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Svozilová H, Plichta Z, Proks V, Studená R, Baloun J, Doubek M, Pospíšilová Š, Horák D. RGDS-Modified Superporous Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate)-Based Scaffolds as 3D In Vitro Leukemia Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052376. [PMID: 33673496 PMCID: PMC7956824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Superporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-2-aminoethyl methacrylate) (P(HEMA-AEMA)) hydrogel scaffolds are designed for in vitro 3D culturing of leukemic B cells. Hydrogel porosity, which influences cell functions and growth, is introduced by adding ammonium oxalate needle-like crystals in the polymerization mixture. To improve cell vitality, cell-adhesive Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) peptide is immobilized on the N-(γ-maleimidobutyryloxy)succinimide-activated P(HEMA-AEMA) hydrogels via reaction of SH with maleimide groups. This modification is especially suitable for the survival of primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (B-CLLs) in 3D cell culture. No other tested stimuli (interleukin-4, CD40 ligand, or shaking) can further improve B-CLL survival or metabolic activity. Both unmodified and RGDS-modified P(HEMA-AEMA) scaffolds serve as a long-term (70 days) 3D culture platforms for HS-5 and M2-10B4 bone marrow stromal cell lines and MEC-1 and HG-3 B-CLL cell lines, although the adherent cells retain their physiological morphologies, preferably on RGDS-modified hydrogels. Moreover, the porosity of hydrogels allows direct cell lysis, followed by efficient DNA isolation from the 3D-cultured cells. P(HEMA-AEMA)-RGDS thus serves as a suitable 3D in vitro leukemia model that enables molecular and metabolic assays and allows imaging of cell morphology, interactions, and migration by confocal microscopy. Such applications can prospectively assist in testing of drugs to treat this frequently recurring or refractory cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Svozilová
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.S.); (R.S.); (J.B.); (M.D.); (Š.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine—Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Plichta
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Vladimír Proks
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Radana Studená
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.S.); (R.S.); (J.B.); (M.D.); (Š.P.)
| | - Jiří Baloun
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.S.); (R.S.); (J.B.); (M.D.); (Š.P.)
| | - Michael Doubek
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.S.); (R.S.); (J.B.); (M.D.); (Š.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine—Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pospíšilová
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.S.); (R.S.); (J.B.); (M.D.); (Š.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine—Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.P.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-296-809-260
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Allegra A, Musolino C, Tonacci A, Pioggia G, Casciaro M, Gangemi S. Clinico-Biological Implications of Modified Levels of Cytokines in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Possible Therapeutic Role. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020524. [PMID: 32102441 PMCID: PMC7072434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the main cause of mortality among hematologic diseases in Western nations. B-CLL is correlated with an intense alteration of the immune system. The altered functions of innate immune elements and adaptive immune factors are interconnected in B-CLL and are decisive for its onset, evolution, and therapeutic response. Modifications in the cytokine balance could support the growth of the leukemic clone via a modulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as some cytokines have been reported to be able to affect the life of B-CLL cells in vivo. In this review, we will examine the role played by cytokines in the cellular dynamics of B-CLL patients, interpret the contradictions sometimes present in the literature regarding their action, and evaluate the possibility of manipulating their production in order to intervene in the natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marco Casciaro
- Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Severin F, Frezzato F, Visentin A, Martini V, Trimarco V, Carraro S, Tibaldi E, Brunati AM, Piazza F, Semenzato G, Facco M, Trentin L. In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway Is Constitutively Activated and Its Inhibition Leads to CLL Cell Death Unaffected by the Protective Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1939. [PMID: 31817171 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment promotes proliferation and drug resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although ibrutinib is active in CLL, it is rarely able to clear leukemic cells protected by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) within the marrow niche. We investigated the modulation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway in CLL by BMSCs and its targeting with AG490 (JAK2 inhibitor) or Stattic (STAT3 inhibitor). B cells collected from controls and CLL patients, were treated with medium alone, ibrutinib, JAK/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) inhibitors, or both drugs, in the presence of absence of BMSCs. JAK2/STAT3 axis was evaluated by western blotting, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. We demonstrated that STAT3 was phosphorylated in Tyr705 in the majority of CLL patients at basal condition, and increased following co-cultures with BMSCs or IL-6. Treatment with AG490, but not Stattic, caused STAT3 and Lyn dephosphorylation, through re-activation of SHP-1, and triggered CLL apoptosis even when leukemic cells were cultured on BMSC layers. Moreover, while BMSCs hamper ibrutinib activity, the combination of ibrutinib+JAK/STAT inhibitors increase ibrutinib-mediated leukemic cell death, bypassing the pro-survival stimuli derived from BMSCs. We herein provide evidence that JAK2/STAT3 signaling might play a key role in the regulation of CLL-BMSC interactions and its inhibition enhances ibrutinib, counteracting the bone marrow niche.
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Primo D, Scarfò L, Xochelli A, Mattsson M, Ranghetti P, Espinosa AB, Robles A, Gorrochategui J, Martínez-López J, de la Serna J, González M, Gil AC, Anguita E, Iraheta S, Munugalavadla V, Quéva C, Tannheimer S, Rosenquist R, Stamatopoulos K, Ballesteros J, Ghia P. A novel ex vivo high-throughput assay reveals antiproliferative effects of idelalisib and ibrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26019-26031. [PMID: 29899839 PMCID: PMC5995261 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3Kδ (idelalisib) and BTK (ibrutinib) inhibitors have demonstrated significant clinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) interfering with the cross-talk between CLL cells and the lymph node microenviroment, yet their mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we developed an ex vivo model with the aim of reproducing the effects of the microenvironment that would help shed light on the in vivo mechanism of action of idelalisib and ibrutinib and predict their clinical efficacy in individual patients. First we explored the effects of various cell-extrinsic elements on CLL apoptosis and proliferation and found that the combination of CpG+IL2+HS5 stromal cell line + human serum +CLL plasma and erythrocyte fractions represented the best co-culture conditions to test the effects of the novel inhibitors. Then, using this assay, we investigated the impact of idelalisib and ibrutinib on both survival and proliferation in 30 CLL patients. While both drugs had a limited direct pro-apoptotic activity, a potent inhibition of proliferation was achieved at clinically achievable concentrations. Notably, up to 10% of CLL cells still proliferated even at the highest concentrations, likely mirroring the known difficulty to achieve complete responses in vivo. Altogether, this novel assay represents an appropriate ex vivo drug testing system to potentially predict the clinical response to novel inhibitors in particular by quantifying the antiproliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- Strategic Research Program on CLL and B Cell Neoplasia Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Aliki Xochelli
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mattias Mattsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pamela Ranghetti
- Strategic Research Program on CLL and B Cell Neoplasia Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Javier de la Serna
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos González
- Hematology Service, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC)- IBMCC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Chaparro Gil
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anguita
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Iraheta
- Department of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Paolo Ghia
- Strategic Research Program on CLL and B Cell Neoplasia Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Purroy N, Abrisqueta P, Carabia J, Carpio C, Palacio C, Bosch F, Crespo M. Co-culture of primary CLL cells with bone marrow mesenchymal cells, CD40 ligand and CpG ODN promotes proliferation of chemoresistant CLL cells phenotypically comparable to those proliferating in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7632-43. [PMID: 25544766 PMCID: PMC4480705 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells residing in the bone marrow (BM) and in secondary lymphoid tissues receive survival and proliferative signals from the microenvironment, resulting in persistence of residual disease after treatment. In this study, we characterized primary CLL cells cultured with BM stromal cells, CD40 ligand and CpG ODN to partially mimic the microenvironment in the proliferative centers. This co-culture system induced proliferation and chemoresistance in primary CLL cells. Importantly, co-cultured primary CLL cells shared many phenotypical features with circulating proliferative CLL cells, such as upregulation of ZAP-70 and CD38 and higher CD49d and CD62L expression. This indicates aggressiveness and capability to interact with surrounding cells, respectively. In addition, levels of CXCR4 were decreased due to CXCR4 internalization after CXCL12 stimulation by BM stromal cells. We suggest that this co-culture system can be used to test drugs and their combinations that target the proliferative and drug resistant CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Purroy
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Abrisqueta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Carabia
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Carpio
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Palacio
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Bosch
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Crespo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
In the last decade our understanding of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) biology and pathogenesis has increased substantially. These insights have led to the development of several new agents with novel mechanisms of action prompting a change in therapeutic approaches from chemotherapy-based treatments to targeted therapies. Multiple preclinical models for drug development in CLL are available; however, with the advent of these targeted agents, it is becoming clear that not all models and surrogate readouts of efficacy are appropriate for all drugs. In this review we discuss in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, with a particular focus on the benefits and possible pitfalls of different model systems in the evaluation of novel therapeutics for the treatment of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E M Herman
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Hutchinson CV, Natarajan S, Johnson SM, Adams JA, Rees-Unwin KS, Burthem J. Lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia undergo ABL1-linked amoeboid motility and homotypic interaction as an early adaptive change to ex vivo culture. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 24618035 PMCID: PMC3995717 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Those stimuli that together promote the survival, differentiation and proliferation of the abnormal B-lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) are encountered within tissues, where together they form the growth-supporting microenvironment. Different tissue-culture systems promote the survival of the neoplastic lymphocytes from CLL, partly replicating the in vivo tissue environment of the disorder. In the present study, we focussed on the initial adaptive changes to the tissue culture environment focussing particularly on migratory behaviour and cellular interactions. METHODS A high-density CLL culture system was employed to test CLL cell-responses using a range of microscopic techniques and flow cytometric analyses, supported by mathematical measures of cell shape-change and by biochemical techniques. The study focussed on the evaluation of changes to the F-actin cytoskeleton and cell behaviour and on ABL1 signalling processes. RESULTS We showed that the earliest functional response by the neoplastic lymphocytes was a rapid shape-change caused through rearrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton that resulted in amoeboid motility and promoted frequent homotypic interaction between cells. This initial response was functionally distinct from the elongated motility that was induced by chemokine stimulation, and which also characterised heterotypic interactions between CLL lymphocytes and accessory cells at later culture periods. ABL1 is highly expressed in CLL lymphocytes and supports their survival, it is also recognised however to have a major role in the control of the F-actin cytoskeleton. We found that the cytoplasmic fraction of ABL1 became co-localised with F-actin structures of the CLL lymphocytes and that the ABL1 substrate CRKL became phosphorylated during initial shape-change. The ABL-inhibitor imatinib mesylate prevented amoeboid movement and markedly reduced homotypic interactions, causing cells to acquire a globular shape to rearrange F-actin to a microvillus form that closely resembled that of CLL cells isolated directly from circulation. CONCLUSION We suggest that ABL1-induced amoeboid motility and homotypic interaction represent a distinctive early response to the tissue environment by CLL lymphocytes. This response is separate from that induced by chemokine or during heterotypic cell-contact, and may play a role in the initial entry and interactions of CLL lymphocytes in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Hutchinson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Shiva Natarajan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Suzanne M Johnson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Julie A Adams
- Clinical Haematology, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Karen S Rees-Unwin
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - John Burthem
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Clinical Haematology, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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Borge M, Nannini PR, Morande PE, Jancic C, Bistmans A, Bezares RF, Giordano M, Gamberale R. CXCL12 is a costimulator for CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:113-24. [PMID: 22842611 PMCID: PMC11029550 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Activated T cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) provide survival and proliferative signals to the leukemic clone within lymphoid tissues. Recruitment of both, CLL cells and T lymphocytes, to this supportive microenvironment greatly depends on CXCL12 production by stromal and myeloid cells. CXCL12 also supplies survival stimuli to leukemic B cells, but whether it exerts stimulatory effects on T lymphocytes from CLL patients is unknown. In order to evaluate the capacity of CXCL12 to increase CD4(+) T cell activation and proliferation in CLL patients, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with or without recombinant human CXCL12 or autologous nurse-like cells, and then T cell activation was induced by anti-CD3 mAb. CXCL12 increases the proliferation and the expression of CD25, CD69, CD154, and IFNγ on CD3-stimulated CD4(+) T cells from CLL patients, similarly in T cells from ZAP-70(+) to ZAP-70(-) patients. Autologous nurse-like cells establish a close contact with CD4(+) T cells and increase their activation and proliferation partially through a CXCR4-dependent mechanism. In addition, we found that activated T cells in the presence of CXCL12 enhance the activation and proliferation of the leukemic clone. In conclusion, CXCL12 production by lymphoid tissue microenvironment in CLL patients might play a key dual role on T cell physiology, functioning not only as a chemoattractant but also as a costimulatory factor for activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Borge
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) - CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081 (1425), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Romina Nannini
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) - CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081 (1425), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Elías Morande
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) - CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081 (1425), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Jancic
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) - CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081 (1425), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Bistmans
- Hospital J. M. Ramos Mejía, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mirta Giordano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) - CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081 (1425), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Gamberale
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) - CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081 (1425), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Kiaii S, Kokhaei P, Mozaffari F, Rossmann E, Pak F, Moshfegh A, Palma M, Hansson L, Mashayekhi K, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Österborg A, Choudhury A, Mellstedt H. T cells from indolent CLL patients prevent apoptosis of leukemic B cells in vitro and have altered gene expression profile. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:51-63. [PMID: 22736254 PMCID: PMC11029037 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
T cells may have a role in sustaining the leukemic clone in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this study, we have examined the ability of T cells from CLL patients to support the survival of the leukemic B cells in vitro. Additionally, we compared global gene expression of T cells from indolent CLL patients with healthy individuals and multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Apoptosis of purified leukemic B cells was inhibited in vitro when co-cultured with increasing numbers of autologous T cells (p < 0.01) but not autologous B and T cells of normal donors. The anti-apoptotic effect exceeded that of the anti-apoptotic cytokine IL-4 (p = 0.002) and was greater with CD8+ cells (p = 0.02) than with CD4+ cells (p = 0.05). The effect was depended mainly on cell-cell contact although a significant effect was also observed in transwell experiments (p = 0.05). About 356 genes involved in different cellular pathways were deregulated in T cells of CLL patients compared to healthy individuals and MM patients. The results of gene expression profiling were verified for 6 genes (CCL4, CCL5 (RANTES), XCL1, XCL2, KLF6, and TRAF1) using qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Our results demonstrate that CLL-derived T cells can prevent apoptosis of leukemic B cells and have altered expression of genes that may facilitate the survival of the leukemic clone.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Coculture Techniques
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Kiaii
- Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ UK
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fariba Mozaffari
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Rossmann
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Pak
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marzia Palma
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaveh Mashayekhi
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aniruddha Choudhury
- Center for Immune and Targeted Therapy Greenslopes Private Hospital, Newdegate Street, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Yan XJ, Dozmorov I, Li W, Yancopoulos S, Sison C, Centola M, Jain P, Allen SL, Kolitz JE, Rai KR. Identification of outcome-correlated cytokine clusters in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2011;118:5201-5210. [PMID: 21911837 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-342436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual cytokines and groups of cytokines that might represent networks in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were analyzed and their prognostic values determined. Serum levels of 23 cytokines were measured in 84 patients and 49 age-matched controls; 17 levels were significantly elevated in patients. Unsupervised hierarchical bicluster analysis identified 3 clusters (CLs) of highly correlated but differentially expressed cytokines: CL1 (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL3, CCL4, CCL19, IL-5, IL-12, and IFNγ), CL2 (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF), and CL3 (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-15, IL-17, and IFNα). Combination scores integrating expression of CL1/CL2 or CL1/CL3 strongly correlated (P < .005) with time-to-first-treatment and overall survival (OS), respectively. Patients with the worst course had high CL1 and low CL2 or CL3 levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that CL1/CL2 combination score and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutation status were independent prognostic indicators for time-to-first-treatment, whereas CL1/CL3 combination score and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutation status were independent markers for OS. Thus, we identified groups of cytokines differentially expressed in CLL that are independent prognostic indicators of aggressive disease and OS. These findings indicate the value of multicytokine analyses for prognosis and suggest therapeutic strategies in CLL aimed at reducing CL1 and increasing CL2/CL3 cytokines.
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11
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Wickremasinghe RG, Prentice AG, Steele AJ. Aberrantly activated anti-apoptotic signalling mechanisms in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells: clues to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:545-56. [PMID: 21501136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the commonest haematological malignancy in the western world and is incurable by cytotoxic therapy. Considerable research effort has identified the signal transduction pathways in CLL cells that contribute to anti-apoptotic signalling. Some pathways are constitutively activated in CLL cells but upregulated in normal cells only when protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are activated by ligands. This review describes which PTKs are aberrantly activated in CLL cells and are potential targets for inhibition. Additional potential targets within pathways downstream of these PTKs include Mek/Erk, mTorc1, protein kinase C, PI-3 kinase/Akt, nuclear factor-κB and cyclin-dependent protein kinase. Numerous studies have identified chemical agents and antibodies that selectively kill CLL cells, irrespective of their genetic resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, and which can overcome cytoprotective microenvironmental signalling. These studies have resulted in identification of novel therapies, some of which are currently undergoing clinical trials. In vitro and animal model studies and clinical trials could determine which inhibitors of which targets are the likely to be most effective and least toxic either singly or in combination.
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12
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Porakishvili N, Memon A, Vispute K, Kulikova N, Clark EA, Rai KR, Nathwani A, Damle RN, Chiorazzi N, Lydyard PM. CD180 functions in activation, survival and cycling of B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:486-98. [PMID: 21443749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that approximately 60% of B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells express surface CD180, an orphan receptor of the Toll-like receptor family. Here we investigated the ability of anti-CD180 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to induce activation, cell cycling, survival and signalling in B-CLL cells and normal B cells. Upon addition of anti-CD180 mAb, alone or in combination with anti-CD40 mAb or recombinant IL-4 (rIL-4), expression of CD86, Ki-67, uptake of DiOC(6) , phosphorylation of signalling protein kinases and Ca(2+) flux were measured in B-CLL cells from untreated patients and normal B cells from age-matched volunteers. Normal B cells and approximately 50% of CD180(+) B-CLL clones responded to CD180 ligation by activation, cycling and increased survival comparable with, or superior to, those induced by anti-CD40 mAb or rIL-4 (Responder B-CLL). Non-responder CD180(+) B-CLL clones failed to respond to CD180 mAb and responded poorly to CD40 mAb and rIL-4. Anti-CD180 mAb induced phosphorylation of ZAP70/Syk, Erk, p38MAPK and Akt in normal B cells and Responder B-CLL cells. In contrast, Erk, p38MAPK and Akt were not phosphorylated in Non-responder B-CLL cells indicating a block in signalling and possible anergy. CD180 may provide powerful expansion and survival signals for Responder B-CLL cells and have an important prognostic value.
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13
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O'Hayre M, Salanga CL, Kipps TJ, Messmer D, Dorrestein PC, Handel TM. Elucidating the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling network in chronic lymphocytic leukemia through phosphoproteomics analysis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11716. [PMID: 20661426 PMCID: PMC2908618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis has been linked to the prolonged survival and/or apoptotic resistance of leukemic B cells in vivo, and is thought to be due to enhanced survival signaling responses to environmental factors that protect CLL cells from spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced death. Although normally associated with cell migration, the chemokine, CXCL12, is one of the factors known to support the survival of CLL cells. Thus, the signaling pathways activated by CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, were investigated as components of these pathways and may represent targets that if inhibited, could render resistant CLL cells more susceptible to chemotherapy. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine the downstream signaling targets that contribute to the survival effects of CXCL12 in CLL, we took a phosphoproteomics approach to identify and compare phosphopeptides in unstimulated and CXCL12-stimulated primary CLL cells. While some of the survival pathways activated by CXCL12 in CLL are known, including Akt and ERK1/2, this approach enabled the identification of additional signaling targets and novel phosphoproteins that could have implications in CLL disease and therapy. In addition to the phosphoproteomics results, we provide evidence from western blot validation that the tumor suppressor, programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4), is a previously unidentified phosphorylation target of CXCL12 signaling in all CLL cells probed. Additionally, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), which mediates anti-apoptotic signaling and has previously been linked to chemotherapeutic resistance, was detected in a subset (∼25%) of CLL patients cells examined. Conclusions/Significance Since PDCD4 and HSP27 have previously been associated with cancer and regulation of cell growth and apoptosis, these proteins may have novel implications in CLL cell survival and represent potential therapeutic targets. PDCD4 also represents a previously unknown signaling target of chemokine receptors; therefore, these observations increase our understanding of alternative pathways to migration that may be activated or inhibited by chemokines in the context of cancer cell survival.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Models, Biological
- Phosphorylation
- Proteomics/methods
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan O'Hayre
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Davorka Messmer
- Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Borge M, Nannini PR, Galletti JG, Morande PE, Avalos JS, Bezares RF, Giordano M, Gamberale R. CXCL12-induced chemotaxis is impaired in T cells from patients with ZAP-70-negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2010; 95:768-75. [PMID: 20145264 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.013995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia may play an important role in contributing to the onset, sustenance, and exacerbation of the disease by providing survival and proliferative signals to the leukemic clone within lymph nodes and bone marrow. DESIGN AND METHODS By performing chemotaxis assays towards CXCL12, CCL21 and CCL19, we sought to evaluate the migratory potential of T cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. We next analyzed the chemokine-induced migration of T cells, dividing the chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples according to their expression of the poor prognostic factors CD38 and ZAP-70 in leukemic cells determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that T cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia are less responsive to CXCL12, CCL21 and CCL19 than T cells from healthy adults despite similar CXCR4 and CCR7 expression. Following separation of the patients into two groups according to ZAP-70 expression, we found that T cells from ZAP-70-negative samples showed significantly less migration towards CXCL12 compared to T cells from ZAP-70-positive samples and that this was not due to defective CXCR4 down-regulation, F-actin polymerization or to a lesser expression of ZAP-70, CD3, CD45, CD38 or CXCR7 on these cells. Interestingly, we found that leukemic cells from ZAP-70-negative samples seem to be responsible for the defective CXCR4 migratory response observed in their T cells. CONCLUSIONS Impaired migration towards CXCL12 may reduce the access of T cells from ZAP-70-negative patients to lymphoid organs, creating a less favorable microenvironment for leukemic cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Borge
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, IIHema, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buneos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has several unique features that distinguish it from other cancers. Most CLL tumour cells are inert and arrested in G0/G1 of the cell cycle and there is only a small proliferative compartment; however, the progressive accumulation of malignant cells will ultimately lead to symptomatic disease. Pathogenic mechanisms have been elucidated that involve multiple external (for example, microenvironmental stimuli and antigenic drive) and internal (genetic and epigenetic) events that are crucial in the transformation, progression and evolution of CLL. Our growing understanding of CLL biology is allowing the translation of targets and biological classifiers into clinical practice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Neoplastic Processes
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Germany
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16
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Mahadevan D, Choi J, Cooke L, Simons B, Riley C, Klinkhammer T, Sud R, Maddipoti S, Hehn S, Garewal H, Spier C. Gene Expression and Serum Cytokine Profiling of Low Stage CLL Identify WNT/PCP, Flt-3L/Flt-3 and CXCL9/CXCR3 as Regulators of Cell Proliferation, Survival and Migration. Hum Genomics Proteomics 2009; 2009:453634. [PMID: 20981323 PMCID: PMC2958625 DOI: 10.4061/2009/453634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling (GEP) of 8 stage 0/I untreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients showed over-expression of Frizzled 3 (FZD3)/ROR-1 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), FLT-3 RTK and CXCR3 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). RT-PCR of 24 genes in 21 patients of the WNT pathway corroborated the GEP. Transforming growth factorβ, fibromodulin, TGFβRIII and SMAD2 are also over-expressed by GEP. Serum cytokine profiling of 26 low stage patients showed elevation of IFNγ, CSF3, Flt-3L and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4. In order to ascertain why CLL cells grow poorly in culture, a GEP of 4 CLL patients cells at 0 hr and 24 hr in culture demonstrated over expression of CXCL5, CCL2 and CXCL3, that may recruit immune cells for survival. Treatment with thalidomide, an immunomodulatory agent, showed elevation of CCL5 by GEP but was not cytotoxic to CLL cells. Our data suggest an interplay of several oncogenic pathways, cytokines and immune cells that promote a survival program in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daruka Mahadevan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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17
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Stamatopoulos B, Haibe-Kains B, Equeter C, Meuleman N, Sorée A, De Bruyn C, Hanosset D, Bron D, Martiat P, Lagneaux L. Gene expression profiling reveals differences in microenvironment interaction between patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia expressing high versus low ZAP70 mRNA. Haematologica 2009; 94:790-9. [PMID: 19377082 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.002626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP70) is a widely recognized prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but mechanisms by which its higher expression leads to a poor outcome must still be fully explained. DESIGN AND METHODS In an attempt to unveil unfavorable cellular properties linked to high ZAP70 expression, we used gene expression profiling to identify genes associated with disparities in B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients expressing high versus low ZAP70 mRNA, measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Two groups of 7 patients were compared, selected on the basis of either high or low ZAP70 mRNA expression. RESULTS Twenty-seven genes were differentially expressed with an FDR<10%, and several genes were significant predictors of treatment-free survival (TFS) and/or overall survival; PDE8A and FCRL family genes (down-regulated in ZAP70(+) patients) could predict TFS and overall survival; ITGA4 mRNA (up-regulated in ZAP70(+) patients) could significantly predict overall survival. Importantly, gene set enrichment analysis revealed overrepresentation of adhesion/migration genes. We therefore investigated in vitro adhesion/migration capacity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells into a stromal microenvironment or in response to conditioned medium. We showed that ZAP70(+) cells had better adhesion/migration capacities and only ZAP70(+) patient cells responded to microenvironment contact by CXCR4 downregulation. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that several prognostic factors are the reflection of microenvironment interactions and that the increased adhesion/migratory capacity of ZAP70(+) cells in their microenvironment can explain their better survival and thus the aggressiveness of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Stamatopoulos
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Expérimentale, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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18
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Caligaris-Cappio F, Ghia P. Novel insights in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: are we getting closer to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease? J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:4497-503. [PMID: 18662968 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has unique epidemiologic, biologic, and clinical features. The progressively emerging picture leads us to consider that the critical genes for malignant CLL cells are those regulated by a number of microRNAs revealed by refined cytogenetic and molecular studies, and that the key molecule is the B-cell receptor (BCR). The hypothesis that CLL cells might be selected by some sort of antigenic pressure is strengthened by numerous findings indicating that a BCR-mediated stimulation plays a relevant role in the natural history of the disease and that autoantigens, as well as molecular structures instrumental in eliminating and scavenging apoptotic cells and pathogenic bacteria, may be relevant in triggering and/or facilitating the evolution of CLL. An important question is whether the tiny monoclonal B-cell populations phenotypically similar to CLL (that occur in the peripheral blood of about 3.5% of healthy individuals and are termed monoclonal B lymphocytosis) might be a critical step in the development of CLL. All relevant events of CLL occur in tissues in which a number of cellular and molecular interactions shape a microenvironment conducive to the accumulation of malignant cells and favor the organization of proliferating cells in focal aggregates of variable size that form the pseudofollicular proliferation centers. Given the impact that understanding the pathogenesis of CLL might have on the development of new treatments, the purposes of this review are to discuss whether the novel insights in CLL are leading us closer to understanding the tenet of the disease; to define the emerging new, stimulating questions; and to unfold the major challenges that still need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Caligaris-Cappio
- Department of Oncology, Unit and Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
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Luqman M, Klabunde S, Lin K, Georgakis GV, Cherukuri A, Holash J, Goldbeck C, Xu X, Kadel EE 3rd, Lee SH, Aukerman SL, Jallal B, Aziz N, Weng WK, Wierda W, O'Brien S, Younes A. The antileukemia activity of a human anti-CD40 antagonist antibody, HCD122, on human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2008; 112:711-20. [PMID: 18497318 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-084756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the surface expression of CD20, CD5 antigens, as well as the receptor CD40. Activation of CD40 by its ligand (CD40L) induces proliferation and rescues the cells from spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. CD40 activation also induces secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IL-8, and GM-CSF, which are involved in tumor cell survival, migration, and interaction with cells in the tumor microenvironment. Here we demonstrate that in primary B-CLL tumor cells, the novel antagonist anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, HCD122, inhibits CD40L-induced activation of signaling pathways, proliferation and survival, and secretion of cytokines. Furthermore, HCD122 is also a potent mediator of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), lysing B-CLL cells more efficiently than rituximab in vitro, despite a significantly higher number of cell surface CD20 binding sites compared with CD40. Unlike rituximab, however, HCD122 (formerly CHIR-12.12) does not internalize upon binding to the cells. Our data suggest that HCD122 may inhibit B-CLL growth by blocking CD40 signaling and by ADCC-mediated cell lysis.
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