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Tukker AM, Westerink RHS. Novel test strategies for in vitro seizure liability assessment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:923-936. [PMID: 33595380 PMCID: PMC8367052 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1876026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing incidence of mental illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases results in a high demand for drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS). These drugs easily reach the CNS, have a high affinity for CNS targets, and are prone to cause seizures as an adverse drug reaction. Current seizure liability assessment heavily depends on in vivo or ex vivo animal models and is therefore ethically debated, labor intensive, expensive, and not always predictive for human risk. AREAS COVERED The demand for CNS drugs urges the development of alternative safety assessment strategies. Yet, the complexity of the CNS hampers reliable detection of compound-induced seizures. This review provides an overview of the requirements of in vitro seizure liability assays and highlights recent advances, including micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings using rodent and human cell models. EXPERT OPINION Successful and cost-effective replacement of in vivo and ex vivo models for seizure liability screening can reduce animal use for drug development, while increasing the predictive value of the assays, particularly if human cell models are used. However, these novel test strategies require further validation and standardization as well as additional refinements to better mimic the human in vivo situation and increase their predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M. Tukker
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, Hall for Discovery and Learning Research (DLR 339), INUSA
| | - Remco H. S. Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tukker AM, Wijnolts FMJ, de Groot A, Westerink RHS. Applicability of hiPSC-Derived Neuronal Cocultures and Rodent Primary Cortical Cultures for In Vitro Seizure Liability Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2020; 178:71-87. [PMID: 32866265 PMCID: PMC7657345 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures are life-threatening adverse drug reactions which are investigated late in drug development using rodent models. Consequently, if seizures are detected, a lot of time, money and animals have been used. Thus, there is a need for in vitro screening models using human cells to circumvent interspecies translation. We assessed the suitability of cocultures of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and astrocytes compared with rodent primary cortical cultures for in vitro seizure liability assessment using microelectrode arrays. hiPSC-derived and rodent primary cortical neuronal cocultures were exposed to 9 known (non)seizurogenic compounds (pentylenetetrazole, amoxapine, enoxacin, amoxicillin, linopirdine, pilocarpine, chlorpromazine, phenytoin, and acetaminophen) to assess effects on neuronal network activity using microelectrode array recordings. All compounds affect activity in hiPSC-derived cocultures. In rodent primary cultures all compounds, except amoxicillin changed activity. Changes in activity patterns for both cell models differ for different classes of compounds. Both models had a comparable sensitivity for exposure to amoxapine (lowest observed effect concentration [LOEC] 0.03 µM), linopirdine (LOEC 1 µM), and pilocarpine (LOEC 0.3 µM). However, hiPSC-derived cultures were about 3 times more sensitive for exposure to pentylenetetrazole (LOEC 30 µM) than rodent primary cortical cultures (LOEC 100 µM). Sensitivity of hiPSC-derived cultures for chlorpromazine, phenytoin, and enoxacin was 10-30 times higher (LOECs 0.1, 0.3, and 0.1 µM, respectively) than in rodent cultures (LOECs 10, 3, and 3 µM, respectively). Our data indicate that hiPSC-derived neuronal cocultures may outperform rodent primary cortical cultures with respect to detecting seizures, thereby paving the way towards animal-free seizure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M Tukker
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona M J Wijnolts
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aart de Groot
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Alhowail AH. Ciprofloxacin Produces Memory Deficits in Male Mice. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.27.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pham TDM, Ziora ZM, Blaskovich MAT. Quinolone antibiotics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1719-1739. [PMID: 31803393 PMCID: PMC6836748 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00120d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The quinolone antibiotics arose in the early 1960s, with the first examples possessing a narrow-spectrum of activity with unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. Over time, the development of new quinolone antibiotics has led to improved analogues with an expanded spectrum and high efficacy. Nowadays, quinolones are widely used for treating a variety of infections. Quinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including mycobacteria, and anaerobes. They exert their actions by inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis through disrupting the enzymes topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase, and by causing breakage of bacterial chromosomes. However, bacteria have acquired resistance to quinolones, similar to other antibacterial agents, due to the overuse of these drugs. Mechanisms contributing to quinolone resistance are mediated by chromosomal mutations and/or plasmid gene uptake that alter the topoisomerase targets, modify the quinolone, and/or reduce drug accumulation by either decreased uptake or increased efflux. This review discusses the development of this class of antibiotics in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics and toxicity, along with the resistance mechanisms which reduce the quinolones' activity against pathogens. Potential strategies for future generations of quinolone antibiotics with enhanced activity against resistant strains are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu D M Pham
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
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Odagiri T, Inagaki H, Nagamochi M, Kitamura T, Komoriya S, Takahashi H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 7-[(3aS,7aS)-3a-Aminohexahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(3H)-yl]-8-methoxyquinolines with Potent Antibacterial Activity against Respiratory Pathogens. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7234-7244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Odagiri
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Inagaki
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nagamochi
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kitamura
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Satoshi Komoriya
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hisashi Takahashi
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Stefano GB, Kream RM. Dysregulated mitochondrial and chloroplast bioenergetics from a translational medical perspective (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:547-55. [PMID: 26821064 PMCID: PMC4771107 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and chloroplasts represent endosymbiotic models of complex organelle development, driven by intense evolutionary pressure to provide exponentially enhanced ATP-dependent energy production functionally linked to cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Within the realm of translational medicine, it has become compellingly evident that mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in compromised cellular bioenergetics, represents a key causative factor in the etiology and persistence of major diseases afflicting human populations. As a pathophysiological consequence of enhanced oxygen utilization that is functionally uncoupled from the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP, significant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be generated within mitochondria and chloroplasts, which may effectively compromise cellular energy production following prolonged stress/inflammatory conditions. Empirically determined homologies in biochemical pathways, and their respective encoding gene sequences between chloroplasts and mitochondria, suggest common origins via entrapped primordial bacterial ancestors. From evolutionary and developmental perspectives, the elucidation of multiple biochemical and molecular relationships responsible for errorless bioenergetics within mitochondrial and plastid complexes will most certainly enhance the depth of translational approaches to ameliorate or even prevent the destructive effects of multiple disease states. The selective choice of discussion points contained within the present review is designed to provide theoretical bases and translational insights into the pathophysiology of human diseases from a perspective of dysregulated mitochondrial bioenergetics with special reference to chloroplast biology.
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Kasuya F, Miwa Y, Kazumi M, Inoue H, Ohta H. Effect of enoxacin, felbinac, and sparfloxacin on fatty acid metabolism and glucose concentrations in rat tissues. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:367-76. [PMID: 21633127 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810397619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple changes in metabolic levels could be useful for understanding physiological toxicity. To explore further risk factors for the convulsions induced by the interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and new quinolone antimicrobial drugs, the effect of sparfloxacin, enoxacin, and felbinac on fatty acid metabolism and glucose concentrations in the liver, brain, and blood of rats was investigated. The levels of long-chain acyl-CoAs (C(18:1) and C(20:4)) in the liver and brain were decreased at the onset of convulsions induced by the coadministration of enoxacin with felbinac. Then, glucose concentrations in the liver and blood were decreased, whereas they were increased in a dose-dependant manner in the brain. However, the formation of acyl-CoAs and glucose levels in the liver, brain, and blood was not significantly influenced by enoxacin, felbinac, and sparfloxacin alone, respectively. The disturbance of both fatty acid metabolism and glucose levels might be associated with the increased susceptibility to convulsions, which may contribute to further understanding of the toxic effects associated with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyo Kasuya
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobegakuin University, 1-1-3, Minatojima, chuo-ku, Kobe, 651-2180, Japan.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The epileptogenic potential of quinolones differs from one product to the other. The rare epileptic seizures induced by gatifloxacin were seen with the intravenous route. PATIENTS We report two old ladies presenting with generalized status epilepticus after being treated orally with normal doses of gatifloxacin, with a good recovery. Past medical history of convulsion was the only factor found. Brain MR imaging was unremarkable. In one patient, EEG showed continuous bilateral paroxysmal discharges, predominantly frontal. CONCLUSION Caution is warranted when using quinolones in elderly patients, especially those suffering from epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koussa
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de France, Université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, Liban.
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Gürbay A, Gonthier B, Barret L, Favier A, Hincal F. Cytotoxic effect of ciprofloxacin in primary culture of rat astrocytes and protection by Vitamin E. Toxicology 2007; 229:54-61. [PMID: 17098346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible cytotoxic and oxidative stress inducing effects of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) on primary cultures of rat astrocytes. The cultured cells were incubated with various concentrations of CPFX (0.5-300mg/l), and cytotoxicity was determined by neutral red (NR) and MTT assays. Survival profile of cells was biphasic in NR assay: CPFX did not cause any alteration at any concentration for 7h, whereas < or =50mg/l concentrations induced significant cell proliferation in incubation periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96h. However, cell proliferation gradually decreased at higher concentrations, and 200 and 300mg/l of CPFX exposure was found to be significantly (p<0.05) cytotoxic at all time periods. With MTT assay, no alteration was noted for incubation period of 7h, as observed with NR assay. But, cell viability decreased with approximately > or =50mg/l CPFX exposure in all other time periods. Cell proliferation was only seen in 24h of incubation with 0.5 and 5mg/l CPFX. Vitamin E pretreatment of cell cultures were found to be providing complete protection against cytotoxicity of 300mg/l CPFX in 96h incubation when measured with both NR and MTT assays. The SOD pretreatment was partially protective with NR assay, but no protection was noted when measured with MTT. A significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation was observed with the cytotoxic concentration of the drug, but total glutathione content and catalase activity of cells did not change. The data obtained in this study suggest that, in accordance with our previous results with fibroblast cells, CPFX-induced cytotoxicity is related to oxidative stress. And the biphasic effect of CPFX possibly resulted from the complex dose-dependent relationships between reactive oxygen species, cell proliferation, and cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Gürbay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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Yoshino T, Noguchi M, Okutsu H, Kimoto A, Sasamata M, Miyata K. Celecoxib does not induce convulsions nor does it affect GABAA receptor binding activity in the presence of new quinolones in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 507:69-76. [PMID: 15659296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether celecoxib would induce convulsions when coadministered with new quinolone antimicrobial agents in mice. The oral administration of celecoxib (500 mg/kg) alone or in combination with enoxacin (500 mg/kg), lomefloxacin (1000 mg/kg), ciprofloxacin (1000 mg/kg), or levofloxacin (1000 mg/kg) induced no convulsions in mice. In contrast, some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), fenbufen (200 mg/kg), indomethacin (500 mg/kg), and naproxen (500 mg/kg) induced convulsions in combination with the majority of the new quinolones tested. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptor blockade-mediated neuronal excitation is assumed to be involved in these toxic convulsions. Enoxacin (100 microM) and lomefloxacin (100 microM) only slightly reduced [3H]muscimol binding to GABA(A) receptors in mouse whole brain membrane. However, these reductions were markedly enhanced by the addition of fenbufen (100 microM), indomethacin (100 microM), or naproxen (100 microM). Conversely, celecoxib (100 microM) had no apparent effect on [3H]muscimol binding when applied alone or in combination with enoxacin or lomefloxacin. These results suggest that celecoxib may be a more desirable anti-inflammatory agent with respect to drug interactions with new quinolones compared with some conventional NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Yoshino
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
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Halliwell RF, Su J, Demuro A, Martinez-Torres A, Miledi R. Characterization of the interaction between a novel convulsant agent, norbiphen, and GABA(A) and other ligand-gated ion channels. Neuropharmacology 2002; 43:778-87. [PMID: 12367622 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid molecule composed of the antimicrobial, norfloxacin, linked to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), biphenylacetic acid, which we have termed norbiphen, is a lethal convulsant in vivo and an antagonist of rodent GABA(A) receptors in vitro. In the present study, the selectivity, molecular site(s) and mechanism of action of this novel convulsant were investigated using electrophysiological techniques. Sub-maximal GABA-evoked currents recorded from rodent hippocampal neurons were reversibly inhibited by norbiphen (1 microM) to 5+/-2% of control whereas glutamate, NMDA and glycine activated responses were little or unaffected. Sub-maximal GABA-evoked currents recorded from oocytes expressing recombinant human alpha1beta2gamma2s or alpha1beta2 GABA(A) receptors were also reversibly inhibited by norbiphen (1-1000 nM) with an IC(50) (+/-s.e.m.) of 5.7+/-1 and 8.8+/-1 nM, respectively. Similarly, GABA currents recorded from alpha1beta1gamma2s, alpha1beta1 and beta2gamma2s receptors were inhibited with IC(50)s of 16.1+/-1, 18.8+/-1 and 4.2+/-1 nM, respectively. In contrast, norbiphen (100 nM) had little or no effect at rho1 GABA(C) homomers. At alpha1beta2gamma2s receptors, norbiphen had no affect on the GABA reversal potential, and inhibition was not voltage-dependent, suggesting that this compound does not act at the ion channel. The GABA concentration response curve was shifted in a competitive-like fashion by norbiphen (10-300 nM) and a Schild analysis of these data yielded a slope of 0.94+/-0.1 and a pA(2) of 7.77. Our data reveal a novel, selective and highly potent antagonist of GABA(A) receptors. Norbiphen should be a valuable agent in future studies of this receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Halliwell
- School of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, UK.
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Smolders I, Gousseau C, Marchand S, Couet W, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Convulsant and subconvulsant doses of norfloxacin in the presence and absence of biphenylacetic acid alter extracellular hippocampal glutamate but not gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in conscious rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:471-7. [PMID: 11796360 PMCID: PMC127025 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.2.471-477.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics with central excitatory side effects. These adverse effects presumably result from inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binding to GABA(A) receptors. This GABA antagonistic effect is greatly potentiated by the active metabolite of fenbufen, biphenylacetic acid (BPAA). Nevertheless, it remains questionable whether GABA receptor antagonism alone can explain the convulsant activity potentials of these antimicrobial agents. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible effects of norfloxacin, both in the absence and in the presence of BPAA, on the extracellular hippocampal levels of GABA and glutamate, the main central inhibitory and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, respectively. This in vivo microdialysis approach with conscious rats allows monitoring of behavioral alterations and concomitant transmitter modulation in the hippocampus. Peroral administration of 100 mg of BPAA per kg of body weight had no effect on behavior and did not significantly alter extracellular GABA or glutamate concentrations. Intravenous perfusion of 300 mg of norfloxacin per kg did not change the rat's behavior or the concomitant neurotransmitter levels in about half of the experiments, while the remaining animals exhibited severe seizures. These norfloxacin-induced convulsions did not affect extracellular hippocampal GABA levels but were accompanied by enhanced glutamate concentrations. Half of the rats receiving both 100 mg of BPAA per kg and 50 mg of norfloxacin per kg displayed lethal seizures, while the remaining animals showed no seizure-related behavior. In the latter subgroup, again no significant alterations in extracellular GABA levels were observed, but glutamate overflow remained significantly elevated for at least 3 h. In conclusion, norfloxacin exerts convulsant activity in rats, accompanied by elevations of extracellular hippocampal glutamate levels but not GABA levels, even in the presence of BPAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysi, University Hospital, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou M, Nikolaidis E, Kounenis G. Biphenylacetic acid enhances the antagonistic action of fluoroquinolones on the GABA(A)-mediated responses of the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Pharmacol Res 2001; 44:229-33. [PMID: 11529690 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.2001.0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of biphenylacetic acid on the antagonistic action of norfloxacin and enoxacin on the GABA(A)-mediated responses of the isolated guinea-pig ileum. GABA produced transient contractions followed by relaxation. The contractile effect of exogenously applied GABA was concentration-dependent with EC(50)= 9.8 x 10(-6) M. This contractile effect was not significantly modified by biphenylacetic acid, and the EC(50) value for GABA in the presence of 10(-5) M biphenylacetic acid was 1.15 x 10(-5) M. The GABA contractile effect was inhibited, dose-dependently, by either norfloxacin or enoxacin, but only at concentrations higher than 10(-5) M. The response of the ileum to GABA (at EC(50)) was reduced to 35 and 36% by pretreatment with 10(-5) M norfloxacin or enoxacin, respectively. However, in the presence of 10(-5) M biphenylacetic acid, the response of the ileum to GABA was reduced to 2.2% by pretreatment with 10(-5) M enoxacin, while it was completely abolished by pretreatment with 10(-5) M norfloxacin and the IC(50) values were 5.5 x 10(-7) and 1.5 x 10(-6) M for norfloxacin and enoxacin, respectively. These data show that biphenylacetic acid whilst having no effect at the GABA(A)-mediated contractile response of the guinea-pig ileum, enhances the antagonistic effect of both enoxacin and norfloxacin. This suggests that combined administration of fluoroquinolones and biphenylacetic acid synergistically inhibits GABA(A)-receptors at the intestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 540 06, Greece.
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Kasuya F, Hiasa M, Kawai Y, Igarashi K, Fukui M. Inhibitory effect of quinolone antimicrobial and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on a medium chain acyl-CoA synthetase. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:363-7. [PMID: 11434910 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of quinolone antimicrobial agents and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on purified mouse liver mitochondrial medium chain acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzing the first reaction of glycine conjugation were examined, using hexanoic acid as a substrate. Enoxacin, ofloxacin, nalidixic acid, diflunisal, salicylic acid, 2-hydroxynaphthoic acid, and 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid, which do not act as substrates, were potent inhibitors. Diflunisal, nalidixic acid, salicylic acid, 2-hydroxynaphthoic acid, and 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid inhibited competitively this medium chain acyl-CoA synthetase with K(i) values of 0.6, 12.4, 19.6, 13.4, and 15.0 microM, respectively. Enoxacin and ofloxacin inhibited this medium chain acyl-CoA synthetase in a mixed-type manner with K(i) values of 23.7 and 38.2 microM, respectively. Felbinac, which is a substrate, inhibited the activity of this medium chain acyl-CoA synthetase for hexanoic acid (IC50 = 25 microM). The concomitant presence of enoxacin and felbinac strongly inhibited this medium chain acyl-CoA synthetase. These findings indicate that medium chain acyl-CoA synthetases may be influenced by quinolone antimicrobial and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kasuya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-gakuin University, 518, Arise, Ikawadani, 651-2180, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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Chebib M, Johnston GA. GABA-Activated ligand gated ion channels: medicinal chemistry and molecular biology. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1427-47. [PMID: 10780899 DOI: 10.1021/jm9904349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Chebib
- Adrien Albert Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Delon A, Bouquet S, Huguet F, Brunet V, Courtois P, Couet W. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic contributions to the convulsant activity of fluoroquinolones in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1511-5. [PMID: 10348785 PMCID: PMC89311 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.6.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo convulsant activities in rats of five representative fluoroquinolones (FQs), norfloxacin, enoxacin, sparfloxacin, fleroxacin, and pefloxacin, were compared. The experimental approach allowed distinction between the drugs' ability to reach the pharmacological receptors at the level of the central nervous system (pharmacokinetic contribution) and their ability to interact with these receptors (pharmacodynamic contribution). The presence of a methyl group on the piperazine moiety decreased the pharmacodynamic contribution to the convulsant activity by severalfold, and the ratios of concentrations of the FQs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to concentrations of unbound FQs in plasma varied from about 5 to 75% as a function of lipophilicity. Interestingly, FQs with the highest intrinsic convulsant activities had the lowest levels of diffusion in CSF and vice versa. This in vivo approach provides information complementary to that of in vitro experiments and should be recommended for early preclinical assessment of a new FQ's epileptogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delon
- EA 1223, Faculté de Médecine & Pharmacie, Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Kita H, Matsuo H, Takanaga H, Kawakami J, Yamamoto K, Iga T, Naito M, Tsuruo T, Asanuma A, Yanagisawa K, Sawada Y. In vivo and in vitro toxicodynamic analyses of new quinolone-and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced effects on the central nervous system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1091-7. [PMID: 10223919 PMCID: PMC89116 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.5.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/1997] [Accepted: 02/14/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the correlation between an in vivo isobologram based on the concentrations of new quinolones (NQs) in brain tissue and the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the occurrence of convulsions in mice and an in vitro isobologram based on the concentrations of both drugs for changes in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced current response in Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA from mouse brains in the presence of NQs and/or NSAIDs. After the administration of enoxacin (ENX) in the presence or absence of felbinac (FLB), ketoprofen (KTP), or flurbiprofen (FRP), a synergistic effect was observed in the isobologram based on the threshold concentration in brain tissue between mice with convulsions and those without convulsions. The three NSAIDs did not affect the pharmacokinetic behavior of ENX in the brain. However, the ENX-induced inhibition of the GABA response in the GABAA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes was enhanced in the presence of the three NSAIDs. The inhibition ratio profiles of the GABA responses for both drugs were analyzed with a newly developed toxicodynamic model. The inhibitory profiles for ENX in the presence of NSAIDs followed the order KTP (1.2 microM) > FRP (0. 3 microM) > FLB (0.2 microM). These were 50- to 280-fold smaller than those observed in the absence of NSAIDs. The inhibition ratio (0.01 to 0.02) of the GABAA receptor in the presence of both drugs was well-fitted to the isobologram based on threshold concentrations of both drugs in brain tissue between mice with convulsions and those without convulsions, despite the presence of NSAIDs. In mice with convulsions, the inhibitory profiles of the threshold concentrations of both drugs in brain tissue of mice with convulsions and those without convulsions can be predicted quantitatively by using in vitro GABA response data and toxicodynamic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Di Nucci A, Candura SM, Tagliani M, D'Agostino G, Spelta V, Fiori E, Ricotti P, Tonini M. Fluoroquinolone-induced motor changes in the guinea-pig isolated ileum. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1998; 83:263-9. [PMID: 9868745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of norfloxacin and enoxacin were examined on spontaneous motor activity in the guinea-pig isolated ileum. Micromolar concentrations of both compounds caused a biphasic response consisting of relaxation followed by transient contraction. Relaxation to norfloxacin, which was unaffected by phentolamine, propranolol and hyoscine (each at 1 microM), was partially sensitive to tetrodotoxin (1 microM). This indicates that the response is partly mediated by non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory nerves, and partly related to a direct action on the smooth muscle. Apamin (0.1 microM) and suramin (300 microM) inhibited norfloxacin-induced relaxations to an extent similar to that of tetrodotoxin. Conversely, NG-nitro-L-arginine (300 microM) was ineffective. In the presence of theophylline (100 microM) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (10 microM), norfloxacin caused relaxation less effective than when added alone. Based on this observation, the NANC component of the relaxation apparently depends on ATP release, whereas the direct component might be due, at least in part, to phosphodiesterase inhibition. Norfloxacin-induced contractions were neurogenic and cholinergic in nature. They were reduced by indomethacin or S-ketoprofen (both at 0.01-1 microM) and suramin (300 microM), suggesting involvement of local prostaglandin production probably induced by ATP release. Previous findings revealed that norfloxacin acted as a non-competitive antagonist at enteric GABAA receptors. In this study the same property was shared by enoxacin against the contractile response to 3-aminopropane sulphonic acid (3-APS), a GABAA receptor agonist. In conclusion, fluoroquinolones exert inhibitory and excitatory effects in the guinea-pig ileum. These are mediated by ATP, prostaglandin and acetylcholine release that might underlie, at least in part, the alterations of gastrointestinal motility observed after fluoroquinolone administration. Furthermore, isolated intestinal preparations might be useful to predict the GABAA-antagonist potential of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Nucci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy
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Delon A, Pariat C, Courtois P, Bouquet S, Couet W. A new approach for early assessment of the epileptogenic potential of quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:2756-8. [PMID: 9756792 PMCID: PMC105934 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.10.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epileptogenic potential of pefloxacin and norfloxacin, two quinolone antibiotics, was investigated in vivo in three different animal species by measuring drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is part of the biophase, at the onset of convulsions. Interestingly, the pefloxacin-to-norfloxacin concentration ratios in CSF were virtually constant across the species (7.0, 6.6, and 6.0 in mice, rats, and rabbits, respectively), suggesting that this approach could be used to predict the relative epileptogenic potential of quinolones in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delon
- UPRES-EA 1223, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Poitiers, France
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Matsuo H, Ryu M, Nagata A, Uchida T, Kawakami JI, Yamamoto K, Iga T, Sawada Y. Neurotoxicodynamics of the interaction between ciprofloxacin and foscarnet in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:691-4. [PMID: 9517953 PMCID: PMC105519 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.3.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for convulsions induced by the coadministration of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and foscarnet (PFA) may be due not to a change in the distribution of CPFX to the brain but to a potential CPFX-induced inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-GABA(A) receptor binding in the presence of PFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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