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Martín-Escolano J, Marín C, Rosales MJ, Tsaousis AD, Medina-Carmona E, Martín-Escolano R. An Updated View of the Trypanosoma cruzi Life Cycle: Intervention Points for an Effective Treatment. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1107-1115. [PMID: 35652513 PMCID: PMC9194904 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Chagas disease (CD)
is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often
fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma
cruzi. The World Health Organization classifies CD as the
most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the
most important parasitic one, and the third most infectious disease
in Latin America. Currently, CD is a global public health issue that
affects 6–8 million people. However, the current approved treatments
are limited to two nitroheterocyclic drugs developed more than 50
years ago. Many efforts have been made in recent decades to find new
therapies, but our limited understanding of the infection process,
pathology development, and long-term nature of this disease has made
it impossible to develop new drugs, effective treatment, or vaccines.
This Review aims to provide a comprehensive update on our understanding
of the current life cycle, new morphological forms, and genetic diversity
of T. cruzi, as well as identify intervention points
in the life cycle where new drugs and treatments could achieve a parasitic
cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martín-Escolano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, E41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María J. Rosales
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Encarnación Medina-Carmona
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, U.K
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Prawira A, Le TBU, Vu TC, Huynh H. Ribociclib enhances infigratinib-induced cancer cell differentiation and delays resistance in FGFR-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2021; 41:608-620. [PMID: 33179425 PMCID: PMC7894323 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infigratinib is a pan-FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) inhibitor that has shown encouraging activity in FGFR-dependent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) models. However, long-term treatment results in the emergence of resistant colonies. We sought to understand the mechanisms behind infigratinib-induced tumour cell differentiation and resistance and to explore the potential of adding the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib to prolong cell differentiation. METHODS Nine high and three low FGFR1-3-expressing HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumours were subcutaneously implanted into SCID mice and subsequently treated with either infigratinib alone or in combination with ribociclib. Tumour tissues were then subjected to immunohistochemistry to assess cell differentiation, as indicated by the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio and markers such as CYP3A4, HNF4α and albumin. Western blot analyses were performed to investigate the signalling pathways involved. RESULTS Infigratinib induced cell differentiation in FGFR1-3-dependent HCC PDX models, as indicated by an increase in the cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio and an increase in CYP3A4, HNF4α and albumin. Resistant colonies emerged in long-term treatment, characterised by a reversal of differentiated cell morphology, a reduction in the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio and a loss of differentiation markers. Western blot analyses identified an increase in the CDK4/Cdc2/Rb pathway. The addition of ribociclib effectively blocked this pathway and reversed resistance to infigratinib, resulting in prolonged cell differentiation and growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the combined inhibition of FGFR/CDK4/6 pathways is highly effective in providing long-lasting tumour growth inhibition and cell differentiation and reducing drug resistance. Therefore, further clinical investigations in patients with FGFR1-3-dependant HCC are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Prawira
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDivision of Molecular and Cellular ResearchNational Cancer CentreSingapore
| | - Thi Bich Uyen Le
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDivision of Molecular and Cellular ResearchNational Cancer CentreSingapore
| | - Thanh Chung Vu
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDivision of Molecular and Cellular ResearchNational Cancer CentreSingapore
| | - Hung Huynh
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDivision of Molecular and Cellular ResearchNational Cancer CentreSingapore
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3
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Resende BC, Oliveira ACS, Guañabens ACP, Repolês BM, Santana V, Hiraiwa PM, Pena SDJ, Franco GR, Macedo AM, Tahara EB, Fragoso SP, Andrade LO, Machado CR. The Influence of Recombinational Processes to Induce Dormancy in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:5. [PMID: 32117793 PMCID: PMC7025536 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects around 8 million people worldwide. Chagas disease can be divided into two stages: an acute stage with high parasitemia followed by a low parasitemia chronic stage. Recently, the importance of dormancy concerning drug resistance in T. cruzi amastigotes has been shown. Here, we quantify the percentage of dormant parasites from different T. cruzi DTUs during their replicative epimastigote and amastigote stages. For this study, cells of T. cruzi CL Brener (DTU TcVI); Bug (DTU TcV); Y (DTU TcII); and Dm28c (DTU TcI) were used. In order to determine the proliferation rate and percentage of dormancy in epimastigotes, fluorescent-labeled cells were collected every 24 h for flow cytometer analysis, and cells showing maximum fluorescence after 144 h of growth were considered dormant. For the quantification of dormant amastigotes, fluorescent-labeled trypomastigotes were used for infection of LLC-MK2 cells. The number of amastigotes per infected LLC-MK2 cell was determined, and those parasites that presented fluorescent staining after 96 h of infection were considered dormant. A higher number of dormant cells was observed in hybrid strains when compared to non-hybrid strains for both epimastigote and amastigote forms. In order to investigate, the involvement of homologous recombination in the determination of dormancy in T. cruzi, we treated CL Brener cells with gamma radiation, which generates DNA lesions repaired by this process. Interestingly, the dormancy percentage was increased in gamma-irradiated cells. Since, we have previously shown that naturally-occurring hybrid T. cruzi strains present higher transcription of RAD51—a key gene in recombination process —we also measured the percentage of dormant cells from T. cruzi clone CL Brener harboring single knockout for RAD51. Our results showed a significative reduction of dormant cells in this T. cruzi CL Brener RAD51 mutant, evidencing a role of homologous recombination in the process of dormancy in this parasite. Altogether, our data suggest the existence of an adaptive difference between T. cruzi strains to generate dormant cells, and that homologous recombination may be important for dormancy in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carvalho Resende
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anny Carolline Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Paganini Guañabens
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Marçal Repolês
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Verônica Santana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Priscila Mazzochi Hiraiwa
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Danilo Junho Pena
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Glória Regina Franco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrea Mara Macedo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erich Birelli Tahara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stênio Perdigão Fragoso
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira Andrade
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Adamski V, Hempelmann A, Flüh C, Lucius R, Synowitz M, Hattermann K, Held-Feindt J. Dormant glioblastoma cells acquire stem cell characteristics and are differentially affected by Temozolomide and AT101 treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108064-108078. [PMID: 29296224 PMCID: PMC5746126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular dormancy is defined as a state in which cells enter quiescence driven by intrinsic or extrinsic factors, and striking parallels exist between the concept of cellular dormancy in malignancies and the cancer stem cell theory. We showed now that the proven dormancy markers insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5, ephrin receptor A5 and histone cluster 1 H2B family member K were expressed in human glioblastomas in situ, were located in single tumor cells, and could be co-stained with each other and with the stem cell markers krüppel-like factor 4, octamer binding transcription factor 4 and sex determining region Y-box 2. Human non-stem glioblastoma cell lines and primary cultures were characterized by expression of individual, cell-type specific dormancy- and stemness-associated markers, which were (up)regulated and could be co-stained in a cell-type specific manner upon Temozolomide-induced dormancy in vitro. The induction patterns of dormancy- and stemness-associated markers were reflected by cell-type specific responses to Temozolomide-induced and combined Temozolomide/AT101-mediated cytotoxicity in different glioblastoma cell lines and primary cultures in vitro, and accompanied by higher self-renewal capacity and lower TMZ-sensitivity of Temozolomide-pretreated cells. We postulate that a better understanding of the dormant state of tumor cells is essential to further improve efficiency of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Adamski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Hempelmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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5
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Kareva I. Primary and metastatic tumor dormancy as a result of population heterogeneity. Biol Direct 2016; 11:37. [PMID: 27549396 PMCID: PMC4994231 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Existence of tumor dormancy, or cancer without disease, is supported both by autopsy studies that indicate presence of microscopic tumors in men and women who die of trauma (primary dormancy), and by long periods of latency between excision of primary tumors and disease recurrence (metastatic dormancy). Within dormant tumors, two general mechanisms underlying the dynamics are recognized, namely, the population existing at limited carrying capacity (tumor mass dormancy), and solitary cell dormancy, characterized by long periods of quiescence marked by cell cycle arrest. Here we focus on mechanisms that precede the avascular tumor reaching its carrying capacity, and propose that dynamics consistent with tumor dormancy and subsequent escape from it can be accounted for with simple models that take into account population heterogeneity. We evaluate parametrically heterogeneous Malthusian, logistic and Allee growth models and show that 1) time to escape from tumor dormancy is driven by the initial distribution of cell clones in the population and 2) escape from dormancy is accompanied by a large increase in variance, as well as the expected value of fitness-determining parameters. Based on our results, we propose that parametrically heterogeneous logistic model would be most likely to account for primary tumor dormancy, while distributed Allee model would be most appropriate for metastatic dormancy. We conclude with a discussion of dormancy as a stage within a larger context of cancer as a systemic disease. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Heiko Enderling and Marek Kimmel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kareva
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center (SAL MCMSC), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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6
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Tiram G, Segal E, Krivitsky A, Shreberk-Hassidim R, Ferber S, Ofek P, Udagawa T, Edry L, Shomron N, Roniger M, Kerem B, Shaked Y, Aviel-Ronen S, Barshack I, Calderón M, Haag R, Satchi-Fainaro R. Identification of Dormancy-Associated MicroRNAs for the Design of Osteosarcoma-Targeted Dendritic Polyglycerol Nanopolyplexes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2028-45. [PMID: 26815014 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The presence of dormant, microscopic cancerous lesions poses a major obstacle for the treatment of metastatic and recurrent cancers. While it is well-established that microRNAs play a major role in tumorigenesis, their involvement in tumor dormancy has yet to be fully elucidated. We established and comprehensively characterized pairs of dormant and fast-growing human osteosarcoma models. Using these pairs of mouse tumor models, we identified three novel regulators of osteosarcoma dormancy: miR-34a, miR-93, and miR-200c. This report shows that loss of these microRNAs occurs during the switch from dormant avascular into fast-growing angiogenic phenotype. We validated their downregulation in patients' tumor samples compared to normal bone, making them attractive candidates for osteosarcoma therapy. Successful delivery of miRNAs is a challenge; hence, we synthesized an aminated polyglycerol dendritic nanocarrier, dPG-NH2, and designed dPG-NH2-microRNA polyplexes to target cancer. Reconstitution of these microRNAs using dPG-NH2 polyplexes into Saos-2 and MG-63 cells, which generate fast-growing osteosarcomas, reduced the levels of their target genes, MET proto-oncogene, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, and moesin, critical to cancer angiogenesis and cancer cells' migration. We further demonstrate that these microRNAs attenuate the angiogenic capabilities of fast-growing osteosarcomas in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with each of these microRNAs using dPG-NH2 significantly prolonged the dormancy period of fast-growing osteosarcomas in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest that nanocarrier-mediated delivery of microRNAs involved in osteosarcoma tumor-host interactions can induce a dormant-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Tiram
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ehud Segal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adva Krivitsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rony Shreberk-Hassidim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shiran Ferber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Paula Ofek
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Taturo Udagawa
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Liat Edry
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Maayan Roniger
- Department of Genetics, The Life Sciences Institute, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Batsheva Kerem
- Department of Genetics, The Life Sciences Institute, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Sarit Aviel-Ronen
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Bui AT, Laurent F, Havard M, Dautry F, Tchénio T. SMAD signaling and redox imbalance cooperate to induce prostate cancer cell dormancy. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1218-31. [PMID: 25706341 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1014145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis involves the dissemination of single or small clumps of cancer cells through blood or lymphatic vessels and their extravasation into distant organs. Despite the strong regulation of metastases development by a cell dormancy phenomenon, the dormant state of cancer cells remains poorly characterized due to the difficulty of in vivo studies. We have recently shown in vitro that clonogenicity of prostate cancer cells is regulated by a dormancy phenomenon that is strongly induced when cells are cultured both at low cell density and in a slightly hypertonic medium. Here, we characterized by RT-qPCR a genetic expression signature of this dormant state which combines the presence of both stemness and differentiation markers. We showed that both TFGβ/BMP signaling and redox imbalance are required for the full induction of this dormancy signature and cell quiescence. Moreover, reconstruction experiments showed that TFGβ/BMP signaling and redox imbalance are sufficient to generate a pattern of genetic expression displaying all characteristic features of the dormancy signature. Finally, we observed that low cell density was sufficient to activate TGFβ/BMP signaling and to generate a slight redox imbalance thus priming cells for dormancy that can be attained with a co-stimulus like hypertonicity, most likely through an increased redox imbalance. The identification of a dual regulation of dormancy provides a framework for the interpretation of previous reports showing a restricted ability of BMP signaling to regulate cancer cell dormancy in vivo and draws attention on the role of oxidative stress in the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Bui
- a LBPA ; UMR8113 ENSC - CNRS; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan ; Cachan , France
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8
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Su Z, Yang Z, Xu Y, Chen Y, Yu Q. Apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:48. [PMID: 25743109 PMCID: PMC4343053 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a crucial hallmark of cancer progression, which involves numerous factors including the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor angiogenesis, the development of an inflammatory tumor microenvironment, and defects in programmed cell death. Programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, plays crucial roles in metastatic processes. Malignant tumor cells must overcome these various forms of cell death to metastasize. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which key regulators of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis participate in cancer metastasis and discusses the crosstalk between apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis involved in the regulation of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China. .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Zuozhang Yang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Research Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China. .,Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China.
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China.
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
| | - Qiang Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Iovino F, Orditura M, Auriemma PP, Ciorra FR, Giordano G, Orabona C, Bara F, Sergio R, Savastano B, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, Ventriglia J, Petrillo A, Della Corte CM, DE Vita F. Vertebral carcinomatosis eleven years after advanced gastric cancer resection: A case report. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:1403-1405. [PMID: 25663920 PMCID: PMC4315078 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is an uncommon event in advanced gastric cancer patients and bone metastases are rarely detected as isolated lesions. However, eleven years after treatment for locally advanced gastric cancer, including total gastrectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, a 49-year-old female was admitted to the IX Division of General Surgery of the Second University of Naples (Naples, Italy) exhibiting severe progressive neurological symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated vertebral abnormalities, with evidence of marrow infiltration in several vertebral bodies; however, a contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan did not detect disease progression to other sites. Biopsy of the soft tissue at the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) revealed a metastatic lesion derived from gastric mucinous adenocarcinoma. The patient was initially treated with radiotherapy directed to the L2–L4 vertebral bodies to control the pain. Subsequently, systemic chemotherapy according to a FOLFOX-4 (leucovorin, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin) regimen commenced. However, after eight cycles, pulmonary progression of the disease occurred. Thus, palliative care was administered and the patient succumbed one month later. The late relapse of gastric cancer in the current patient may be associated with the theory of tumour dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Iovino
- IX Division of General Surgery, Department of Anaesthetic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Michele Orditura
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi - A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pio Auriemma
- IX Division of General Surgery, Department of Anaesthetic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ciorra
- IX Division of General Surgery, Department of Anaesthetic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giordano
- IX Division of General Surgery, Department of Anaesthetic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Consiglia Orabona
- IX Division of General Surgery, Department of Anaesthetic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Francesco Bara
- IX Division of General Surgery, Department of Anaesthetic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Renato Sergio
- IX Division of General Surgery, Department of Anaesthetic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Beatrice Savastano
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi - A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Alessio Fabozzi
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi - A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Laterza
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi - A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Jole Ventriglia
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi - A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Angelica Petrillo
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi - A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Carminia Maria Della Corte
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi - A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Ferdinando DE Vita
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi - A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
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Xie J, Zhao R, Gu S, Dong H, Wang J, Lu Y, Sinko PJ, Yu T, Xie F, Wang L, Shao J, Jia L. The architecture and biological function of dual antibody-coated dendrimers: enhanced control of circulating tumor cells and their hetero-adhesion to endothelial cells for metastasis prevention. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:1250-63. [PMID: 25285173 PMCID: PMC4184002 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood and their hetero-adhesion to vascular endothelial bed of distant metastatic secondary organs are the critical steps to initiate cancer metastasis. The rarity of CTCs made their in vivo capture technically challenging. Current techniques by virtue of nanostructured scaffolds monovalently conjugated with a single antibody and/or drug seem less efficient and specific in capturing CTCs. Here, we report a novel platform developed to re-engineer nanoscale dendrimers for capturing CTCs in blood and interfering their adhesion to vascular endothelial bed to form micrometastatic foci. The nanoscale dendrimers were spatiotemporally accommodated with dual antibodies to target two surface biomarkers of colorectal CTCs. Physiochemical characterization, including spectra, fluorescence, electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, electrophoresis, and chromatography analyses, was conducted to demonstrate the successful conjugation of dual antibodies to dendrimer surface. The dual antibody conjugates were able to specifically recognize and bind CTCs, moderately down-regulate the activity of the captured CTCs by arresting them in S phase. The related adhesion assay displayed that the dual antibody conjugates interfered the hetero-adhesion of CTCs to fibronectin (Fn)-coated substrates and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The dual antibody conjugates also showed the enhanced specificity and efficiency in vitro and in vivo in restraining CTCs in comparison with their single antibody counterparts. The present study showed a novel means to effectively prevent cancer metastatic initiation by binding, restraining CTCs and inhibiting their hetero-adhesion to blood vessels, not by traditional cytotoxic-killing of cancer cells.
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11
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MacDonald IC, Chambers AF. Breast cancer metastasis progression as revealed by intravital videomicroscopy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:1271-9. [PMID: 17020460 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.9.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the spread of cells from a primary tumor to a distant site, where they arrest and grow to form a secondary tumor. Conventional metastasis models have focused primarily on analysis of end point tumor formation following inoculation with tumor cells. This approach can be used to measure the metastatic potential of cell lines, the morphology of metastases and their vasculature and the overall effectiveness of treatment strategies. However, it cannot, reveal the dynamics of metastatic progression, tumor cell interactions with host tissues or the characteristics of blood flow within the tumor microvasculature. Intravital videomicroscopy has been developed to visualize and quantify the movement of tumor cells and their interactions with host tissues as they travel through metastatic pathways within the body and arrest at secondary sites. Intravital videomicroscopy can also be used to quantify the morphology and functional capacity of tumor microvasculature, as well as the timing and dynamic effects of drugs targeted to disrupt tumor vasculaturization. With the development of new fluorescent probes and reporter genes, intravital videomicroscopy has the potential to provide evidence of the timing and location of metabolic processes within the metastatic cascade that may serve as specific targets for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C MacDonald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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12
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Gelao L, Criscitiello C, Fumagalli L, Locatelli M, Manunta S, Esposito A, Minchella I, Goldhirsch A, Curigliano G. Tumour dormancy and clinical implications in breast cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2013; 7:320. [PMID: 23717341 PMCID: PMC3660156 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2013.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer is to reduce the risk of recurrence. Some patients develop metastases many years after apparently successful treatment of their primary cancer. Tumour dormancy may explain the long time between initial diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and occurrence of relapse. The regulation of the switch from clinical dormancy to cancer regrowth in locoregional and distant sites is poorly understood. In this review, we report some data supporting the existence of various factors that may explain cancer dormancy including genetic and epigenetic changes, angiogenic switch, microenvironment, and immunosurveillance. A better definition and understanding of these factors should allow the identification of patients at high risk of relapse and to develop new therapeutic strategies in order to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gelao
- Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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13
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Willis L, Graham TA, Alarcón T, Alison MR, Tomlinson IPM, Page KM. What can be learnt about disease progression in breast cancer dormancy from relapse data? PLoS One 2013; 8:e62320. [PMID: 23671591 PMCID: PMC3646031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer patients have an anomalously high rate of relapse many years–up to 25 years–after apparently curative surgery removed the primary tumour. Disease progression during the intervening years between resection and relapse is poorly understood. There is evidence that the disease persists as dangerous, tiny metastases that remain at a growth restricted, clinically undetectable size until a transforming event restarts growth. This is the starting point for our study, where patients who have metastases that are all tiny and growth-restricted are said to have cancer dormancy. Can long-term follow-up relapse data from breast cancer patients be used to extract knowledge about the progression of the undetected disease? Here, we evaluate whether this is the case by introducing and analysing four simple mathematical models of cancer dormancy. These models extend the common assumption that a random transforming event, such as a mutation, can restart growth of a tiny, growth-restricted metastasis; thereafter, cancer dormancy progresses to detectable metastasis. We find that physiopathological details, such as the number of random transforming events that metastases must undergo to escape from growth restriction, cannot be extracted from relapse data. This result is unsurprising. However, the same analysis suggested a natural question that does have a surprising answer: why are interesting trends in long-term relapse data not more commonly observed? Further, our models indicate that (a) therapies which induce growth restriction among metastases but do not prevent increases in metastases' tumourigenicity may introduce a time post-surgery when more patients are prone to relapse; and (b), if a number of facts about disease progression are first established, how relapse data might be used to estimate clinically relevant variables, such as the likely numbers of undetected growth-restricted metastases. This work is a necessary, early step in building a quantitative mechanistic understanding of cancer dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Willis
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and EXperimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Franci C, Zhou J, Jiang Z, Modrusan Z, Good Z, Jackson E, Kouros-Mehr H. Biomarkers of residual disease, disseminated tumor cells, and metastases in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58183. [PMID: 23520493 PMCID: PMC3592916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastases arise in part from disseminated tumor cells originating from the primary tumor and from residual disease persisting after therapy. The identification of biomarkers on micro-metastases, disseminated tumors, and residual disease may yield novel tools for early detection and treatment of these disease states prior to their development into metastases and recurrent tumors. Here we describe the molecular profiling of disseminated tumor cells in lungs, lung metastases, and residual tumor cells in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model. MMTV-PyMT mice were bred with actin-GFP mice, and focal hyperplastic lesions from pubertal MMTV-PyMT;actin-GFP mice were orthotopically transplanted into FVB/n mice to track single tumor foci. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with TAC chemotherapy (docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide), and residual and relapsed tumor cells were sorted and profiled by mRNA microarray analysis. Data analysis revealed enrichment of the Jak/Stat pathway, Notch pathway, and epigenetic regulators in residual tumors. Stat1 was significantly up-regulated in a DNA-damage-resistant population of residual tumor cells, and a pre-existing Stat1 sub-population was identified in untreated tumors. Tumor cells from adenomas, carcinomas, lung disseminated tumor cells, and lung metastases were also sorted from MMTV-PyMT transplant mice and profiled by mRNA microarray. Whereas disseminated tumors cells appeared similar to carcinoma cells at the mRNA level, lung metastases were genotypically very different from disseminated cells and primary tumors. Lung metastases were enriched for a number of chromatin-modifying genes and stem cell-associated genes. Histone analysis of H3K4 and H3K9 suggested that lung metastases had been reprogrammed during malignant progression. These data identify novel biomarkers of residual tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells and implicate pathways that may mediate metastasis formation and tumor relapse after therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Franci
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jenny Zhou
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhaoshi Jiang
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zinaida Good
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Jackson
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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15
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Satchi-Fainaro R, Ferber S, Segal E, Ma L, Dixit N, Ijaz A, Hlatky L, Abdollahi A, Almog N. Prospective identification of glioblastoma cells generating dormant tumors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44395. [PMID: 22970208 PMCID: PMC3435314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dormant tumors are highly prevalent within the human population, the underlying mechanisms are still mostly unknown. We have previously identified the consensus gene expression pattern of dormant tumors. Here, we show that this gene expression signature could be used for the isolation and identification of clones which generate dormant tumors. We established single cell-derived clones from the aggressive tumor-generating U-87 MG human glioblastoma cell line. Based only on the expression pattern of genes which were previously shown to be associated with tumor dormancy, we identified clones which generate dormant tumors. We show that very high expression levels of thrombospondin and high expression levels of angiomotin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5), together with low levels of endothelial specific marker (ESM) 1 and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) characterize the clone which generates dormant U-87 MG derived glioblastomas. These tumors remained indolent both in subcutaneous and orthotopic intracranial sites, in spite of a high prevalence of proliferating cells. We further show that tumor cells which form U-87 MG derived dormant tumors have an impaired angiogenesis potential both in vitro and in vivo and have a slower invasion capacity. This work demonstrates that fast-growing tumors contain tumor cells that when isolated will form dormant tumors and serves as a proof-of-concept for the use of transcriptome profiles in the identification of such cells. Isolating the tumor cells that form dormant tumors will facilitate understanding of the underlying mechanisms of dormant micro-metastases, late recurrence, and changes in rate of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shiran Ferber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ehud Segal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lili Ma
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corp., St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Niharika Dixit
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corp., St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ambreen Ijaz
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corp., St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corp., St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corp., St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nava Almog
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corp., St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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Lessons from cancer immunoediting in cutaneous melanoma. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:192719. [PMID: 22924051 PMCID: PMC3424677 DOI: 10.1155/2012/192719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We will revisit the dual role of the immune system in controlling and enabling tumor progression, known as cancer immunoediting. We will go through the different phases of this phenomenon, exposing the most relevant evidences obtained from experimental models and human clinical data, with special focus on Cutaneous Melanoma, an immunogenic tumor per excellence. We will describe the different immunotherapeutic strategies employed and consider current models accounting for tumor heterogeneity. And finally, we will propose a rational discussion of the progress made and the future challenges in the therapeutics of Cutaneous Melanoma, taking into consideration that tumor evolution is the resulting from a continuous feedback between tumor cells and their environment, and that different combinatorial therapeutic approaches can be implemented according to the tumor stage.
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17
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Steffan JJ, Koul S, Meacham RB, Koul HK. The transcription factor SPDEF suppresses prostate tumor metastasis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29968-78. [PMID: 22761428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.379396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) plays a significant role in tumorigenesis in prostate, breast, colon, and ovarian cancer. However, there are no in vivo studies with respect to the role of SPDEF in tumor metastasis. The present study examined the effects of SPDEF on tumor cell metastasis using prostate tumor cells as a model. Utilizing two experimental metastasis models, we demonstrate that SPDEF inhibits cell migration and invasion in vitro and acts a tumor metastasis suppressor in vivo. Using stable expression of SPDEF in PC3-Luc cells and shRNA-mediated knockdown of SPDEF in LNCaP-Luc cells, we demonstrate for the first time that SPDEF diminished the ability of disseminated tumors cells to survive at secondary sites and establish micrometastases. These effects on tumor metastasis were not a result of the effect of SPDEF on cell growth as SPDEF expression had no effect on cell growth in vitro or subcutaneous tumor xenograft-growth in vivo. Transcriptional analysis of several genes associated with tumor metastasis, invasion, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition demonstrated that SPDEF expression selectively down-regulated MMP9 and MMP13 in prostate cancer cells. Further analysis indicated that forced MMP9 or MMP13 expression rescued the invasive phenotype in SPDEF expressing PC3 cells in vitro, suggesting that the effects of SPDEF on tumor invasion are mediated, in part, through the suppression of MMP9 and MMP13 expression. These results demonstrate for the first time, in any system, that SPDEF functions as a tumor metastasis suppressor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Steffan
- Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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18
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New insights into the mechanisms of organ-specific breast cancer metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:226-33. [PMID: 22504658 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the substantial advances obtained in the treatment of localized malignancies, metastatic disease still lacks effective treatment and remains the primary cause of cancer mortality, including in breast cancer. Thus, in order to improve the survival of cancer patients it is necessary to effectively improve prevention or treatment of metastasis. To achieve this goal, complementary strategies can be envisaged: the first one is the eradication of established metastases by adding novel modalities to current treatments, such as immunotherapy or targeted therapies. A second one is to prevent tumor cell dissemination to secondary organs by targeting specific steps governing the metastatic cascade and organ-specific tropism. A third one is to block the colonization of secondary organs and subsequent cancer cell growth by impinging on the ability of disseminated cancer cells to adapt to the novel microenvironment. To obtain optimal results it might be necessary to combine these strategies. The development of therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing dissemination and organ colonization requires a deeper understanding of the specific genetic events occurring in cancer cells and of the host responses that co-operate to promote metastasis formation. Recent developments in the field disclosed novel mechanisms of metastasis. In particular the crosstalk between disseminated cancer cells and the host microenvironment is emerging as a critical determinant of metastasis. The identification of tissue-specific signals involved in metastatic progression will open the way to new therapeutic strategies. Here, we will review recent progress in the field, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of organ specific dissemination and colonization of breast cancer.
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19
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Rambaruth ND, Greenwell P, Dwek MV. The lectin Helix pomatia agglutinin recognizes O-GlcNAc containing glycoproteins in human breast cancer. Glycobiology 2012; 22:839-48. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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20
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Panigrahy D, Edin ML, Lee CR, Huang S, Bielenberg DR, Butterfield CE, Barnés CM, Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Luria A, Benny O, Chaponis DM, Dudley AC, Greene ER, Vergilio JA, Pietramaggiori G, Scherer-Pietramaggiori SS, Short SM, Seth M, Lih FB, Tomer KB, Yang J, Schwendener RA, Hammock BD, Falck JR, Manthati VL, Ingber DE, Kaipainen A, D'Amore PA, Kieran MW, Zeldin DC. Epoxyeicosanoids stimulate multiorgan metastasis and tumor dormancy escape in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 122:178-91. [PMID: 22182838 DOI: 10.1172/jci58128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are small molecules produced by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. They are lipid mediators that act as autocrine or paracrine factors to regulate inflammation and vascular tone. As a result, drugs that raise EET levels are in clinical trials for the treatment of hypertension and many other diseases. However, despite their pleiotropic effects on cells, little is known about the role of these epoxyeicosanoids in cancer. Here, using genetic and pharmacological manipulation of endogenous EET levels, we demonstrate that EETs are critical for primary tumor growth and metastasis in a variety of mouse models of cancer. Remarkably, we found that EETs stimulated extensive multiorgan metastasis and escape from tumor dormancy in several tumor models. This systemic metastasis was not caused by excessive primary tumor growth but depended on endothelium-derived EETs at the site of metastasis. Administration of synthetic EETs recapitulated these results, while EET antagonists suppressed tumor growth and metastasis, demonstrating in vivo that pharmacological modulation of EETs can affect cancer growth. Furthermore, inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), the enzyme that metabolizes EETs, elevated endogenous EET levels and promoted primary tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, our data indicate a central role for EETs in tumorigenesis, offering a mechanistic link between lipid signaling and cancer and emphasizing the critical importance of considering possible effects of EET-modulating drugs on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Panigrahy
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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21
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Páez D, Labonte MJ, Bohanes P, Zhang W, Benhanim L, Ning Y, Wakatsuki T, Loupakis F, Lenz HJ. Cancer dormancy: a model of early dissemination and late cancer recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:645-53. [PMID: 22156560 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer dormancy is a stage in tumor progression in which residual disease remains occult and asymptomatic for a prolonged period of time. Dormant tumor cells can be present as one of the earliest stages in tumor development, as well as a stage in micrometastases, and/or minimal residual disease left after an apparently successful treatment of the primary tumor. The general mechanisms that regulate the transition of disseminated tumor cells that have lain dormant into a proliferative state remain largely unknown. However, regulation of the growth from dormant tumor cells may be explained in part through the interaction of the tumor cell with its microenvironment, limitations in the blood supply, or an active immune system. An understanding of the regulatory machinery of these processes is essential for identifying early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of novel agents to target dormant tumor cells. This review focuses on the different signaling models responsible for early cancer dissemination and tumor recurrence that are involved in dormancy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Páez
- Division of Medical Oncology and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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22
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Havard M, Dautry F, Tchénio T. A dormant state modulated by osmotic pressure controls clonogenicity of prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44177-44186. [PMID: 22039055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell dormancy constitutes a limiting step of the metastatic process by preventing the proliferation of isolated cancer cells disseminated at distant sites from the primary tumor. The study of cancer cell dormancy is severely hampered by the lack of biological samples so that the mechanisms that regulate cell dormancy have not been extensively explored. In this work, we describe the rapid induction in vitro of a dormant state in prostate cancer cells by exposure to a slightly hypertonic growth medium. This quiescence is observed only when cells are seeded at low density and, once established, requires additional stimuli besides osmotic pressure to be reversed. Media conditioned by cells grown at high density can partially prevent or reverse dormancy, a phenomenon which can be reproduced with citric acid. In addition to this role of small metabolites, inactivation of the p53 and smad pathways also counters the entry into dormancy, whereas exposure to activin A induces it to some extent. Thus, this easily inducible dormancy reproduces several features associated with the dormancy of stem cells and cancer cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Havard
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan Cedex, France
| | - François Dautry
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Tchénio
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan Cedex, France.
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23
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Bhatia A, Kumar Y. Cancer-immune equilibrium: questions unanswered. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 4:209-17. [PMID: 21607751 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-immune (CI) equilibrium constitutes an important component of the cancer immunoediting theory. It is defined as a period during which our immune system and cancer live in harmony in the body. The immune system, though not able to completely eliminate the cancer, doesn't allow it to progress or metastasize further. Mechanisms of this phase are poorly understood because this phase is difficult to identify even by the most modern detection methods. Till now, the work done on the equilibrium phase of cancer, suggests promising improvements in cancer therapy if the disease could be withheld in this phase. However, there are many queries which remain to be addressed about this interesting yet unresolved phase of cancer immunity.
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24
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An evolutionary explanation for the perturbation of the dynamics of metastatic tumors induced by surgery and acute inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:945-70. [PMID: 24212648 PMCID: PMC3756398 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery has contributed to unveil a tumor behavior that is difficult to reconcile with the models of tumorigenesis based on gradualism. The postsurgical patterns of progression include unexpected features such as distant interactions and variable rhythms. The underlying evidence can be summarized as follows: (1) the resection of the primary tumor is able to accelerate the evolution of micrometastasis in early stages, and (2) the outcome is transiently opposed in advanced tumors. The objective of this paper is to give some insight into tumorigenesis and surgery-related effects, by applying the concepts of the evolutionary theory in those tumor behaviors that gompertzian and tissular-centered models are unable to explain. According to this view, tumors are the consequence of natural selection operating at the somatic level, which is the basic mechanism of tumorigenesis, notwithstanding the complementary role of the intrinsic constrictions of complex networks. A tumor is a complicated phenomenon that entails growth, evolution and development simultaneously. So, an evo-devo perspective can explain how and why tumor subclones are able to translate competition from a metabolic level into neoangiogenesis and the immune response. The paper proposes that distant interactions are an extension of the ecological events at the local level. This notion explains the evolutionary basis for tumor dormancy, and warns against the teleological view of tumorigenesis as a process directed towards the maximization of a concrete trait such as aggressiveness.
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25
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Eckardt J, Ladegaard L, Licht PB. Isolated pleural metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010; 12:301-2. [PMID: 21068012 DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2010.245340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 71-year-old female was referred with three right-sided intrathoracic tumours. In 2003, she underwent radical left nephrectomy for renal cell cancer (RCC) clinical stage 1. She was since followed at her local hospital with annual computed tomography (CT)-scans during the first five years and did not present any symptoms until October 2009 when she was admitted with shortness of breath, cough and tiredness. The patient was scheduled for a diagnostic thoracoscopy when it was discovered that her lesions were not located in the lung parenchyma but were protruding nodules from the parietal pleura. Histology demonstrated metastases from RCC which apparently can reach the parietal pleura without lung metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Eckardt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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26
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Zimmerlin L, Donnenberg AD, Rubin JP, Basse P, Landreneau RJ, Donnenberg VS. Regenerative therapy and cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies of the interaction between adipose-derived stem cells and breast cancer cells from clinical isolates. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 17:93-106. [PMID: 20673000 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been proposed to stabilize autologous fat grafts for regenerative therapy, but their safety is unknown in the setting of reconstructive surgery after mastectomy. Both bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and ASC have been shown to enhance tumorigenesis of established breast cancer cell lines, but primary patient material has not been tested. Here, we ask whether ASC promote the in vitro growth and in vivo tumorigenesis of metastatic breast cancer clinical isolates. Metastatic pleural effusion (MPE) cells were used for coculture experiments. ASC enhanced the proliferation of MPE cells in vitro (5.1-fold). For xenograft experiments (100 sorted cells/injection site), nonhematopoietic MPE cells were sorted into resting and active populations: CD90+ resting (low scatter, 2.1%≥2N DNA), CD90+ active (high scatter, 10.6%≥2N DNA), and CD90-. Resting CD90+ MPE cells were tumorigenic in 4/40 sites but growth was not augmented by ASC. Active CD90+ MPE cells were tumorigenic (17/40 sites) only when coinjected with ASC (p=0.0005, χ2 test). The multilineage potentiality and MSC-like immunophenotype of ASC were confirmed by flow cytometry, differentiation cultures, and immunostaining. The secretome profile of ASC resembled that reported for MSC, but included adipose-associated adipsin and the hormone leptin, shown to promote breast cancer growth. Our data indicate that ASC enhance the growth of active, but not resting tumor cells. Thus, reconstructive therapy utilizing ASC-augmented whole fat should be postponed until there is no evidence of active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Tsai YC, Weissman AM. The Unfolded Protein Response, Degradation from Endoplasmic Reticulum and Cancer. Genes Cancer 2010; 1:764-778. [PMID: 21331300 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910383011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle involved in many cellular functions including protein folding and secretion, lipid biosynthesis and calcium homeostasis. Proteins destined for the cell surface or for secretion are made in the ER, where they are folded and assembled into multi-subunit complexes. The ER plays a vital role in cellular protein quality control by extracting and degrading proteins that are not correctly folded or assembled into native complexes. This process, known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD), ensures that only properly folded and assembled proteins are transported to their final destinations. Besides its role in protein folding and transport in the secretory pathway, the ER regulates the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other membrane lipids. ERAD is an important means to ensure that levels of the responsible enzymes are appropriately maintained. The ER is also a major organelle for oxygen and nutrient sensing as cells adapt to their microenvironment. Stresses that disrupt ER function leads to accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, a condition known as ER stress. Cells adapt to ER stress by activating an integrated signal transduction pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR) (1). The UPR represents a survival response by the cells to restore ER homeostasis. If ER stress persists, cells activate mechanisms that result in cell death. Chronic ER stress is increasingly being recognized as a factor in many human diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In this review we discuss the roles of the UPR and ERAD in cancer and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Che Tsai
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute - Frederick Frederick, Maryland
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Willis L, Alarcón T, Elia G, Jones JL, Wright NA, Tomlinson IPM, Graham TA, Page KM. Breast cancer dormancy can be maintained by small numbers of micrometastases. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4310-7. [PMID: 20501854 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Late relapse of breast cancer can occur more than 25 years after primary diagnosis. During the intervening years between initial treatment and relapse, occult cancers are maintained in an apparent state of dormancy that is poorly understood. In this study, we applied a probabilistic mathematical model to long-term follow-up studies of postresection patients to investigate the factors involved in mediating breast cancer dormancy. Our results suggest that long-term dormancy is maintained most often by just one growth-restricted dangerous micrometastasis. Analysis of the empirical data by Approximate Bayesian Computation indicated that patients in dormancy have between 1 and 5 micrometastases at 10 years postresection, when they escape growth restriction with a half-life of <69 years and are >0.4 mm in diameter. Before resection, primary tumors seed at most an average of 6 dangerous micrometastases that escape from growth restriction with a half-life of at least 12 years. Our findings suggest that effective preventive treatments will need to eliminate these small numbers of micrometastases, which may be preangiogenic and nonvascularized until they switch to growth due to one oncogenic mutation or tumor suppressor gene inactivation. In summary, breast cancer dormancy seems to be maintained by small numbers of sizeable micrometastases that escape from growth restriction with a half-life exceeding 12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Willis
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Transplant-related malignancies are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the organ-recipient population, and most often develop de novo in the immunosuppressed recipient or as recurrent malignancy after transplantation. The least common scenario, and a rare event, is a recipient malignancy derived from the donor organ. Melanoma is one of the most often reported and lethal donor-derived malignancies with a high transmission rate. Donor transmission of melanoma might be related to the biology of melanoma, with regard to tumour dormancy, late recurrence, circulating tumour cells, and the destiny of some micrometastases. Melanoma-cell dormancy explains the late recurrence that can occur after the initial treatment of melanoma, and may be relevant to our understanding and management of some melanoma micrometastasis in the sentinel node. The high incidence of circulating tumour cells in early melanoma should be considered in the context of the transmission of melanoma by apparent disease-free organ donors following removal of a primary melanoma up to 32 years before. This scenario suggests that melanoma cells can remain dormant at distant sites for decades (and possibly forever) in immunocompetent patients, only to reactivate after transplantation into an immunosuppressed recipient. Potential organ donors should be carefully screened for a history of melanoma, and excluded. The current recommendation for treatment of donor-related melanoma includes withdrawal of immunosuppression, graft rejection, and explantation of the allograft after rejection has been established. In non-renal transplant patients with life-sustaining organs, withdrawal of immunosuppression and graft rejection is not feasible, and reduction of immunosuppression or urgent retransplantation are the only possible salvage strategies. The transmission of malignancy by organ donation could be considered "nature's own experiment", but raises questions that our current understanding of the biology of melanoma cannot answer.
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Molecular mechanisms underlying tumor dormancy. Cancer Lett 2010; 294:139-46. [PMID: 20363069 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that dormant, microscopic tumors are not only common, but are highly prevalent in otherwise healthy individuals. Due to their small size and non-invasive nature, these dormant tumors remain asymptomatic and, in most cases, undetected. With advances in diagnostic imaging and molecular biology, it is now becoming clear that such neoplasms can remain in an asymptomatic, dormant stage for considerable periods of time without expanding in size. Although a number of processes may play a role in thwarting the expansion of microscopic tumors, one critical mechanism behind tumor dormancy is the ability of the tumor population to induce angiogenesis. Although cancer can arise through multiple pathways, it is assumed that essentially most tumors begin as microscopic, non-angiogenic neoplasms which cannot expand in size until vasculature is established. It is now becoming clear that cancer does not progress through a continuous exponential growth and mass expansion. Clinical cancer is usually manifested only in late, unavoidably symptomatic stages of the disease when tumors are sufficiently large to be readily detected. While dormancy in primary tumors is best defined as the time between the carcinogenic transformation event and the onset of inexorable progressive growth, it can also occur as minimal residual or occult disease from treated tumors or as micro-metastases. The existence of dormant tumors has important implications for the early detection and treatment of cancer. Elucidating the regulatory machinery of these processes will be instrumental in identifying novel early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of dormancy-promoting tumor therapies. Despite the high prevalence of microscopic, dormant tumors in humans and the significant clinical implications of their early detection, this area in cancer research has, to date, been under-investigated. In this mini review observations, models and experimental approaches to study tumor dormancy are summarized. Additionally, analogies and distinctions between the concepts of "tumor dormancy" and that of the "cellular dormancy" of tumor cells, as well as between the "exit from tumor dormancy" and the "onset of the angiogenic switch" are discussed.
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Barkan D, Green JE, Chambers AF. Extracellular matrix: a gatekeeper in the transition from dormancy to metastatic growth. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1181-8. [PMID: 20304630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastases can develop after apparently successful treatment of a primary tumour, sometimes following a period of tumour dormancy that can last for years. However, factors that regulate metastatic tumour dormancy remain poorly understood. Here we review the potential contribution of interactions between tumour cells and the microenvironment in metastatic sites, in regulating tumour dormancy vs. metastatic growth. We focus particularly on the potential role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating maintenance and release from dormancy. Tumour cells that fail to properly adhere to the ECM may enter a state of dormancy. The molecular and physical composition of the ECM can be affected by tumour cells themselves, as well as multiple stromal cell types. The roles of integrins, fibronectin, and collagen are discussed, as are factors that can change the ECM. A better understanding of the molecular details of the crosstalk between tumour cells and the ECM in secondary sites, and how these regulate the dormant state, may lead to improved therapeutic strategies to induce or maintain disseminated tumour cells in a dormant state, or alternatively to successfully eradicate dormant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Barkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.
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32
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Molecular interactions in cancer cell metastasis. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:3-25. [PMID: 19162308 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis, the process by which cancer cells leave the primary tumour, disseminate and form secondary tumours at anatomically distant sites, is a serious clinical problem as it is disseminated disease, which is often impossible to eradicate successfully, that causes the death of most cancer patients. Metastasis results from a complex molecular cascade comprising many steps, all of which are interconnected through a series of adhesive interactions and invasive processes as well as responses to chemotactic stimuli. In spite of its clinical significance, it remains incompletely understood. This review provides an overview of some of the molecular interactions that are critical to metastasis. It summarises the principle molecular players in the major steps of the metastatic cascade. These are: (1) tumour angiogenesis, (2) disaggregation of tumour cells from the primary tumour mass, mediated by cadherins and catenins, (3) invasion of, and migration through, the basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the tumour epithelium, and subsequent invasion of the BM of the endothelium of local blood vessels. This is mediated through integrins and proteases, including urokinase form of plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins, (4) intravasation of the tumour cells into the blood vessels prior to hematogeneous dissemination to distant sites, (5) adhesion of the circulating tumour cells to the endothelial cell lining at the capillary bed of the target organ site. This occurs through adhesive interactions between cancer cells and endothelial cells involving selectins, integrins and members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), (6) invasion of the tumour cells through the endothelial cell layer and surrounding BM (extravasation) and target organ tissue and (7) the development of secondary tumour foci at the target organ site.
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McGowan PM, Kirstein JM, Chambers AF. Micrometastatic disease and metastatic outgrowth: clinical issues and experimental approaches. Future Oncol 2009; 5:1083-98. [PMID: 19792975 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis from the primary tumor to distant organs is the principal cause of mortality in patients with cancer. While prognostic factors can predict which patients are likely to have their cancer recur, these are not perfect predictors, and some patient's cancers recur even decades after apparently successful treatment. This phenomenon is referred to as dormancy. Data from experimental studies have revealed two categories of metastatic dormancy: cellular dormancy, with solitary cancer cells in cell-cycle arrest; and micrometastatic dormancy, characterized by a balanced state of proliferation and apoptosis, but with no net increase in size. Development of new models and imaging techniques to track the fate of dormant cancer cells is beginning to shed some light on dormancy. Elucidation of the molecular pathways involved in dormancy will advance clinical understanding and may suggest new avenues for treatment to inhibit the revival of these dormant cells, thereby reducing cancer mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M McGowan
- Department Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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34
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Townson JL, Ramadan SS, Simedrea C, Rutt BK, MacDonald IC, Foster PJ, Chambers AF. Three-dimensional imaging and quantification of both solitary cells and metastases in whole mouse liver by magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8326-31. [PMID: 19843857 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metastatic cell population, ranging from solitary cells to actively growing metastases, is heterogeneous and unlikely to respond uniformly to treatment. However, quantification of the entire experimental metastatic cell population in whole organs is complicated by requirements of an imaging modality with the large field of view and high spatial resolution necessary to detect both single cells and metastases in the same organ. Thus, it is difficult to assess differential responses of these distinct metastatic populations to therapy. Here, we develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique capable of quantifying the full population of metastatic cells in a secondary organ. B16F1 mouse melanoma cells were labeled with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIO) and injected into mouse liver via the mesenteric vein. Livers were removed immediately or at day 9 or 11, following doxorubicin or vehicle control treatment, and imaged using a 3T clinical magnetic resonance scanner and custom-built gradient coil. Both metastases (>200 microm) and MPIO-labeled single cells were detected and quantified from MR images as areas of hyperintensity or hypointensity (signal voids), respectively. We found that 1mg/kg doxorubicin treatment inhibited metastasis growth (n = 11 per group; P = 0.02, t test) but did not decrease the solitary metastatic cell population in the same livers (P > 0.05). Thus, the technique presented here is capable of quickly quantifying the majority of the metastatic cell population, including both growing metastases and solitary cells, in whole liver by MRI and can identify differential responses of growing metastases and solitary cells to therapy.
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Abstract
Metastasis--the spread of cancer to distant organs--is responsible for most cancer deaths. Current adjuvant therapy is based on prognostic indicators that stratify patients into defined risk groups. However, some patients believed to have a good prognosis nonetheless develop metastases, in some cases many years after apparently successful treatment of their primary cancer. This period of clinical dormancy leads to many questions about how best to manage patients, including how to better assign risk of late recurrence, how long to monitor patients, and whether some patients will benefit from extended therapy to prevent late recurrences. The development of targeted therapies with fewer side effects is leading to clinical trials aimed at determining the effectiveness of such long-term therapy. However, much remains to be learned about tumor dormancy. Experimental studies are shedding light on biological and molecular mechanisms potentially responsible for tumor dormancy. Emerging research into tumor initiating cells, immunotherapy, and metastasis suppressor genes, may lead to new approaches for targeted antimetastatic therapy to prolong tumor dormancy. An improved understanding of tumor dormancy is needed for better management of patients at risk for late-developing metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hedley
- Division of Hematology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Vega LG, Dipasquale J, Gutta R. Head and neck manifestations of distant carcinomas. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2009; 20:609-23. [PMID: 18940627 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic tumors to the head and neck from distant carcinomas are rare lesions that epitomize the "zebras." They represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians and health providers. These lesions usually rank low in the differential diagnosis list, but a history of cancer should prompt clinicians about the possibility of a metastatic lesion from a distant carcinoma. The presence of these lesions usually represents a poor prognosis. The surgeon's role in treating these lesions is to improve or maintain the patient's quality of life, taking into consideration the overall prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Vega
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Health Science Center, 653-1 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
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37
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Allgayer H, Aguirre-Ghiso JA. The urokinase receptor (u-PAR)--a link between tumor cell dormancy and minimal residual disease in bone marrow? APMIS 2008; 116:602-14. [PMID: 18834405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) is hypothesized to be the major cause of tumor recurrence and metastasis even years and decades after primary cancer diagnosis and curative solid tumor resection. In these patients disseminated tumor cells reflecting MRD can be detected in the bone marrow years after treatment. It is to be assumed that genetic determinants and a complex interplay between the disseminated tumor cells and their microenvironment in the bone marrow are responsible for tumor cell dormancy and the final reactivation towards metastasis. The urokinase receptor (u-PAR), a critical regulator of invasion, intravasation, and metastasis, is found to be a key player in regulating the shift between single cell tumor dormancy and proliferation. This has mainly been attributed to a regulation by u-PAR of integrins, and the ability of the latter to propagate signals from fibronectin through the EGF-receptor, ERK, and p38 signaling. Interestingly, u-PAR is found in disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow of solid cancer patients, and is associated with the expansion of these cells and clinical prognosis. Here we summarize and discuss findings on disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow, MRD and the role of u-PAR in tumor biology, especially focusing on its specific role in providing a switch between tumor cell proliferation and dormancy. Finally, we discuss the hypothesis that u-PAR might be an essential molecule in bone marrow disseminated tumor cells for long-term survival during dormancy, and/or reactivation of their proliferation years after primary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and DKFZ German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Germany.
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Yang W, Luo D, Wang S, Wang R, Chen R, Liu Y, Zhu T, Ma X, Liu R, Xu G, Meng L, Lu Y, Zhou J, Ma D. TMTP1, a Novel Tumor-Homing Peptide Specifically Targeting Metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5494-502. [PMID: 18765541 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanhua Yang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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39
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GOSS PAUL, ALLAN ALISONL, RODENHISER DAVIDI, FOSTER PAULAJ, CHAMBERS ANNF. New clinical and experimental approaches for studying tumor dormancy: does tumor dormancy offer a therapeutic target? APMIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Influence of diet on metastasis and tumor dormancy. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 26:61-6. [PMID: 18386136 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is responsible for most cancer deaths, and can occur after long periods of tumor dormancy. Information learned from experimental studies on tumor metastasis and dormancy is shedding light on mechanisms responsible and possible therapeutic approaches. 'Seed' (the cancer cell) and 'soil' (the microenvironment of the secondary organ) factors contribute to metastatic outcome. This review considers the possibility that various dietary components may affect both 'seed' and 'soil' compartments, thereby influencing the growth of metastases, and discusses an experimental study on dietary genistein that illustrates this concept. While studies on human diet are complex, the possibility that relatively non-toxic dietary intervention strategies could impact on metastasis and patient survival is attractive and worthy of further study in appropriate experimental models of metastasis and tumor dormancy.
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Metastasis suppressors and the tumor microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2008; 1:1-11. [PMID: 19308680 PMCID: PMC2654358 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-008-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The most dangerous attribute of cancer cells is their ability to metastasize. Throughout the process of metastasis, tumor cells interact with other tumor cells, host cells and extracellular molecules. This brief review explores how a new class of molecules – metastasis suppressors – regulate tumor cell–microenvironmental interactions. Data are presented which demonstrate that metastasis suppressors act at multiple steps of the metastatic cascade. A brief discussion for how metastasis suppressor regulation of cellular interactions might be exploited is presented.
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Jacob K, Sollier C, Jabado N. Circulating tumor cells: detection, molecular profiling and future prospects. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 4:741-56. [PMID: 18067413 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.6.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated malignancy is responsible for the vast majority of cancer-related deaths. During this process, circulating tumor cells (CTC) are generated, spread from the primary tumor, colonize distant organs and lead to overt metastatic disease. CTC are essential for establishing metastasis; however, they are not sufficient as this process is highly inefficient and most will fail to grow in target sites. Several CTC die during migration while others remain dormant for several years and very few grow into macrometastases. CTC have been well documented in the bloodstream of cancer patients; however, the clinical relevance of this detection is still the subject of controversies and their biology is poorly understood. Indeed, available markers fail to distinguish between subgroups of CTC, and several current methods lack sensitivity, specificity or reproducibility in CTC characterization and detection. The advent of more precise technologies is renewing the interest in CTC biology. We will review herein recent findings on CTC biology, on the role of host-tumor interactions in CTC shedding and implantation, available methods of CTC detection and future perspectives for the molecular characterization of the CTC subset(s) responsible for the development of metastasis. Ultimately, understanding CTC biology and host-tumor 'complementarities' will help define metastasis-related biomarkers providing formidable and tailored novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Jacob
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
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44
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45
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Clezardin P, Teti A. Bone metastasis: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Patients with cancer can develop recurrent metastatic disease with latency periods that range from years even to decades. This pause can be explained by cancer dormancy, a stage in cancer progression in which residual disease is present but remains asymptomatic. Cancer dormancy is poorly understood, resulting in major shortcomings in our understanding of the full complexity of the disease. Here, I review experimental and clinical evidence that supports the existence of various mechanisms of cancer dormancy including angiogenic dormancy, cellular dormancy (G0-G1 arrest) and immunosurveillance. The advances in this field provide an emerging picture of how cancer dormancy can ensue and how it could be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Aguirre-Ghiso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health and Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics, University at Albany, State University of New York, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, New York 12144-3456, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Until recently most studies of metastasis only measured the end point of the process--macroscopic metastases. Although these studies have provided much useful information, the details of the metastatic process remain somewhat mysterious owing to difficulties in studying cell behaviour with high spatial and temporal resolution in vivo. The use of luminescent and fluorescent proteins and developments in optical imaging technology have enabled the direct observation of cancer cells spreading from their site of origin and arriving at secondary sites. This Review will describe recent advances in our understanding of the different steps of metastasis gained from cellular resolution imaging, and how these techniques can be used in preclinical drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sahai
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK.
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48
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Pfitzenmaier J, Ellis WJ, Hawley S, Arfman EW, Klein JR, Lange PH, Vessella RL. The detection and isolation of viable prostate-specific antigen positive epithelial cells by enrichment: a comparison to standard prostate-specific antigen reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and its clinical relevance in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2007; 25:214-20. [PMID: 17483018 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To isolate prostate epithelial cells from the peripheral blood and bone marrow, and compare prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed on unenriched or epithelial enriched peripheral blood and bone marrow samples. PATIENTS AND METHODS Peripheral blood samples from 371 patients with prostate cancer and 141 controls, and bone marrow samples from 292 patients with prostate cancer and 43 controls were obtained. One aliquot was assessed with PSA RT-PCR. Another was enriched for epithelial cells with paramagnetic immune microbeads and assessed for: (1) PSA immunohistochemistry, (2) PSA RT-PCR, and (3) immunofluorescent detection of epithelial cells. RESULTS In the bone marrow (P < 0.01), but not the peripheral blood (P = 0.62), we observed significantly higher detection rates of disseminated PSA expressing epithelial cells after enrichment. The presence of epithelial cells with or without evidence of PSA production was uncommon among controls both in peripheral blood (1% and 0%) and bone marrow (11% and 0%). In patients with active prostate cancer, 46% to 74% had epithelial cells in peripheral blood, and 20% to 64% had PSA expressing epithelial cells. In bone marrow, 55% to 92% had epithelial cells, and 43% to 83% had PSA expressing epithelial cells. Particularly in bone marrow, circulating cells were frequently detected in men without evidence of disease after prostatectomy. With limited follow-up, the detection of epithelial cells or PSA expressing epithelial cells in peripheral blood or bone marrow before radical prostatectomy does not define a population of patients that will have biochemical failure. CONCLUSIONS Immunomagnetic enrichment frequently detects epithelial, presumably malignant, cells in the peripheral blood and, especially, the bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer. Viable cells can be acquired for gene expression and phenotyping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesco Pfitzenmaier
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6510, USA
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Abstract
Delayed recurrences, common in breast cancer, are well explained by the concept of tumour dormancy. Numerous publications describe clinical times to disease recurrence or death, using mathematical approaches to infer mechanisms responsible for delayed recurrences. However, most of the clinical literature discussing tumour dormancy uses data from over a half century ago and much has since changed. This review explores how current breast cancer treatment could change our understanding of the biology of breast cancer tumour dormancy, and summarizes relevant experimental models to date. Current knowledge gaps are highlighted and potential areas of future research are identified.
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50
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Abstract
Metastasis is the most lethal attribute of cancer cells and clinical decisions regarding treatment are based largely upon the likelihood of developing metastases. However, improvements in detection as well as recent experimental data have raised questions about the most appropriate definition of a metastasis, especially whether the mere presence of cells at secondary sites constitute a metastatic lesion. After reviewing the experimental basis of metastasis, a definition of metastasis is proffered along with a proposal to consider regarding modification of staging parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny R Welch
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.
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