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Vaidya AJ, Rammohan M, Lee YH, Lee KZ, Chou CY, Hartley Z, Scott CA, Susler RG, Wang L, Loesch-Fries LS, Harris MT, Solomon KV. Engineering Alkaline-Stable Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus-Like Particles for Efficient Surface Modification. Biochem Eng J 2023; 199:109062. [PMID: 37692450 PMCID: PMC10486258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses and virus-like particles are powerful templates for materials synthesis because of their capacity for precise protein engineering and diverse surface functionalization. We recently developed a recombinant bacterial expression system for the production of barley stripe mosaic virus-like particles (BSMV VLPs). However, the applicability of this biotemplate was limited by low stability in alkaline conditions and a lack of chemical handles for ligand attachment. Here, we identify and validate novel residues in the BSMV Caspar carboxylate clusters that mediate virion disassembly through repulsive interactions at high pH. Point mutations of these residues to create attractive interactions that increase rod length ~2 fold, with an average rod length of 91 nm under alkaline conditions. To enable diverse chemical surface functionalization, we also introduce reactive lysine residues at the C-terminus of BSMV coat protein, which is presented on the VLP surface. Chemical conjugation reactions with this lysine proceed more quickly under alkaline conditions. Thus, our alkaline-stable VLP mutants are more suitable for rapid surface functionalization of long nanorods. This work validates novel residues involved in BSMV VLP assembly and demonstrates the feasibility of chemical functionalization of BSMV VLPs for the first time, enabling novel biomedical and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash J. Vaidya
- 150 Academy St, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Mruthula Rammohan
- 150 Academy St, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- 480 Stadium Mall Drive, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Kok Zhi Lee
- 225 South University Street, Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, United States
- 1203 West State Street, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Che-yu Chou
- 480 Stadium Mall Drive, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Zachary Hartley
- 915 West State Street, Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology Program, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Corren A. Scott
- 480 Stadium Mall Drive, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Rachel G. Susler
- 480 Stadium Mall Drive, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Longfei Wang
- 915 West State Street, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - L. Sue Loesch-Fries
- 915 West State Street, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Michael T. Harris
- 480 Stadium Mall Drive, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Kevin V. Solomon
- 150 Academy St, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- 225 South University Street, Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, United States
- 1203 West State Street, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
- 500 Central Drive, Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2022, United States
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2
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Characterization of sulfur compounds and antiviral activity against Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) of Italian “Vessalico” garlic compared to other cultivars and landrace. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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Shah SN, Saunders K, Thuenemann EC, Evans DJ, Lomonossoff GP. Designer-length palladium nanowires can be templated by the central channel of tobacco mosaic virus nanorods. Virology 2022; 577:155-162. [PMID: 36384077 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed methods for the templated synthesis of palladium nanowires (Pd NWs) within the central channel of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanorods of various lengths. We show that uniform 4 nm diameter Pd NWs can be produced by selective growth within these channels by including the capping reagent, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (PVP30K) and reducing the metal precursor to metallic palladium with ascorbic acid. The length of the Pd NWs can be controlled either by varying the length of the nanorod templates and/or through alterations to the reaction conditions. We have also demonstrated bimetallic gold (Au)-palladium (Pd) in-situ metallization of TMV nanorods resulting in the production of Pd NWs 6 nm gold nanoparticles attached to their ends. The materials produced have many potential applications in the construction of nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin N Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Keith Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Eva C Thuenemann
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Iobbi V, Lanteri AP, Minuto A, Santoro V, Ferrea G, Fossa P, Bisio A. Autoxidation Products of the Methanolic Extract of the Leaves of Combretum micranthum Exert Antiviral Activity against Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030760. [PMID: 35164024 PMCID: PMC8838289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a new damaging plant virus of great interest from both an economical and research point of view. ToBRFV is transmitted by contact, remains infective for months, and to-date, no resistant cultivars have been developed. Due to the relevance of this virus, new effective, sustainable, and operator-safe antiviral agents are needed. Thus, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was identified as the main product of the alkaline autoxidation at high temperature of the methanolic extract of the leaves of C. micranthum, known for antiviral activity. The autoxidized extract and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were assayed in in vitro experiments, in combination with a mechanical inoculation test of tomato plants. Catechinic acid, a common product of rearrangement of catechins in hot alkaline solution, was also tested. Degradation of the viral particles, evidenced by the absence of detectable ToBRFV RNA and the loss of virus infectivity, as a possible consequence of disassembly of the virus coat protein (CP), were shown. Homology modeling was then applied to prepare the protein model of ToBRFV CP, and its structure was optimized. Molecular docking simulation showed the interactions of the two compounds, with the amino acid residues responsible for CP-CP interactions. Catechinic acid showed the best binding energy value in comparison with ribavirin, an anti-tobamovirus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (P.F.)
| | - Anna Paola Lanteri
- CeRSAA—Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Minuto
- CeRSAA—Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Valentina Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Ferrea
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale 1, Regione Liguria, Via Aurelia 97, Bussana, 18038 Sanremo, Italy;
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (P.F.)
| | - Angela Bisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang W. A single-molecule atomic force microscopy study reveals the antiviral mechanism of tannin and its derivatives. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16368-16376. [PMID: 31436278 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral agents work by stopping or intervening the virus replication. Virus replication is a fast and multi-step process while effective antiviral intervention requires agents to interact with the protein coat, genetic RNA/DNA or both during virus replication. Thus, quantifying these interactions at the molecular level, although it is quite challenging, is very important for an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism of antiviral intervention. Here, at the single molecule level, we employ single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) in combination with AFM imaging and choose tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)/tannin as a model system of tubular virus to directly study how the inhibitor influences the interactions of RNA and coat protein. We illustrated the antiviral mechanism of tannin during the three main stages of TMV infection, i.e., before the entry of cells, the disassembly of genetic RNA and reassembly of genetic RNA, respectively. Our SMFS results show that tannin and its derivatives can stabilize the TMV complex by enhancing the interactions between RNA and coat protein via weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. In addition, the stabilization effect showed molecular weight dependence, i.e., for higher molecular weight tannin the stabilization occurs after genetic RNA gets partially disassembled from the protein coat, while the lower molecular weight tannin hydrolyte starts experiencing the stabilization effect before the RNA disassembly. Furthermore, the cycling stretching-relaxation experiments in the presence/absence of tannin proved that tannin can prevent the assembling of RNA and coat protein. In addition, the AFM imaging results demonstrate that tannin can cause the aggregation of TMV particles in a concentration-dependent manner; a higher concentration of tannin will cause more severe aggregations. These results deepen our understanding of the antiviral mechanism of tannin and its derivatives, which facilitate the rational design of efficient agents for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
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6
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Atanasova P, Atanasov V, Wittum L, Southan A, Choi E, Wege C, Kerres J, Eiben S, Bill J. Hydrophobization of Tobacco Mosaic Virus to Control the Mineralization of Organic Templates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E800. [PMID: 31137720 PMCID: PMC6567237 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The robust, anisotropic tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provides a monodisperse particle size and defined surface chemistry. Owing to these properties, it became an excellent bio-template for the synthesis of diverse nanostructured organic/inorganic functional materials. For selective mineralization of the bio-template, specific functional groups were introduced by means of different genetically encoded amino acids or peptide sequences into the polar virus surface. An alternative approach for TMV surface functionalization is chemical coupling of organic molecules. To achieve mineralization control in this work, we developed a synthetic strategy to manipulate the surface hydrophilicity of the virus through covalent coupling of polymer molecules. Three different types of polymers, namely the perfluorinated (poly(pentafluorostyrene) (PFS)), the thermo-responsive poly(propylene glycol) acrylate (PPGA), and the block-copolymer polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene glycol) were examined. We have demonstrated that covalent attachment of hydrophobic polymer molecules with proper features retains the integrity of the virus structure. In addition, it was found that the degree of the virus hydrophobicity, examined via a ZnS mineralization test, could be tuned by the polymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Atanasova
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Vladimir Atanasov
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Böblinger Straße 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Lisa Wittum
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biological Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biological Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jochen Kerres
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Böblinger Straße 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biological Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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7
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Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) technologies are based on virus-inspired artificial structures and the intrinsic ability of viral proteins to self-assemble at controlled conditions. Therefore, the basic knowledge about the mechanisms of viral particle formation is highly important for designing of industrial applications. As an alternative to genetic and chemical processes, different physical methods are frequently used for VLP construction, including well characterized protein complexes for introduction of foreign molecules in VLP structures.This chapter shortly discusses the mechanisms how the viruses form their perfectly ordered structures as well as the principles and most interesting application examples, how to exploit the structural and assembly/disassembly properties of viral structures for creation of new nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
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8
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Plant virus directed fabrication of nanoscale materials and devices. Virology 2015; 479-480:200-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Brown AD, Naves L, Wang X, Ghodssi R, Culver JN. Carboxylate-Directed In Vivo Assembly of Virus-like Nanorods and Tubes for the Display of Functional Peptides and Residues. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3123-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400747k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Brown
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, ‡Fischell Department of Bioengineering, §Institute for Systems
Research, ∥Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ⊥Department of Plant Science and
Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lindsay Naves
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, ‡Fischell Department of Bioengineering, §Institute for Systems
Research, ∥Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ⊥Department of Plant Science and
Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, ‡Fischell Department of Bioengineering, §Institute for Systems
Research, ∥Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ⊥Department of Plant Science and
Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, ‡Fischell Department of Bioengineering, §Institute for Systems
Research, ∥Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ⊥Department of Plant Science and
Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James N. Culver
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, ‡Fischell Department of Bioengineering, §Institute for Systems
Research, ∥Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ⊥Department of Plant Science and
Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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10
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Lee SY, Lim JS, Harris MT. Synthesis and application of virus-based hybrid nanomaterials. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:16-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Mueller A, Kadri A, Jeske H, Wege C. In vitro assembly of Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein variants derived from fission yeast expression clones or plants. J Virol Methods 2010; 166:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Zhang C, Liu Y, Sun X, Qian W, Zhang D, Qiu B. Characterization of a specific interaction between IP-L, a tobacco protein localized in the thylakoid membranes, and Tomato mosaic virus coat protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:253-7. [PMID: 18625203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated a specific interaction between Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) coat protein (CP) and a tobacco protein designated IP-L that may be involved in the long-distance movement of ToMV. Here, using the yeast two-hybrid system and GST pull-down assay, we demonstrated that the N-terminal helical region (residues 3-18) of IP-L is required for the interaction, while two alpha-helical domains (residues 21-31 and 142-147) of ToMV CP are involved. Furthermore, using immunoblotting, we showed that both of the IP-L and the majority of ToMV CP are co-localized in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. These results provide further evidence for the association between tobamovirus CPs and thylakoid membrane components, which has been shown to be involved in chlorosis formation during viral infection, and indicate that the interaction between ToMV CP and IP-L may affect chloroplast function and stability and thus leading to chlorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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13
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Bruckman MA, Niu Z, Li S, Lee LA, Nelson TL, Lavigne JJ, Wang Q, Varazo K. Development of nanobiocomposite fibers by controlled assembly of rod-like tobacco mosaic virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12030-007-0004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Sim C, Hong YS, Vanlandingham DL, Harker BW, Christophides GK, Kafatos FC, Higgs S, Collins FH. Modulation of Anopheles gambiae gene expression in response to o'nyong-nyong virus infection. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 14:475-81. [PMID: 16164603 PMCID: PMC3840949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To determine if gene expression of An. gambiae is modulated in response to o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) infection, we utilized cDNA microarrays including about 20 000 cDNAs. Gene expression levels of ONNV-infected female mosquitoes were compared to that of the uninfected control females harvested at 14 days postinfection. In response to ONNV infection, expression levels of 18 genes were significantly modulated, being at least two-fold up- or down-regulated. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR) further substantiated the differential expression of six of these genes in response to ONNV infection. These genes have similarity to a putative heat shock protein 70, DAN4, agglutinin attachment subunit, elongation factor 1 alpha and ribosomal protein L35. One gene, with sequence similarity to mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7, was down-regulated in infected mosquitoes. The expression levels and annotation of the differentially expressed genes are discussed in the context of host/virus interaction including host translation/replication factors, and intracellular transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sim
- Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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15
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Mateo R, Díaz A, Baranowski E, Mateu MG. Complete alanine scanning of intersubunit interfaces in a foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid reveals critical contributions of many side chains to particle stability and viral function. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:41019-27. [PMID: 12857761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304990200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spherical virus capsids are large, multimeric protein shells whose assembly and stability depend on the establishment of multiple non-covalent interactions between many polypeptide subunits. In a foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid, 42 amino acid side chains per protomer are involved in noncovalent interactions between pentameric subunits that function as assembly/disassembly intermediates. We have individually truncated to alanine these 42 side chains and assessed their relevance for completion of the virus life cycle and capsid stability. Most mutations provoked a drastic reduction in virus yields. Nearly all of these critical mutations led to virions whose thermal inactivation rates differed from that of the parent virus, and many affected also early steps in the viral cycle. Rapid selection of genotypic revertants or variants with forward or compensatory mutations that restored viability was occasionally detected. The results with this model virus indicate the following. (i). Most of the residues at the interfaces between capsid subunits are critically important for viral function, in part but not exclusively because of their involvement in intersubunit recognition. Each hydrogen bond and salt bridge buried at the subunit interfaces may be important for capsid stability. (ii). New mutations able to restore viability may arise frequently at the subunit interfaces during virus evolution. (iii). A few interfacial side chains are functionally tolerant to truncation and may provide adequate mutation sites for the engineering of a thermostable capsid, potentially useful as an improved vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mateo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Culver JN. Tobacco mosaic virus assembly and disassembly: determinants in pathogenicity and resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2002; 40:287-308. [PMID: 12147762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120301.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The structural proteins of plant viruses have evolved to self-associate into complex macromolecules that are centrally involved in virus biology. In this review, the structural and biophysical properties of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) are addressed in relation to its role in host resistance and disease development. TMV CP affects the display of several specific virus and host responses, including cross-protection, systemic virus movement, hypersensitive disease resistance, and symptom development. Studies indicate that the three-dimensional structure of CP is critical to the control of these responses, either directly through specific structural motifs or indirectly via alterations in CP assembly. Thus, both the structure and assembly of the TMV CP function as determinants in the induction of disease and resistance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Culver
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park 20742, USA.
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17
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Kao CC. Lessons learned from the core RNA promoters of Brome mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2002; 3:53-59. [PMID: 20569308 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-6722.2001.00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
summary RNA core promoters are nucleotide sequences needed to direct proper initiation of viral RNA synthesis by the viral replicase. Minimal length core promoter-templates that can direct accurate initiation of the genomic plus-, genomic minus-, and subgenomic RNAs of Brome mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus were characterized in previous works. Several common themes and differences were observed in how each of the core promoters directed the initiation of viral RNA synthesis in vitro. These observations are summarized and compared in this short review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cheng Kao
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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18
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Allan AC, Lapidot M, Culver JN, Fluhr R. An early tobacco mosaic virus-induced oxidative burst in tobacco indicates extracellular perception of the virus coat protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:97-108. [PMID: 11351074 PMCID: PMC102285 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2000] [Revised: 11/16/2000] [Accepted: 01/15/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed within seconds of the addition of exogenous tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to the outside of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun NN, EN, or nn) epidermal cells. Cell death was correlated with ROS production. Infectivity of the TMV virus was not a prerequisite for this elicitation and isolated coat protein (CP) subunits could also elicit the fast oxidative burst. The rapid induction of ROS was prevented by both inhibitors of plant signal transduction and inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidases, suggesting activation of a multi-step signal transduction pathway. Induction of intracellular ROS by TMV was detected in TMV-resistant and -susceptible tobacco cultivars isogenic for the N allele. The burst was also detected with strains of virus that either elicit (ToMV) or fail to elicit (TMV U1) N' gene-mediated responses. Hence, early ROS generation is independent or upstream of known genetic systems in tobacco that can mediate hypersensitive responses. Analysis of other viruses and TMV CP mutants showed marked differences in their ability to induce ROS showing specificity of the response. Thus, initial TMV-plant cell interactions that lead to early ROS induction occur outside the plasma membrane in an event requiring specific CP epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Allan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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