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Semproli R, Robescu MS, Cambò M, Mema K, Bavaro T, Rabuffetti M, Ubiali D, Speranza G. Chemical and Enzymatic Approaches to Esters of
sn
‐Glycero‐3‐Phosphoric Acid. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Semproli
- Department of Drug Sciences University of Pavia Viale Taramelli, 12 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Marina S. Robescu
- Department of Drug Sciences University of Pavia Viale Taramelli, 12 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Mattia Cambò
- Department of Chemistry University of Milano Via Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Klodiana Mema
- Department of Drug Sciences University of Pavia Viale Taramelli, 12 I-27100 Pavia Italy
- Consorzio Italbiotec Piazza della Trivulziana 4/A 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences University of Pavia Viale Taramelli, 12 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Marco Rabuffetti
- Department of Chemistry University of Milano Via Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Drug Sciences University of Pavia Viale Taramelli, 12 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry University of Milano Via Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milano Italy
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2
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Polar Head Modified Phospholipids by Phospholipase D-Catalyzed Transformations of Natural Phosphatidylcholine for Targeted Applications: An Overview. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the use of phospholipase D (PLD) to perform the transphosphatidylation of the most common natural phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) to obtain polar head modified phospholipids with real targeted applications. The introduction of different polar heads with distinctive physical and chemical properties such as charge, polarity and dimensions allows the obtainment of very different PLs, which can be exploited in very diverse fields of application. Moreover, the inclusions of a bioactive moiety in the PL polar head constitutes a powerful tool for the stabilization and administration of active ingredients. The use of this biocatalytic approach allows the preparation of compounds which cannot be easily obtained by classical chemical methods, by using mild and green reaction conditions. PLD is a very versatile enzyme, able to catalyze both the hydrolysis of PC to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), and the transphosphatidylation reaction in the presence of an appropriate alcohol. The yield of production of the desired product and the ratio with the collateral PA formation is highly dependent on parameters such as the nature and concentration of the alcohol and the enzymatic source. The application of PLD catalyzed transformations for the production of a great number of PLs with important uses in medical, nutraceutical and cosmetic sectors will be discussed in this work.
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3
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Valorization of Corn Seed Oil Acid Degumming Waste for Phospholipids Preparation by Phospholipase D-Mediated Processes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the phospholipase D-mediated treatment of the waste residue coming from acid degumming, which constitutes the second part of the degumming step in the crude corn edible oil refining process. This industrial process produces a complex by-product (called gum), a mixture containing phospholipids (PLs) whose composition depends on the nature of the oil source. This residue is usually disposed of with the consequential costs and environmental concerns. An efficient multistep protocol of physical separations of the PL-rich fraction from waste gums has been set up, including centrifugation, precipitation and solvent partitioning. This waste stream, which is thoroughly characterized after the concentration process, constitutes a renewable feedstock for the production of value-added PLs with modified polar head-exploiting phospholipase D-mediated biotransformations, which have been successfully performed on this complex natural mixture. The valorization of these waste gums through the production of high value PLs for targeted applications paves the way to a new alternative approach for their disposal, which could be of great interest from a circular economy perspective.
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4
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Eddehech A, Smichi N, Arhab Y, Noiriel A, Abousalham A, Gargouri Y, Zarai Z. Production, purification and functional characterization of phospholipase C from Bacillus thuringiensis with high catalytic activity. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Marques Netto CGC, Palmeira DJ, Brondani PB, Andrade LH. Enzymatic reactions involving the heteroatoms from organic substrates. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:943-992. [PMID: 29742205 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several enzymatic reactions of heteroatom-containing compounds have been explored as unnatural substrates. Considerable advances related to the search for efficient enzymatic systems able to support a broader substrate scope with high catalytic performance are described in the literature. These reports include mainly native and mutated enzymes and whole cells biocatalysis. Herein, we describe the historical background along with the progress of biocatalyzed reactions involving the heteroatom(S, Se, B, P and Si) from hetero-organic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dayvson J Palmeira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia B Brondani
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Leandro H Andrade
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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6
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Ochoa-Flores AA, Hernández-Becerra JA, Cavazos-Garduño A, Vernon-Carter EJ, García HS. Optimization of the Synthesis of Structured Phosphatidylcholine with Medium Chain Fatty Acid. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:1207-1215. [PMID: 29021492 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured phosphatidylcholine was successfully produced by acidolysis between phosphatidylcholine and free medium chain fatty acid, using phospholipase A1 immobilized on Duolite A568. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the reaction system using three process parameters: molar ratio of substrates (phosphatidylcholine to free medium chain fatty acid), enzyme loading, and reaction temperature. All parameters evaluated showed linear and quadratic significant effects on the production of modified phosphatidylcholine; molar ratio of substrates contributed positively, but temperature influenced negatively. Increased enzyme loading also led to increased production of modified phosphatidylcholine but only during the first 9 hours of the acidolysis reaction. Optimal conditions obtained from the model were a ratio of phosphatidylcholine to free medium chain fatty acid of 1:15, an enzyme loading of 12%, and a temperature of 45°C. Under these conditions a production of modified phosphatidylcholine of 52.98 % were obtained after 24 h of reaction. The prediction was confirmed from the verification experiments; the production of modified phosphatidylcholine was 53.02%, the total yield of phosphatidylcholine 64.28% and the molar incorporation of medium chain fatty acid was 42.31%. The acidolysis reaction was scaled-up in a batch reactor with a similar production of modified phosphatidylcholine, total yield of phosphatidylcholine and molar incorporation of medium chain fatty acid. Purification by column chromatography of the structured phosphatidylcholine yielded 62.53% of phosphatidylcholine enriched with 42.52% of medium chain fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica A Ochoa-Flores
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz.,División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco
| | - Josafat A Hernández-Becerra
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz.,División de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Tecnológica de Tabasco
| | - Adriana Cavazos-Garduño
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz.,Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara
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7
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Arranz-Martínez P, Casado V, Reglero G, Torres CF. Novel glyceryl ethers phospholipids produced by solid to solid transphosphatidylation in the presence of a food grade phospholipase D. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Arranz-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Víctor Casado
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI (UAM-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos F. Torres
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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8
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Marrapu B, Mallampalli LK, Kaki SS, Rachapudi BNP. A novel method to synthesize 1‐acyl‐
sn
‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine and 1,2‐diacyl‐
sn
‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishna Marrapu
- Centre for Lipid ResearchCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabadIndia
| | | | - Shiva Shanker Kaki
- Centre for Lipid ResearchCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabadIndia
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9
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Liu Y, Zhang T, Qiao J, Liu X, Bo J, Wang J, Lu F. High-yield phosphatidylserine production via yeast surface display of phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus on Pichia pastoris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5354-5360. [PMID: 24841277 DOI: 10.1021/jf405836x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces chromofuscus was displayed on the cell surface of Pichia pastoris GS115/pKFS-pldh using a Flo1p anchor attachment signal sequence (FS anchor). The displayed PLD (dPLD) showed maximum enzymatic activity at pH 6.0 and 55 °C and was stable within a broad range of temperatures (20-65 °C) and pHs (pH 4.0-11.0). In addition, the thermostability, acid stability and organic solvent tolerance of the dPLD were significantly enhanced compared with the secreted PLD (sPLD) from S. chromofuscus. Use of dPLD for conversion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and l-serine to phosphatidylserine (PS) showed that 67.5% of PC was converted into PS at the optimum conditions. Moreover, the conversion rate of PS remained above 50% after 7 repeated batch cycles. Thus, P. pastoris GS115/pKFS-pldh shows the potential for viable industrial production of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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10
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Oblozinsky M, Bezakova L, Mansfeld J, Heilmann I, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Differences in the effect of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate on the hydrolytic and transphosphatidylation activities of membrane-bound phospholipase D from poppy seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 69:39-42. [PMID: 23712013 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolytic activity of phospholipase D (PLD) yielding phosphatidic acid from phosphatidylcholine and other glycerophospholipids is known to be involved in many cellular processes. In contrast, it is not clear whether the competitive transphosphatidylation activity of PLD catalyzing the head group exchange of phospholipids has a natural function. In poppy seedlings (Papaver somniferum L.) where lipid metabolism and alkaloid synthesis are closely linked, five isoenzymes with different substrate and hydrolysis/transphosphatidylation selectivities have been detected hitherto. A membrane-bound PLD, found in microsomal fractions of poppy seedlings, is active at micromolar concentrations of Ca(2+) ions and needs phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) as effector in the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). The optimum PIP2 concentration at 1.2 mol% of the concentration of the substrate PC indicates a specific activation effect. Transphosphatidylation with glycerol, ethanolamine, l-serine, or myo-inositol as acceptor alcohols is also activated by PIP2, however, with an optimum concentration at 0.6-0.9 mol%. In contrast to hydrolysis, a basic transphosphatidylation activity occurs even in the absence of PIP2, suggesting a different fine-tuning of the two competing reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Oblozinsky
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Kalinciakova 8, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
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11
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Hong SI, Ma N, Kim I, Seo J, Kim IH. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of capsiate analog using vanillyl alcohol and conjugated linoleic acid under vacuum system. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Hong SI, Kim Y, Yoon SW, Cho SY, Kim IH. Synthesis of CLA-enriched TAG byCandida antarcticalipase under vacuum. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Hong SI, Kim Y, Kim CT, Kim IH. Enzymatic synthesis of lysophosphatidylcholine containing CLA from sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (GPC) under vacuum. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Kang HC, Yoon SH, Lee CM, Koo BS. Expression and Biochemical Characteristics of a Phospholipase D from Bacillus licheniformis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2011.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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D'Arrigo P, Servi S. Synthesis of lysophospholipids. Molecules 2010; 15:1354-77. [PMID: 20335986 PMCID: PMC6257299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
New synthetic methods for the preparation of biologically active phospholipids and lysophospholipids (LPLs) are very important in solving problems of membrane-chemistry and biochemistry. Traditionally considered just as second-messenger molecules regulating intracellular signalling pathways, LPLs have recently shown to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, reproduction, angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, atherosclerosis and nervous system regulation. Elucidation of the mechanistic details involved in the enzymological, cell-biological and membrane-biophysical roles of LPLs relies obviously on the availability of structurally diverse compounds. A variety of chemical and enzymatic routes have been reported in the literature for the synthesis of LPLs: the enzymatic transformation of natural glycerophospholipids (GPLs) using regiospecific enzymes such as phospholipases A1 (PLA1), A2 (PLA2) phospholipase D (PLD) and different lipases, the coupling of enzymatic processes with chemical transformations, the complete chemical synthesis of LPLs starting from glycerol or derivatives. In this review, chemo-enzymatic procedures leading to 1- and 2-LPLs will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola D'Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy. paola.d'
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16
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Garcia HS, Kim IH, López-Hernández A, Hill, Jr CG. Enrichment of lecithin with n-3 fatty acids by acidolysis using immobilized phospholipase A1. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2008. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.2008.v59.i4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Khatoon H, Talat S, Younus H. Phospholipase D from Allium sativum bulbs: A highly active and thermal stable enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 42:380-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Dippe M, Mrestani-Klaus C, Schierhorn A, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Phospholipase D-catalyzed synthesis of new phospholipids with polar head groups. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 152:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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De Maria L, Vind J, Oxenbøll KM, Svendsen A, Patkar S. Phospholipases and their industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:290-300. [PMID: 17221199 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are present in all living organisms. They are a major component of all biological membranes, along with glycolipids and cholesterol. Enzymes aimed at modifying phospholipids, namely, phospholipases, are consequently widespread in nature, playing very diverse roles from aggression in snake venom to signal transduction and digestion in humans. In this review, we give a general overview of phospholipases A1, A2, C and D from a sequence and structural perspective and their industrial application. The use of phospholipases in industrial processes has grown hand-in-hand with our ability to clone and express the genes in microbial hosts with commercially attractive amounts. Further, the use in industrial processes is increasing by optimizing the enzymes by protein engineering. Here, we give a perspective on the work done to date to express phospholipases in heterologous hosts and the efforts to optimize them by protein engineering. We will draw attention to the industrial processes where phospholipases play a key role and show how the use of a phospholipase for oil degumming leads to substantial environmental benefits. This illustrates a very general trend: the use of enzymes as an alternative to chemical processes to make products often provides a cleaner solution for the industrial processes. In a world with great demands on non-polluting, energy saving technical solutions--white biotechnology is a strong alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Maria
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark,
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20
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Fedeli C, Carrea G, Monti D. On the effects of site-specific mutations on activity and expression of the Streptomyces PMF phospholipase D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Joshi A, Paratkar SG, Thorat BN. Modification of lecithin by physical, chemical and enzymatic methods. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Lerchner A, Mansfeld J, Schäffner I, Schöps R, Beer HK, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Two highly homologous phospholipase D isoenzymes from Papaver somniferum L. with different transphosphatidylation potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1737:94-101. [PMID: 16257263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genes of two phospholipase D (PLD) isoenzymes, PLD1 and PLD2, from poppy seedlings (2829 and 2828 bp) were completely sequenced. The two genes have 96.9% identity in the encoding region and can be assigned to the alpha-type of plant PLDs. The corresponding amino acid sequences do not contain any signal sequences. One Asn-glycosylation site, six and two phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase, respectively, and two phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding motifs could be identified. Like in most plant PLDs, two HKD motifs and one C2 domain are present. PLD1 and PLD2 have ten and nine cysteine residues. The two enzymes were expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity by Ca2+ ion-mediated hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The Ca2+ ion concentration needed for carrier binding of the two enzymes in chromatography as well as for optimum activity was found to be considerably higher (>100 mM) than with other alpha-type plant PLDs. Although PLD1 and PLD2 differ in eleven amino acids only, they showed remarkable differences in their transphosphatidylation activity. Two amino acid exchanges within and near the first HKD motif contribute to this difference as shown by the A349E/E352Q-variant of PLD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lerchner
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Kurt Mothes Str. 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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23
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Phospholipases: Occurrence and production in microorganisms, assay for high-throughput screening, and gene discovery from natural and man-made diversity. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-005-1131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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D’Arrigo P, Fasoli E, Pedrocchi-Fantoni G, Servi S, Tessaro D. Membrane assisted coupled enzyme system for phospholipid modification. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Guo Z, Vikbjerg AF, Xu X. Enzymatic modification of phospholipids for functional applications and human nutrition. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:203-59. [PMID: 15763405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in biochemistry of phospholipids and evolution of modern bioengineering has brought forth a number of novel concepts and technical advancements in the modification of phospholipids for industrial applications and human nutrition. Highlights cover preparation of novel phospholipid analogs based on the latest understanding of pivotal role of phospholipids in manifold biological processes, exploration of remarkable application potentials of phospholipids in meliorating human health, as well as development of new chemical and biotechnological approaches applied to the modification of phospholipids. This work reviews the natural occurrence and structural characteristics of phospholipids, their updated knowledge on manifold biological and nutritional functions, traditional and novel physical and chemical approaches to modify phospholipids as well as their applications to obtain novel phospholipids, and brief introduction of the efforts focusing on de novo syntheses of phospholipids. Special attention is given to the summary of molecular structural characteristics and catalytic properties of multiple phospholipases, which helps to interpret experimental phenomena and to improve reaction design. This will of course provide fundamental bases also for the development of enzymatic technology to produce structured or modified phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Food Biotechnology and Engineering Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Mori K, Mukaihara T, Uesugi Y, Iwabuchi M, Hatanaka T. Repeat-length-independent broad-spectrum shuffling, a novel method of generating a random chimera library in vivo. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:754-60. [PMID: 15691927 PMCID: PMC546693 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.2.754-760.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel method of random chimeragenesis based on highly frequent deletion formation in the Escherichia coli ssb-3 strain and a deletion-directed chimera selection system that uses the rpsL(+) gene as a reporter. It enables the selection of chimeras without target gene expression and can therefore be applied to cytotoxic targets. When this system was applied to phospholipase D genes from Streptomyces septatus TH-2 and Streptomyces halstedii subsp. scabies K6 (examples of cytotoxic targets), chimeragenesis occurred between short identical sequences at the corresponding position of the parental genes with large variations. Chimeragenesis was >1,000 times more frequent in the ssb-3 background than in the ssb(+) background. We called this system repeat-length-independent broad-spectrum shuffling. It enables the convenient chimeragenesis and functional study of chimeric proteins. In fact, we found two amino acid residues related to the thermostability of phospholipase D (Phe426 and Thr433) by comparing thermostability among the chimeric enzymes obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mori
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama, 7549-1 Kibichuo-cho, Kaga-gun, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
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Ulbrich-Hofmann R, Lerchner A, Oblozinsky M, Bezakova L. Phospholipase D and its application in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:535-44. [PMID: 15973486 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-3251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) from plants or microorganisms is used as biocatalyst in the transformation of phospholipids and phospholipid analogs in both laboratory and industrial scale. In recent years the elucidation of the primary structure of many PLDs from several sources, as well as the resolution of the first crystal structure of a microbial PLD, have yielded new insights into the structural basis and the catalytic mechanism of this catalyst. This review summarizes some new results of PLD research in the light of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Ulbrich-Hofmann
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
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Oblozinsky M, Ulbrich-Hofmann R, Bezakova L. Head group specificity of phospholipase D isoenzymes from poppy seedlings (Papaver somniferum L.). Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:181-5. [PMID: 15717127 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-7853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The biocatalytical potential of two new phospholipase D (PLD) isoenzymes from poppy seedlings (Papaver somniferum L.), PLD-A and PLD-B, was examined by comparing their activities in phospholipid transformation. Both enzymes showed the same ratio in rates of hydrolysis [phosphatidylcholine (PC):phosphatidylglycerol (PG):phosphatidylserine:phosphatidylinositol = 1:0.5:0.3:0.1] and were inactive towards phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). PLD-A did not catalyze head group exchange whereas PLD-B showed a high transphosphatidylation potential in the conversion of PC into PG and PE. This enzyme also catalyzed the transesterification of octadecylphosphocholine into octadecylphosphoglycerol or octadecylphosphoethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oblozinsky
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Kalinciakova 8, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Moe MK, Anderssen T, Strøm MB, Jensen E. Total structure characterization of unsaturated acidic phospholipids provided by vicinal di-hydroxylation of fatty acid double bonds and negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:46-59. [PMID: 15653363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the unsaturated fatty acid substituents of some phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerol species were converted to their 1,2-di-hydroxy derivatives by OsO(4). The subsequent electrospray ionization tandem low-energy mass spectrometry analysis of the deprotonated species allowed positional determination of the double bonds by the production of specific product-ions. The product-ions are formed by charge-remote and charge-proximate homolytic cleavages as well as charge-directed heterolytic cleavages and rearrangements. The commercial availability of pure species of the phospholipids in question was limited, and a number of species were therefore synthesized. The developed method was used to fully characterize the two isobaric phosphatidylglycerol species 16:0/16:1Delta(9) and 16:0/16:1Delta(10) extracted from the bacteria Methylococcus capsulatus. The presence of these fatty acids was supported by a gas-chromatography mass spectrometry investigation of the dimethyloxazoline derivatives of the species of the lipid extract. The present work demonstrates that a total structure characterization of acidic unsaturated phospholipids in isolate or in mixtures is accomplished by vicinal di-hydroxylation of olefinic sites and subsequent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the derivatized phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten K Moe
- University of Tromsø, Institute of Pharmacy, Tromsø, Norway.
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Hayes DG. Enzyme-Catalyzed modification of oilseed materials to produce eco-friendly products. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-004-1024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G. Hayes
- ; Department of Biosystems Engineering and Environmental Science; University of Tennessee; 2506 E.J. Chapman Dr. 37996-4531 Knoxville TN
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Abstract
An aqueous two-phase system of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-salt was used for purification of phospholipase D (PLD) from peanuts and carrots. Alginate, a known macroaffinity ligand for PLD, was incorporated in the PEG phase and resulted in 91 and 93% of the enzyme activity (from peanuts and carrots, respectively) getting partitioned in the PEG phase. The elution of the enzyme from alginate was facilitated by exploiting the fact that the latter can be reversibly precipitated in the presence of Ca2+. The enzyme was eluted from the polymer by using 0.5 M NaCl. Peanuts and carrots PLD could be purified 78- and 17-fold with 82 and 85% activity recovery, respectively. The purified enzyme from both sources gave a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teotia
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Agresta M, D'Arrigo P, Fasoli E, Losi D, Pedrocchi-Fantoni G, Riva S, Servi S, Tessaro D. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of alkylphosphocholines. Chem Phys Lipids 2003; 126:201-10. [PMID: 14623454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphosphocholines (APC) with one or more methylene groups in the alkyl chain replaced by oxygen atoms or carbonyl groups, or both have been assembled modularly using omega-diols as central building blocks. Out of 25 new compounds of this kind, 11 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on four cell lines and compared with miltefosine to evaluate their hemolytic activity (HA) and cytotoxicity on non-tumoral cells (MT2), used as markers of adverse effects. Compound 13 was more active on cancer cell lines than on non-tumoral cells and the data were similar for MTT and thymidine incorporation assays. It had less HA than miltefosine. Compound 13 could therefore be a candidate for the preparation of compounds with higher cytotoxicity on cancer cells and lower general toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Agresta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano and CNR, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare Adolfo Quilico, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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Ogino C, Kuroda S, Tokuyama S, Kondo A, Shimizu N, Tanizawa K, Fukuda H. Phospholipase D from Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum: protein engineering and application for phospholipid production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(03)00077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ogino C, Yasuda Y, Kondo A, Shimizu N, Fukuda H. Improvement of transphosphatidylation reaction model of phospholipase D from Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum. Biochem Eng J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(01)00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schäffner I, Rücknagel KP, Mansfeld J, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Genomic structure, cloning and expression of two phospholipase D isoenzymes from white cabbage. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-9312(200202)104:2<79::aid-ejlt79>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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A simple HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of phosphatidylcholine and its partial hydrolysis products 1- and 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-001-0379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Adlercreutz P, Virto C, Persson M, Vaz S, Adlercreutz D, Svensson I, Wehtje E. Enzymatic conversions of polar lipids. Principles, problems and solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily includes enzymes that are involved in phospholipid metabolism, nucleases, toxins and virus envelope proteins of unknown function. PLD hydrolyzes the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids to phosphatidic acid and a hydrophilic constituent. Phosphatidic acid is a compound that is heavily involved in signal transduction. PLD also catalyses a transphosphatidylation reaction in the presence of phosphatidylcholine and a short-chained primary or secondary alcohol. RESULTS The first crystal structure of a 54 kDa PLD has been determined to 1.9 A resolution using the multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) method on a single WO(4) ion and refined to 1.4 A resolution. PLD from the bacterial source Streptomyces sp. strain PMF consists of a single polypeptide chain that is folded into two domains. An active site is located at the interface between these domains. The presented structure supports the proposed superfamily relationship with the published structure of the 16 kDa endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium. CONCLUSIONS The structure of PLD provides insight into the structure and mode of action of not only bacterial, plant and mammalian PLDs, but also of a variety of enzymes as diverse as cardiolipin synthases, phosphatidylserine synthases, toxins, endonucleases, as well as poxvirus envelope proteins having a so far unknown function. The common features of these enzymes are that they can bind to a phosphodiester moiety, and that most of these enzymes are active as bi-lobed monomers or dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leiros
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tromso, Norway
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Virto C, Adlercreutz P. Two-enzyme system for the synthesis for 1-lauroyl-rac-glycerophosphate (lysophosphatidic acid) and 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate. Chem Phys Lipids 2000; 104:175-84. [PMID: 10669309 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(99)00123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A combination of two enzymes, phospholipase D (PL D) and C (PL C), was investigated for the production of two lysophospholipids, 1-lauroyl-rac-glycerophosphate (1-LGP) and 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate (1-LDHAP). The high transphosphatidylation ability of phospholipase D from Streptomyces sp. allowed the formation of 1-lauroyl-phosphatidylglycerol (1-LPG) and 1-lauroyl-phosphatidyldihydroxyacetone (1-LPDHA) from phosphatidylcholine (PC) and 1-monolauroyl-rac-glycerol (1-MLG) and 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetone (1-MDHA), respectively. A two-phase system, diethyl ether/water, was chosen for the convenience of the recovery of the water insoluble products. A similar two-phase system was used for hydrolysis of the complex phospholipids by phospholipase C form Bacillus cereus, which released both lysophospholipids. Only trace amounts of phosphatidic acid (PA) were detected showing that the enzyme is highly selective for the release of the diacylglycerol and 1-lauroyl-rac-glycerophosphate and 1-lauroyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Virto
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
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