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Lee K, Pusterla N, Barnum SM, Lee DH, Martínez-López B. Genome-informed characterisation of antigenic drift in the haemagglutinin gene of equine influenza strains circulating in the United States from 2012 to 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e52-e63. [PMID: 34331828 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major infectious pathogen causing significant respiratory signs in equids worldwide. Voluntary surveillances in the United States recently reported EIV detection in horses with respiratory signs even with adequate vaccine protocols and biosecurity programs and posed a concern about suboptimal effectiveness of EIV vaccine in the United States. This study aims to determine the genetic characteristics of 58 field EIV H3N8 strains in the United States from 2012 to 2017 using the phylogenetic analysis based on the haemagglutinin (HA) gene. Amino acid substitution and acquisition of N-glycosylation of the HA gene were also evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis identified that almost all US field strains belonged to the Florida clade 1 (FC1) except one Florida clade 2 strain from a horse imported in 2014. US EIV strains in 2017 shared 11 fixed amino acid substitutions in the HA gene, compared to the vaccine strain (A/equine/Ohio/2003), and two additional amino acid substitutions were detected in 2019. The introduction of foreign EIV strains into the United States was not detected, but antigenic drift without acquisition of N-glycosylation in the HA gene was observed in US field strains until 2017. Considering the global dominance of FC1 strains, subsequent antigenic drift of US EIV strains should be monitored for better effectiveness of the EIV vaccine in the United States and global equine industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuyoung Lee
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Samantha M Barnum
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, the University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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2
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He W, Li G, Wang R, Shi W, Li K, Wang S, Lai A, Su S. Host-range shift of H3N8 canine influenza virus: a phylodynamic analysis of its origin and adaptation from equine to canine host. Vet Res 2019; 50:87. [PMID: 31666126 PMCID: PMC6822366 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the emergence of H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) and the latest avian-origin H3N2 CIV, there was no evidence of a circulating canine-specific influenza virus. Molecular and epidemiological evidence suggest that H3N8 CIV emerged from H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV). This host-range shift of EIV from equine to canine hosts and its subsequent establishment as an enzootic CIV is unique because this host-range shift was from one mammalian host to another. To further understand this host-range shift, we conducted a comprehensive phylodynamic analysis using all the available whole-genome sequences of H3N8 CIV. We found that (1) the emergence of H3N8 CIV from H3N8 EIV occurred in approximately 2002; (2) this interspecies transmission was by a reassortant virus of the circulating Florida-1 clade H3N8 EIV; (3) once in the canine species, H3N8 CIV spread efficiently and remained an enzootic virus; (4) H3N8 CIV evolved and diverged into multiple clades or sublineages, with intra and inter-lineage reassortment. Our results provide a framework to understand the molecular basis of host-range shifts of influenza viruses and that dogs are potential “mixing vessels” for the establishment of novel influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting He
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gairu Li
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Kemang Li
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alexander Lai
- College of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, USA.
| | - Shuo Su
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Using epidemics to map H3 equine influenza virus determinants of antigenicity. Virology 2015; 481:187-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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4
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Qi T, Guo W, Huang W, Dai L, Zhao L, Li H, Li X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yan Y, He N, Xiang W. Isolation and genetic characterization of H3N8 equine influenza virus from donkeys in China. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:455-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Qi T, Guo W, Huang WQ, Li HM, Zhao LP, Dai LL, He N, Hao XF, Xiang WH. Genetic evolution of equine influenza viruses isolated in China. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1425-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Bryant NA, Rash AS, Russell CA, Ross J, Cooke A, Bowman S, MacRae S, Lewis NS, Paillot R, Zanoni R, Meier H, Griffiths LA, Daly JM, Tiwari A, Chambers TM, Newton JR, Elton DM. Antigenic and genetic variations in European and North American equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated from 2006 to 2007. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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SUGITA S, OKI H, HASEGAWA T, ISHIDA N. Estimation Models for the Morbidity of the Horses Infected with Equine Influenza Virus. J Equine Sci 2008; 19:63-6. [PMID: 24833957 PMCID: PMC4013945 DOI: 10.1294/jes.19.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation formulas for the morbidity of horses infected with equine influenza virus by
linear regression, logistic regression and probit transformation were developed, using
data from the outbreak at the Sha Tin Racing Track in Hong Kong in 1992. Using these
formulas, we estimated the equine influenza virus morbidity rates at training centers
belonging to the Japan Racing Association (JRA) in October 1997 and in October 1998. In
1998 JRA started a new vaccination program, and every horse must now be vaccinated twice
per year. At that time, the vaccine included two US lineage virus strains, the
A/equine/Kentucky/81 strain and the A/equine/La Plata/93 (LP93) strain, against equine
type-2 influenza viruses; it did not include any EU lineage virus strains, such as
A/equine/Suffolk/89 (SF89). Comparing the geometric mean (GM) values of hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) titers between the LP93 strain and the SF89 strain in 1997 and in 1998,
they both rose significantly at every age (p<0.05) by Wilcoxon test. Calculations by
the simulation models show the morbidity rates for LP93 diminished from 0.439 (linear),
0.423 (logistic) and 0.431 (probit) to 0.276 (linear), 0.265 (logistic) and 0.271
(probit), respectively. On the other hand, the estimated morbidity rates for SF89
diminished only slightly from 0.954 (linear), 0.932 (logistic) and 0.944 (probit) to 0.946
(linear), 0.914 (logistic) and 0.927 (probit), respectively. Our simulation models could
estimate the effect of the vaccine on each of the equine virus strains represented by the
morbidity of infected horses. Thus, they are useful for vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo SUGITA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Hironori OKI
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Telhisa HASEGAWA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Nobushige ISHIDA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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Abstract
Lower airway problems of the adult horse are commonly encountered by the practitioner. Particularly susceptible populations include horses transported for any significant distance and young horses grouped together for training and/or competition. This article presents some of the commonly encountered problems of this patient population, including bacterial pneumonia/pleuropneumonia and influenza, and some uncommon ones, including pulmonary edema, pneumothorax/hemothorax, and acuterespiratory distress syndrome. Information is presented that should allow the practitioner to diagnose these problems accurately and initiate rational treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Wilkins
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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9
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SUGITA S, MATSUMURA T. Detection of Equine-2 Influenza Virus by the Real-Time PCR. J Equine Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.14.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo SUGITA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Molecular Biology Division, Epizootic Research Station, Equine Research Institute, Tochigi branch, Japan Racing Association
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Chambers TM, Holland RE, Tudor LR, Townsend HG, Cook A, Bogdan J, Lunn DP, Hussey S, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Sebring RW, Penner SJ, Stiegler GL. A new modified live equine influenza virus vaccine: phenotypic stability, restricted spread and efficacy against heterologous virus challenge. Equine Vet J 2001; 33:630-6. [PMID: 11770982 DOI: 10.2746/042516401776249291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flu Avert IN vaccine is a new, live attenuated virus vaccine for equine influenza. We tested this vaccine in vivo to ascertain 1) its safety and stability when subjected to serial horse to horse passage, 2) whether it spread spontaneously from horse to horse and 3) its ability to protect against heterologous equine influenza challenge viruses of epidemiological relevance. For the stability study, the vaccine was administered to 5 ponies. Nasal swabs were collected and pooled fluids administered directly to 4 successive groups of naïve ponies by intranasal inoculation. Viruses isolated from the last group retained the vaccine's full attenuation phenotype, with no reversion to the wild-type virus phenotype or production of clinical influenza disease. The vaccine virus spread spontaneously to only 1 of 13 nonvaccinated horses/ponies when these were comingled with 39 vaccinates in the same field. For the heterologous protection study, a challenge model system was utilised in which vaccinated or naïve control horses and ponies were exposed to the challenge virus by inhalation of virus-containing aerosols. Challenge viruses included influenza A/equine-2/Kentucky/98, a recent representative of the 'American' lineage of equine-2 influenza viruses; and A/equine-2/Saskatoon/90, representative of the 'Eurasian' lineage. Clinical signs among challenged animals were recorded daily using a standardised scoring protocol. With both challenge viruses, control animals reliably contracted clinical signs of influenza, whereas vaccinated animals were reliably protected from clinical disease. These results demonstrate that Flu Avert IN vaccine is safe and phenotypically stable, has low spontaneous transmissibility and is effective in protecting horses against challenge viruses representative of those in circulation worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0099, USA
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Manuguerra JC, Zientara S, Sailleau C, Rousseaux C, Gicquel B, Rijks I, van der Werf S. Evidence for evolutionary stasis and genetic drift by genetic analysis of two equine influenza H3 viruses isolated in France. Vet Microbiol 2000; 74:59-70. [PMID: 10799778 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of the HA(1) portion of the haemagglutinin of two equine A(H3N8) influenza viruses isolated in France in 1993 and 1998 were analysed to determine their evolutionary relationship with 51 other HA(1) amino acid sequences available in databanks. Our data show that the French strain isolated in 1993 belongs to a group of phylogenetically related viruses branched on the main trunk, illustrating the main lineage of evolution of the equine-2 H3 sequences before its split into two distinct lineages in the late 1980s. By contrast, the 1998 French isolate appears to belong to the more recent 'Eurasian' lineage. These data suggest that equine-2 strains antigenically related to old prototype viruses may cocirculate with the more recent 'Eurasian' and 'American' lineages. In conclusion, it may be necessary to include both strains representative of recent equine influenza variants and an older prototype strain in the current equine influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Manuguerra
- AFSAA-Alfort-LCRV, 22 rue Pierre Curie, F-94703, Maisons Alfort, France
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12
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Adeyefa CA, James ML, McCauley JW. Antigenic and genetic analysis of equine influenza viruses from tropical Africa in 1991. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 117:367-74. [PMID: 8870635 PMCID: PMC2271721 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed analysis of equine (H3N8) influenza viruses isolated in Nigeria during early 1991 has been undertaken. Antigenic analysis and the complete nucleotide sequence of the HA gene of three Nigerian equine influenza viruses A/eq/Ibadan/4/91, A/eq/Ibadan/6/91 and A/eq/Ibadan/9/91 are presented and limited sequence analysis of each of the genes encoding the internal polypeptides of the virus has been carried out. These results establish that, despite the geographical location from which these viruses were isolated, two were similar to the viruses which were concurrently causing disease in Europe in 1989 and 1991 and were related to viruses that have been predominating in horses since 1985. The third was more closely related to viruses isolated from 1991 onward in Europe but also in other parts of the globe. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of two of the viruses isolated in Nigeria (A/eq/Ibadan/4/91 and A/eq/Ibadan/6/91) with a European strain (A/eq/Suffolk/89) showed limited variation in the haemagglutinin gene which caused amino acid substitutions in one of the antigenic sites: this mutation resulted in the potential production of a new glycosylation site in antigenic site A. The other Nigerian virus (A/eq/Ibadan/9/91) showed only a single one amino acid change from another European strain (A/eq/Arundel/12369/91). The two distinct Nigerian viruses had several amino acid substitutions in the antigenic sites of the haemagglutinin glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Adeyefa
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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