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Dinarelli S, Longo G, Germanova-Taneva S, Todinova S, Krumova S, Girasole M. Surprising Structural and Functional Properties of Favism Erythrocytes Are Linked to Special Metabolic Regulation: A Cell Aging Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010637. [PMID: 36614084 PMCID: PMC9820584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Favism uniquely arises from a genetic defect of the Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme and results in a severe reduction of erythrocytes' (RBCs) reducing power that impairs the cells' ability to respond to oxidative stresses. After exposure to fava beans or a few other drugs, the patients experience acute hemolytic anemia due to RBCs' lysis both intra and extra-vascularly. In the present paper, we compared selected biochemical, biophysical, and ultra-morphological properties of normal RBCs and cells from favism patients measured along cellular aging. Along the aging path, the cells' characteristics change, and their structural and functional properties degrade for both samples, but with different patterns and effectors that have been characterized in biophysical and biochemical terms. In particular, the analysis revealed distinct metabolic regulation in G6DP-deficient cells that determines important peculiarities in the cell properties during aging. Remarkably, the initial higher fragility and occurrence of structural/morphological alterations of favism cells develop, with longer aging times, into a stronger resistance to external stresses and higher general resilience. This surprisingly higher endurance against cell aging has been related to a special mechanism of metabolic regulation that permits lower energy consumption in environmental stress conditions. Our results provided a direct and coherent link between the RBCs' metabolic regulation and the cell properties that would not have been possible to establish without an investigation performed during aging. The consequences of this new knowledge, in particular, can be discussed in a more general context, such as understanding the role of the present findings in determining the characteristics of the favism pathology as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dinarelli
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute for the Structure of the Matter (ISM), Via fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute for the Structure of the Matter (ISM), Via fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefka Germanova-Taneva
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, G. Bonchev Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Todinova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, G. Bonchev Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sashka Krumova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, G. Bonchev Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marco Girasole
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute for the Structure of the Matter (ISM), Via fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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2
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Sbarigia C, Tacconi S, Mura F, Rossi M, Dinarelli S, Dini L. High-resolution atomic force microscopy as a tool for topographical mapping of surface budding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:975919. [PMID: 36313576 PMCID: PMC9597496 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.975919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles secreted by almost all cell types. Reflecting the physiopathological state of the parental cell, EVs circulate in all body fluids, reaching distant cell targets and delivering different bioactive cargoes. As biological carriers, EVs influence their microenvironment altering cellular responses, being considered promising biomarkers for both physiological and pathological conditions. EVs are heterogeneous in terms of size and composition, depending on cell type and exposure to stimuli, and different methods have been developed to characterize their morphological, biophysical, and biochemical features. Among them, electron microscopy (EM) is the main technique used, however, the lack of standardized protocols makes it difficult to characterize EVs with a good reproducibility, thus using multiple approaches may represent a way to obtain more precise information. Furthermore, the relationship between architecture and function, not only in a molecular, but also in a cellular level, is gaining growing emphasis, characterizing morphometric parameters may represent a distinct, but effective approach to study the physiopathological state of the cell. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), may represent a promising method to study in detail EVs dynamics throughout the cell surface and its variations related to the physiological state, overcoming the limits of EM, and providing more reliable information. In this study, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, a cellular model to investigate neurodegeneration and oxidative stress, has been used to perform a comparative morphological and quantitative analysis of membrane budding and isolated large vesicles-enriched (microvesicles-like vesicles; MVs) fraction from control or oxidative stressed cells. Our main goal was to build up a methodology to characterize EVs morphology and spatial distribution over the cell surface in different physiological conditions, and to evaluate the efficacy of AFM against conventional EM. Interestingly, both microscopy techniques were effective for this analysis, but AFM allowed to reveal a differential profiling of plasma membrane budding between the physiological and the stress condition, indicating a potential relationship between mechanical characteristics and functional role. The results obtained may provide interesting perspectives for the use of AFM to study EVs, validating a morphometric approach to understand the pathophysiological state of the cell related to EVs trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sbarigia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Tacconi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Mura
- Research Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Rossi
- Research Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Dinarelli
- Institute for the Structure of Matter (ISM), National Research Council (CNR) Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- CNR Nanotec, Lecce, Italy
- *Correspondence: L. Dini,
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3
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Lenzi E, Dinarelli S, Longo G, Girasole M, Mussi V. Multivariate analysis of mean Raman spectra of erythrocytes for a fast analysis of the biochemical signature of ageing. Talanta 2021; 221:121442. [PMID: 33076067 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ageing of red blood cells (RBC) is a physiological process, fundamental to ensure a proper blood homeostasis that, in vivo, balances the production of new cells and the removal of senescent erythrocytes. A detailed characterization at the cellular level of the progression of the ageing phenomenon can reveal biological, biophysical and biochemical fingerprints for diseases related to misbalances of the cell turnover and for blood pathologies. We applied Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to mean Raman spectra of single cells at different ageing times to rapidly highlight subtle spectral differences associated with conformational and biochemical modifications. Our results demonstrate a two-step ageing process characterized by a first phase in which proteins plays a relevant role, followed by a further cellular evolution driven by alterations in the membrane lipid contribution. Moreover, we used the same approach to directly analyse relevant spectral effects associated to reduction in Haemoglobin oxygenation level and membrane fluidity induced by the ageing. The method is robust and effective, allowing to classify easily the studied cells based on their age and morphology, and consequently to evaluate the biological quality of a blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lenzi
- Physics Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Dinarelli
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - G Longo
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - M Girasole
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - V Mussi
- Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Virumbrales-Muñoz M, Paz-Artigas L, Ciriza J, Alcaine C, Espona-Noguera A, Doblaré M, Sáenz Del Burgo L, Ziani K, Pedraz JL, Fernández L, Ochoa I. Force Spectroscopy Imaging and Constriction Assays Reveal the Effects of Graphene Oxide on the Mechanical Properties of Alginate Microcapsules. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:242-253. [PMID: 33337130 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microencapsulation of cells in hydrogel-based porous matrices is an approach that has demonstrated great success in regenerative cell therapy. These microcapsules work by concealing the exogenous cells and materials in a robust biomaterial that prevents their recognition by the immune system. A vast number of formulations and additives are continuously being tested to optimize cell viability and mechanical properties of the hydrogel. Determining the effects of new microcapsule additives is a lengthy process that usually requires extensive in vitro and in vivo testing. In this paper, we developed a workflow using nanoindentation (i.e., indentation with a nanoprobe in an atomic force microscope) and a custom-built microfluidic constriction device to characterize the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on three microcapsule formulations. With our workflow, we determined that GO modifies the microcapsule stiffness and surface properties in a formulation-dependent manner. Our results also suggest, for the first time, that GO alters the conformation of the microcapsule hydrogel and its interaction with subsequent coatings. Overall, our workflow can infer the effects of new additives on microcapsule surfaces. Thus, our workflow can contribute to diminishing the time required for the validation of new microcapsule formulations and accelerate their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Virumbrales-Muñoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes of Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 6028, Madison,53705, Wisconsin United States
| | - Laura Paz-Artigas
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab. Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda San Juan Bosco, 13, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Jesús Ciriza
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Clara Alcaine
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab. Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda San Juan Bosco, 13, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Albert Espona-Noguera
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Manuel Doblaré
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab. Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda San Juan Bosco, 13, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Laura Sáenz Del Burgo
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Kaoutar Ziani
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab. Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda San Juan Bosco, 13, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab. Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Avda San Juan Bosco, 13, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Scandurra R, Scotto d’Abusco A, Longo G. A Review of the Effect of a Nanostructured Thin Film Formed by Titanium Carbide and Titanium Oxides Clustered around Carbon in Graphitic Form on Osseointegration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1233. [PMID: 32599955 PMCID: PMC7353133 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Improving the biocompatibility of implants is an extremely important step towards improving their quality. In this review, we recount the technological and biological process for coating implants with thin films enriched in titanium carbide (TiC), which provide improved cell growth and osseointegration. At first, we discuss the use of a Pulsed Laser Ablation Deposition, which produced films with a good biocompatibility, cellular stimulation and osseointegration. We then describe how Ion Plating Plasma Assisted technology could be used to produce a nanostructured layer composed by graphitic carbon, whose biocompatibility is enhanced by titanium oxides and titanium carbide. In both cases, the nanostructured coating was compact and strongly bound to the bulk titanium, thus particularly useful to protect implants from the harsh oxidizing environment of biological tissues. The morphology and chemistry of the nanostructured coating were particularly desirable for osteoblasts, resulting in improved proliferation and differentiation. The cellular adhesion to the TiC-coated substrates was much stronger than to uncoated surfaces, and the number of philopodia and lamellipodia developed by the cells grown on the TiC-coated samples was higher. Finally, tests performed on rabbits confirmed in vivo that the osseointegration process of the TiC-coated implants is more efficient than that of uncoated titanium implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scandurra
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Anna Scotto d’Abusco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Roma, Italy;
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6
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Nanostructured TiC Layer is Highly Suitable Surface for Adhesion, Proliferation and Spreading of Cells. CONDENSED MATTER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture is usually performed in 2D polymer surfaces; however, several studies are conducted with the aim to screen functional coating molecules to find substrates more suitable for cell adhesion and proliferation. The aim of this manuscript is to compare the cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization of different cell types on different surfaces. Human primary fibroblasts, chondrocytes and osteoblasts isolated from patients undergoing surgery were seeded on polystyrene, poly-d-lysine-coated glass and titanium carbide slides and left to grow for several days. Then their cytoskeleton was analyzed, both by staining cells with phalloidin, which highlights actin fibers, and using Atomic Force Microscopy. We also monitored the production of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and Osteocalcin, using ELISA, and we highlighted production of Collagen type I in fibroblasts and osteoblasts and Collagen type II in chondrocytes by immunofluorescences. Fibroblasts, chondrocytes and osteoblasts showed both an improved proliferative activity and a good adhesion ability when cultured on titanium carbide slides, compared to polystyrene and poly-d-lysine-coated glass. In conclusion, we propose titanium carbide as a suitable surface to cultivate cells such as fibroblasts, chondrocytes and osteoblasts, allowing the preservation of their differentiated state and good adhesion properties.
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7
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Vannocci T, Dinarelli S, Girasole M, Pastore A, Longo G. A new tool to determine the cellular metabolic landscape: nanotechnology to the study of Friedreich's ataxia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19282. [PMID: 31848436 PMCID: PMC6917756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cell response to oxidative stress in disease is an important but difficult task. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using a nanomotion sensor to study the cellular metabolic landscape. This nanosensor permits the non-invasive real-time detection at the single-cell level and offers high sensitivity and time resolution. We optimised the technique to study the effects of frataxin overexpression in a cellular model of Friedreich's ataxia, a neurodegenerative disease caused by partial silencing of the FXN gene. Previous studies had demonstrated that FXN overexpression are as toxic as silencing, thus indicating the importance of a tight regulation of the frataxin levels. We probed the effects of frataxin overexpression in the presence of oxidative stress insults and measured the metabolic response by the nanosensor. We show that the nanosensor provides new detailed information on the metabolic state of the cell as a function of time, that agrees with and complements data obtained by more traditional techniques. We propose that the nanosensor can be used in the future as a new and powerful tool to study directly how drugs modulate the effects of oxidative stress on Friedreich's ataxia patients and, more in general, on other neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vannocci
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom
- The Wohl Institute at King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Dinarelli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Girasole
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom.
- The Wohl Institute at King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Ruggeri FS, Marcott C, Dinarelli S, Longo G, Girasole M, Dietler G, Knowles TPJ. Identification of Oxidative Stress in Red Blood Cells with Nanoscale Chemical Resolution by Infrared Nanospectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2582. [PMID: 30200270 PMCID: PMC6163177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During their lifespan, Red blood cells (RBC), due to their inability to self-replicate, undergo an ageing degradation phenomenon. This pathway, both in vitro and in vivo, consists of a series of chemical and morphological modifications, which include deviation from the biconcave cellular shape, oxidative stress, membrane peroxidation, lipid content decrease and uncoupling of the membrane-skeleton from the lipid bilayer. Here, we use the capabilities of atomic force microscopy based infrared nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) to study and correlate, with nanoscale resolution, the morphological and chemical modifications that occur during the natural degradation of RBCs at the subcellular level. By using the tip of an AFM to detect the photothermal expansion of RBCs, it is possible to obtain nearly two orders of magnitude higher spatial resolution IR spectra, and absorbance images than can be obtained on diffraction-limited commercial Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR) microscopes. Using this approach, we demonstrate that we can identify localized sites of oxidative stress and membrane peroxidation on individual RBC, before the occurrence of neat morphological changes in the cellular shape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Curtis Marcott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
- Light Light Solutions, Athens, GA 30608, USA.
| | - Simone Dinarelli
- Institute of Structural Matter, ISM-CNR, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Institute of Structural Matter, ISM-CNR, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Girasole
- Institute of Structural Matter, ISM-CNR, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB21EW, UK.
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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