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Phillips PL, Wu XJ, Reyes L. Differential affinity chromatography reveals a link between Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced changes in vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation and the type 9 secretion system. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983247. [PMID: 36483452 PMCID: PMC9722745 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is implicated in adverse pregnancy outcome. We previously demonstrated that intrauterine infection with various strains of P. gingivalis impairs the physiologic remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries (IRSA) during pregnancy, which underlies the major obstetrical syndromes. Women diagnosed with IRSA also have a greater risk for premature cardiovascular disease in later life. The dysregulated plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is present in both IRSA and premature cardiovascular events. We hypothesized that VSMCs could serve as a bait to identify P. gingivalis proteins associated with dysregulated VSMC plasticity as seen in IRSA. We first confirmed that dams with P. gingivalis A7UF-induced IRSA also show perturbed aortic smooth muscle cell (AoSMC) plasticity along with the P. gingivalis colonization of the tissue. The in vitro infection of AoSMCs with IRSA-inducing strain A7UF also perturbed AoSMC plasticity that did not occur with infection by non-IRSA-inducing strain W83. Far-Western blotting with strain W83 and strain A7UF showed a differential binding pattern to the rat aorta and primary rat AoSMCs. The affinity chromatography/pull-down assay combined with mass spectrometry was used to identify P. gingivalis/AoSMC protein interactions specific to IRSA. Membrane proteins with a high binding affinity to AoSMCs were identified in the A7UF pull-down but not in the W83 pull-down, most of which were the outer membrane components of the Type 9 secretion system (T9SS) and T9SS cargo proteins. Additional T9SS cargo proteins were detected in greater abundance in the A7UF pull-down eluate compared to W83. None of the proteins enriched in the W83 eluate were T9SS components nor T9SS cargo proteins despite their presence in the prey preparations used in the pull-down assay. In summary, differential affinity chromatography established that the components of IRSA-inducing P. gingivalis T9SS as well as its cargo directly interact with AoSMCs, which may play a role in the infection-induced dysregulation of VSMC plasticity. The possibility that the T9SS is involved in the microbial manipulation of host cell events important for cell differentiation and tissue remodeling would constitute a new virulence function for this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla L. Phillips
- Microbiology and Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, United States
| | - Xiao-jun Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Leticia Reyes,
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2
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Ramji DP, Ismail A, Chen J, Alradi F, Al Alawi S. Survey of In Vitro Model Systems for Investigation of Key Cellular Processes Associated with Atherosclerosis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:39-56. [PMID: 35237957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis progression is associated with a complex array of cellular processes in the arterial wall, including endothelial cell activation/dysfunction, chemokine-driven recruitment of immune cells, differentiation of monocytes to macrophages and their subsequent transformation into lipid laden foam cells, activation of inflammasome and pro-inflammatory signaling, and migration of smooth muscle cells from the media to the intima. The use of in vitro model systems has considerably advanced our understanding of these atherosclerosis-associated processes and they are also often used in drug discovery and other screening platforms. This chapter will describe key in vitro model systems employed frequently in atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Alaa Ismail
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jing Chen
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fahad Alradi
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Qian J, Zhong J, Liu S, Yan M, Cheng P, Hao C, Gu Y, Lai L. α-Klotho, Plasma Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, and Kidney Disease Progression. Kidney Med 2021; 3:984-991.e1. [PMID: 34939007 PMCID: PMC8664695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective We aimed to explore the associated factors of endothelial injury in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and CKD prognosis. Study Design A prospective observational cohort study. Setting & Participants 77 adults with CKD stages 1-5 were enrolled January 2010 to December 2010 and followed up until December 2015. Exposure Serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) level at baseline, α-klotho, sodium-phosphorus synergistic transporter, and dimethylarginine-dimethylamine hydrolase expression in kidney biopsy samples. Outcome Initiation of kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Analytical Approach Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for evaluation of the incidence rate of KRT. All tests were 2 tailed, and statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. Results Mean serum ADMA level of 77 patients was 64.3 ± 34.6 ng/mL. ADMA level increased with CKD stages (P = 0.06) and declining kidney function (r = −0.267; P = 0.02). The expression of α-klotho in kidney biopsy specimens also decreased. Median follow-up time was 56 (interquartile range, 50.5-62) months. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that during a total follow-up of 6 years, the incidence of KRT initiation in the high-ADMA group was significantly higher than that in the low group (35.9% vs 13.2%; P = 0.03). ADMA level was negatively correlated with α-klotho (r = −0.233; P = 0.04) and positively correlated with phosphorus level (r = 0.243; P = 0.04). The expression of sodium-phosphorus synergistic transporter in kidney tubules, which promoted phosphorus reabsorption, and the expression of dimethylarginine-dimethylamine hydrolase isoform 1, which regulated ADMA, were decreased. Correlation analysis also showed that ADMA level decreased while age increased at baseline (r = −0.292; P = 0.01). Limitations Small sample size with limited longer-term follow-up. Conclusions Serum ADMA levels increased as kidney function declined, and high serum ADMA level was associated with incident kidney failure. Low tissue α-klotho and high levels of plasma phosphorus or tissue expression of type II sodium/phosphate cotransporter in the kidney are associated with higher circulating ADMA levels, suggesting that they may be involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhua Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanming Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyun Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xu X, Liao L, Tian W. Strategies of Prevascularization in Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of Craniofacial Tissues. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:464-475. [PMID: 34191620 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial tissue defects caused by trauma, developmental malformation, or surgery are critical issues of high incidence, which are harmful to physical and psychological health. Transplantation of engineered tissues or biomaterials is a potential method to repair defects and regenerate the craniofacial tissues. Revascularization is essential to ensure the survival and regeneration of the grafts. Since microvessels play a critical role in blood circulation and substance exchange, the pre-establishment of the microvascular network in transplants provides a technical basis for the successful regeneration of the tissue defect. In this study, we reviewed the recent development of strategies and applications of prevascularization in tissue engineering and regeneration of craniofacial tissues. We focused on the cellular foundation of the in vitro prevascularized microvascular network, the cell source for prevascularization, and the strategies of prevascularization. Several key strategies, including coculture, microspheres, three-dimensional printing and microfluidics, and microscale technology, were summarized and the feasibility of these technologies in the clinical repair of craniofacial defects was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Sun XJ, Ma WQ, Zhu Y, Liu NF. POSTN promotes diabetic vascular calcification by interfering with autophagic flux. Cell Signal 2021; 83:109983. [PMID: 33744420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative process that is closely related to the pathogenesis of vascular calcification. Recent evidence suggests that periostin (POSTN) is a unique extracellular matrix protein that is associated with diabetic vascular complications. The aim of current study is to investigate the role of POSTN in diabetic vascular calcification and the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that POSTN was highly upregulated in both calcified arteries of diabetic rats and AGEs-BSA mediated vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification. POSTN blocked autophagic flux during the diabetic calcification process, as evidenced by increased protein expression of Beclin1, LC3-II, and P62, as well as the co-localization of LC3-II and LAMP1. Inhibition of POSTN alleviated AGEs-BSA-induced autophagic flux blockade, thereby attenuating AGEs-BSA-induced VSMC calcification. Mechanistically, the upregulation of POSTN impaired the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosome and resulted in the autophagic flux blockade in AGEs-BSA-treated VSMC. Furthermore, this autophagic blockade was intracellular ROS-dependent. In summary, this study uncovered a novel mechanism of POSTN in autophagy regulation of diabetic vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wen-Qi Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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6
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Lee DO, Kim JH, Kang HW, Kim DY, Lee W, Cho TJ, Lee DY. Calcifying characteristics of peripheral vascular smooth muscle cells of chronic kidney disease patients with critical limb ischemia. Vasc Med 2021; 26:139-146. [PMID: 33591894 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x20984525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vascular calcification, which is related to chronic kidney disease (CKD), has been studied in greater detail in the major arteries relative to the peripheral arteries. We compared the calcifying characteristics of peripheral VSMCs relative to non-pathologic major VSMCs in patients with severe peripheral artery disease (PAD). We isolated peripheral VSMCs from the posterior tibial artery of 10 patients with CKD who underwent below-knee amputation for critical limb ischemia (CLI). Using normal human aortic VSMCs as a control group, we cultured the cells in normal and high phosphate media for 10 days, and subsequently tested by immunofluorescence staining. We compared the calcification levels between the two groups using various assays, tests for cell viability, and scanning electron microscopy. As a result, calcification of pathologic peripheral VSMCs increased significantly with time (p = 0.028) and was significantly higher than that in human aortic VSMCs in calcium assays (p = 0.043). Dead cells in the pathologic VSMC group were more distinct in high phosphate media than in human aortic VSMCs. In conclusion, VSMCs from the peripheral artery of patients with severe CKD and CLI who underwent amputation surgery showed marked calcifying characteristics compared to normal human aortic VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Won Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Yoo Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonik Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Villa-Bellosta R. Dietary magnesium supplementation improves lifespan in a mouse model of progeria. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12423. [PMID: 32875720 PMCID: PMC7539193 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with redox imbalance according to the redox theory of aging. Consistently, a mouse model of premature aging (LmnaG609G/+) showed an increased level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a reduced basal antioxidant capacity, including loss of the NADPH‐coupled glutathione redox system. LmnaG609G/+ mice also exhibited reduced mitochondrial ATP synthesis secondary to ROS‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment of LmnaG609G/+ vascular smooth muscle cells with magnesium‐enriched medium improved the intracellular ATP level, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and thereby reduced mitochondrial ROS production. Moreover, treatment of LmnaG609G/+ mice with dietary magnesium improved the proton pumps (complexes I, III, and IV), stimulated extramitochondrial NADH oxidation and enhanced the coupled mitochondrial membrane potential, and thereby increased H+‐coupled mitochondrial NADPH and ATP synthesis, which is necessary for cellular energy supply and survival. Consistently, magnesium treatment reduced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo, and improved the longevity of mice. This antioxidant property of magnesium may be beneficial in children with HGPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Gao Y, Liu JF, Zhang C, Liu L, Liu YP, Zhang SL, Zhao LM. Enzyme-injected method of enzymatic dispersion at low temperature is effective for isolation of smooth muscle cells from human esophagogastric junction. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2933-2948. [PMID: 32256779 PMCID: PMC7086163 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the feasibility of in vitro isolation and primary culture of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). Smooth muscles of EGJ were harvested from 23 patients with esophageal cancer during esophagostomy from January 2015 to December 2017. Enzymatic dispersion (ED) was performed for isolation. Collagenase II and Trypsin/EDTA were applied by enzyme injection (EI) into tissue fragments or immersion of tissue fragments into enzyme solution. Growth characteristics and proliferation [Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8)] of cells were recorded for both smooth muscle cell medium (SMCM) and DMEM/F12 containing 10% newborn bovine serum (10%-F12). All ED methods could isolate primary cells; EI was the most effective method with low collagenase II concentration (0.5 mg/ml) at 4˚C for 14-24 h. Primary cells demonstrated mainly spindle- and long-spindle-shaped with ‘hills and valleys’ morphology. The CCK-8 assay in SMCM showed better proliferation results than in 10%-F12. After passaging for 4-8 generations in SMCM or 2-4 generations in 10%-F12, cells enlarged gradually with passages and lost spindle structures. mRNA and proteins of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), smooth muscle 22 α (SM22α), vimentin, desmin, CD90 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were detected in tissues and cells with different levels of expression. SMCs of esophageal circular muscle, esophageal longitudinal muscle, gastric circular muscle near sling in gastric bottom and gastric circular muscle near clasp in lesser gastric curvature, all cultured in 10%-F12, exhibited superior smooth muscle phenotypes compared with SMCs cultured in SMCM in terms of α-SMA, SM22α and vimentin expression. The EI method of ED at low temperature appears effective for isolation and primary culture of SMCs from human EGJ in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China.,Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Feng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Mei Zhao
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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9
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ATP-based therapy prevents vascular calcification and extends longevity in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23698-23704. [PMID: 31690656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910972116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphate deficiency may explain the excessive vascular calcification found in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and in a mouse model of this disease. The present study found that hydrolysis products of ATP resulted in a <9% yield of pyrophosphate in wild-type blood and aortas, showing that eNTPD activity (ATP → phosphate) was greater than eNPP activity (ATP → pyrophosphate). Moreover, pyrophosphate synthesis from ATP was reduced and pyrophosphate hydrolysis (via TNAP; pyrophosphate → phosphate) was increased in both aortas and blood obtained from mice with HGPS. The reduced production of pyrophosphate, together with the reduction in plasma ATP, resulted in marked reduction of plasma pyrophosphate. The combination of TNAP inhibitor levamisole and eNTPD inhibitor ARL67156 increased the synthesis and reduced the degradation of pyrophosphate in aortas and blood ex vivo, suggesting that these combined inhibitors could represent a therapeutic approach for this devastating progeroid syndrome. Treatment with ATP prevented vascular calcification in HGPS mice but did not extend longevity. By contrast, combined treatment with ATP, levamisole, and ARL67156 prevented vascular calcification and extended longevity by 12% in HGPS mice. These findings suggest a therapeutic approach for children with HGPS.
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Villa-Bellosta R. Synthesis of Extracellular Pyrophosphate Increases in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Phosphate-Induced Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2137-2147. [PMID: 30002059 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Hydroxyapatite deposition on the medial layer of the aortic walls is the hallmark of vascular calcification and the most common complication in aging individuals and in patients with diabetes mellitus and those undergoing hemodialysis. Extracellular pyrophosphate is a potent physicochemical inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal formation. This study analyzed changes in extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism during the phosphate-induced calcification process. Approach and Results- Phosphate-induced calcification of ex vivo-cultured aortic rings resulted in calcium accumulation after 7 days. This accumulation was enhanced when aortic walls were devitalized. BMP2 (bone morphogenic protein 2) expression was associated with calcium accumulation in cultured aortic rings, as well as in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and in calcitriol-induced calcification in rats. Hydroxyapatite dose dependently induced BMP2 overexpression in VSMCs. Moreover, TNAP (tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) mRNA levels and activity were found to be downregulated in early phases and upregulated in later phases of calcification in all 3 models studied. eNPP1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1) increased from early to later phases of calcification, whereas eNTPD1 (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1) was downregulated during later phases. Synthesis of pyrophosphate in VSMCs increased significantly over time, in all 3 models studied. Because the rate of pyrophosphate hydrolysis was 10× slower than the rate of pyrophosphate synthesis, pyrophosphate synthesis is determined mainly by the ratio of eNPP1 to eNTPD1 activity. Hydroxyapatite also induces increments both in TNAP and eNPP1/eNTPD1 ratio in VSMCs. Conclusions- Pyrophosphate synthesis increases in VSMCs during phosphate-induced calcification because of compensatory regulation of extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- From the Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Parra-Izquierdo I, Castaños-Mollor I, López J, Gómez C, San Román JA, Sánchez Crespo M, García-Rodríguez C. Calcification Induced by Type I Interferon in Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells Is Larger in Males and Blunted by a Janus Kinase Inhibitor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2148-2159. [PMID: 30026273 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Calcific aortic valve disease is the most prevalent valvulopathy in Western countries. An unanticipated pathogenetic clue involving IFN (interferon) was disclosed by the finding of constitutive type I IFN activity associated with aortic valve calcification in children with the atypical Singleton-Merten syndrome. On this basis, the role of type I IFN on inflammation and calcification in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVIC) was examined. Approach and Results- IFN-α was weakly proinflammatory but potentiated lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of NF (nuclear factor)-κB and the ensuing induction of proinflammatory molecules in human AVIC. Stimulation with IFN-α and in combination with lipopolysaccharide promoted osteoblast-like differentiation characterized by increased osteoblastic gene expression, BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)-2 secretion, and ectopic phosphatase activity. Sex differences were observed. Likewise, IFN-α treatment of human AVICs in osteogenic medium resulted in increased formation of calcific nodules. Strikingly, IFN-α-mediated calcification was significantly higher in AVICs from males, and was blocked by tofacitinib, a JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitor, and by a BMP antagonist. A female-specific protective mechanism involving the activation of PI3K-Akt (protein kinase B) pathways and cell survival was disclosed. Females exhibited higher levels of BCL2 in valve cells and tissues and lower annexin V staining on cell stimulation. Conclusions- IFN-α acts as a proinflammatory and pro-osteogenic cytokine in AVICs, its effects being potentiated by lipopolysaccharide. Results also uncovered sex differences with lower responses in female AVICs and sex-specific mechanisms involving apoptosis. Data point to JAK/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) system as a potential therapeutic target for calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Parra-Izquierdo
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.)
| | - Irene Castaños-Mollor
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.)
| | - Javier López
- ICICOR, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R., C.G.-R.)
| | - Cristina Gómez
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.)
| | - J Alberto San Román
- ICICOR, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R., C.G.-R.)
| | - Mariano Sánchez Crespo
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.)
| | - Carmen García-Rodríguez
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R., C.G.-R.)
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12
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Perhal A, Wolf S, Jamous YF, Langer A, Abd Alla J, Quitterer U. Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Contributes to the Atherogenic Activity of the B2 Bradykinin Receptor. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 30847343 PMCID: PMC6393342 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and ensuing cardiovascular disease are major causes of death with insufficient treatment options. In search for pathomechanisms of atherosclerosis, we investigated the impact of the B2 bradykinin receptor, Bdkrb2, on atherosclerotic lesion formation, because to date it is not clear whether the B2 bradykinin receptor is atheroprotective or atherogenic. As a model of atherosclerosis, we used hypercholesterolemic ApoE-deficient (apolipoprotein E-deficient) mice, which develop atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta with increasing age. The role of Bdkrb2 in atherosclerosis was studied in ApoE-deficient mice, which were either Bdkrb2-deficient, or had moderately increased aortic B2 bradykinin receptor protein levels induced by transgenic BDKRB2 expression under control of the ubiquitous CMV promoter. We found that Bdkrb2 deficiency led to a significantly decreased atherosclerotic plaque area whereas transgenic BDKRB2 expression enhanced atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aorta of ApoE-deficient mice at an age of 8 months. Concomitantly, the aortic content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was higher in BDKRB2-expressing mice whereas Bdkrb2 deficiency decreased aortic ROS levels of ApoE-deficient mice. In addition, aortic nitrate as a marker of nitric oxide activity and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) were reduced in BDKRB2-expressing ApoE-deficient mice. The decreased aortic BH4 content could be a consequence of increased ROS generation and down-regulated aortic expression of the BH4-synthesizing enzyme, Gch1 (GTP cyclohydrolase 1). In agreement with a causal involvement of decreased BH4 levels in the atherogenic function of BDKRB2, we found that treatment with the BH4 analog, sapropterin, significantly retarded atherosclerotic plaque formation in BDKRB2-expressing ApoE-deficient mice. Together our data show that the B2 bradykinin receptor is atherogenic, and the atherosclerosis-promoting function of BDKRB2 is partially caused by decreased aortic BH4 levels, which could account for eNOS uncoupling and further enhancement of ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Perhal
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Wolf
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yahya F Jamous
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Langer
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Abd Alla
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Quitterer
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Quitterer U, Fu X, Pohl A, Bayoumy KM, Langer A, AbdAlla S. Beta-Arrestin1 Prevents Preeclampsia by Downregulation of Mechanosensitive AT1-B2 Receptor Heteromers. Cell 2018; 176:318-333.e19. [PMID: 30503206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is the most frequent pregnancy-related complication worldwide with no cure. While a number of molecular features have emerged, the underlying causal mechanisms behind the disorder remain obscure. Here, we find that increased complex formation between angiotensin II AT1 and bradykinin B2, two G protein-coupled receptors with opposing effects on blood vessel constriction, triggers symptoms of preeclampsia in pregnant mice. Aberrant heteromerization of AT1-B2 led to exaggerated calcium signaling and high vascular smooth muscle mechanosensitivity, which could explain the onset of preeclampsia symptoms at late-stage pregnancy as mechanical forces increase with fetal mass. AT1-B2 receptor aggregation was inhibited by beta-arrestin-mediated downregulation. Importantly, symptoms of preeclampsia were prevented by transgenic ARRB1 expression or a small-molecule drug. Because AT1-B2 heteromerization was found to occur in human placental biopsies from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, specifically targeting AT1-B2 heteromerization and its downstream consequences represents a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Quitterer
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Xuebin Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, 299 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Armin Pohl
- Roche Diagnostics International AG, Forrenstrasse 2, 6343 Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Karam M Bayoumy
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Andreas Langer
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Said AbdAlla
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hydrolysis of Extracellular Pyrophosphate increases in post-hemodialysis plasma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11089. [PMID: 30038263 PMCID: PMC6056505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality of dialysis patients. Previous studies showed an association between loss of plasma pyrophosphate and VC. Moreover, loss of pyrophosphate occurs during dialysis in this population, suggesting that therapeutic approaches that prevent reduction of plasma pyrophosphate levels during dialysis could improve the quality of life of dialysis patients. This study found that pyrophosphate hydrolysis was 51% higher in post- than pre-dialysis plasma. Dialysis sessions modified the kinetic behavior of alkaline phosphatase, increasing its Vmax and reducing its Km, probably due to the elimination of uremic toxins during dialysis. At least 75% of alkaline phosphatase activity in human plasma was found to depend on a levamisole-sensitive enzyme probably corresponding to tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Dialysis increased total plasma protein concentration by 14% and reduced TNAP enzyme by 20%, resulting in an underestimation of pyrophosphate hydrolysis in post-dialysis plasma. Levamisole inhibited TNAP activity (IC50, 7.2 µmol/L), reducing pyrophosphate hydrolysis in plasma and increasing plasma pyrophosphate availability. Alkaline phosphatase is also found in many tissues and cells types; therefore, our results in plasma may be indicative of changes in phosphatase activity in other locations that collectively could contribute significantly to pyrophosphate hydrolysis in vivo. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that dialysis increases pyrophosphate hydrolysis, which, taken together with previously reported increases in alkalization and calcium ion levels in post-dialysis plasma, causes VC and could be prevented by adding calcification inhibitors during dialysis.
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Al-Huseini I, Ashida N, Kimura T. Deletion of IκB-Kinase β in Smooth Muscle Cells Induces Vascular Calcification Through β-Catenin-Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 Signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007405. [PMID: 29301759 PMCID: PMC5778968 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification was previously considered as an advanced phase of atherosclerosis; however, recent studies have indicated that such calcification can appear in different situations. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of mechanistic insight to explain the difference. For example, the roles of nuclear factor-κB, a major regulator of inflammation, in vascular calcification are poorly explored, although its roles in atherosclerosis were well documented. Herein, we investigated the roles of nuclear factor-κB signaling in vascular calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS We produced mice with deletion of IKKβ, an essential kinase for nuclear factor-κB activation, in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs; KO mice) and subjected them to the CaCl2-induced aorta injury model. Unexpectedly, KO mice showed more calcification of the aorta than their wild-type littermates, despite the former's suppressed nuclear factor-κB activity. Cultured VSMCs from the aorta of KO mice also showed significant calcification in vitro. In the molecular analysis, we found that Runt-related transcription factor 2, a transcriptional factor accelerating bone formation, was upregulated in cultured VSMCs from KO mice, and its regulator β-catenin was more activated with suppressed ubiquitination in KO VSMCs. Furthermore, we examined VSMCs from mice in which kinase-active or kinase-dead IKKβ was overexpressed in VSMCs. We found that kinase-independent function of IKKβ is involved in suppression of calcification via inactivation of β-catenin, which leads to suppression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteoblast marker genes. CONCLUSIONS IKKβ negatively regulates VSMC calcification through β-catenin-Runt-related transcription factor 2 signaling, which revealed a novel function of IKKβ on vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isehaq Al-Huseini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noboru Ashida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhao H, Song X, Yan L, Ren M, Cui X, Li Y, Gao R, Zhang W, Liu M, Liu B, Hu Y, Wang J. IgE induces hypotension in asthma mice by down-regulating vascular NCX1 expression through activating MiR-212-5p. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:189-196. [PMID: 28988887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) has been suggested as a risk factor for allergy-induced low blood pressure, which has not been well explained in molecular details. Our current study shows a novel mechanism involving IgE, FcɛR1, miRNA-212-5p (miR-212-5p), and sodium/calcium exchanger protein 1(NCX1) for asthma to induce hypotension. In arterial smooth muscle cells, IgE up-regulated miR212-5p via its receptor FcɛR1, which resulted in down-regulation of NCX1 that is a regulating factor for blood pressure. In mice, asthma induced hypotension by interfering vasoconstrictive function; knockout of FcɛR1 kept the asthmatic mice from developing hypotension; knock-down of miR-212-5p in asthmatic mice resulted in a significant restoration of blood pressure. In human, asthma and IgE were positively correlated with hypotension in cohort study on NIH epidemiological data. This study suggests a novel therapeutic target (miR-212-5p) for treatment of asthma-induced hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Li Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Meng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Xingxing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Ran Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Marobian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,China.
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Azpiazu D, González-Parra E, Ortiz A, Egido J, Villa-Bellosta R. Impact of post-dialysis calcium level on ex vivo rat aortic wall calcification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183730. [PMID: 28832652 PMCID: PMC5568142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular calcification is a frequent complication in chronic haemodialysis patients and is associated with adverse outcomes. Serum calcium and phosphate levels and imbalances in calcification regulators are thought to contribute to the process. In this regard, the dialysate calcium concentration is a modifiable tool for modulating the risk of vascular calcification. We explored pre- and post-dialysis phosphate and calcium concentrations in stable chronic haemodialysis patients treated by dialysis with the KDIGO-suggested 1.5 mmol/L calcium dialysate to investigate the effects on ex vivo calcification of rat aortic rings. APPROACH AND RESULTS At the end of haemodialysis, mean serum calcium levels were increased in 88% of paired pre-/post-dialysis samples, while mean serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone levels were decreased. Rat aortic ring cultures grown at the same calcium and phosphate concentrations revealed that pre- and post-dialysis resulted in a similar degree of calcification. By contrast, haemodialysis with unchanged serum calcium resulted in a 5-fold reduction in calcium deposition. CONCLUSION Dialysis with the widely prescribed 1.5 mmol/L calcium dose results in persistent high serum calcification potential in a sizable proportion of patients, driven by increased post-dialysis calcium concentration. This could potentially be mitigated by individualising dialysate calcium dosage based on pre-dialysis serum calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Azpiazu
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio González-Parra
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
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Villa-Bellosta R. Impact of magnesium:calcium ratio on calcification of the aortic wall. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178872. [PMID: 28570619 PMCID: PMC5453594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An inverse relationship between serum magnesium concentration and vascular calcification has been reported following observational clinical studies. Moreover, several studies have been suggesting a protective effect of magnesium on the vascular calcification. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive, and investigators have speculated among a myriad of potential actions. The effect of magnesium on calcification of the aortic wall is yet to be investigated. In the present study, the effects of magnesium and calcium on the metabolism of extracellular PPi, the main endogenous inhibitor of vascular calcification, were investigated in the rat aorta. Approach and results Calcium and magnesium have antagonist effects on PPi hydrolysis in the aortic wall. Km and Ki values for PPi hydrolysis in rat aortic rings were 1.1 mmol/L magnesium and 32 μmol/L calcium, respectively, but ATP hydrolysis was not affected with calcium. Calcium deposition in the rat aortic wall dramatically increased when the magnesium concentration was increased (ratio of Mg:Ca = 1:1; 1.5 mmol/L calcium and 1.5 mmol/L magnesium) respect to low magnesium concentration (ratio Mg:Ca = 1:3, 1.5 mmol/L calcium and 0.75 mmol/L magnesium). Conclusion Data from observational clinical studies showing that the serum magnesium concentration is inversely correlated with vascular calcification could be reinterpreted as a compensatory regulatory mechanism that reduces both PPi hydrolysis and vascular calcification. The impact of magnesium in vascular calcification in humans could be studied in association with calcium levels, for example, as the magnesium:calcium ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Fluorescent angioscopic imaging of calcium phosphate tribasic: precursor of hydroxyapatite, the major calcium deposit in human coronary plaques. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 33:1455-1462. [PMID: 28432452 PMCID: PMC5676831 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-017-1142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronary calcification is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Hydroxyapatite that is formed by polymerization from calcium phosphate tribasic (CPT) is the major constituent of coronary calcium deposits. If CPT could be visualized, coronary calcification could be predicted and prevented. We discovered that when CPT and collagen I, the main constituent of collagen fibers, are mixed with lac dye (LD) and then exposed to fluorescent light excited at 345 ± 15 nm and emitted at 420 nm, a purple fluorescence that is characteristic of CPT only is elicited. So, we examined localization of CPT and its relation to plaque morphology by color fluorescent angioscopy (CFA) or microscopy (CFM) in 24 coronary arteries obtained from 12 autopsy subjects. By CFA, the incidence (%) of CPT as confirmed by purple fluorescence in 15 normal segments, 25 white plaques, 14 yellow plaques without necrotic core (NC) and 8 yellow plaques with NC was 20, 36, 64 and 100 (p < 0.05 vs. normal segments), respectively. By CFM, the CPT was either deposited alone amorphously or surrounded hydroxyapatite that was identified by Oil Red O, methylene blue and von Kossa’s stain. The results suggested that CFA using LD is feasible for imaging CPT, that is a precursor of hydroxyapatite, in human coronary plaques, and this technique would help prediction and discovery of a preventive method of coronary calcification.
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Villa-Bellosta R, Hamczyk MR, Andrés V. Novel phosphate-activated macrophages prevent ectopic calcification by increasing extracellular ATP and pyrophosphate. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174998. [PMID: 28362852 PMCID: PMC5376322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Phosphorus is an essential nutrient involved in many pathobiological processes. Less than 1% of phosphorus is found in extracellular fluids as inorganic phosphate ion (Pi) in solution. High serum Pi level promotes ectopic calcification in many tissues, including blood vessels. Here, we studied the effect of elevated Pi concentration on macrophage polarization and calcification. Macrophages, present in virtually all tissues, play key roles in health and disease and display remarkable plasticity, being able to change their physiology in response to environmental cues. METHODS AND RESULTS High-throughput transcriptomic analysis and functional studies demonstrated that Pi induces unpolarized macrophages to adopt a phenotype closely resembling that of alternatively-activated M2 macrophages, as revealed by arginine hydrolysis and energetic and antioxidant profiles. Pi-induced macrophages showed an anti-calcifying action mediated by increased availability of extracellular ATP and pyrophosphate. CONCLUSION We conclude that the ability of Pi-activated macrophages to prevent calcium-phosphate deposition is a compensatory mechanism protecting tissues from hyperphosphatemia-induced pathologic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesCarlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magda R. Hamczyk
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesCarlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesCarlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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