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Castillo P, Kuda O, Kopecky J, Pomar CA, Palou A, Palou M, Picó C. Reverting to a healthy diet during lactation normalizes maternal milk lipid content of diet-induced obese rats and prevents early alterations in the plasma lipidome of the offspring. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200204. [PMID: 35772018 PMCID: PMC9541142 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Scope This study aims to assess in rats whether normalizing maternal diet during lactation prevents the harmful effects of western diet (WD) consumption during the whole perinatal period on the lipidomic profile in maternal milk and offspring plasma. Methods and Results Control dams (CON‐dams), fed with standard diet (SD); WD‐dams, fed with WD prior and during gestation and lactation; and reversion dams (REV‐dams), fed as WD‐dams but moved to SD during lactation are followed. Lipidomic analysis is performed in milk and plasma samples from pups. Milk of WD‐dams presents a different triacylglycerol composition and free fatty acid (FA) profile compared to CON‐dams, including an increased ratio of pro‐inflammatory to anti‐inflammatory long‐chain polyunsaturated FA. Such alterations, which are also present in the plasma of their offspring, are widely reversed in the milk of REV‐dams and the plasma of their pups. This is related with the recovery of control adiponectin expression levels in the mammary gland, and the presence of decreased expression of pro‐inflammatory factors. Conclusion Implementing a healthy diet during lactation prevents early alterations in the plasma lipidome of pups associated to the maternal intake of an obesogenic diet, which may be related to the normalization of milk lipid content and the inflammatory state in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation) of the University of the Balearic Islands, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Catalina Amadora Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation) of the University of the Balearic Islands, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation) of the University of the Balearic Islands, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation) of the University of the Balearic Islands, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation) of the University of the Balearic Islands, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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Changes in the fatty acid content of Egyptian human milk across the lactation stages and in comparison with Chinese human milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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A Study on the Relationship of Fat Content in Human Milk on Carotenoids Content and Fatty Acid Compositions in Korea. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092072. [PMID: 31484355 PMCID: PMC6769806 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-four samples of human milk (HM) collected from mothers in Korea were classified into three groups according to their fat content. The lutein + zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, lycopene, α-carotene, and fatty acids (FAs) present in the HM were quantitatively analyzed. Lutein + zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were the most abundant carotenoid components in this study, followed by β-carotene. When the classified groups were compared in terms of the content of each carotenoid, there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05), indicating that there is no correlation between the content of fat and carotenoid in HM. The mean content of saturated FAs (SFAs), monounsaturated FAs, and polyunsaturated FAs in the analyzed HM were 1.46, 1.36, and 0.83 g/100 g, respectively. In addition, the mean content of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 0.02 and 0.029 g/100 g, respectively. Alternatively, all FAs except for certain SFAs (i.e., C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0) did not show statistical difference in composition among the three groups (p > 0.05), indicating that the differences in the fat content of HM have limited influence on the FA composition of HM.
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Positive relationship between consumption of specific fish type and n-3 PUFA in milk of Hong Kong lactating mothers. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:1431-1440. [PMID: 30975227 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Residents of Hong Kong have undergone a dietary transition from a traditional Chinese diet that is high in seafood to a more Western diet. This may have affected the nutritional composition of breast milk of Hong Kong mothers. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the dietary pattern and the fatty acid profile of the breast milk of lactating women in Hong Kong. Seventy-three volunteering healthy Hong Kong lactating mothers participated in the study. Their dietary intakes were assessed by using a 3-d dietary record and FFQ. The mean n-3 fatty acid levels were approximately 0·4 % (EPA) and 0·9 % (DHA) of total fatty acids in the breast milk of lactating mothers who had exclusively breastfed their infants aged 2-6 months. Maternal dietary intakes of n-3 fatty acids were positively associated with their levels in the breast milk. The levels of maternal intakes of freshwater and saltwater fish, especially the consumption of salmon, croaker and mandarin, were significantly correlated with the content of DHA in breast milk. The present study is among the very few in the literature to determine the fatty acid profile of breast milk in Hong Kong populations and verify certain dietary factors that influence this profile. High levels of n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, were observed in the breast milk of Hong Kong lactating women. The findings may serve as a dietary reference for lactating mothers to optimise the fatty acid profile of their breast milk.
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Fares S, Sethom MM, Feki M, Cheour M, Sanhaji H, Kacem S, Kaabachi N. Fatty acids profile in preterm Colostrum of Tunisian women. Association with selected maternal characteristics. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 112:32-6. [PMID: 27637338 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA), especially arachidonic (AA, 20:4ω6) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6ω3) acids are critical for the health and development of infants. Colostrum FA composition has been examined in 101 lactating Tunisian women delivering prematurely using gas chromatography. Among polyunsaturated FA, linoleic acid predominated whereas each of the other polyunsaturated FA accounted for 1% or less of total FA. Colostrum AA and DHA contents were lower in women aged above 34 years compared to those less than 34 years. Preeclampsia was associated with lower DHA (0.40±0.22 vs. 0.53±0.27; p=0.018), but higher AA (1.14±0.44 vs. 0.93±0.30; p<0.006) and AA:DHA ratio (4.31±4.04 vs. 2.29±2.79; p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, colostrum DHA correlated with plasma DHA (β, 0.417; p=0.002), maternal age (β, -0.290; p=0.028) and preeclampsia (β, -0.270; p=0.042). Preterm colostrum FA profile in Tunisian women is comparable to those of other populations. Colostrum AA and DHA levels are altered in aged and pre-eclamptic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fares
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M M Sethom
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Feki
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - M Cheour
- Service of Neonatology, Centre of Maternity and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Sanhaji
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Kacem
- Service of Neonatology, Centre of Maternity and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N Kaabachi
- UR05/08-08, LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007 Jebbari, Tunis, Tunisia
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Rapid and selective manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in mice through the maternal diet during lactation. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e19. [PMID: 26097702 PMCID: PMC4462764 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fatty acid (FA) composition in early postnatal life can modulate growth and development and later metabolic health. Investigating programming effects of early dietary FA manipulations in rodents may be stressful and complicated due to the need of artificial feeding techniques. It is largely unknown to what extent breast milk (BM) FA composition can be directly manipulated by the diet. We exposed dams to different dietary FA compositions from postnatal day (PN) 2 until PN28. Dams with litters were randomly assigned to control (CTRL), high-medium-chain FA (MCFA), low-linoleic acid (LowLA), high-n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3LCP) or high-n-3LCP and MCFA (n-3LCP/MCFA) diets, and diets were continued after weaning until PN28. FA compositions were determined in feeds, milk and in erythrocytes. BM MCFA content was independent from dietary MCFA intake. In contrast, the LowLA diet reduced BM LA content by about 50 % compared with the CTRL diet at PN7. BM of dams fed the n-3LCP or n-3LCP/MCFA diet contained about 6-fold more n-3 LCP than BM of the dams fed the CTRL diet at PN7. These changes in milk FA composition established after 5 d of dietary exposure did not further change over the lactation period. At PN28, the erythrocyte FA composition of the male pups correlated with analysed milk FA profiles. In conclusion, manipulation of the diet of lactating mice can strongly and rapidly affect BM FA composition, in particular of n-6 LA and n-3 LCP. Our present findings will facilitate mechanistic studies on the programming of adult metabolic health by dietary FA in the early postnatal period via direct and selective manipulation of the maternal diet.
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Key Words
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ARA, arachidonic acid
- CTRL, control
- Dietary fat quality
- FA, fatty acid
- LA, linoleic acid
- LCP, long-chain PUFA
- LowLA, low linoleic acid
- MCFA, medium-chain fatty acid
- Milk fatty acid composition
- Mouse models
- PN , postnatal day
- n-3LCP, n-3 long-chain PUFA
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Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. Linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids in human milk have opposite relationships with cognitive test performance in a sample of 28 countries. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:195-201. [PMID: 25172360 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids play critical roles in brain development and function, and their levels in human breast milk closely reflect the long-term diet. The fatty acid contents of human milk samples from 28 countries were used to predict averaged 2009 and 2012 test scores in mathematics, reading, and science from the Program for International Student Assessment. All test scores were positively related to milk docosahexaenoic acid (r=0.48 to 0.55), and negatively related to linoleic acid (r=-0.28 to -0.56). Together, these two human milk fatty acids explained 46% to 48% of the variance in scores, with no improvement in predictive power when socioeconomic variables were added to the regression. The (log) ratio of linoleic to arachidonic acid was negatively related to scores (r=-0.45 to -0.48). Statistical effects were similar for the two sexes. In a separate US sample, estimated dietary linoleic was negatively related to the levels of all long-chain n-3 and n-6 plasma fatty acids. High levels of dietary linoleic may impair cognition by decreasing both docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Lassek
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - S J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210, United States
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Willatts P, Forsyth S, Agostoni C, Casaer P, Riva E, Boehm G. Effects of long-chain PUFA supplementation in infant formula on cognitive function in later childhood. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:536S-42S. [PMID: 23783296 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that a dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) enhances the development of attention and efficient information processing in infants. However, it is uncertain whether LC-PUFAs in infancy influence cognitive development in later childhood. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the effects of dietary LC-PUFAs in infancy on measures of cognitive function at age 6 y. DESIGN Infants were randomly assigned to receive formula containing either docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid or no LCPUFAs for a period of 4 mo. A reference breastfed group was also included. In a follow-up conducted at age 6 y, children received assessments of intelligence quotient (IQ), attention control (Day-Night Test), and speed of processing on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT). RESULTS At follow-up there were 71 children in the LC-PUFA group, 76 in the control group, and 88 in the breastfed group. The formula groups did not differ on measures of Full-Scale IQ (LCPUFA mean = 98.0; control mean = 100.9) or attention control (LCPUFA mean = 12.7; control mean = 12.8). MFFT error scores were the same for both formula groups, but when making correct responses, the LC-PUFA group was significantly faster (mean = 6.2 s) than the control group [mean = 7.8 s; F(1, 131) = 6.09, P = 0.015]. CONCLUSIONS IQ scores of children who were fed a formula containing either LC-PUFAs or no LC-PUFAs did not differ at age 6 y. However, children who received LC-PUFAs were faster at processing information compared with children who received unsupplemented formula. Variation in the dietary supply of LC-PUFAs in the first months of life may have long-term consequences for the development of some cognitive functions in later childhood.
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Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. Fatty acid compositions of preterm and term colostrum, transitional and mature milks in a sub-Saharan population with high fish intakes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:201-7. [PMID: 22425684 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no data on the fatty acid (FA) compositions of preterm and term milks for sub-Saharan African populations with advancing lactation. However, it is generally acknowledged that our ancestors evolved in sub-Saharan East-Africa, where they inhabited the land-water ecosystems. METHODS We compared the FA-compositions of preterm (28-36 weeks) and term (37-42) colostrum (2-5 day), transitional (6-15) and mature (16-56) milks in rural African women with stable dietary habits and lifelong high freshwater fish intakes. RESULTS From colostrum to mature milk: the median docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content decreased from 1.11 to 0.75; and arachidonic acid (AA) from 0.93 to 0.69 g% in preterm milk. In term milk, DHA decreased from 0.81 to 0.53 and AA from 1.08 to 0.55 g%. Medium-chain saturated-FA (MCSAFA) increased from 16.9 to 33.7, and 7.92-29.0 g%, while mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA) decreased from 32.5 to 22.6, and 40.0-26.5 g%, in preterm and term milk, respectively. Consistent with the literature, preterm colostrum contained higher DHA and MCSAFA, and lower MUFA compared to term colostrum. These differences vanished rapidly with advancing lactation. MUFA and MCSAFA were inversely related. CONCLUSIONS The presently found DHA in preterm colostrum and mature milks and AA in premature mature milk proved the highest reported in the literature so far, as derived from analysis with capillary GC-columns. We confirmed the much higher MCSAFA and lower MUFA contents in milk of rural African, compared to Westernized women. The milk FA composition of this traditional population might show us the FA composition on which our species evolved and consequently to which our genome has become adapted to optimally support (infant) health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko S Kuipers
- Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Schierbeek H, van den Akker CHP, Fay LB, van Goudoever JB. High-precision mass spectrometric analysis using stable isotopes in studies of children. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:312-330. [PMID: 21769910 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of stable isotopes combined with mass spectrometry (MS) provides insight into metabolic processes within the body. Herein, an overview on the relevance of stable isotope methodology in pediatric research is presented. Applications for the use of stable isotopes with MS cover carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism as well as body composition, energy expenditure, and the synthesis of specific peptides and proteins, such as glutathione and albumin. The main focus of these studies is on the interactions between nutrients and the endogenous metabolism within the body and how these factors affect the health of a growing infant. Considering that the early imprinting of metabolic processes hugely impacts metabolism (and thus functional outcome) later in life, research in this area is important and is advancing rapidly. The major fluxes on a metabolic level are the synthesis and breakdown rates. They can be quantified using kinetic tracer analysis and mathematical modeling. Organic MS and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) are the two most mature techniques for the isotopic analysis of compounds. Introduction of the samples is usually done by coupling gas chromatography (GC) to either IRMS or MS because it is the most robust technique for specific isotopic analysis of volatile compounds. In addition, liquid chromatography (LC) is now being used more often as a tool for sample introduction of both volatile and non-volatile compounds into IRMS or MS for (13)C isotopic analyses at natural abundances and for (13)C-labeled enriched compounds. The availability of samples is often limited in pediatric patients. Therefore, sample size restriction is important when developing new methods. Also, the availability of stable isotope-labeled substrates is necessary for measurements of the kinetics and concentrations in metabolic studies, which can be a limiting factor. During the last decade, the availability of these substrates has increased. Furthermore, improvements in the accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of existing techniques (such as GC/IRMS) and the development of new techniques (such as LC/IRMS) have opened up new avenues for tackling these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Schierbeek
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. Differences in preterm and term milk fatty acid compositions may be caused by the different hormonal milieu of early parturition. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:369-79. [PMID: 21903369 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hormonal milieus of pregnancy and lactation are driving forces of nutrient fluxes supporting infant growth and development. The decrease of insulin sensitivity with compensatory hyperinsulinemia with advancing gestation, causes adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL). SUBJECTS AND METHODS We compared fatty acid (FA) contents and FA-indices for enzyme activities between preterm (28-36 weeks) and term (37-42) milks, and between colostrum (2-5 days), transitional (6-15) and mature (16-56) milks. We interpreted FA differences between preterm and term milks, and their changes with lactation, in terms of the well known decrease of insulin sensitivity during gestation and its subsequent postpartum restoration, respectively. RESULTS Compared with term colostrum, preterm colostrum contained higher indices of DNL in the breast (DNL-breast) and medium chain saturated-FA (MCSAFA), and lower DNL-liver and monounsaturated-FA (MUFA). Preterm milk also had higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in colostrum and transitional milk and higher arachidonic acid (AA) in mature milk. Most preterm-term differences vanished with advancing lactation. In both preterm and term milks, DNL-breast and MCSAFA increased with advancing lactation, while DNL-liver, MUFA, long chain SAFA and AA decreased. DHA decreased in term milk. MUFA was inversely related to MCSAFA in all samples, correlated inversely with PUFA in colostrum and transitional milks, but positively in mature milk. MCSAFA correlated inversely with PUFA in mature milk. CONCLUSION Higher maternal insulin sensitivity at preterm birth may be the cause of lower MUFA (a proxy for DNL-liver) and higher MCSAFA (a proxy for DNL-breast) in preterm colostrum, compared with term colostrum. Restoring insulin sensitivity after delivery may be an important driving force for milk FA-changes in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko S Kuipers
- Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Postpartum changes in maternal and infant erythrocyte fatty acids are likely to be driven by restoring insulin sensitivity and DHA status. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:794-801. [PMID: 21388747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perinatal changes in maternal glucose and lipid fluxes and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) are driven by hormones and nutrients. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces, whereas insulin augments, nuclear abundance of sterol-regulatory-element-binding-protein-1 (SREBP-1), which promotes DNL, stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD, also Δ9-desaturase), fatty acid-(FA)-elongation (Elovl) and FA-desaturation (FADS). Decreasing maternal insulin sensitivity with advancing gestation and compensatory hyperinsulinemia cause augmented postprandial glucose levels, adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic glucose- and VLDL-production. Hepatic VLDL is composed of dietary, body store and DNL derived FA. Decreasing insulin sensitivity increases the contribution of FA from hepatic-DNL in VLDL-triacylglycerols, and consequently saturated-FA and monounsaturated-FA (MUFA) in maternal serum lipids increase during pregnancy. Although other authors described changes in maternal serum and RBC essential-FA (EFA) after delivery, none went into detail about the changes in non-EFA and the mechanisms behind -and/or functions of- the observed changes. HYPOTHESIS Postpartum FA-changes result from changing enzymatic activities that are influenced by the changing hormonal milieu after delivery and DHA-status. EMPIRICAL DATA We studied FA-profiles and FA-ratios (as indices for enzymatic activities) of maternal and infant RBC at delivery and after 3 months exclusive breastfeeding in three populations with increasing freshwater-fish intakes. DNL-, SCD- and FADS2-activities decreased after delivery. Elongation-6 (Elovl-6)- and FADS1-activities increased. The most pronounced postpartum changes for mothers were increases in 18:0, linoleic (LA), arachidonic acid (AA) and decreases in 16:0, 18:1ω9 and DHA; and for infants increases in 18:1ω9, 22:5ω3, LA and decreases in 16:0 and AA. Changes were in line with the literature. DISCUSSION Postpartum increases in 18:0, and decreases in 16:0 and 18:1ω9, might derive from reduced insulin-promoted DNL-activity, with more reduced SCD- than Elovl-activity that leaves more 16:0 to be converted to 18:0 (Elovl-activity) than to MUFA (SCD-activity). Postpartum changes in ΣDNL, saturated-FA and MUFA related negatively to RBC-DHA. This concurs with suppression of both SCD- and Elovl-6 activities by DHA, through its influence on SREBP. Infant MUFA and LA increased at expense of their mothers. Sustained transport might be important for myelination (MUFA) and skin barrier development (LA). Maternal postpartum decreases in FADS2-, and apparent increases in FADS1-activity, together with increases in LA, AA, and 22:5ω3, but decrease in DHA, confirm that FADS2 is rate limiting in EFA-desaturation. Maternal LA and AA increases might be the result of rerouting from transplacental transfer to the incorporation into milk lipids and discontinued placental AA-utilization. IMPLICATIONS Perinatal changes in maternal and infant FA status may be strongly driven by changing insulin sensitivity and DHA status.
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Adam O, Tesche A, Wolfram G. Impact of linoleic acid intake on arachidonic acid formation and eicosanoid biosynthesis in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:177-81. [PMID: 18973995 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Long-chain conversion of linoleic acid (LA) and eicosanoid formation was followed in 6 healthy females who were given for 6 weeks liquid formula diets which contained no arachidonic acid but, for 2 weeks each, a LA supply of 0 energy% (en%), 4 en%, and 20 en%, respectively. RESULTS higher LA intake resulted in higher LA percentages in investigated lipids, but not in higher amounts of LA present in plasma cholesterol esters or phosphatidylcholine of LDL and HDL comparing liquid formula diet (LFD) 4 and LFD 20. A higher intake of LA resulted in a decrease of arachidonic acid, which was most prominent in HDL phosphatidycholine. Eicosanoids derived from cyclo-oxygenase activity were unchanged by LA intake, while an increase of cytochrome P450-dependent tetranorprostanedioic acid formation was observed with LFD 20. CONCLUSION LA intake of 4 en% appears to be a recommendable intake, without signs of stimulated eicosanoid biosynthesis or oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Adam
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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15
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Mayes C, Burdge GC, Bingham A, Murphy JL, Tubman R, Wootton SA. Variation in [U-13C] alpha linolenic acid absorption, beta-oxidation and conversion to docosahexaenoic acid in the pre-term infant fed a DHA-enriched formula. Pediatr Res 2006; 59:271-5. [PMID: 16439591 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000196372.29648.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an integral component of neural cell membranes and is critical to the development and function of the CNS. A premature delivery interrupts normal placental supply of DHA such that the infant is dependent on the nature of the nutritional support offered. The most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in pre-term formulas is alpha linolenic acid (ALNA), the precursor of DHA. This project studied the absorption, beta-oxidation and conversion of ALNA to DHA by pre-term infants ranging from 30-37 wk of corrected gestation. [U-(13)C] ALNA was administered emulsified with a pre-term formula to 20 well pre-term infants on full enteral feeds. Enrichment of (13)C in stool and as (13)CO(2) in breath was used to estimate absorption across the gut and partitioning toward beta-oxidation respectively. Excretion of the administered dose of (13)C in stool ranged from 2.0 to 26.2%; excretion decreased with increasing birth gestation. Appearance as (13)CO(2) on breath ranged from 7.6 to 19.0%. All infants synthesised eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA with the least mature having the highest cumulative plasma DHA. These results show considerable variation suggesting that the worst absorption of ALNA and the greatest production of DHA occur in infants born at the earliest gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Mayes
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, UK
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16
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Bauer JE, Heinemann KM, Bigley KE, Lees GE, Waldron MK. Maternal diet alpha-linolenic acid during gestation and lactation does not increase docosahexaenoic acid in canine milk. J Nutr 2004; 134:2035S-2038S. [PMID: 15284396 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.8.2035s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John E Bauer
- Comparative Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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17
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Lin Y, Salem N. A technique for the in vivo study of multiple stable isotope-labeled essential fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002; 67:141-6. [PMID: 12324233 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2002.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel tracer technique is presented for the simultaneous and independent measurement of multiple stable isotopically labeled essential fatty acids. Gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry was employed for high sensitivity detection of the following isotopes: deuterium-labeled-linolenate, carbon-13-U-labeled-eicosapentaenoate, carbon-13-U-labeled-linoleate, and deuterium-labeled-dihomo-gamma-linolenate. These isotope-labeled fatty acids in vehicle oil were given to rats either singly or together as a single oral dose. Rat blood was collected after dosing and the isotopomers of the precursors and their main metabolites, including those containing both(13) C and (2)H, were detected simultaneously with good resolution and without interference from other isotopes due to differences in mass and chromatographic retention.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Fatty Acids/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids/blood
- Fatty Acids/chemistry
- Fatty Acids/pharmacokinetics
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/chemistry
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacokinetics
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/blood
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/chemistry
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacokinetics
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- Isotope Labeling/methods
- Isotopes
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lin
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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