motor execution networks. The present study examines the intrinsic effective connectivity of top-down motor control in stroke survivors (n=13) relative to healthy participants (n=12). Stroke survivors exhibited significant deficits in motor function, as assessed by the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) of resting-state fMRI data to investigate the relationship between motor deficits and the intrinsic effective connectivity between brain regions involved in motor control and motor execution. An exploratory adaptation of SEM determined the optimal model of motor execution effective connectivity in healthy participants, and confirmatory SEM assessed stroke survivors' fit to that model. We observed alterations in spontaneous resting-state effective connectivity from fronto-parietal guidance systems to the motor network in stroke survivors. More specifically, diminished connectivity was found in connections from the superior parietal cortex to primary motor cortex and supplementary motor cortex. Furthermore, the paths demonstrated large individual variance in stroke survivors but less variance in healthy participants. These findings suggest that characterizing the deficits in resting-state connectivity of top-down processes in stroke survivors may help optimize cognitive and physical rehabilitation therapies by individually targeting specific neural pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory S Inman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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25
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The role of saccades in multitasking: towards an output-related view of eye movements. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 75:452-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-011-0352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Teixeira S, Velasques B, Machado S, Paes F, Cunha M, Budde H, Anghinah R, Basile LFH, Cagy M, Piedade R, Ribeiro P. Gamma band oscillations in parietooccipital areas during performance of a sensorimotor integration task: a qEEG coherence study. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2011; 69:304-9. [PMID: 21625755 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2011000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate cortical mechanisms involved in anticipatory actions when 23 healthy right-handed subjects had to catch a free falling object through quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG). For this reason, we used coherence that represents a measurement of linear covariation between two signals in the frequency domain. In addition, we investigated gamma-band (30-100 Hz) activity that is related to cognitive and somatosensory processes. We hypothesized that gamma coherence will be increase in both parietal and occipital areas during moment after ball drop, due to their involvement in manipulation of objects, visuospatial processing, visual perception, stimuli identification and attention processes. We confirmed our hypothesis, an increase in gamma coherence on P3-P4 (t= -2.15; p=0.033) and PZ-OZ (t= -2.16; p=0.034) electrode pairs was verified for a paired t-test. We conclude that to execute tasks involving anticipatory movements (feedforward mechanisms), like our own task, probably, there is no need of a strong participation of visual areas in the process of information organization to manipulate objects and to process visuospatial information regarding the contact hand-object.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teixeira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B Velasques
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Brazil
| | - S Machado
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Brazil
| | - F Paes
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Brazil
| | - M Cunha
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Brazil; Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
| | - H Budde
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - R Anghinah
- University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - L F H Basile
- University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; UMESP, Brazil
| | - M Cagy
- Federal Fluminense University, Brazil
| | - R Piedade
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P Ribeiro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; UFRJ, Brazil; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Brazil
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Bahrami P, Schweizer TA, Tam F, Grantcharov TP, Cusimano MD, Graham SJ. Functional MRI-compatible laparoscopic surgery training simulator. Magn Reson Med 2010; 65:873-81. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Kim JH, Lee YS, Lee JJ, Song HJ, Yoo DS, Lee HJ, Kim HJ, Chang Y. Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals age-related alterations to motor networks in weighted elbow flexion-extension movement. Neurol Res 2010; 32:995-1001. [PMID: 20433774 DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12670144737693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE we investigated whether motor system activity in normal aging shows age-related alteration during a non-isomeric elbow flexion-extension movement task using weights. METHODS Twenty-six healthy, right-handed elderly and 20 healthy, right-handed young subjects without any psychiatric, neurological, or medical disease participated in this study. All subjects underwent two consecutive scanning sessions: one without weights, and one with weights. During the weights session, each subject held a small non-metallic bar (weighing approximately 1 kg) with their dominant hand and performed elbow flexion and extension movements. Functional magnetic resonance imaging BOLD contrast was obtained for each subject using a 3.0 T MRI scanner. Image processing and statistical analyses were carried out using SPM2. In fMRI data group analysis, contrast images from the analysis of individual subjects were analysed by one-sample t-tests, thereby generating a random-effects model, allowing inference to the general population. The SPM{t}s were thresholded at P<0.01, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected for multiple comparisons across the whole brain. Finally, the resulting activation maps were created and displayed by projection onto the anatomically standardized mean T1 image of all subjects to identify the anatomical correlates of the activity. RESULTS It was revealed that the main change in the aging brain was significant activation of the ipsilateral basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical motor loop in older subjects, suggesting the recruitment of additional brain areas during the execution of a weighted elbow motor task as a compensation process for age-related neurobiological change. CONCLUSION The current study is the first to demonstrate significant differences in brain activation between old and young subjects during weighted elbow flexion-extension movement when both the old and young groups maintain the same performance level. In particular, overactivation of the basal ganglia in the aging brain appears to play a crucial role in counteracting age-related decline of force generation and to support the same level of performance as that of younger counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Korea
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29
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Wong YK, Gauthier I. A Multimodal Neural Network Recruited by Expertise with Musical Notation. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:695-713. [PMID: 19320551 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Prior neuroimaging work on visual perceptual expertise has focused on changes in the visual system, ignoring possible effects of acquiring expert visual skills in nonvisual areas. We investigated expertise for reading musical notation, a skill likely to be associated with multimodal abilities. We compared brain activity in music-reading experts and novices during perception of musical notation, Roman letters, and mathematical symbols and found selectivity for musical notation for experts in a widespread multimodal network of areas. The activity in several of these areas was correlated with a behavioral measure of perceptual fluency with musical notation, suggesting that activity in nonvisual areas can predict individual differences in visual expertise. The visual selectivity for musical notation is distinct from that for faces, single Roman letters, and letter strings. Implications of the current findings to the study of visual perceptual expertise, music reading, and musical expertise are discussed.
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Chinellato E, Del Pobil AP. The neuroscience of vision-based grasping: a functional review for computational modeling and bio-inspired robotics. J Integr Neurosci 2009; 8:223-54. [PMID: 19618488 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635209002137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The topic of vision-based grasping is being widely studied in humans and in other primates using various techniques and with different goals. The fundamental related findings are reviewed in this paper, with the aim of providing researchers from different fields, including intelligent robotics and neural computation, a comprehensive but accessible view on the subject. A detailed description of the principal sensorimotor processes and the brain areas involved is provided following a functional perspective, in order to make this survey especially useful for computational modeling and bio-inspired robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eris Chinellato
- Robotic Intelligence Lab, Jaume I University, Campus Riu Sec, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
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Keisker B, Hepp-Reymond MC, Blickenstorfer A, Meyer M, Kollias SS. Differential force scaling of fine-graded power grip force in the sensorimotor network. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:2453-65. [PMID: 19172654 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Force scaling in the sensorimotor network during generation and control of static or dynamic grip force has been the subject of many investigations in monkeys and human subjects. In human, the relationship between BOLD signal in cortical and subcortical regions and force still remains controversial. With respect to grip force, the modulation of the BOLD signal has been mostly studied for forces often reaching high levels while little attention has been given to the low range for which electrophysiological neuronal correlates have been demonstrated. We thus conducted a whole-brain fMRI study on the control of fine-graded force in the low range, using a power grip and three force conditions in a block design. Participants generated on a dynamometer visually guided repetitive force pulses (ca. 0.5 Hz), reaching target forces of 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. Regions of interest analysis disclosed activation in the entire cortical and subcortical sensorimotor network and significant force-related modulation in several regions, including primary motor (M1) and somatosensory cortex, ventral premotor and inferior parietal areas, and cerebellum. The BOLD signal, however, increased monotonically with force only in contralateral M1 and ipsilateral anterior cerebellum. The remaining regions were activated with force in various nonlinear manners, suggesting that other factors such as visual input, attention, and muscle recruitment also modulate the BOLD signal in this visuomotor task. These findings demonstrate that various regions of the sensorimotor network participate differentially in the production and control of fine-graded grip forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Keisker
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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YAOUHI KHALID, BERTRAN FRANÇOISE, CLOCHON PATRICE, MÉZENGE FLORENCE, DENISE PIERRE, FORET JEAN, EUSTACHE FRANCIS, DESGRANGES BÉATRICE. A combined neuropsychological and brain imaging study of obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2009; 18:36-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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33
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Machado S, Cunha M, Portella CE, Silva JG, Velasques B, Bastos VH, Budde H, Pompeu F, Basile L, Cagy M, Piedade R, Ribeiro P. Integration of cortical areas during performance of a catching ball task. Neurosci Lett 2008; 446:7-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Balsters JH, Ramnani N. Symbolic representations of action in the human cerebellum. Neuroimage 2008; 43:388-98. [PMID: 18692577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar cortical areas connected to the neocortical motor system process information important for the sensory guidance of action. Converging evidence also supports the view that cerebellar cortical areas connected with the prefrontal cortex process information similarly in the cognitive domain. Here, we test the hypothesis that the prefrontal-projecting zones in the human cerebellum process the abstract content of information embedded within sensory cues. Specifically, we use event-related fMRI to determine whether symbolic visual instructions activate the prefrontal-projecting zones of the cerebellum. On the basis of connectional anatomy, we predicted that such activity would be found in lobule HVIIA and adjacent vermal territories in the same lobule. Our experimental design enabled us to investigate activity time-locked specifically to instructions foraction that were either purely symbolic, or specified actions directly. Such activity was independent of action. Activity specifically time-locked to symbolic cues (compared with non-symbolic control cues) activated cerebellar cortical lobule HVIIA (Crus I and Crus II). Our results provide support for the view that prefrontal-projecting areas of the cerebellar cortex process information that is of a purely abstract nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Balsters
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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35
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Bakker M, De Lange F, Helmich R, Scheeringa R, Bloem B, Toni I. Cerebral correlates of motor imagery of normal and precision gait. Neuroimage 2008; 41:998-1010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Nader S, Machado S, Cunha M, Portella CE, Silva JG, Velasques B, Bastos VH, Basile L, Cagy M, Piedade R, Ribeiro P. Posterior parietal cortex role in a sensorimotor task performance. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2008; 66:341-3. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2008000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate electrophysiological and cortical mechanisms involved in anticipatory actions when individuals had to catch balls in free drop; specifically through quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) alpha absolute power changes. The sample was composed for 23 health subjects, both sexes, with ages varying between 25 and 40 years, absence of mental and physical illness, right handed and don't make use of any psychoactive or psychotropic substance at the time of the study. The experiment consisted of a task of catching balls in free drop. The three-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated an interaction between moment and position factors in left parietal posterior cortex (PPC) (p=0.001). Through the experimental task employed, this area demonstrated a differentiated activity involving expectation, planning and preparedness in the ball's drop task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Nader
- Universidade do Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Sergio Machado
- Universidade do Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Brasileiro de Biociências Neurais, Brasil
| | - Marlo Cunha
- Universidade do Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Brasileiro de Biociências Neurais, Brasil
| | | | - Julio Guilherme Silva
- Universidade do Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Brasileiro de Biociências Neurais, Brasil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Universidade do Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Brasileiro de Biociências Neurais, Brasil
| | - Victor Hugo Bastos
- Universidade do Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Brasileiro de Biociências Neurais, Brasil
| | | | | | - Roberto Piedade
- Universidade do Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Universidade do Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Brasileiro de Biociências Neurais, Brasil
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37
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Meindl T, Born C, Britsch S, Reiser M, Schoenberg S. Functional BOLD MRI: comparison of different field strengths in a motor task. Eur Radiol 2008; 18:1102-13. [PMID: 18274756 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-008-0869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to evaluate the benefit of an increased field strength for functional magnetic resonance imaging in a motor task. Six right-handed volunteers were scanned at 1.5 T and 3.0 T using a motor task. Each experiment consisted of two runs with four activation blocks, each with right- and left-hand tapping. Analysis was done using BrainVoyagerQX. Differences between both field strengths concerning signal to noise (SNR), blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal change, functional sensitivity and BOLD contrast to noise (CNR) were tested using a paired t test. Delineation of activations and artifacts were graded by two independent readers. Results were further validated by means of a phantom study. The sensorimotor and premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, subcortical and cerebellar structures were activated at each field strength. Additional activations of the right premotor cortex and right superior temporal gyrus were found at 3.0 T. Signal-to-noise, percentage of BOLD signal change, BOLD CNR and functional sensitivity improved at 3.0 T by a factor of up to 2.4. Functional imaging at 3.0 T results in detection of additional activated areas, increased SNR, BOLD signal change, functional sensitivity and BOLD CNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Meindl
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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38
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Abstract
The cerebellum is normally assumed to represent ipsilateral movements. We tested this by making microelectrode penetrations into the deep cerebellar nuclei (mainly nucleus interpositus) of monkeys trained to perform a reach and grasp task with either hand. Following weak single electrical stimuli, many sites produced clear bilateral facilitation of multiple forelimb muscles. The short onset latencies, which were similar for each side, suggested that at least some of the muscle responses were mediated by descending tracts originating in the brainstem, rather than via the cerebral cortex. Additionally, cerebellar neurones modulated their discharge with both ipsilateral and contralateral movements. This was so, even when we carefully excluded contralateral trials with evidence of electromyogram modulation on the ipsilateral side. We conclude that the deep cerebellar nuclei have a bilateral movement representation, and relatively direct, powerful access to limb muscles on both sides of the body. This places the cerebellum in an ideal position to coordinate bilateral movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetris S Soteropoulos
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Building, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
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39
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Soteropoulos DS, Baker SN. Different contributions of the corpus callosum and cerebellum to motor coordination in monkey. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98:2962-73. [PMID: 17715202 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00236.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the different contribution of the corpus callosum (CC) and cerebellum to motor control in two macaque monkeys trained to perform a precision grip task with one or both hands. Recordings were made from antidromically identified CC cells and nearby unidentified neurons (UIDs) in the hand representation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and compared with cells from the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). All cells showed their greatest modulation in activity (rate change locked to particular task event) during the movement epochs of the task (CC, 21.3 +/- 22.2; UIDs, 36.2 +/- 30.1 spike/s for contralateral trials; DCN, 63 +/- 56.4 for ipsilateral trials; mean +/- SD). Surprisingly, CC cells fired at very low basal rates compared with UIDs (3.9 +/- 4.9 vs. 10 +/- 9.1 spike/s) or DCN neurons (50.8 +/- 23.8 spike/s). However, SMA cells had the greatest rate modulation to baseline ratio (CC: 12.1 +/- 13.7; UID: 5.3 +/- 5.4; DCN: 1.7 +/- 2.0). This would allow them to code the timing of a behavioral event with better fidelity than DCN cells. A multivariate regression analysis between cell firing and EMG measured cells' representation of moment-by-moment modulations in muscle activity. CC neurons coded these real-time behavioral parameters significantly less well than the other cells types, using both linear and nonlinear models. Basal firing rate substantially constrains cell function. CC cells with low basal rates have restricted dynamic range for coding continuous parameters, but efficiently code the time of discrete behavioral events. DCN neurons with higher basal rates are better suited to control continuously variable parameters of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetris S Soteropoulos
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Building, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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40
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Diedrichsen J, Criscimagna-Hemminger SE, Shadmehr R. Dissociating timing and coordination as functions of the cerebellum. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6291-301. [PMID: 17554003 PMCID: PMC2216743 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0061-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the cerebellum in motor control is a long-standing puzzle because cerebellar damage is associated with both timing and coordination deficits. Timing is the ability to produce consistent intervals between movements based on an internal representation of time. Coordination, in contrast, is a state-dependent control process in which motor commands to one effector depend on the predicted state of another effector. Here we considered a task consisting of two components, an arm movement and an isometric press with the thumb. We found that when the two components temporally overlapped, the brain controlled the thumb using an estimate of the state of the arm. In contrast, when the components did not temporally overlap, the brain controlled the thumb solely based on an internal estimate of time. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we contrasted these two conditions and found that lobule V of the cerebellum ipsilateral to the arm movement was consistently more activated during state-dependent control. When the brain learned time-dependent control, no region of the cerebellum showed consistently increased activity compared with state-dependent control. Rather, the consistent activity associated with time-dependent control was found in language areas of the left cerebral hemisphere along the Sylvian fissure. We suggest that timing and coordination are behaviorally distinct modes of motor control and that the anterior cerebellum is a crucial node in state-dependent motor control, computing a predictive state estimate of one effector (e.g., the arm) to coordinate actions of another effector (the thumb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Diedrichsen
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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41
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Schaechter JD, Perdue KL. Enhanced cortical activation in the contralesional hemisphere of chronic stroke patients in response to motor skill challenge. Cereb Cortex 2007; 18:638-47. [PMID: 17602141 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain processes involved in the restoration of motor skill after hemiparetic stroke are not fully understood. The current study compared cortical activity in chronic stroke patients who successfully recovered hand motor skill and normal control subjects during performance of kinematically matched unskilled and skilled hand movements using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found that cortical activation during performance of the unskilled movement was increased in the patients relative to controls in the contralesional primary sensorimotor cortex. Performance of the skilled movement elicited increased activation in the patients relative to controls in the contralesional primary sensorimotor cortex, ventral premotor cortex, supplementary motor area/cingulate, and occipitoparietal cortex. Further, the activation change in the contralesional occipitoparietal cortex was greater in the patients relative to controls with the increase in motor skill challenge. Kinematic differences, mirror movements, and residual motor deficits did not account for the enhanced activation in the contralesional cortices in the patients. These results suggest that activation in the contralesional cortical network was enhanced as a function of motor skill challenge in stroke patients with good motor recovery. The findings of the current study suggest that successful recovery of motor skill after hemiparetic stroke involves participation of the contralesional cortical network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D Schaechter
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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42
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Rocca MA, Gatti R, Agosta F, Tortorella P, Riboldi E, Broglia P, Filippi M. Influence of body segment position during in-phase and antiphase hand and foot movements: a kinematic and functional MRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:218-27. [PMID: 16767772 PMCID: PMC6871428 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies have provided important insights into the mechanisms governing interlimb coordination. In this study, we combined kinematic and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis to investigate the brain cortical and subcortical areas involved in interlimb coordination and the influence of direction of movement and of body segment position on the activity of those areas. Fifteen right-handed healthy subjects were studied while performing cyclic in-phase and antiphase hand and foot movements with the dominant, right limbs, with the upper limb positioned either prone or supine, and in front or behind with respect to the trunk. When contrasting antiphase to in-phase movements, fMRI analysis demonstrated an increased recruitment of a widespread sensorimotor network (including regions in the frontal and parietal lobes, bilaterally, the cingulated motor area, the thalami, the visual cortex, and the cerebellum) considered to function in motor, sensory, and multimodal integration processing. When contrasting the anterior to the posterior position of the upper limb with respect to the trunk, we found different recruitment patterns in the frontal and parietal regions as well as the preferential recruitment of the basal ganglia, the insula, and the cerebellum during the first condition and of regions located in the temporal lobes during the second one. Different brain areas are engaged at a different extent during interlimb coordination. In addition to the relative difficulty of the movement, the different cognitive and sensorial loads needed to control and perform the motor act might be responsible for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatti
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Tortorella
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Riboldi
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Broglia
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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43
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Pollok B, Butz M, Gross J, Südmeyer M, Timmermann L, Schnitzler A. Coupling between cerebellar hemispheres: behavioural, anatomic, and functional data. THE CEREBELLUM 2006; 5:212-9. [PMID: 16997753 DOI: 10.1080/14734220600621294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the cerebellum has been related to emotional, cognitive, and sensory processes, its outstanding significance for motor behaviour has attracted a vast variety of studies. Specifically, the role of cerebellar activity for appropriate movement timing has been investigated intensively. Behavioural studies, particularly of patients following cerebellar lesions, gave rise to the hypothesis that each hand is controlled by separate timing mechanisms most likely localized within lateral portions of each cerebellar hemisphere. Reduced timing variability during simultaneous bimanual tasks implies that both timing signals are integrated prior to movement execution, probably by information transfer between both cerebellar hemispheres. However, this raises the question for functional and anatomic fundamentals of such an integration process. The present article reviews behavioural, functional, and anatomic data to shed light on possible interactions between both cerebellar hemispheres during the execution of timed motor behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Pollok
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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44
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Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating that the primate cerebellum contributes not only to motor control, but also to higher 'cognitive' function. However, there is no consensus about how the cerebellum processes such information. The answer to this puzzle can be found in the nature of cerebellar connections to areas of the cerebral cortex (particularly the prefrontal cortex) and in the uniformity of its intrinsic cellular organization, which implies uniformity in information processing regardless of the area of origin in the cerebral cortex. With this in mind, the relatively well-developed models of how the cerebellum processes information from the motor cortex might be extended to explain how it could also process information from the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Ramnani
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
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45
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Burgess PW, Alderman N, Forbes C, Costello A, Coates LMA, Dawson DR, Anderson ND, Gilbert SJ, Dumontheil I, Channon S. The case for the development and use of "ecologically valid" measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2006; 12:194-209. [PMID: 16573854 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617706060310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This article considers the scientific process whereby new and better clinical tests of executive function might be developed, and what form they might take. We argue that many of the traditional tests of executive function most commonly in use (e.g., the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Stroop) are adaptations of procedures that emerged almost coincidentally from conceptual and experimental frameworks far removed from those currently in favour, and that the prolongation of their use has been encouraged by a sustained period of concentration on "construct-driven" experimentation in neuropsychology. This resulted from the special theoretical demands made by the field of executive function, but was not a necessary consequence, and may not even have been a useful one. Whilst useful, these tests may not therefore be optimal for their purpose. We consider as an alternative approach a function-led development programme which in principle could yield tasks better suited to the concerns of the clinician because of the transparency afforded by increased "representativeness" and "generalisability." We further argue that the requirement of such a programme to represent the interaction between the individual and situational context might also provide useful constraints for purely experimental investigations. We provide an example of such a programme with reference to the Multiple Errands and Six Element tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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46
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Pick S, Strauss R. Goal-driven behavioral adaptations in gap-climbing Drosophila. Curr Biol 2006; 15:1473-8. [PMID: 16111941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 07/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tasks such as reaching out toward a distant target require adaptive and goal-oriented muscle-activity patterns. The CNS likely composes such patterns from behavioral subunits. How this coordination is done is a central issue in neural motor control. Here, we present a novel paradigm, which allows us to address this question in Drosophila with neurogenetic tools. Freely walking flies are faced with a chasm in their way. Whether they initiate gap-crossing behavior at all and how vigorously they try to reach the other side of the gap depend on a visual estimate of the gap width. By interfering with various putative distance-measuring mechanisms, we found that flies chiefly use the vertical edges on the targeted side to distill the gap width from the parallax motion generated during the approach. At gaps of surmountable width, flies combine and successively improve three behavioral adaptations to maximize the front-leg reach. Each leg pair contributes in a different manner. A screen for climbing mutants yielded lines with defects in the control of climbing initiation and others with specific impairments of particular behavioral adaptations while climbing. The fact that the adaptations can be impaired separately unveils them as distinct subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pick
- Lehrstuhl Genetik und Neurobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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47
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Heuninckx S, Wenderoth N, Debaere F, Peeters R, Swinnen SP. Neural basis of aging: the penetration of cognition into action control. J Neurosci 2006; 25:6787-96. [PMID: 16033888 PMCID: PMC6725362 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1263-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although functional imaging studies have frequently examined age-related changes in neural recruitment during cognitive tasks, much less is known about such changes during motor performance. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate age-related changes in cyclical hand and/or foot movements across different degrees of complexity. Right-handed volunteers (11 young, 10 old) were scanned while performing isolated flexion-extension movements of the right wrist and foot as well as their coordination, according to the "easy" isodirectional and "difficult" nonisodirectional mode. Findings revealed activation of a typical motor network in both age groups, but several additional brain areas were involved in the elderly. Regardless of the performed motor task, the elderly exhibited additional activation in areas involved in sensory processing and integration, such as contralateral anterior insula, frontal operculum, superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, secondary somatosensory area, and ipsilateral precuneus. Age-related activation differences during coordination of both segments were additionally observed in areas reflecting increased cognitive monitoring of motor performance, such as the pre-supplementary motor area, pre-dorsal premotor area, rostral cingulate, and prefrontal cortex. In the most complex coordination task, the elderly exhibited additional activation in anterior rostral cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, known to be involved in suppression of prepotent response tendencies and inhibitory cognitive control. Overall, these findings are indicative of an age-related shift along the continuum from automatic to more controlled processing of movement. This increased cognitive monitoring of movement refers to enhanced attentional deployment, more pronounced processing of sensory information, and intersensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Heuninckx
- Department of Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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48
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Vaillancourt DE, Mayka MA, Corcos DM. Intermittent visuomotor processing in the human cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:922-31. [PMID: 16267114 PMCID: PMC2366036 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00718.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor cortex are integral to visuomotor processing. The parameters of visual information that modulate their role in visuomotor control are less clear. From motor psychophysics, the relation between the frequency of visual feedback and force variability has been identified as nonlinear. Thus we hypothesized that visual feedback frequency will differentially modulate the neural activation in the cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor cortex related to visuomotor processing. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla to examine visually guided grip force control under frequent and infrequent visual feedback conditions. Control conditions with intermittent visual feedback alone and a control force condition without visual feedback were examined. As expected, force variability was reduced in the frequent compared with the infrequent condition. Three novel findings were identified. First, infrequent (0.4 Hz) visual feedback did not result in visuomotor activation in lateral cerebellum (lobule VI/Crus I), whereas frequent (25 Hz) intermittent visual feedback did. This is in contrast to the anterior intermediate cerebellum (lobule V/VI), which was consistently active across all force conditions compared with rest. Second, confirming previous observations, the parietal and premotor cortices were active during grip force with frequent visual feedback. The novel finding was that the parietal and premotor cortex were also active during grip force with infrequent visual feedback. Third, right inferior parietal lobule, dorsal premotor cortex, and ventral premotor cortex had greater activation in the frequent compared with the infrequent grip force condition. These findings demonstrate that the frequency of visual information reduces motor error and differentially modulates the neural activation related to visuomotor processing in the cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Wenderoth N, Debaere F, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP. The role of anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus in the coordination of motor behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:235-46. [PMID: 16029213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral studies in humans have shown that bimanual coordination imposes specific demands on the central nervous system that exceed unimanual task control. In the present study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlate of this additional coordination effort, i.e. regions responding more strongly to bimanual movements than inferred from summing up the responses to the unimanual subtasks. Subjects were scanned while performing movements along different directions, either uni- or bimanually. During the bimanual condition, trajectories of movement of the left and right hand were spatially incompatible, such that additional effort was required to break away from intrinsically favored mirror-movements and to integrate movements of both limbs into a new spatial pattern. Our main finding was that the execution of spatially complex bimanual coordination as compared with the unimanual subtasks activated the anterior cingulate cortex (posterior part) as well as the dorso-anterior precuneus. We hypothesize that the anterior cingulate exerts its modulatory effect on other motor areas, such as the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area, in order to suppress intrinsically favored coordination tendencies. Conversely, the precuneus is likely to be involved in shifting attention between different locations in space, which was necessary for monitoring the trajectories of the left and right wrist when both limbs moved in parallel. Our findings suggest that the coordination effort during bimanual and perhaps other modes of coordinated behavior is mediated by regions contributing to higher order functions, which form an interface between cognition and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wenderoth
- Motor Control Laboratory, Group Biomedical Sciences, K.U.Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Scheperjans F, Palomero-Gallagher N, Grefkes C, Schleicher A, Zilles K. Transmitter receptors reveal segregation of cortical areas in the human superior parietal cortex: relations to visual and somatosensory regions. Neuroimage 2005; 28:362-79. [PMID: 16054841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional distributions of ligand binding sites of 12 different neurotransmitter receptors (glutamatergic: AMPA, kainate, NMDA; GABAergic: GABA(A), GABA(B); cholinergic: muscarinic M2, nicotinic; adrenergic: alpha1, alpha2; serotonergic: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2; dopaminergic: D1) were studied in human postmortem brains by means of quantitative receptor autoradiography. Binding site densities were measured in the superior parietal lobule (SPL) (areas 5L, 5M, 5Ci, and different locations within Brodmann's area (BA) 7), somatosensory (BA 2), and visual cortical areas (BA 17, and different locations within BAs 18 and 19). Similarities of receptor distribution between cortical areas were analyzed by cluster analysis, uni- and multivariate statistics of mean receptor densities (averaged over all cortical layers), and profiles representing the laminar distribution patterns of receptors. A considerable heterogeneity of regional receptor densities and laminar patterns between the sites was found in the SPL and the visual cortex. The most prominent regional differences were found for M2 receptors. In the SPL, rostrocaudally oriented changes of receptor densities were more pronounced than those in mediolateral direction. The receptor distribution in the rostral SPL was more similar to that of the somatosensory cortex, whereas caudal SPL resembled the receptor patterns of the dorsolateral extrastriate visual areas. These results suggest a segregation of the different SPL areas based on receptor distribution features typical for somatosensory or visual areas, which fits to the dual functional role of this cortical region, i.e., the involvement of the human SPL in visuomotor and somatosensory motor transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Scheperjans
- C. and O. Vogt Brain Research Institute, University of Düsseldorf, PO Box 10 10 07, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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