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Dorff T, Horvath LG, Autio K, Bernard-Tessier A, Rettig MB, Machiels JP, Bilen MA, Lolkema MP, Adra N, Rottey S, Greil R, Matsubara N, Tan DSW, Wong A, Uemura H, Lemech C, Meran J, Yu Y, Minocha M, McComb M, Penny HL, Gupta V, Hu X, Jurida G, Kouros-Mehr H, Janát-Amsbury MM, Eggert T, Tran B. A Phase I Study of Acapatamab, a Half-life Extended, PSMA-Targeting Bispecific T-cell Engager for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1488-1500. [PMID: 38300720 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Safety and efficacy of acapatamab, a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) x CD3 bispecific T-cell engager were evaluated in a first-in-human study in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with mCRPC refractory to androgen receptor pathway inhibitor therapy and taxane-based chemotherapy received target acapatamab doses ranging from 0.003 to 0.9 mg in dose exploration (seven dose levels) and 0.3 mg (recommended phase II dose) in dose expansion intravenously every 2 weeks. Safety (primary objective), pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity (secondary objectives) were assessed. RESULTS In all, 133 patients (dose exploration, n = 77; dose expansion, n = 56) received acapatamab. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event seen in 97.4% and 98.2% of patients in dose exploration and dose expansion, respectively; grade ≥ 3 was seen in 23.4% and 16.1%, respectively. Most CRS events were seen in treatment cycle 1; incidence and severity decreased at/beyond cycle 2. In dose expansion, confirmed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) responses (PSA50) were seen in 30.4% of patients and radiographic partial responses in 7.4% (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1). Median PSA progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0-4.9], radiographic PFS per Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3 was 3.7 months (95% CI: 2.0-5.4). Acapatamab induced T-cell activation and increased cytokine production several-fold within 24 hours of initiation. Treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies were detected in 55% and impacted serum exposures in 36% of patients in dose expansion. CONCLUSIONS Acapatamab was safe and tolerated and had a manageable CRS profile. Preliminary signs of efficacy with limited durable antitumor activity were observed. Acapatamab demonstrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Dorff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Karen Autio
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alice Bernard-Tessier
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Matthew B Rettig
- Departments of Medicine and Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jean-Pascal Machiels
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mehmet A Bilen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Martijn P Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Nabil Adra
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sylvie Rottey
- Department of Medical Oncology. Drug Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Greil
- Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-CCCIT and Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nobuaki Matsubara
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin Wong
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Hiroji Uemura
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Charlotte Lemech
- Scientia Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
| | - Johannes Meran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, and Internal Oncology, Hospital Barmherzige Brueder, Vienna, Austria
| | - Youfei Yu
- Global Biostatistical Science, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Mukul Minocha
- Clinical Pharmacology M&S, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Mason McComb
- Clinical Pharmacology M&S, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | - Vinita Gupta
- Clinical Biomarkers, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Xuguang Hu
- Clinical Biomarkers, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Gabor Jurida
- Safety TA & Combination Products, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | | | - Tobias Eggert
- Early Development, Oncology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Ben Tran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Kim C, Zu S, Kouros-Mehr H, Khaldoyanidi S. Incidence of Elevated Aminotransferases With or Without Bilirubin Elevation During Treatment With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Retrospective Study of Patients From Community Oncology Clinics in the United States. Cureus 2022; 14:e24053. [PMID: 35573501 PMCID: PMC9095812 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The elevation of aminotransferase levels is regarded as an indicator of hepatocellular injury. The objective of this study was to describe real-world incidence of elevated aminotransferase levels with or without bilirubin elevation among patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for solid tumors. Methods This retrospective cohort study used an electronic health record database representing > 1.5 million active United States (US) cancer patients and included patients diagnosed with any cancer between January 1, 2014 and March 31, 2019, and treated with one or more ICIs such as ipilimumab, tremelimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab. The frequency, onset, duration, management of grade ≥ 3 elevation of aminotransferase levels with or without bilirubin elevation events, progression rate from isolated elevation of aminotransferase levels (IAT) to elevated aminotransferase levels with elevated bilirubin (ATWB), and mortality were described. Results Overall, 69,140 patients received 85,433 treatment courses. A total of 1,799 (2.11%) IAT and 441 (0.52%) ATWB events were observed during treatment courses. The median onset was 51 and 42 days for IAT and ATWB, respectively, across treatment courses, and the median duration of both was approximately seven days. Approximately 5% (n=96) of IAT events progressed to ATWB in a median time of 11 days. The proportion of patients who received corticosteroids after elevated aminotransferase levels with or without bilirubin was ~37% (n=671/1,799 of IAT and n=147/441 of ATWB) and ~8% discontinued ICI treatment (n=118/1,799 of IAT and n=43/441 of ATWB). About 46% (n=68/147) of ATWB and and 25% (n=172/671) of IAT events treated with steroids led to death within 45 days. Similarly, 49% (n=21/43) of ATWB and 35% (n=42/118) of IAT events leading to treatment discontinuation led to death within 45 days. Conclusions Real-world data from oncology clinics in US suggest low incidence of grade ≥ 3 elevated aminotransferase levels with or without bilirubin elevation following treatment with ICIs. In most cases, ICI treatment was not discontinued and management of elevated aminotransferases consisted of corticosteroid treatment in one-third of cases.
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Blumenschein G, Eggert T, Shetty A, Janát-Amsbury M, Kouros-Mehr H, Bhatia A, Gupta V, Tiso S, Salvati M, Boyer M. P11.02 Targeting the Tumor Neovasculature in Lung Cancer: A Phase I Study of AMG 160 in Subjects With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.08.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Subudhi SK, Siddiqui BA, Maly JJ, Nandagopal L, Lam ET, Whang YE, Minocha M, Gupta V, Penny X, Cooner F, Jhones C, Paluch A, Salvati M, Janat-Amsbury M, Eggert T, Kouros-Mehr H, Joshua AM, Aggarwal RR, De Bono JS. Safety and efficacy of AMG 160, a half-life extended BiTE immune therapy targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and other therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.tps5088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS5088 Background: Lesions in mCRPC are typically immunologically cold. AMG 160 binds to PSMA on cancer cells and CD3 on T cells, leading to T-cell infiltration, activation, expansion, and tumor cell killing. In a first-in-human study, AMG 160 has demonstrated a manageable safety profile with preliminary efficacy in heavily pretreated patients. Enzalutamide and abiraterone are novel hormonal therapies (NHTs) that improve survival in mCRPC and may enhance T-cell responses, but resistance occurs. Combination therapy with AMG 160 may help overcome hormonal therapy resistance and broaden use for earlier line mCRPC. Preclinical data have demonstrated enhanced activity when AMG 404, an anti-PD-1 that can overcome T-cell exhaustion, and AMG 160 are combined. The safety and efficacy of AMG 160 combinations will be evaluated. Methods: NCT04631601 will enroll ∼100 men with histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The protocol consists of 3 subprotocols. Subprotocols A and B are phase 1b, multicenter, open-label studies; subprotocol C is a phase 1b/2 study. Therapeutic combinations include AMG 160 + enzalutamide (A), AMG 160 + abiraterone (B), and AMG 160 + AMG 404 vs AMG 404 monotherapy (C). Patients who received prior PSMA radionuclide therapy may be eligible. Patients must not have received prior PSMAxCD3 bispecific therapy, prior taxane treatment (unless approved by the sponsor) across subprotocols, and prior NHT specific to the subprotocol. In subprotocol C, patients must have progressive disease on an NHT to be eligible. Patients with CNS metastases, leptomeningeal disease, or active autoimmune disease will be excluded. AMG 160 will be administered intravenously (IV). Dexamethasone (or other corticosteroids) will be administered before AMG 160 administration in cycle 1 and possibly subsequent cycles. Enzalutamide or abiraterone will be administered per label. AMG 404 will be administered IV. Primary objectives are to evaluate safety and tolerability and determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of AMG 160 combinations. Subprotocol C will also evaluate the preliminary antitumor activity of AMG 404 monotherapy. Secondary objectives are to assess preliminary antitumor activity and characterize pharmacokinetics. MTD/RP2D will be established in the dose-escalation phase, and the safety and tolerability of the MTD/RP2D will be confirmed in the expansion phase. Evaluation of preliminary antitumor activity will be based on RECIST 1.1 with Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 modifications, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response, circulating tumor cell response, progression-free survival (radiographic, PSA, clinical), overall survival, and 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. The study is currently recruiting patients. Clinical trial information: NCT04631601.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elaine Tat Lam
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Young E. Whang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johann S. De Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Kelly WK, Pook DW, Appleman LJ, Waterhouse DM, Horvath L, Edenfield WJ, Matsubara N, Danila DC, Aggarwal RR, Petrylak DP, Sartor AO, Sumey CJ, Adra N, Armstrong AJ, Cheng FC, Stieglmaier J, Kouros-Mehr H, Dorff TB. Phase I study of AMG 509, a STEAP1 x CD3 T-cell recruiting XmAb 2+1 immune therapy, in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.6_suppl.tps183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS183 Background: Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) is a cell surface antigen that is highly expressed in prostate cancer. AMG 509 is a potent bispecific XmAb 2+1 immune therapy designed to direct T effector cells to STEAP1-expressing cells. AMG 509 contains two identical humanized anti-STEAP1 Fab domains that bind STEAP1-expressing cells, an anti-CD3 scFv domain that binds T cells, and an Fc domain, engineered to lack effector function, that extends serum half-life. In preclinical studies, AMG 509 induced potent and specific T-cell-mediated lysis of STEAP1-expressing cancer models. Methods: This open-label, phase 1, first-in-human study will evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and efficacy of AMG 509 in patients with relapsed/refractory mCRPC. The dose exploration phase (n=40) will estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) using a Bayesian logistic regression model. The dose expansion phase (n=30) will confirm safety, PK, and pharmacodynamics at the MTD or RP2D and collect further safety, efficacy, and biomarker data. Efficacy will be assessed by prostate-specific antigen response, circulating tumor cell response, and objective tumor response per RECIST 1.1 with Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 modifications. Key inclusion criteria: men ≥18 years with histologically/cytologically confirmed mCRPC who are refractory to novel hormonal therapy (e.g., abiraterone and/or enzalutamide) and have failed 1–2 taxane regimens or are medically unsuitable for or have refused taxanes; ongoing castration with total serum testosterone ≤50 ng/dL; evidence of progressive disease; ECOG performance status 0–1; life expectancy ≥3 months; and adequate hematologic, renal, hepatic, and cardiac function. In the dose exploration phase, novel antiandrogen therapy must have been given in the metastatic setting. Key exclusion criteria: pure small cell or neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate; untreated CNS metastases or leptomeningeal disease; any anticancer therapy or immunotherapy, radiation therapy, or major surgery <4 weeks from first dose; history of or current autoimmune disease or any disease requiring immunosuppressive therapy (≤10 mg/d prednisone permitted); prior STEAP1-targeted therapy; infection requiring IV antimicrobials <7 days from first dose. The study opened in January 2020 and is recruiting patients. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04221542. 2020 American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. Reused with permission. This abstract was accepted and previously presented at the 2020 ASCO Annual Meeting. All rights reserved. Clinical trial information: NCT04221542.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Rahul Raj Aggarwal
- University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Nabil Adra
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Littlepage LE, Ewald AJ, Alexander C, Casbon AJ, Lu P, Kessenbrock K, Provot S, Phillips JJ, Kouros-Mehr H, Chan M, Welm B, Lilla JN, Chou J, Lawson D, Lemieux G, Plaks V, Egeblad M, Sternlicht M. Zena Werb (1945–2020). Cell Stem Cell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Littlepage LE, Ewald AJ, Alexander C, Casbon AJ, Lu P, Kessenbrock K, Provot S, Phillips JJ, Kouros-Mehr H, Chan M, Welm B, Lilla JN, Chou J, Lawson D, Lemieux G, Plaks V, Egeblad M, Sternlicht M. Zena Werb (1945–2020). Dev Cell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kelly WK, Danila DC, Edenfield WJ, Aggarwal RR, Petrylak DP, Sartor AO, Sumey CJ, Dorff TB, Yu EY, Adra N, Waterhouse DM, Armstrong AJ, Horvath L, Pook DW, Appleman LJ, Lau A, Salvati M, Kouros-Mehr H. Phase I study of AMG 509, a STEAP1 x CD3 T cell-recruiting XmAb 2+1 immune therapy, in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS5589 Background: Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) is a cell surface antigen that is highly expressed in prostate cancer. AMG 509 is a potent bispecific XmAb 2+1 immune therapy designed to direct T-effector cells to STEAP1-expressing cells. AMG 509 contains two identical humanized anti-STEAP1 Fab domains that bind STEAP1-expressing cells, an anti-CD3 scFv domain that binds T cells, and an Fc domain, engineered to lack effector function, that extends serum half-life. In preclinical studies, AMG 509 induced potent and specific T-cell-mediated lysis of STEAP1-expressing cancer models. Methods: This open-label, phase I, first-in-human study will evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and efficacy of AMG 509 in patients with relapsed/refractory mCRPC. The dose exploration phase (n=40) will estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or recommended phase II dose (RP2D) using a Bayesian logistic regression model. The dose expansion phase (n=30) will confirm safety, PK, and pharmacodynamics at the MTD or RP2D and collect further safety, efficacy, and biomarker data. Efficacy will be assessed by prostate-specific antigen response, circulating tumor cell response, and objective tumor response per RECIST 1.1 with Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 modifications. Key inclusion criteria: men ≥18 years with histologically/cytologically confirmed mCRPC who are refractory to novel hormonal therapy (e.g., abiraterone and/or enzalutamide) and have failed 1–2 taxane regimens or are medically unsuitable for or have refused taxanes; ongoing castration with total serum testosterone ≤50 ng/dL; evidence of progressive disease; ECOG performance status 0–1; life expectancy ≥3 months; and adequate hematologic, renal, hepatic, and cardiac function. In the dose exploration phase, novel antiandrogen therapy must have been given in the metastatic setting. Key exclusion criteria: pure small-cell or neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate; untreated CNS metastases or leptomeningeal disease; any anticancer therapy or immunotherapy, radiation therapy, or major surgery <4 weeks from first dose; history of or current autoimmune disease or any disease requiring immunosuppressive therapy (≤10 mg/d prednisone permitted); prior STEAP1-targeted therapy; infection requiring IV antimicrobials <7 days from first dose. The study opened in January 2020 and is recruiting patients. Clinical trial information: NCT04221542 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nabil Adra
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Lisa Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Tran B, Horvath L, Rettig M, Fizazi K, Lolkema MP, Dorff TB, Greil R, Machiels JPH, Autio KA, Rottey S, Adra N, Garje R, Roncolato F, Tagawa ST, Shariat SF, Salvati M, Poon S, Kouros-Mehr H. Phase I study of AMG 160, a half-life extended bispecific T-cell engager (HLE BiTE immune therapy) targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen, in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS5590 Background: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a clinically validated therapeutic target for the imaging and treatment of mCRPC. AMG 160 is an HLE BiTE immune therapy designed to redirect T cells to cancer cells by binding to PSMA on cancer cells and CD3 on T cells. BiTE immune therapy leads to direct tumor cell killing, T-cell activation and expansion, and the creation of a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Combining AMG 160 with a PD-1 inhibitor may enhance antitumor activity by enabling sustained T-cell-dependent killing of tumor cells in the inflamed tumor microenvironment. Methods: NCT03792841 is a phase I study of AMG 160 as monotherapy (part 1) and in combination with pembrolizumab (part 2) in men with histologically/cytologically confirmed mCRPC who are refractory to a novel hormonal therapy (abiraterone, enzalutamide, and/or apalutamide) and have failed 1–2 taxane regimens (or are medically unsuitable or have refused taxanes), who have ongoing castration with total serum testosterone ≤ 50 ng/dL, and have evidence of progressive disease. Patients who received prior PSMA radionuclide therapy may be eligible. Patients with CNS metastases, leptomeningeal disease, spinal cord compression, or active autoimmune disease will be excluded. Primary objectives are to evaluate safety and tolerability and determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of AMG 160 given as monotherapy or in combination with pembrolizumab. Secondary objectives are to characterize pharmacokinetics and preliminary antitumor activity. Exploratory objectives include evaluation of potential pharmacodynamic and patient selection biomarkers, immunogenicity, and patient-reported pain and functional outcomes. The part 1 dose exploration will determine the MTD/RP2D of AMG 160. The part 1 dose expansion will confirm the safety and tolerability of the MTD/RP2D. The part 2 dose exploration will estimate the MTD/RP2D of AMG 160 in combination with pembrolizumab. Evaluation of preliminary antitumor activity will be based on RECIST 1.1 with Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 modifications, PSA response, CTC response, progression-free survival (radiographic and PSA), and overall survival. PSMA PET/CT and FDG PET/CT imaging will be used for evaluation of exploratory objectives. The study opened in February 2019 and is currently recruiting patients into both part 1 and part 2. Clinical trial information: NCT03792841 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Tran
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Rettig
- University of California, Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Karim Fizazi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, University of Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Martijn P. Lolkema
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Richard Greil
- IIIrd Medical Department, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg; Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-CCCIT and Cancer Cluster, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Sylvie Rottey
- Drug Research Unit Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nabil Adra
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Rohan Garje
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
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Tran B, Horvath L, Dorff TB, Greil R, Machiels JPH, Roncolato F, Autio KA, Rettig M, Fizazi K, Lolkema MP, Fermin AC, Salvati M, Kouros-Mehr H. Phase I study of AMG 160, a half-life extended bispecific T-cell engager (HLE BiTE) immune therapy targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.tps261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS261 Background: AMG 160 is a novel HLE BiTE immune therapy that redirects T cells to kill tumor cells by binding to PSMA on tumor cells and CD3 on T cells. Methods: Primary objectives of this open-label, ascending, multiple-dose, phase 1 study (NCT03792841) are to evaluate safety and tolerability and determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of AMG 160 in men with mCRPC; secondary objectives are to characterize pharmacokinetics (PK) and evaluate preliminary efficacy. The dose exploration will estimate the MTD or RP2D by Bayesian logistic regression modeling. The dose expansion will assess safety, efficacy, PK, and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the selected dose and provide further safety and efficacy data. PD biomarkers and potential patient selection biomarkers will be explored. Preliminary antitumor activity will be assessed by objective response per RECIST 1.1 with PCWG3 modifications, PSA response, duration of response, time to progression, PFS (radiographic and PSA)/OS, and circulating tumor cell (CTC) response (CTC0 and CTC conversion). Imaging will include CT/MRI, bone scan, 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, and 18F-FDG PET/CT. In cycle 1, patients will be pretreated with dexamethasone before short-term IV infusion of AMG 160 and will be hospitalized for 72 h after each AMG 160 dose. Key inclusion criteria: age ≥18 y; histologically/cytologically confirmed mCRPC that progressed after novel hormone therapy; failure of 1–2 taxane-based regimens or have refused a taxane regimen; bilateral orchiectomy or continuous androgen-deprivation therapy; evidence of progressive disease; total serum testosterone ≤50 ng/dL. Key exclusion criteria: active autoimmune disease or diseases requiring immunosuppressive therapy (low-dose prednisone permitted); CNS metastases, leptomeningeal disease, or spinal cord compression; prior PSMA-targeted therapy (177Lu-PSMA-617 may be allowed). The study will enroll 30–50 patients in the dose exploration and 50 patients in the dose expansion globally. The study opened in January 2019; dose exploration is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT03792841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Tran
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Richard Greil
- Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-CCCIT, and Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Karim Fizazi
- Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
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Tran B, Kouros-Mehr H, Fermin A, Horvath L, Roncolato F, Rettig M, Dorff T, Tagawa S, Subudhi S, Antonarakis E, Armstrong A, Petrylak D, Fizazi K, Salvati M, Scher H. A phase I study of AMG 160, a half-life extended bispecific T cell engager (HLE BiTE) immuno-oncology therapy targeting PSMA, in patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz248.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Phua YW, Nguyen A, Roden DL, Elsworth B, Deng N, Nikolic I, Yang J, Mcfarland A, Russell R, Kaplan W, Cowley MJ, Nair R, Zotenko E, O'Toole S, Tan SX, James DE, Clark SJ, Kouros-Mehr H, Swarbrick A. MicroRNA profiling of the pubertal mouse mammary gland identifies miR-184 as a candidate breast tumour suppressor gene. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:83. [PMID: 26070602 PMCID: PMC4504458 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of mammalian development has offered many insights into the molecular aetiology of cancer. We previously used analysis of mammary morphogenesis to discover a critical role for GATA-3 in mammary developmental and carcinogenesis. In recent years an important role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in a myriad of cellular processes in development and in oncogenesis has emerged. METHODS microRNA profiling was conducted on stromal and epithelial cellular subsets microdissected from the pubertal mouse mammary gland. miR-184 was reactivated by transient or stable overexpression in breast cancer cell lines and examined using a series of in vitro (proliferation, tumour-sphere and protein synthesis) assays. Orthotopic xenografts of breast cancer cells were used to assess the effect of miR-184 on tumourigenesis as well as distant metastasis. Interactions between miR-184 and its putative targets were assessed by quantitative PCR, microarray, bioinformatics and 3' untranslated region Luciferase reporter assay. The methylation status of primary patient samples was determined by MBD-Cap sequencing. Lastly, the clinical prognostic significance of miR-184 putative targets was assessed using publicly available datasets. RESULTS A large number of microRNA were restricted in their expression to specific tissue subsets. MicroRNA-184 (miR-184) was exclusively expressed in epithelial cells and markedly upregulated during differentiation of the proliferative, invasive cells of the pubertal terminal end bud (TEB) into ductal epithelial cells in vivo. miR-184 expression was silenced in mouse tumour models compared to non-transformed epithelium and in a majority of breast cancer cell line models. Ectopic reactivation of miR-184 inhibited the proliferation and self-renewal of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines in vitro and delayed primary tumour formation and reduced metastatic burden in vivo. Gene expression studies uncovered multi-factorial regulation of genes in the AKT/mTORC1 pathway by miR-184. In clinical breast cancer tissues, expression of miR-184 is lost in primary TNBCs while the miR-184 promoter is methylated in a subset of lymph node metastases from TNBC patients. CONCLUSIONS These studies elucidate a new layer of regulation in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway with relevance to mammary development and tumour progression and identify miR-184 as a putative breast tumour suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei Phua
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Akira Nguyen
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Daniel L Roden
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Elsworth
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Niantao Deng
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Iva Nikolic
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Jessica Yang
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Andrea Mcfarland
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Roslin Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Warren Kaplan
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Mark J Cowley
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Radhika Nair
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Elena Zotenko
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Sandra O'Toole
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia. sandra.o'
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia. sandra.o'
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. sandra.o'
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. sandra.o'
| | - Shi-Xiong Tan
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore.
| | - David E James
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- The Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Susan J Clark
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
| | - Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Agensys, affiliate of Astellas Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA, 90403, USA.
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
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13
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Chen Y, McGee J, Chen X, Doman TN, Gong X, Zhang Y, Hamm N, Ma X, Higgs RE, Bhagwat SV, Buchanan S, Peng SB, Staschke KA, Yadav V, Yue Y, Kouros-Mehr H. Identification of druggable cancer driver genes amplified across TCGA datasets. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98293. [PMID: 24874471 PMCID: PMC4038530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) projects have advanced our understanding of the driver mutations, genetic backgrounds, and key pathways activated across cancer types. Analysis of TCGA datasets have mostly focused on somatic mutations and translocations, with less emphasis placed on gene amplifications. Here we describe a bioinformatics screening strategy to identify putative cancer driver genes amplified across TCGA datasets. We carried out GISTIC2 analysis of TCGA datasets spanning 16 cancer subtypes and identified 486 genes that were amplified in two or more datasets. The list was narrowed to 75 cancer-associated genes with potential "druggable" properties. The majority of the genes were localized to 14 amplicons spread across the genome. To identify potential cancer driver genes, we analyzed gene copy number and mRNA expression data from individual patient samples and identified 42 putative cancer driver genes linked to diverse oncogenic processes. Oncogenic activity was further validated by siRNA/shRNA knockdown and by referencing the Project Achilles datasets. The amplified genes represented a number of gene families, including epigenetic regulators, cell cycle-associated genes, DNA damage response/repair genes, metabolic regulators, and genes linked to the Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, JAK/STAT, NF-KB and MAPK signaling pathways. Among the 42 putative driver genes were known driver genes, such as EGFR, ERBB2 and PIK3CA. Wild-type KRAS was amplified in several cancer types, and KRAS-amplified cancer cell lines were most sensitive to KRAS shRNA, suggesting that KRAS amplification was an independent oncogenic event. A number of MAP kinase adapters were co-amplified with their receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the FGFR adapter FRS2 and the EGFR family adapters GRB2 and GRB7. The ubiquitin-like ligase DCUN1D1 and the histone methyltransferase NSD3 were also identified as novel putative cancer driver genes. We discuss the patient tailoring implications for existing cancer drug targets and we further discuss potential novel opportunities for drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeremy McGee
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Thompson N. Doman
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xueqian Gong
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Youyan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole Hamm
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiwen Ma
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Higgs
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shripad V. Bhagwat
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sean Buchanan
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sheng-Bin Peng
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kirk A. Staschke
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Vipin Yadav
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yong Yue
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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14
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Franci C, Zhou J, Jiang Z, Modrusan Z, Good Z, Jackson E, Kouros-Mehr H. Biomarkers of residual disease, disseminated tumor cells, and metastases in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58183. [PMID: 23520493 PMCID: PMC3592916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastases arise in part from disseminated tumor cells originating from the primary tumor and from residual disease persisting after therapy. The identification of biomarkers on micro-metastases, disseminated tumors, and residual disease may yield novel tools for early detection and treatment of these disease states prior to their development into metastases and recurrent tumors. Here we describe the molecular profiling of disseminated tumor cells in lungs, lung metastases, and residual tumor cells in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model. MMTV-PyMT mice were bred with actin-GFP mice, and focal hyperplastic lesions from pubertal MMTV-PyMT;actin-GFP mice were orthotopically transplanted into FVB/n mice to track single tumor foci. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with TAC chemotherapy (docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide), and residual and relapsed tumor cells were sorted and profiled by mRNA microarray analysis. Data analysis revealed enrichment of the Jak/Stat pathway, Notch pathway, and epigenetic regulators in residual tumors. Stat1 was significantly up-regulated in a DNA-damage-resistant population of residual tumor cells, and a pre-existing Stat1 sub-population was identified in untreated tumors. Tumor cells from adenomas, carcinomas, lung disseminated tumor cells, and lung metastases were also sorted from MMTV-PyMT transplant mice and profiled by mRNA microarray. Whereas disseminated tumors cells appeared similar to carcinoma cells at the mRNA level, lung metastases were genotypically very different from disseminated cells and primary tumors. Lung metastases were enriched for a number of chromatin-modifying genes and stem cell-associated genes. Histone analysis of H3K4 and H3K9 suggested that lung metastases had been reprogrammed during malignant progression. These data identify novel biomarkers of residual tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells and implicate pathways that may mediate metastasis formation and tumor relapse after therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Franci
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jenny Zhou
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhaoshi Jiang
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zinaida Good
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Jackson
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Research Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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15
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Littlepage LE, Adler AS, Kouros-Mehr H, Huang G, Chou J, Krig SR, Griffith OL, Korkola JE, Qu K, Lawson DA, Xue Q, Sternlicht MD, Dijkgraaf GJP, Yaswen P, Rugo HS, Sweeney CA, Collins CC, Gray JW, Chang HY, Werb Z. The transcription factor ZNF217 is a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target during breast cancer progression. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:638-51. [PMID: 22728437 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The transcription factor ZNF217 is a candidate oncogene in the amplicon on chromosome 20q13 that occurs in 20% to 30% of primary human breast cancers and that correlates with poor prognosis. We show that Znf217 overexpression drives aberrant differentiation and signaling events, promotes increased self-renewal capacity, mesenchymal marker expression, motility, and metastasis, and represses an adult tissue stem cell gene signature downregulated in cancers. By in silico screening, we identified candidate therapeutics that at low concentrations inhibit growth of cancer cells expressing high ZNF217. We show that the nucleoside analogue triciribine inhibits ZNF217-induced tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance and inhibits signaling events [e.g., phospho-AKT, phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)] in vivo. Our data suggest that ZNF217 is a biomarker of poor prognosis and a therapeutic target in patients with breast cancer and that triciribine may be part of a personalized treatment strategy in patients overexpressing ZNF217. Because ZNF217 is amplified in numerous cancers, these results have implications for other cancers. SIGNIFICANCE This study finds that ZNF217 is a poor prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in patients with breast cancer and may be a strong biomarker of triciribine treatment efficacy in patients. Because previous clinical trials for triciribine did not include biomarkers of treatment efficacy, this study provides a rationale for revisiting triciribine in the clinical setting as a therapy for patients with breast cancer who overexpress ZNF217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie E Littlepage
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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16
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Kouros-Mehr H, Kim JW, Bechis SK, Werb Z. GATA-3 and the regulation of the mammary luminal cell fate. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:164-70. [PMID: 18358709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The GATA family of transcription factors plays essential roles in the specification and maintenance of differentiated cell types. GATA-3 was identified in a microarray screen of the mouse mammary gland as the most highly expressed transcription factor in the mammary epithelium and is expressed exclusively in the luminal epithelial cell population. Targeted deletion of GATA-3 in mammary glands leads to profound defects in mammary development and inability to specify and maintain the luminal cell fate in the adult mouse. In breast cancer, GATA-3 has emerged as a strong predictor of tumor differentiation, estrogen-receptor status, and clinical outcome. GATA-3 maintains tumor differentiation and suppresses tumor dissemination in a mouse model of breast cancer. This review explores our current understanding of GATA-3 signaling in luminal cell differentiation, both in mammary development and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, United States
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17
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Kouros-Mehr H, Bechis SK, Slorach EM, Littlepage LE, Egeblad M, Ewald AJ, Pai SY, Ho IC, Werb Z. GATA-3 links tumor differentiation and dissemination in a luminal breast cancer model. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:141-52. [PMID: 18242514 PMCID: PMC2262951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
How breast cancers are able to disseminate and metastasize is poorly understood. Using a hyperplasia transplant system, we show that tumor dissemination and metastasis occur in discrete steps during tumor progression. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that loss of the transcription factor GATA-3 marked progression from adenoma to early carcinoma and onset of tumor dissemination. Restoration of GATA-3 in late carcinomas induced tumor differentiation and suppressed tumor dissemination. Targeted deletion of GATA-3 in early tumors led to apoptosis of differentiated cells, indicating that its loss is not sufficient for malignant conversion. Rather, malignant progression occurred with an expanding GATA-3-negative tumor cell population. These data indicate that GATA-3 regulates tumor differentiation and suppresses tumor dissemination in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0452
| | - Seth K. Bechis
- Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0452
| | - Euan M. Slorach
- Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0452
| | - Laurie E. Littlepage
- Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0452
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0452
| | - Andrew J. Ewald
- Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0452
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Combined Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0452
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: , Tel.: 415-476-4622, Fax: 415-476-4565
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18
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Abstract
The mammary gland develops in a process known as branching morphogenesis, whereby a distal epithelial bud extends and bifurcates to form an extensive ductal network. Compared with other branched organs, such as the lung and kidney, little is known about the molecular basis of branching in the mammary gland. Here we report a microarray profiling strategy to identify novel genes that may regulate mammary branching. We microdissected terminal end bud (TEB) and mature duct microenvironments from beta-actin-green fluorescent protein reporter mice and compared their RNA expression profiles with epithelium-free mammary stroma by means of microarray. We identified 1,074 genes enriched in the TEB microenvironment, 222 genes enriched in the mature duct microenvironment, and 385 genes enriched in both TEB and mature duct microenvironments. The microarray correctly predicted the expression of genes known to be enriched in the epithelium (Ets-5) and stroma (MMP-14) of TEBs and in the mature duct microenvironment (MMP-3). The microarray also correctly predicted the localization of previously uncharacterized genes, such as the TEB-enriched SPRR-1a, the duct-enriched casein-gamma, and the general epithelial marker pleiotrophin. Analysis of genes enriched in TEBs revealed several genes in the Wnt (Wnt-2, Wnt-5a, Wnt-7b, Dsh-3, Frizzled-1, Frizzled-2), hedgehog (Dhh), ephrin (Ephrin-B1, Eph-A2), and transcription factor (Twist-1, Twist-2, Snail) families. In situ hybridization verified that these genes were enriched in the TEB epithelium (Wnt-5a, Wnt-7b, Dhh, Eph-A2) or TEB stroma (Wnt-2, Frizzled-1, Ephrin-B1). We discuss the potential roles of these genes in mammary branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zena Werb
- Correspondence to: Zena Werb, Department of Anatomy and the Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452. E-mail:
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19
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Reinhold WC, Reimers MA, Maunakea AK, Kim S, Lababidi S, Scherf U, Shankavaram UT, Ziegler MS, Stewart C, Kouros-Mehr H, Cui H, Dolginow D, Scudiero DA, Pommier YG, Munroe DJ, Feinberg AP, Weinstein JN. Detailed DNA methylation profiles of the E-cadherin promoter in the NCI-60 cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:391-403. [PMID: 17272646 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin (E-cad) is a transmembrane adhesion glycoprotein, the expression of which is often reduced in invasive or metastatic tumors. To assess E-cad's distribution among different types of cancer cells, we used bisulfite-sequencing for detailed, base-by-base measurement of CpG methylation in E-cad's promoter region in the NCI-60 cell lines. The mean methylation levels of the cell lines were distributed bimodally, with values pushed toward either the high or low end of the methylation scale. The 38 epithelial cell lines showed substantially lower (28%) mean methylation levels compared with the nonepithelial cell lines (58%). The CpG site at -143 with respect to the transcriptional start was commonly methylated at intermediate levels, even in cell lines with low overall DNA methylation. We also profiled the NCI-60 cell lines using Affymetrix U133 microarrays and found E-cad expression to be correlated with E-cad methylation at highly statistically significant levels. Above a threshold of approximately 20% to 30% mean methylation, the expression of E-cad was effectively silenced. Overall, this study provides a type of detailed analysis of methylation that can also be applied to other cancer-related genes. As has been shown in recent years, DNA methylation status can serve as a biomarker for use in choosing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Reinhold
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 37, Room 5056, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA.
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20
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Kouros-Mehr H, Slorach EM, Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. GATA-3 maintains the differentiation of the luminal cell fate in the mammary gland. Cell 2007; 127:1041-55. [PMID: 17129787 PMCID: PMC2646406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The GATA family of transcription factors plays fundamental roles in cell-fate specification. However, it is unclear if these genes are necessary for the maintenance of cellular differentiation after development. We identified GATA-3 as the most highly enriched transcription factor in the mammary epithelium of pubertal mice. GATA-3 was found in the luminal cells of mammary ducts and the body cells of terminal end buds (TEBs). Upon conditional deletion of GATA-3, mice exhibited severe defects in mammary development due to failure in TEB formation during puberty. After acute GATA-3 loss, adult mice exhibited undifferentiated luminal cell expansion with basement-membrane detachment, which led to caspase-mediated cell death in the long term. Further, FOXA1 was identified as a downstream target of GATA-3 in the mammary gland. This suggests that GATA-3 actively maintains luminal epithelial differentiation in the adult mammary gland, which raises important implications for the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Department of Anatomy and The Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Euan M. Slorach
- Department of Anatomy and The Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark D. Sternlicht
- Department of Anatomy and The Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy and The Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Contact:
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21
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Abstract
Unlike other branched organs, the mammary gland undergoes most of its branching during adolescent rather than embryonic development. Its morphogenesis begins in utero, pauses between birth and puberty, and resumes in response to ovarian estrogens to form an open ductal tree that eventually fills the entire mammary fat pad of the young female adult. Importantly, this "open" architecture leaves room during pregnancy for the organ to develop milk-producing alveoli like leaves on otherwise bare branches. Thereafter, the ducts serve to deliver the milk that is produced throughout lactation. The hormonal cues that elicit these various phases of mammary development utilize local signaling cascades and reciprocal stromal-epithelial interactions to orchestrate the tissue reorganization, differentiation and specific activities that define each phase. Fortunately, the mammary gland is rather amenable to experimental inquiry and, as a result, we have a fair, although incomplete, understanding of the mechanisms that control its development. This review discusses our current sense and understanding of those mechanisms as they pertain to mammary branching, with the caveat that many more aspects are still waiting to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Sternlicht
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA.
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Bussey KJ, Chin K, Lababidi S, Reimers M, Reinhold WC, Kuo WL, Gwadry F, Ajay, Kouros-Mehr H, Fridlyand J, Jain A, Collins C, Nishizuka S, Tonon G, Roschke A, Gehlhaus K, Kirsch I, Scudiero DA, Gray JW, Weinstein JN. Integrating data on DNA copy number with gene expression levels and drug sensitivities in the NCI-60 cell line panel. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:853-67. [PMID: 16648555 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome rearrangement, a hallmark of cancer, has profound effects on carcinogenesis and tumor phenotype. We used a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines (the NCI-60) as a model system to identify relationships among DNA copy number, mRNA expression level, and drug sensitivity. For each of 64 cancer-relevant genes, we calculated all 4,096 possible Pearson's correlation coefficients relating DNA copy number (assessed by comparative genomic hybridization using bacterial artificial chromosome microarrays) and mRNA expression level (determined using both cDNA and Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays). The analysis identified an association of ERBB2 overexpression with 3p copy number, a finding supported by data from human tumors and a mouse model of ERBB2-induced carcinogenesis. When we examined the correlation between DNA copy number for all 353 unique loci on the bacterial artificial chromosome microarray and drug sensitivity for 118 drugs with putatively known mechanisms of action, we found a striking negative correlation (-0.983; 95% bootstrap confidence interval, -0.999 to -0.899) between activity of the enzyme drug L-asparaginase and DNA copy number of genes near asparagine synthetase in the ovarian cancer cells. Previous analysis of drug sensitivity and mRNA expression had suggested an inverse relationship between mRNA levels of asparagine synthetase and L-asparaginase sensitivity in the NCI-60. The concordance of pharmacogenomic findings at the DNA and mRNA levels strongly suggests further study of L-asparaginase for possible treatment of a low-synthetase subset of clinical ovarian cancers. The DNA copy number database presented here will enable other investigators to explore DNA transcript-drug relationships in their own domains of research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Bussey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 5056, NIH, MSC 4255, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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Major SM, Nishizuka S, Morita D, Rowland R, Sunshine M, Shankavaram U, Washburn F, Asin D, Kouros-Mehr H, Kane D, Weinstein JN. AbMiner: a bioinformatic resource on available monoclonal antibodies and corresponding gene identifiers for genomic, proteomic, and immunologic studies. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:192. [PMID: 16600027 PMCID: PMC1524995 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies are used extensively throughout the biomedical sciences for detection of antigens, either in vitro or in vivo. We, for example, have used them for quantitation of proteins on "reverse-phase" protein lysate arrays. For those studies, we quality-controlled > 600 available monoclonal antibodies and also needed to develop precise information on the genes that encode their antigens. Translation among the various protein and gene identifier types proved non-trivial because of one-to-many and many-to-one relationships. To organize the antibody, protein, and gene information, we initially developed a relational database in Filemaker for our own use. When it became apparent that the information would be useful to many other researchers faced with the need to choose or characterize antibodies, we developed it further as AbMiner, a fully relational web-based database under MySQL, programmed in Java. Description AbMiner is a user-friendly, web-based relational database of information on > 600 commercially available antibodies that we validated by Western blot for protein microarray studies. It includes many types of information on the antibody, the immunogen, the vendor, the antigen, and the antigen's gene. Multiple gene and protein identifier types provide links to corresponding entries in a variety of other public databases, including resources for phosphorylation-specific antibodies. AbMiner also includes our quality-control data against a pool of 60 diverse cancer cell types (the NCI-60) and also protein expression levels for the NCI-60 cells measured using our high-density "reverse-phase" protein lysate microarrays for a selection of the listed antibodies. Some other available database resources give information on antibody specificity for one or a couple of cell types. In contrast, the data in AbMiner indicate specificity with respect to the antigens in a pool of 60 diverse cell types from nine different tissues of origin. Conclusion AbMiner is a relational database that provides extensive information from our own laboratory and other sources on more than 600 available antibodies and the genes that encode the antibodies' antigens. The data will be made freely available at
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia M Major
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Satoshi Nishizuka
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- Molecular Translational Technology, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Research Technology Program, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Frederic, USA
| | - Daisaku Morita
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- Department of Pathology II, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Rick Rowland
- Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Uma Shankavaram
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Frank Washburn
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Daniel Asin
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Hosein Kouros-Mehr
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - David Kane
- SRA International, 4300 Fair Lakes Court, Fairfax, USA
| | - John N Weinstein
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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Sternlicht MD, Sunnarborg SW, Kouros-Mehr H, Yu Y, Lee DC, Werb Z. Mammary ductal morphogenesis requires paracrine activation of stromal EGFR via ADAM17-dependent shedding of epithelial amphiregulin. Development 2006. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Sternlicht MD, Sunnarborg SW, Kouros-Mehr H, Yu Y, Lee DC, Werb Z. Mammary ductal morphogenesis requires paracrine activation of stromal EGFR via ADAM17-dependent shedding of epithelial amphiregulin. Development 2005; 132:3923-33. [PMID: 16079154 PMCID: PMC2771180 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk is essential for tissue morphogenesis, but incompletely understood. Postnatal mammary gland development requires epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligand amphiregulin (AREG), which generally must be cleaved from its transmembrane form in order to function. As the transmembrane metalloproteinase ADAM17 can process AREG in culture and Adam17(-/-) mice tend to phenocopy Egfr(-/-) mice, we examined the role of each of these molecules in mammary development. Tissue recombination and transplantation studies revealed that EGFR phosphorylation and ductal development occur only when ADAM17 and AREG are expressed on mammary epithelial cells, whereas EGFR is required stromally, and that local AREG administration can rescue Adam17(-/-) transplants. Several EGFR agonists also stimulated Adam17(-/-) mammary organoid growth in culture, but only AREG was expressed abundantly in the developing ductal system in vivo. Thus, ADAM17 plays a crucial role in mammary morphogenesis by releasing AREG from mammary epithelial cells, thereby eliciting paracrine activation of stromal EGFR and reciprocal responses that regulate mammary epithelial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Sternlicht
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA.
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26
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Nishizuka S, Charboneau L, Young L, Major S, Reinhold WC, Waltham M, Kouros-Mehr H, Bussey KJ, Lee JK, Espina V, Munson PJ, Petricoin E, Liotta LA, Weinstein JN. Proteomic profiling of the NCI-60 cancer cell lines using new high-density reverse-phase lysate microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14229-34. [PMID: 14623978 PMCID: PMC283574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2331323100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because most potential molecular markers and targets are proteins, proteomic profiling is expected to yield more direct answers to functional and pharmacological questions than does transcriptional profiling. To aid in such studies, we have developed a protocol for making reverse-phase protein lysate microarrays with larger numbers of spots than previously feasible. Our first application of these arrays was to profiling of the 60 human cancer cell lines (NCI-60) used by the National Cancer Institute to screen compounds for anticancer activity. Each glass slide microarray included 648 lysate spots representing the NCI-60 cell lines plus controls, each at 10 two-fold serial dilutions to provide a wide dynamic range. Mouse monoclonal antibodies and the catalyzed signal amplification system were used for immunoquantitation. The signal levels from the >30,000 data points for our first 52 antibodies were analyzed by using p-scan and a quantitative dose interpolation method. Clustered image maps revealed biologically interpretable patterns of protein expression. Among the principal early findings from these arrays were two promising pathological markers for distinguishing colon from ovarian adenocarcinomas. When we compared the patterns of protein expression with those we had obtained for the same genes at the mRNA level by using both cDNA and oligonucleotide arrays, a striking regularity appeared: cell-structure-related proteins almost invariably showed a high correlation between mRNA and protein levels across the NCI-60 cell lines, whereas non-cell-structure-related proteins showed poor correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishizuka
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Reinhold WC, Kouros-Mehr H, Kohn KW, Maunakea AK, Lababidi S, Roschke A, Stover K, Alexander J, Pantazis P, Miller L, Liu E, Kirsch IR, Urasaki Y, Pommier Y, Weinstein JN. Apoptotic susceptibility of cancer cells selected for camptothecin resistance: gene expression profiling, functional analysis, and molecular interaction mapping. Cancer Res 2003; 63:1000-11. [PMID: 12615715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
To study the molecular mechanisms by which drug resistance develops, we compared DU145 humanprostate cancer cells with a subline selected for resistance to camptothecin. Differences in gene expression level were assessed by hybridizing the two cell types against each other using quadruplicate "Oncochip" cDNA microarrays that included 1648 cancer-related genes. Expression levels differing by a factor of >1.5 were detected for 181 of the genes. These differences were judged statistically reliable on the basis of a stratum-adjusted Kruskal-Wallis test, after taking into account a dye-dependent variable. The 181 expression-altered genes included a larger than expected number of the "apoptosis-related" genes (P = 0.04). To assess whether this observation reflected a generalized resistance of RCO.1 to apoptosis, we exposed the cells to a range of stresses (cisplatin, staurosporine, UV, ionizing radiation, and serum starvation) and found greatly reduced apoptotic responses for RC0.1 (relative to DU145) using flow cytometric Annexin V and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assays. We next examined the apoptosis-related genes in the context of a molecular interaction map and found expression differences in the direction "expected" on the basis of the apoptosis-resistance of RC0.1 for BAD, caspase-6, and genes that signal via the Akt pathway. Exposure of the cells to wortmannin, an inhibitor of the Akt effector phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, provided functional support for involvement of the Akt pathway. However, closer examination of the molecular interaction map revealed a paradox: many of the expression differences observed for apoptosis-related genes were in the direction "contrary" to that expected given the resistance of RC0.1. The map indicated that most of these unexpected expression differences were associated with genes involved in the nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor beta pathways. Overall, the patterns that emerged suggested a two-step model for the selection process that led to resistance in RC0.1 cells. The first hypothesized step would involve a decrease in apoptotic susceptibility through changes in the apoptosis-control machinery associated with the Bcl-2 and caspase gene families, and also in antiapoptotic pathways operating through Akt/PKB. The second step would involve changes in multifunctional upstream genes (including some genes in the nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor beta pathways) that can facilitate apoptosis but that would also tend to contribute to cell proliferation in the presence of drug. Thus, we propose that a downstream blockade of apoptosis was "permissive" for the selection of upstream pathway changes that would otherwise have induced apoptosis. This model is analogous to one suggested previously for the relationship between oncogene function and apoptosis in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Reinhold
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Weinstein JN, Scherf U, Lee JK, Nishizuka S, Gwadry F, Bussey AK, Kim S, Smith LH, Tanabe L, Richman S, Alexander J, Kouros-Mehr H, Maunakea A, Reinhold WC. The bioinformatics of microarray gene expression profiling. Cytometry 2002; 47:46-9. [PMID: 11774349 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John N Weinstein
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Kouros-Mehr H, Pintchovski S, Melnyk J, Chen YJ, Friedman C, Trask B, Shizuya H. Identification of non-functional human VNO receptor genes provides evidence for vestigiality of the human VNO. Chem Senses 2001; 26:1167-74. [PMID: 11705802 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/26.9.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) contains chemosensory receptor cells that bind to pheromones and induce a variety of social and reproductive behaviors. It has been traditionally assumed that the human VNO (Jacobson's organ) is a vestigial structure, although recent studies have shown minor evidence for a structurally intact and possibly functional VNO. The presence and function of the human VNO remains controversial, however, as pheromones and VNO receptors have not been well characterized. In this study we screened a human Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library with multiple primer sets designed from human cDNA sequences homologous to mouse VNO receptor genes. Utilizing these BAC sequences in addition to mouse VNO receptor sequences, we screened the High Throughput Genome Sequence (HTGS) database to find additional human putative VNO receptor genes. We report the identification of 56 BACs carrying 34 distinct putative VNO receptor gene sequences, all of which appear to be pseudogenes. Sequence analysis indicates substantial homology to mouse V1R and V2R VNO receptor families. Furthermore, chromosomal localization via FISH analysis and RH mapping reveal that the majority of the BACs are localized to telomeric and centromeric chromosomal localizations and may have arisen through duplication events. These data yield insight into the present state of pheromonal olfaction in humans and into the evolutionary history of human VNO receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kouros-Mehr
- Beckman Institute, Division of Biology, 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Abstract
The development of the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) system was driven in part by the Human Genome Project as a means to construct genomic DNA libraries and physical maps for genomic sequencing. The BAC system is based on the well-characterized Escherichia coli F-factor, a low copy plasmid that exists in a supercoiled circular form in host cells. The structural features of the F-factor allow stable maintenance of individual human DNA clones as well as easy manipulation of the cloned DNA. BACs are currently used in a wide array of applications from genome sequencing to gene discovery. This paper describes the key elements in the development of the BAC system and its current notable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shizuya
- Beckman Institute, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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31
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Hurowitz EH, Melnyk JM, Chen YJ, Kouros-Mehr H, Simon MI, Shizuya H. Genomic characterization of the human heterotrimeric G protein alpha, beta, and gamma subunit genes. DNA Res 2000; 7:111-20. [PMID: 10819326 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/7.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) transduce extracellular signals received by transmembrane receptors to effector proteins. Each subunit of the G protein complex is encoded by a member of one of three corresponding gene families. Currently, 16 different members of the alpha subunit family, 5 different members of the beta subunit family, and 11 different members of the gamma subunit family have been described in mammals. Here we have identified and characterized Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) containing the human homologs of each of the alpha, beta, and gamma subunit genes as well as a G alpha11 pseudogene and a previously undiscovered G gamma5-like gene. The gene structure and chromosome location of each gene was determined, as were the orientations of paired genes. These results provide greater insight into the evolution and functional diversity of the mammalian G protein subunit genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Hurowitz
- Beckman Institute, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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