1
|
Crouch JA, Beirn LA, Boehm MJ, Carbone I, Clarke BB, Kerns JP, Malapi-Wight M, Mitchell TK, Venu RC, Tredway LP. Genome Resources for Seven Fungal Isolates That Cause Dollar Spot Disease in Turfgrass, Including Clarireedia jacksonii and C. monteithiana. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:691-694. [PMID: 32720885 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1296-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Clarireedia are widespread and destructive pathogens of grasses worldwide, and are best known as the causal agents of dollar spot disease in turfgrass. Here, we report genome assemblies of seven Clarireedia isolates, including ex-types of the two most widespread species, Clarireedia jacksonii and C. monteithiana. These datasets provide a valuable resource for ongoing studies of the dollar spot pathogens that include population diversity, host-pathogen interactions, marker development, and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Anne Crouch
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Lisa A Beirn
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Michael J Boehm
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Bruce B Clarke
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - James P Kerns
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Martha Malapi-Wight
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Thomas K Mitchell
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - R C Venu
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lane P Tredway
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bragina MK, Afonnikov DA, Salina EA. Progress in plant genome sequencing: research directions. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first plant genome of Arabidopsis thaliana has been sequenced and published, genome sequencing technologies have undergone significant changes. New algorithms, sequencing technologies and bioinformatic approaches were adopted to obtain genome, transcriptome and exome sequences for model and crop species, which have permitted deep inferences into plant biology. As a result of an improved genome assembly and analysis methods, genome sequencing costs plummeted and the number of high-quality plant genome sequences is constantly growing. Consequently, more than 300 plant genome sequences have been published over the past twenty years. Although many of the published genomes are considered incomplete, they proved to be a valuable tool for identifying genes involved in the formation of economically valuable plant traits, for marker-assisted and genomic selection and for comparative analysis of plant genomes in order to determine the basic patterns of origin of various plant species. Since a high coverage and resolution of a genome sequence is not enough to detect all changes in complex samples, targeted sequencing, which consists in the isolation and sequencing of a specific region of the genome, has begun to develop. Targeted sequencing has a higher detection power (the ability to identify new differences/variants) and resolution (up to one basis). In addition, exome sequencing (the method of sequencing only protein-coding genes regions) is actively developed, which allows for the sequencing of non-expressed alleles and genes that cannot be found with RNA-seq. In this review, an analysis of sequencing technologies development and the construction of “reference” genomes of plants is performed. A comparison of the methods of targeted sequencing based on the use of the reference DNA sequence is accomplished.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. A. Afonnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reininger V, Schlegel M. Analysis of the Phialocephala subalpina Transcriptome during Colonization of Its Host Plant Picea abies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150591. [PMID: 26954682 PMCID: PMC4783019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phialocephala subalpina belongs to the Phialocephala fortinii s.l.-Acepphala applanata species complex (PAC) forming one of the major groups belonging to the dark septate endophytes (DSE). Depending on the strain, PAC was shown to form neutral to pathogenic associations with its host plant Picea abies. To understand PACs lifestyle we investigated the effect of presence/absence of Picea abies on the transcriptome of strain 6_70_1. MATERIALS AND METHODS PAC strain 6_70_1 was grown in liquid Pachlewski media either induced by its host plant Picea abies or without host plant as a control. Mycelia were harvested in a time course (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18 days) with and without induction by the host plant and the fungal transcriptome revealed by Illumina sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis over the time course comparing control and treatment at each time point using the 'edgeR glm approach' and a gene enrichment analysis using GO categories were performed. RESULTS The three main functional groups within differentially expressed genes were 'metabolism', 'transport' and 'cell rescue, defense and virulence'. Additionally, genes especially involved in iron metabolism could be detected by gene set enrichment analysis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we found PAC strain 6_70_1 to be metabolically very active during colonization of its host plant Picea abies. A major shift in functional groups over the time course of this experiment could not be observed but GO categories which were found to be enriched showed different emphasis depending in the day post induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Reininger
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich
| | - Markus Schlegel
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hashmi U, Shafqat S, Khan F, Majid M, Hussain H, Kazi AG, John R, Ahmad P. Plant exomics: concepts, applications and methodologies in crop improvement. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e976152. [PMID: 25482786 PMCID: PMC4622497 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.976152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular breeding has a crucial role in improvement of crops. Conventional breeding techniques have failed to ameliorate food production. Next generation sequencing has established new concepts of molecular breeding. Exome sequencing has proven to be a significant tool for assessing natural evolution in plants, studying host pathogen interactions and betterment of crop production as exons assist in interpretation of allelic variation with respect to their phenotype. This review covers the platforms for exome sequencing, next generation sequencing technologies that have revolutionized exome sequencing and led toward development of third generation sequencing. Also discussed in this review are the uses of these sequencing technologies to improve wheat, rice and cotton yield and how these technologies are used in exploring the biodiversity of crops, providing better understanding of plant-host pathogen interaction and assessing the process of natural evolution in crops and it also covers how exome sequencing identifies the gene pool involved in symbiotic and other co-existential systems. Furthermore, we conclude how integration of other methodologies including whole genome sequencing, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics with plant exomics covers the areas which are left untouched with exomics alone and in the end how these integration will transform the future of crops.
Collapse
Key Words
- BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome
- BGR, bacterial grain rot
- CBOL, consortium for 860 the barcode of life
- ETI, effector-triggered immunity
- HPRT, hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase
- MMs, molecular markers
- NGS, next generation sequencing
- NITSR, nuclear internal transcribed spacer region
- OPC, open promoter complex
- QTL, quantitative trait locus
- SMRT, single molecule real time
- SNPs, single nucleotide poly-morphisms
- SOLiD, sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection
- WES, whole exome sequencing
- WGS, whole genome sequencing
- WGS, whole genome shotgun
- biodiversity
- crop improvement
- dNMPs, deoxyribosenucleoside monophosphates
- exome sequencing
- plant biotechnology
- plant-host pathogen interactions
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uzair Hashmi
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences; National University of Sciences and Technology; Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samia Shafqat
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences; National University of Sciences and Technology; Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faria Khan
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences; National University of Sciences and Technology; Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Majid
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences; National University of Sciences and Technology; Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Harris Hussain
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences; National University of Sciences and Technology; Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul Kazi
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences; National University of Sciences and Technology; Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Riffat John
- Department of Botany; University of Kashmir; Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany; S.P. College Srinagar; Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Correspondence to: Parvaiz Ahmad;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Venu RC, Ma J, Jia Y, Liu G, Jia MH, Nobuta K, Sreerekha MV, Moldenhauer K, McClung AM, Meyers BC, Wang GL. Identification of candidate genes associated with positive and negative heterosis in rice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95178. [PMID: 24743656 PMCID: PMC3990613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the genes responsible for yield related traits, and heterosis, massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) libraries were constructed from leaves, roots and meristem tissues from the two parents, 'Nipponbare' and '93-11', and their F1 hybrid. From the MPSS libraries, 1-3 million signatures were obtained. Using cluster analysis, commonly and specifically expressed genes in the parents and their F1 hybrid were identified. To understand heterosis in the F1 hybrid, the differentially expressed genes in the F1 hybrid were mapped to yield related quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions using a linkage map constructed from 131 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers with 266 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Nipponbare and 93-11. QTLs were identified for yield related traits including days to heading, plant height, plant type, number of tillers, main panicle length, number of primary branches per main panicle, number of kernels per main panicle, total kernel weight per main panicle, 1000 grain weight and total grain yield per plant. Seventy one QTLs for these traits were mapped, of which 3 QTLs were novel. Many highly expressed chromatin-related genes in the F1 hybrid encoding histone demethylases, histone deacetylases, argonaute-like proteins and polycomb proteins were located in these yield QTL regions. A total of 336 highly expressed transcription factor (TF) genes belonging to 50 TF families were identified in the yield QTL intervals. These findings provide the starting genomic materials to elucidate the molecular basis of yield related traits and heterosis in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Venu
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianbing Ma
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Yulin Jia
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Melissa H. Jia
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kan Nobuta
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - M. V. Sreerekha
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Karen Moldenhauer
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Anna M. McClung
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Blake C. Meyers
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buffalograss [Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engel. syn. Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus] is a United States native turfgrass species that requires less irrigation, fungicides and pesticides compared to more commonly used turfgrass species. In areas where water is limited, interest in this grass species for lawns is increasing. While several buffalograss cultivars have been developed through buffalograss breeding, the timeframe for new cultivar development is long and is limited by a lack of useful genetic resources. Two high throughput next-generation sequencing techniques were used to increase the genomic resources available for buffalograss. RESULTS Total RNA was extracted and purified from leaf samples of two buffalograss cultivars. '378' and 'Prestige' cDNA libraries were subjected to high throughput sequencing on the Illumina GA and Roche 454 Titanium FLX sequencing platforms. The 454 platform (3 samples) produced 1,300,885 reads and the Illumina platform (12 samples) generated approximately 332 million reads. The multiple k-mer technique for de novo assembly using Velvet and Oases was applied. A total of 121,288 contigs were assembled that were similar to previously reported Ensembl commelinid sequences. Original Illumina reads were also mapped to the high quality assembly to estimate expression levels of buffalograss transcripts. There were a total of 325 differentially expressed genes between the two buffalograss cultivars. A glycosyl transferase, serine threonine kinase, and nb-arc domain containing transcripts were among those differentially expressed between the two cultivars. These genes have been previously implicated in defense response pathways and may in part explain some of the performance differences between 'Prestige' and '378'. CONCLUSIONS To date, this is the first high throughput sequencing experiment conducted on buffalograss. In total, 121,288 high quality transcripts were assembled, significantly expanding the limited genetic resources available for buffalograss genetic studies. Additionally, 325 differentially expressed sequences were identified which may contribute to performance or morphological differences between 'Prestige' and '378' buffalograss cultivars.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu S, Dai YM, Zhang XY, Ye JR, Wang MX, Huang MR. Untangling the transcriptome from fungus-infected plant tissues. Gene 2013; 519:238-44. [PMID: 23466979 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of sequencing technology allows low-cost generation of sequence data. The huge amount of raw sequence data now available has introduced many challenges associated with analysis of these large-scale data banks. For example, it is very important to distinguish materials of plant and fungal origin in fungus-infected plant tissue. The origin of transcripts that were sequenced from Library 895-M6 (poplar tissue infected by Marssonina brunnea) on Illumina/Solexa GA IIx was determined by combining three methods: (1) based on the taxonomic information of homologous sequences; (2) based on the reference genome sequence; (3) based on the transcriptome sequence of the host and its pathogen obtained from Library 895 (poplar) and Library M6 (M. brunnea) as well as Library 895-M6 (mixture of poplar and M. brunnea). We idenified accurately the origin of 80,978 (99.5%) contigs in the mixed poplar and M. brunnea sample (Library 895-M6) by integrating the results from the three methods. The results of this study demonstrate that a combination of these three approaches described here is an effective strategy for determining the origin of sequences in a mixed pool, and provides a basis for further transcriptome analysis of the mixed sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Poplar Germplasm Enhancement and Variety Improvement, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen S, Songkumarn P, Venu RC, Gowda M, Bellizzi M, Hu J, Liu W, Ebbole D, Meyers B, Mitchell T, Wang GL. Identification and characterization of in planta-expressed secreted effector proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae that induce cell death in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:191-202. [PMID: 23035914 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-12-0117-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between rice and Magnaporthe oryzae involve the recognition of cellular components and the exchange of complex molecular signals from both partners. How these interactions occur in rice cells is still elusive. We employed robust-long serial analysis of gene expression, massively parallel signature sequencing, and sequencing by synthesis to examine transcriptome profiles of infected rice leaves. A total of 6,413 in planta-expressed fungal genes, including 851 genes encoding predicted effector proteins, were identified. We used a protoplast transient expression system to assess 42 of the predicted effector proteins for the ability to induce plant cell death. Ectopic expression assays identified five novel effectors that induced host cell death only when they contained the signal peptide for secretion to the extracellular space. Four of them induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Although the five effectors are highly diverse in their sequences, the physiological basis of cell death induced by each was similar. This study demonstrates that our integrative genomic approach is effective for the identification of in planta-expressed cell death-inducing effectors from M. oryzae that may play an important role facilitating colonization and fungal growth during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songbiao Chen
- State Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hulvey J, Popko JT, Sang H, Berg A, Jung G. Overexpression of ShCYP51B and ShatrD in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa isolates exhibiting practical field resistance to a demethylation inhibitor fungicide. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6674-82. [PMID: 22798361 PMCID: PMC3426689 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00417-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated genetic factors that govern the reduced propiconazole sensitivity of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa field isolates collected during a 2-year field efficacy study on dollar spot disease of turf in five New England sites. These isolates displayed a >50-fold range of in vitro sensitivity to a sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide, propiconazole, making them ideal for investigations of genetic mechanisms of reduced DMI sensitivity. The CYP51 gene homolog in S. homoeocarpa (ShCYP51B), encoding the enzyme target of DMIs, is likely a minor genetic factor for reduced propiconazole sensitivity, since there were no differences in constitutive relative expression (RE) values and only 2-fold-higher induced RE values for insensitive than for sensitive isolate groups. Next, we mined RNA-Seq transcriptome data for additional genetic factors and found evidence for the overexpression of a homolog of Botrytis cinerea atrD (BcatrD), ShatrD, a known efflux transporter of DMI fungicides. The ShatrD gene showed much higher constitutive and induced RE values for insensitive isolates. Several polymorphisms were found upstream of ShatrD but were not definitively linked to overexpression. The screening of constitutive RE values of ShCYP51B and ShatrD in isolates from two golf courses that exhibited practical field resistance to propiconazole uncovered evidence for significant population-specific overexpression of both genes. However, linear regression demonstrated that the RE of ShatrD displays a more significant relationship with propiconazole sensitivity than that of ShCYP51B. In summary, our results suggest that efflux is a major determinant of the reduced DMI sensitivity of S. homoeocarpa genotypes in New England, which may have implications for the emergence of practical field resistance in this important turfgrass pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hulvey
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh D, Singh PK, Chaudhary S, Mehla K, Kumar S. Exome sequencing and advances in crop improvement. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2012; 79:87-121. [PMID: 22989766 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394395-8.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing strategies have opened new vistas for molecular plant breeding. The sequence information obtained by the advent of next-generation sequencing provides a valuable tool not only for improving domesticated crops but also for investigating the natural evolution of crops. Such information provides an enormous potential for sustainable agriculture. In this review, we discuss how such sequencing approaches have transformed exome sequencing into a practical utility that has enormous potential for crop improvement in agriculture. Furthermore, we also describe the future of crop improvement beyond the exome sequencing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devi Singh
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, UP, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen Y, Venu RC, Nobuta K, Wu X, Notibala V, Demirci C, Meyers BC, Wang GL, Ji G, Li QQ. Transcriptome dynamics through alternative polyadenylation in developmental and environmental responses in plants revealed by deep sequencing. Genome Res 2011; 21:1478-86. [PMID: 21813626 DOI: 10.1101/gr.114744.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyadenylation sites mark the ends of mRNA transcripts. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) may alter sequence elements and/or the coding capacity of transcripts, a mechanism that has been demonstrated to regulate gene expression and transcriptome diversity. To study the role of APA in transcriptome dynamics, we analyzed a large-scale data set of RNA "tags" that signify poly(A) sites and expression levels of mRNA. These tags were derived from a wide range of tissues and developmental stages that were mutated or exposed to environmental treatments, and generated using digital gene expression (DGE)-based protocols of the massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS-DGE) and the Illumina sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS-DGE) sequencing platforms. The data offer a global view of APA and how it contributes to transcriptome dynamics. Upon analysis of these data, we found that ∼60% of Arabidopsis genes have multiple poly(A) sites. Likewise, ∼47% and 82% of rice genes use APA, supported by MPSS-DGE and SBS-DGE tags, respectively. In both species, ∼49%-66% of APA events were mapped upstream of annotated stop codons. Interestingly, 10% of the transcriptomes are made up of APA transcripts that are differentially distributed among developmental stages and in tissues responding to environmental stresses, providing an additional level of transcriptome dynamics. Examples of pollen-specific APA switching and salicylic acid treatment-specific APA clearly demonstrated such dynamics. The significance of these APAs is more evident in the 3034 genes that have conserved APA events between rice and Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Shen
- Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|