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Abdeljawad I, Rashid M, Abu Alia M, Qushtom R, Irshaid M, Sahyouni A. Cushion hypothesis and credit risk: Islamic versus conventional banks from the MENA region. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306901. [PMID: 39038005 PMCID: PMC11262648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional banks are 'indirectly' allowed to take more risk under the shadow of sovereign guarantees. Banks commit moral hazards as any major banking crisis will be 'cushioned' by deposit insurance and bailed out using the taxpayer's money. This study offers an alternative explanation for the determinants of banks' credit risk, particularly those from the Islamic regions. Although conventional banks and Islamic banks may share state and social cushioning systems, Islamic banks are strictly prohibited by moral and religious principles from gambling with depositors' funds, even if there is a cushion available to bail them out. However, banks belonging to collective societies, such as those in the MENA area, may be inclined to take more risks due to the perception of having a larger safety net to protect them in the event of failure. We analyse these theoretical intersections by utilising a dataset consisting of 320 banks from 20 countries, covering the time span from 2006 to 2021. Our analysis employs a combination of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE), and 2-step System-GMM methodologies. Our analysis reveals that Islamic banks are less exposed to credit risk compared to conventional banks. We contend that the stricter ethical and moral ground and multi-layer monitoring system amid protracted geopolitical and post-pandemic crises impacting Islamic countries contribute to the lower credit risk. We examine the consequences for credit and liquidity management in Islamic banks and the risk management strategies employed by Islamic banks, which can serve as a valuable reference for other banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Abdeljawad
- Finance and Banking Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Christ Church Business School, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Muiz Abu Alia
- Accounting Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rana Qushtom
- Finance and Banking Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mahmoud Irshaid
- Department of Sharia and Islamic Banks, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ahmad Sahyouni
- Higher Institute for Administrative Development, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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2
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Constantino SM, Sparkman G, Kraft-Todd GT, Bicchieri C, Centola D, Shell-Duncan B, Vogt S, Weber EU. Scaling Up Change: A Critical Review and Practical Guide to Harnessing Social Norms for Climate Action. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2022; 23:50-97. [DOI: 10.1177/15291006221105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon emissions have the potential to trigger changes in climate and ecosystems that would be catastrophic for the well-being of humans and other species. Widespread shifts in production and consumption patterns are urgently needed to address climate change. Although transnational agreements and national policy are necessary for a transition to a fully decarbonized global economy, fluctuating political priorities and lobbying by vested interests have slowed these efforts. Against this backdrop, bottom-up pressure from social movements and shifting social norms may offer a complementary path to a more sustainable economy. Furthermore, norm change may be an important component of decarbonization policies by accelerating or strengthening the impacts of other demand-side measures. Individual actions and policy support are social processes—they are intimately linked to expectations about the actions and beliefs of others. Although prevailing social norms often reinforce the status quo and unsustainable development pathways, social dynamics can also create widespread and rapid shifts in cultural values and practices, including increasing pressure on politicians to enact ambitious policy. We synthesize literature on social-norm influence, measurement, and change from the perspectives of psychology, anthropology, sociology, and economics. We discuss the opportunities and challenges for the use of social-norm and social-tipping interventions to promote climate action. Social-norm interventions aimed at addressing climate change or other social dilemmas are promising but no panacea. They require in-depth contextual knowledge, ethical consideration, and situation-specific tailoring and testing to understand whether they can be effectively implemented at scale. Our review aims to provide practitioners with insights and tools to reflect on the promises and pitfalls of such interventions in diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Constantino
- School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University
| | - Gregg Sparkman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College
| | | | - Cristina Bicchieri
- Center for Social Norms and Behavioral Dynamics, University of Pennsylvania
- Departments of Philosophy and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
- Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Damon Centola
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
- School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Sonja Vogt
- Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC), University of Lausanne
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern
- Centre for Experimental Social Sciences, Nuffield College, University of Oxford
| | - Elke U. Weber
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University
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3
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Audit Committee Diversity, Analysts’ Forecast Accuracy and Earnings Management: Evidence from Malaysia. JOURNAL OF RISK AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jrfm15040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the effect of audit committee ethnicity, as part of the diverse cultures in Malaysia, on analysts’ forecast accuracy. In addition, this study investigates further the interactions between the unique cultures in Malaysia and earnings management to determine whether audit committee ethnicity still plays a role in earnings management. Based on 391 observations of firms followed by analysts from the year 2012 to 2014, our result indicates that firms dominated by Bumiputera audit committees have a higher analyst forecast error. In addition, we found that firms manage earnings to meet analysts’ forecasts, which is significant for firms dominated by Bumiputera audit committees. The results add new evidence on the effect of audit committee ethnicity on financial reporting quality in the multiracial country of Malaysia.
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To save or lose? A cross‐national examination of the disease risk framing effect and the influence of collectivism. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Cross-cultural assessment and comparisons of risk tolerance across domains. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRisk attitudes are known to play an important role in influencing one’s behavior under conditions of uncertainty. To date, cultural influences on risk attitudes - beyond the effects they have on perceived risk - have not been well understood. Having a cross-culturally invariant measure of risk attitudes is a prerequisite for carrying out more in depth explorations in this area. The current study applied the domain-specific risk attitudes framework and focused on the Chinese and US cultural contexts. Using novel network analysis techniques, we explored domain-specific patterns of risk attitudes in Chinese and US community samples and we subsequently developed a version of the Multi-Domain Risk Tolerance scale (MDRT-EC) that had similar applicability in both samples. The MDRT-EC demonstrated excellent psychometric characteristics and achieved strong measurement invariance across both samples. The associations between MDRT-EC domain scales and criterion scales were also similar between the two samples, further indicating the measurement invariance of the MDRT-EC. Finally, we used the MDRT-EC to explore cultural differences in risk attitudes across domains and their predictive relations with a range of lifestyle behaviors.
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Asymmetrical Property of the Subproportionality of Weighting Function in Prospect Theory: Is It Real and How Can It Be Achieved? Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An asymmetrical property of the probability weighting function, namely, subproportionality, was derived from observations. Subproportionality can provide a reasonable explanation for accommodating the Allais paradox and, therefore, deserves replication for its high impact. The present study aimed to explore the mechanism of subproportionality by comparing the two completely opposite decision mechanisms: prospect theory and equate-to-differentiate theory. Results revealed that the underlying mechanism supports the prediction of equate-to-differentiate theory but not prospect theory in the diagnostic stimuli condition. Knowledge regarding which intra-dimensional difference between Options A and B is greater, not knowledge regarding which option’s overall prospect value is greater, indeed predicts option preference. Our findings may deepen current understanding on the mechanisms behind the simple risky choice with a single-non-zero outcome. Additionally, these findings will hopefully encourage subsequent researchers to take a fresh look at the Allais paradox.
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Risky choice framing with various problem descriptions: A replication and extension study. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn “Risky choice framing: Task versions and a comparison of prospect theory and fuzzy-trace theory”, Kühberger and Tanner (2010) examined the impacts of removing stated zero/non-zero complements of risky options on the gain/loss framing effect. They also tested two rival theoretical explanations for this effect: prospect theory and fuzzy-trace theory. The present study aimed to examine the reliability and robustness of the evidence provided by Kühberger and Tanner by precise replication in Study 1. The original findings were reported for conditions in which the probability of the risky option was fixed, and the expected value of the two alternatives was approximately equivalent. The present study also aimed to examine the generality of their findings under additional conditions in which large, medium and small probabilities of the risky option were assigned, and the expected value of the certain or risky options differed. The main findings of Kühberger and Tanner (2010) were successfully replicated and confirmed under the original and additional conditions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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New Paradigms for the Old Question: Challenging the Expectation Rule Held by Risky Decision-Making Theories. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2018.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In risky decision making, whether decision makers follow an expectation rule as hypothesised by mainstream theories is a compelling question. To tackle this question and enrich our knowledge of the underlying mechanism of risky decision making, we developed a series of new experimental paradigms that directly examined the computation processes to systematically investigate the process of risky decision making and explore the boundary condition of expectation rule over the course of a decade. In this article, we introduce these methods and review behavioural, eye-tracking, event-related potential, and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that employed these methods. Results of these studies consistently showed that decision makers in the single-application condition did not perform the weighting and summing process assumed by the expectation rule. Moreover, decision makers were inclined to adopt a non-compensatory strategy, such as a heuristic one, in risky decision making. Furthermore, results indicated that the expectation rule was only applicable for conditions that involved decisions applied to numerous events (multiple applications) or to people (everyone). The findings indicated that using an index based on expected value to prescribe human risk preferences appears to be an artificial or false index of risk preference, and emphasised a new methodological direction for risky decision-making research.
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Jääskeläinen IP, Klucharev V, Panidi K, Shestakova AN. Neural Processing of Narratives: From Individual Processing to Viral Propagation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:253. [PMID: 32676019 PMCID: PMC7333591 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Narratives, in the form of, e.g., written stories, mouth-to-mouth accounts, audiobooks, fiction movies, and media-feeds, powerfully shape the perception of reality and widely influence human decision-making. In this review, we describe findings from recent neuroimaging studies unraveling how narratives influence the human brain, thus shaping perception, cognition, emotions, and decision-making. It appears that narrative sense-making relies on default-mode network (DMN) structures of the brain, especially precuneus. Activity in precuneus further seems to differ for fictitious vs. real narratives. Notably, high inter-subject correlation (ISC) of brain activity during narrative processing seems to predict the efficacy of a narrative. Factors that enhance the ISC of brain activity during narratives include higher levels of attention, emotional arousal, and negative emotional valence. Higher levels of attentional suspense seem to co-vary with activity in the temporoparietal junction, emotional arousal with activity in dorsal attention network, and negative emotional valence with activity in DMN. Lingering after-effects of emotional narratives have been further described in DMN, amygdala, and sensory cortical areas. Finally, inter-individual differences in personality, and cultural-background related analytical and holistic thinking styles, shape ISC of brain activity during narrative perception. Together, these findings offer promising leads for future studies elucidating the effects of narratives on the human brain, and how such effects might predict the efficacy of narratives in modulating decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Klucharev
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Panidi
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna N Shestakova
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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How visual novelty affects consumer purchase intention: The moderating effects of self-construal and product type. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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A Discursive Void in a Cross-Language Study on Russia: Strategies for
Negotiating Shared Meaning. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/mor.2019.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTDiscursive voids in emerging markets present opportunities and challenges to
debate meanings and taken-for granted assumptions. This article uncovers various
strategies used by the researcher and the research participants to address the
discursive void and to negotiate shared meaning about employee empowerment in
Russia. In the absence of a concept for empowerment in the languages of the
study, the researcher and the research participants engaged in joint sensemaking
to bridge discursive voids. We contribute to the discussion of qualitative
cross-language research in emerging markets by identifying the strategies used
not only by the researcher, whose view has dominated previous research, but also
those of the research participants. The researcher in our study addressed the
discursive void by taking on the dual role of researcher-translator, engaging in
contextual approach to translation, consulting external interpreters, and using
iteration and flexibility in the course of the research process. Our research
participants resorted to proverbs to address the discursive void, make sense of
empowerment, and render it locally meaningful. Proverbs are a valuable
methodological tool for sensemaking and theorising about context-specific
phenomena in IB research.
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12
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Zou X, Lee M, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. Nostalgia Increases Financial Risk Taking. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:907-919. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218799717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined, in five studies, the relation between nostalgia and financial risk taking. We hypothesized that nostalgia increases risk taking by fostering perceptions of social support. In Study 1, we established the basic effect of nostalgia and increased risk taking. In Study 2, we used a measurement-of-mediation approach to specify the underlying mechanism. Perceived support from family members, rather than from significant others or friends, mediated the relation between nostalgia and risk taking. In Studies 3 to 4, we further specified the mediating mechanism (i.e., family social support) and established direction of causality by using an experimental-causal-chain approach. Finally, in Study 5, we provided direct experimental evidence of the full mediation model. Taken together, nostalgia galvanizes perceived family support, which propels individuals toward financial risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zou
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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13
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Ye S, Ng TK, Lu EY, Ma Z. Chinese Proverb Scale: Development and validation of an indigenous measure of Chinese traditional values. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Ye
- Department of Applied Social Sciences; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Ting Kin Ng
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Erin Yiqing Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - Zewei Ma
- Department of Applied Social Sciences; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
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14
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Li LMW, Masuda T, Hamamura T, Ishii K. Culture and Decision Making: Influence of Analytic Versus Holistic Thinking Style on Resource Allocation in a Fort Game. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022118778337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People have to make different decisions every day, in which culture affects their strategies. This research examined the role of analytic versus holistic thinking style on resource allocation across cultures. We expected that, analytic thinking style, which refers to a linear view about the world where objects’ properties remain stable and separate, would make people concentrate their resource allocation corresponding to the current demand, whereas holistic thinking style, which refers to a nonlinear view that people perceive change to be a constant phenomenon and the universe to be full of interconnected elements, would encourage people to spread out their resource allocation. In Study 1, Hong Kong Chinese, a representative group of holistic cultures, and European Canadians, a representative group of analytic cultures, completed a resource allocation task (i.e., fort game). The results showed that the allocation pattern of European Canadians was more concentrated than that of Hong Kong Chinese and holistic thoughts predicted a less concentrated allocation pattern. To test causality, thinking styles were manipulated in Study 2, in which mainland Chinese were primed with either holistic thinking style or analytic thinking style. The results showed that the allocation pattern was more concentrated in the analytic condition than that in the holistic condition, which was explained by greater perceived predictability in the analytic condition. Implications of these findings on cross-cultural decision-making research and applied research were discussed.
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15
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Predictors of next-generation sequencing panel selection using a shared decision-making approach. NPJ Genom Med 2018; 3:11. [PMID: 29736259 PMCID: PMC5923203 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-018-0050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of next-generation sequencing panels has transformed the approach for genetic testing in cancer patients, however, established guidelines for their use are lacking. A shared decision-making approach has been adopted by our service, where patients play an active role in panel selection and we sought to identify factors associated with panel selection and report testing outcomes. Demographic and clinical data were gathered for female breast and/or ovarian cancer patients aged 21 and over who underwent panel testing. Panel type was classified as ‘breast cancer panel’ (BCP) or ‘multi-cancer panel’ (MCP). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify clinical factors most predictive of panel selection. Of the 265 included subjects, the vast majority selected a broader MCP (81.5%). Subjects who chose MCPs were significantly more likely to be ≥50 years of age (49 vs. 31%; p < 0.05), Chinese (76 vs. 47%; p < 0.001) and have a personal history of ovarian cancer (41 vs. 8%; p < 0.001) with the latter two identified as the best predictors of panel selection. Family history of cancer was not significantly associated with panel selection. There were no statistically significant differences in result outcomes between the two groups. In summary, our findings demonstrate that the majority of patients have a preference for interrogating a larger number of genes beyond those with established testing guidelines, despite the additional likelihood of uncertainty. Individual factors, including cancer history and ethnicity, are the best predictors of panel selection. Thanks to next-generation sequencing (NGS) it is possible to test multiple genes for cancer susceptibility quickly and cheaply. At the National Cancer Centre Singapore, shared decision-making is used to actively encourage the involvement of patients in the selection of either a ‘breast cancer panel’ (BCP) or a broader ‘multi-cancer panel’ (MCP) test. Joanne Ngeow at the Centre’s Cancer Genetics Service and colleagues examined the choices made by 265 patients with breast and/or ovarian cancer following detailed pre-test counselling by the genetics team. The majority of patients selected the MCP, potentially highlighting a willingness to accept the additional uncertainty that comes with broader NGS panels. Interestingly, a personal history of ovarian cancer and Chinese ethnicity, but not a family history of cancer, were significantly associated with panel selection.
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16
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Exploring the Supply-Demand-Discrepancy of Sustainable Financial Products in Germany from a Financial Advisor’s Point of View. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Weber EU. Combine and conquer: A paean to methodological pluralism. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Weisbuch M, Lamer SA, Treinen E, Pauker K. Cultural snapshots: Theory and method. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Cook KS, Yamagishi T, Cheshire C, Cooper R, Matsuda M, Mashima R. Trust Building via Risk Taking: A Cross-Societal Experiment. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/019027250506800202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of risk taking in building trust relations has largely been overlooked in the burgeoning literature on trust in the social sciences; yet it is central to understanding how trust develops. We argue that a series of risk-taking behaviors is indispensable to building a trust relation. We conducted experiments in Japan and the United States to examine the independent and cross-cultural effects of risk taking on trust building. The results of these experiments indicate that the American participants took more risks than did the Japanese, supporting the general claim that Americans are inclined toward risk taking and trust building. Even so, the Americans were no better than the Japanese at improving the level of cooperation. The cumulative results of these experiments imply that risk taking is a critical element in trust building for Americans, but less so for the Japanese. Our results show clearly that it is important to distinguish trusting behavior from cooperation and to measure them separately if we are to study trust and trust building in relation to social cooperation.
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20
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Lesch MF, Rau PLP, Choi Y. Effects of culture (China vs. US) and task on perceived hazard: Evidence from product ratings, label ratings, and product to label matching. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2016; 52:43-53. [PMID: 26360193 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, 44 Chinese and 40 US college students rated their perceived hazard in response to warning labels and products and attempted to match products with warning labels communicating the same level of hazard. Chinese participants tended to provide lower ratings of hazard in response to labels, but hazard perceived in response to products did not significantly differ as a function of culture. When asked to match a product with a warning label, Chinese participants' hazard perceptions appeared to be better calibrated, than did US participants', across products and labels. The results are interpreted in terms of constructivist theory which suggests that risk perceptions vary depending on the "frame of mind" evoked by the environment/context. Designers of warnings must be sensitive to the fact that product users' cognitive representations develop within a culture and that risk perceptions will vary based on the context in which they are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Lesch
- Center for Behavioral Sciences, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, 71 Frankland Road, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA.
| | - Pei-Luen Patrick Rau
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - YoonSun Choi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, 71 Frankland Road, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA; Center for Disability Research, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, 71 Frankland Road, Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA
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22
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Gonzalez JA, Pérez-Floriano LR. If You Can’t Take the Heat: Cultural Beliefs about Questionable Conduct, Stigma, Punishment, and Withdrawal among Mexican Police Officers. ORGANIZATION STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0170840615571961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of cultural beliefs about questionable conduct, and examine how these beliefs interact with stigma consciousness to influence punishment and two withdrawal behaviors: turnover and absenteeism. We used a sample of Mexican police officers in a border city and implemented a mixed method design, paying attention to the national, occupational, and organizational context of this setting. We conducted a qualitative phase to explore the prevalence and meaning of occupational stigma and four cultural beliefs about questionable conduct: greed, toughness, wariness, and savvy. The results of this phase helped us develop a context-relevant measure of cultural beliefs about questionable conduct using Mexican proverbs. The results of the quantitative phase indicated that, contingent upon stigma consciousness, beliefs about questionable conduct affected received punishment, turnover, and absenteeism. We discuss the theoretical and behavioral implications of our findings for socialization, identity management, occupational stigma, corruption, and ethical behavior.
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Liu LA, Friedman RA, Chi SC. ‘Ren Qing” versus the ‘Big Five’ The Role of Culturally Sensitive
Measures of Individual Difference in Distributive Negotiations. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8784.2005.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examine culture-specific relationships between
individual differences and distributive negotiations. We measured individual
characteristics and their effects on distributive negotiations in both
American and Chinese cultures, using a Western-based scale (the ‘Big Five’)
and a Chinese-based scale (CPAI). We found that agreeableness and
extraversion (from the ‘Big Five’) affected negotiations for Americans, but
not for Chinese. We found that harmony, face and Ren
Qing (from the Chinese-based scales) affected negotiations
for Chinese, but not for Americans. Specifically, we found that in the
American culture, those higher in extraversion and agreeableness achieved
lower economic gain, whereas in the Chinese context that those high in
harmony, face, and Ren Qing were more likely to
be influenced by opening offers and achieve lower economic gain in
distributive negotiations. Our study highlights the need to examine
negotiations using culturally sensitive constructs and measures.
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Weber EU, Ames DR, Blais AR. ‘How Do I Choose Thee? Let me Count the Ways’: A Textual Analysis of Similarities and Differences in Modes of Decision-making in China and the United States. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8784.2004.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of decision-makers' culture on their implicit choice of how to make decisions. In a content analysis of major decisions described in American and Chinese twentieth-century novels, we test a series of hypotheses based on prior theoretical and empirical investigations of cross-cultural variation in human motivation and decision processes. The data show a striking degree of cultural similarity in the relationships between decision content, situational characteristics and the decision mode(s) employed, but also support several hypotheses about cultural differences. As predicted, Chinese decision-makers more frequently used role-based logic (a form of recognition-based decision-making) to arrive at decisions, by virtue of their greater awareness of and need for relational obligations. The hypothesis (based on conjectures about Chinese thinking style and personality differences) that Chinese decision-makers would show more rule-and case-based decision-making (two other variants of recognition-based decision-making) than decision-makers in American novels was also supported. After controlling for other predictor variables, there also was support for the hypothesis (based on comparative analyses of Chinese and Western philosophy) that analytic modes which base decisions on the calculation of best consequences would be used less frequendy by Chinese decision-makers. There was no evidence of greater prevention focus in Chinese decisions. These and other observed cultural similarities and differences in the dynamics of decision mode selection have implications for the study and practice of decision-making in managerial settings.
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Fraser-Mackenzie P, Sung MC, Johnson JEV. Toward an understanding of the influence of cultural background and domain experience on the effects of risk-pricing formats on risk perception. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1846-1869. [PMID: 24773631 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Risk-information framing can be a powerful tool for aiding the communication of risk and improving decision making. However, little work has investigated the extent that these framing effects depend on the characteristics of the perceiver. In our study, we examine whether the effects of different risk-pricing formats on risky choices are the same for all individuals, no matter their domain experience or cultural background, or whether there are interactions between these factors. Survey 1 revealed that three risk-pricing formats of the same choice problem resulted in the same individuals making different risky choices (preference reversal), suggesting that risk perception was distorted by the risk-pricing format manipulation. In Survey 2, the effects of the risk-pricing formats were shown to differ by the participants' cultural background (Asian vs. European) and the extent of their domain experience. The fact that there were no differences between the cultural or domain experience groups in their overall tendency to select riskier (cf. safer) choices indicates that risk behavior differences between groups are often closely linked to perceptual, rather than simply attitudinal, cognitive processes. The results demonstrate the complex, interactive cognitive processes that are used to encode risk information, involving the framing of the information and the cultural background and previous experiences of the individual. We conclude that it is important to consider the characteristics of the individual (e.g., culture, domain experience, etc.) when manipulating risk-information framing with the aim of improving risk communication.
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Abstract
This paper examines gender differences in risk aversion among Chinese university students. Chinese females are proposed to be more risk averse and require a higher risk premium when faced with a gamble option in the gain-domain frame as compared to Chinese males. Two groups of 100 participants each (male = 100 and female = 100 in total) were recruited to fill up questionnaires that included items relating to objective probability lotteries. Within each group, it was found that Chinese males and females did not differ in their risk aversion. However, results show that Chinese males tend to react more readily to rising risk premium by taking up options with higher expected values when compared to Chinese females. Current findings will have useful implications to marketers (particularly, promoters of gambling products) and problem gambling counselors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Lam
- Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomás Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macau S.A.R., China.
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Bi YL, Du XL, Li S. Peer-comparison overconfidence: Does it measure bias in self-evaluation? Psych J 2013; 2:17-25. [PMID: 26272861 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Overconfidence is generally regarded as one of the most robust findings in the psychology of judgment. A precise method for evaluating overconfidence is essential if researchers are to validate these findings. Although peer-comparison questions are a convenient tool for measuring overconfidence, their validity has been questioned. We employed a specific paradigm to verify the validity, and the respondents were asked to predict a verifiable future event in a real-world setting that allowed empirical checking and comparison between the actual result and the prediction. Studies 1 and 2 found that the actual percentile of overconfidence could be accurately predicted using our initial calculation of participants' peer-comparison overconfidence in answering questions about academic performance. Study 3 found a similar effect when using questions related to job hunting. All studies indicated that peer-comparison questions are valid for measuring bias in self-evaluation. Thus, future studies could employ peer-comparison questions to investigate the domain specificity versus the domain generality of overconfidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Bi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Lei Du
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Levasseur-Moreau J, Fecteau S. Translational application of neuromodulation of decision-making. Brain Stimul 2012; 5:77-83. [PMID: 22537866 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cognitive neuroscience studies indicate that noninvasive brain stimulation can modulate a wide spectrum of behaviors in healthy individuals. Such modulation of behaviors provides novel insights into the fundamentals and neurobiology of cognitive functions in the healthy brain, but also suggests promising prospects for translational applications into clinical populations. One type of behavior that can be modulated with noninvasive brain stimulation is decision-making. For instance, brain stimulation can induce more cautious or riskier behaviors. The capacity of influencing processes involved in decision-making is of particular interest because such processes are at the core of human social and emotional functioning (or dysfunctioning). We review cognitive neuroscience studies that have successfully modulated processes involved in decision-making with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), including risk taking, reward seeking, impulsivity, and fairness consideration. We also discuss potential clinical relevance of these findings for patients who have still unmet therapeutic need and whose alterations in decision-making represent hallmarks of their clinical symptomatology, such as individuals with addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Levasseur-Moreau
- Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2601 chemin de la Canardière, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1J 2G3
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Abstract
Cultural influences on individual judgment and decision making are increasingly understood in terms of dynamic constructive processing and the structures in social environments that shape distinct processing styles, directing initial attentional foci, activating particular judgment schemas and decision strategies, and ultimately reinforcing some judgment and decision making (JDM) patterns over others. These structures include the society’s observable patterns of normative actions and responses, its prevalent forms of interpersonal interaction, the typical size and density of social networks, the ideational frames represented publically in texts and institutions, and so forth. We review this emerging perspective on culture and JDM in both economic and social domains, noting the distinctive insights it yields. We suggest new ways that cultural research is becoming relevant to mainstream JDM researchers, while also recognizing issues in need of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke U. Weber
- Center for Decision Sciences, Columbia University, New York
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Cheng V, Rhodes J, Lok P. A framework for strategic decision making and performance among Chinese managers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2010.488434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Prefer a cash slap in your face over credit for halva. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s193029750000111x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated how frequency and amount of punishment affect the
decision making of Iranian subjects. In our first experiment, performing a
computer-based Persian version of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), our subjects
scored remarkably lower than their Western counterparts. Moreover, our
subjects chose more frequently and more rapidly from decks that had less
frequent but larger amounts of punishments in comparison to decks that had
more frequent punishments with smaller amounts. In our second experiment,
subjects did not differentiate between decks with the same frequency of
punishment but with different punishment amounts. However, among decks with
the same amount but different frequency of punishment, a significant
preference was apparent towards decks with less frequency of punishment. Our
results differ from previous studies, indicating a different strategy in
risky decision making among healthy adult Iranian subjects, as they show low
attention to the amount of punishment and are more concerned with the
frequency of punishment.
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The Effect of the Operating Room Coordinator's Risk Appreciation on Operating Room Efficiency. Anesth Analg 2009; 108:1249-56. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318195e109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang Y, Miao D. Social cues and framing effects in risky decisions among Chinese military students. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839x.2008.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stone ER, Allgaier L. A Social Values Analysis of Self–Other Differences in Decision Making Involving Risk. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01973530802208832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wong KFE. The Role of Risk in Making Decisions under Escalation Situations. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lam LT. Parental risk perceptions of childhood pedestrian road safety: a cross cultural comparison. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2005; 36:181-7. [PMID: 15878776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This cross-sectional community-based randomized telephone survey, aimed to compare the parental risk perceptions on childhood pedestrian road safety among three different major community language speaking groups and the mainstream English speaking Australians in Sydney, Australia. METHOD This was a community-based telephone survey with subjects randomly selected from the population of specific cultural languages in Sydney. RESULTS Results indicated that Chinese and Arabic speaking parents or caregivers perceived the road environments as significantly less hazardous for their 4-12 year old children as pedestrians when compared with Vietnamese and English speaking parents. This was true even after adjusting for the age of child, socioeconomic status, and the living environments of respondents. CONCLUSION The implication of the results was discussed in light of possible application to childhood safety behavior across different cultures. IMPACT TO THE INDUSTRY: The results obtained have highlighted the importance of cultural factors in risk perceptions, and safety behaviors. Cultural differences in risk perceptions should be taken into consideration in the design of safety education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Lam
- Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Categorization and reasoning in relation to culture and expertise. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-7421(02)80003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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LI S, FANG Y. ARE KIASUISM AND SINGAPORE 21 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSED IN INFLUENCING SINGAPOREANS’ DECISION-MAKING? PSYCHOLOGIA 2002. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2002.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu LI
- Nanyang Technological University
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Weber EU, Hsee CK. Models and mosaics: investigating cross-cultural differences in risk perception and risk preference. Psychon Bull Rev 1999; 6:611-7. [PMID: 10682203 DOI: 10.3758/bf03212969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a multistudy project designed to explain observed cross-national differences in risk taking between respondents from the People's Republic of China and the United States. Using this example, we develop the following recommendations for cross-cultural investigations. First, like all psychological research, cross-cultural studies should be model based. Investigators should commit themselves to a model of the behavior under study that explicitly specifies possible causal constructs or variables hypothesized to influence the behavior, as well as the relationship between those variables, and allows for individual, group, or cultural differences in the value of these variables or in the relationship between them. This moves the focus from a simple demonstration of cross-national differences toward a prediction of the behavior, including its cross-national variation. Ideally, the causal construct hypothesized and shown to differ between cultures should be demonstrated to serve as a moderator or a mediator between culture and observed behavioral differences. Second, investigators should look for converging evidence for hypothesized cultural effects on behavior by looking at multiple dependent variables and using multiple methodological approaches. Thus, the data collection that will allow for the establishment of conclusive causal connections between a cultural variable and some target behavior can be compared with the creation of a mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E U Weber
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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