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Salman DM, Mohammad TAM. siRNA-based therapy for gastric adenocarcinoma: what's next step? Pathol Res Pract 2024; 258:155328. [PMID: 38744002 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer continues to have a high death rate despite advancements in their diagnosis and treatment. Novel treatment techniques are thus desperately needed. This is where double-stranded RNA molecules known as small interfering RNA (siRNA), which may selectively target the mRNA of disease-causing genes, may find use in medicine. For siRNAs to function properly in the human body, they must be shielded from deterioration. Furthermore, in order to maintain organ function, they must only target the tumor and spare normal tissue. siRNAs have been designed using clever delivery mechanisms including polymers and lipids to achieve these objectives. Although siRNA protection is not hard to acquire, it is still challenging to target cancer cells with them. Here, we first discuss the basic characteristics of gastric cancer before describing the properties of siRNA and typical delivery methods created specifically for gastric tumors. Lastly, we provide a succinct overview of research using siRNAs to treat gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyar Mudhafar Salman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Talar Ahmad Merza Mohammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Pharmacy department, School of Medicine, University of Kurdistan Hewlêr (UKH), Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Yang W, Chen X, Chen J, Zheng P, Liu S, Tan X, Sun B. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3162. [PMID: 37687408 PMCID: PMC10490191 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent availability of a number of tea plant genomes has sparked substantial interest in using reverse genetics to explore gene function in tea (Camellia sinensis). However, a hurdle to this is the absence of an efficient transformation system, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), a transient transformation system, could be an optimal choice for validating gene function in the tea plant. In this study, phytoene desaturase (PDS), a carotenoid biosynthesis gene, was used as a reporter to evaluate the VIGS system. The injection sites of the leaves (leaf back, petiole, and stem) for infiltration were tested, and the results showed that petiole injection had the most effective injection, without leading to necrotic lesions that cause the leaves to drop. Tea leaves were inoculated with Agrobacterium harboring a tobacco rattle virus plasmid (pTRV2) containing a CsPDS silencing fragment. The tea leaves exhibited chlorosis symptoms 7-14 days after inoculation, depending on the cultivar. In the chlorosis plants, the coat protein (CP) of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was detected and coincided with the lower transcription of CsPDS and reduced chlorophyll content compared with the empty vector control, with 81.82% and 54.55% silencing efficiency of 'LTDC' and 'YSX', respectively. These results indicate that the VIGS system with petiole injection could quickly and effectively silence a gene in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xindong Tan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Binmei Sun
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (P.Z.); (S.L.)
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3
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Zhang Y, Niu N, Li S, Liu Y, Xue C, Wang H, Liu M, Zhao J. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Chinese Jujube. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112115. [PMID: 37299093 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a fast and efficient method for assaying gene function in plants. At present, the VIGS system mediated by Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) has been successfully practiced in some species such as cotton and tomato. However, little research of VIGS systems has been reported in woody plants, nor in Chinese jujube. In this study, the TRV-VIGS system of jujube was firstly investigated. The jujube seedlings were grown in a greenhouse with a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle at 23 °C. After the cotyledon was fully unfolded, Agrobacterium mixture containing pTRV1 and pTRV2-ZjCLA with OD600 = 1.5 was injected into cotyledon. After 15 days, the new leaves of jujube seedlings showed obvious photo-bleaching symptoms and significantly decreased expression of ZjCLA, indicating that the TRV-VIGS system had successfully functioned on jujube. Moreover, it found that two injections on jujube cotyledon could induce higher silencing efficiency than once injection. A similar silencing effect was then also verified in another gene, ZjPDS. These results indicate that the TRV-VIGS system in Chinese jujube has been successfully established and can be applied to evaluate gene function, providing a breakthrough in gene function verification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Nazi Niu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shijia Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yin Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chaoling Xue
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Huibin Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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Zhang X, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Pan H. FsHemF is involved in the formation of yellow Forsythia leaves by regulating chlorophyll synthesis in response to light intensity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107746. [PMID: 37210861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of Forsythia koreana 'Suwon Gold' are yellow under natural light condition and can revert to green when the light intensity is reduced. To understand the molecular mechanism of leaf color changes in response to light intensity, we compared the chlorophyll content and precursor content between yellow- and green-leaf Forsythia under shade and light-recovery conditions. We identified the conversion of coproporphyrin III (Coprogen III) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) as the primary rate-limiting step of chlorophyll biosynthesis in yellow-leaf Forsythia. Further analysis of the activity of the enzymes that catalyze this step and the expression pattern of the chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes under different light intensities revealed that the negatively regulated expression of FsHemF by light intensity was the major cause affecting the leaf color change in response to light intensity in yellow-leaf Forsythia. To further understand the cause of differential expression pattern of FsHemF in yellow- and green-leaf lines, we compared the coding sequence and promoter sequence of FsHemF between yellow- and green-leaf Forsythia. We found that one G-box light-responsive cis-element was absent in the promoter region of green-leaf lines. To investigate the functional role of FsHemF, we performed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of FsHemF in green-leaf Forsythia, which leads to yellowing leaf veins, decreased chlorophyll b content, and inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis. The results will assist in elucidating the mechanism of yellow-leaf Forsythia in response to light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengtian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Ma Y, Xue M, Zhang X, Chen S. Genome-wide analysis of the metallothionein gene family in cassava reveals its role in response to physiological stress through the regulation of reactive oxygen species. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:227. [PMID: 37118665 PMCID: PMC10142807 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is widely planted in tropical and several subtropical regions in which drought, high temperatures, and other abiotic stresses occur. Metallothionein (MT) is a group of conjugated proteins with small molecular weight and rich in cysteine. These proteins play a substantial role in response to physiological stress through the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the biological functions of MT genes in cassava are unknown. RESULTS A total of 10 MeMT genes were identified in the cassava genome. The MeMTs were divided into 3 groups (Types 2-4) based on the contents and distribution of Cys residues. The MeMTs exhibited tissue-specific expression and located on 7 chromosomes. The MeMT promoters contain some hormones regulatory and stresses responsiveness elements. MeMTs were upregulated under hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment and in respond to post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD). The results were consistent with defense-responsive cis-acting elements in the MeMT promoters. Further, four of MeMTs were selected and silenced by using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method to evaluate their functional characterization. The results of gene-silenced cassava suggest that MeMTs are involved in oxidative stress resistance, as ROS scavengers. CONCLUSION We identified the 10 MeMT genes, and explore their evolutionary relationship, conserved motif, and tissue-specific expression. The expression profiles of MeMTs under three kinds of abiotic stresses (wounding, low-temperature, and H2O2) and during PPD were analyzed. The tissue-specific expression and the response to abiotic stresses revealed the role of MT in plant growth and development. Furthermore, silenced expression of MeMTs in cassava leaves decreased its tolerance to ROS, consistent with its predicted role as ROS scavengers. In summary, our results suggest an important role of MeMTs in response to physiological stress as well as species adaptation via the regulation of ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization of Cassava, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Maofu Xue
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization of Cassava, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Cali, 763537, Colombia
| | - Songbi Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization of Cassava, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Tao GY, Xie YH, Li WF, Li KP, Sun C, Wang HM, Sun XM. LkARF7 and LkARF19 overexpression promote adventitious root formation in a heterologous poplar model by positively regulating LkBBM1. Commun Biol 2023; 6:372. [PMID: 37020138 PMCID: PMC10076273 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuttage propagation involves adventitious root formation induced by auxin. In our previous study, Larix kaempferi BABY BOOM 1 (LkBBM1), which is known to regulate adventitious root formation, was affected by auxin. However, the relationship between LkBBM1 and auxin remains unclear. Auxin response factors (ARFs) are a class of important transcription factors in the auxin signaling pathway and modulate the expression of early auxin-responsive genes by binding to auxin response elements. In the present study, we identified 14 L. kaempferi ARFs (LkARFs), and found LkARF7 and LkARF19 bound to LkBBM1 promoter and enhanced its transcription using yeast one-hybrid, ChIP-qPCR, and dual-luciferase assays. In addition, the treatment with naphthalene acetic acid promoted the expression of LkARF7 and LkARF19. We also found that overexpression of these two genes in poplar promoted adventitious root formation. Furthermore, LkARF19 interacted with the DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 53-like protein to form a heterodimer to regulate adventitious root formation. Altogether, our results reveal an additional regulatory mechanism underlying the control of adventitious root formation by auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yun-Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wan-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Kui-Peng Li
- Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Guangxi, 530009, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hong-Ming Wang
- College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Gansu, 741000, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
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7
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Pabón-Mora N, Suárez-Baron H, Madrigal Y, Alzate JF, González F. Expression and Functional Studies of Leaf, Floral, and Fruit Developmental Genes in Non-model Species. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:365-401. [PMID: 37540370 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Researchers working on evolutionary developmental plant biology are inclined to choose non-model taxa to address how specific features have been acquired during ontogeny and fixed during phylogeny. In this chapter we describe methods to extract RNA, to assemble de-novo transcriptomes, to isolate orthologous genes within gene families, and to evaluate expression and function of target genes. We have successfully optimized these protocols for non-model plant species including ferns, gymnosperms, and a large assortment of angiosperms. In the latter, we have ranged a large number of families including Aristolochiaceae, Apodanthaceae, Chloranthaceae, Orchidaceae, Papaveraceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, and Tropaeolaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harold Suárez-Baron
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yesenia Madrigal
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Favio González
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
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Guo G, Li MJ, Lai JL, Du ZY, Liao QS. Development of tobacco rattle virus-based platform for dual heterologous gene expression and CRISPR/Cas reagent delivery. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111491. [PMID: 36216296 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large number of viral delivery systems have been developed for characterizing functional genes and producing heterologous recombinant proteins in plants, and but most of them are unable to co-express two fusion-free foreign proteins in the whole plant for extended periods of time. In this study, we modified tobacco rattle virus (TRV) as a TRVe dual delivery vector, using the strategy of gene substitution. The reconstructed TRVe had the capability to simultaneously produce two fusion-free foreign proteins at the whole level of Nicotiana benthamiana, and maintained the genetic stability for the insert of double foreign genes. Moreover, TRVe allowed systemic expression of two foreign proteins with the total lengths up to ∼900 aa residues. In addition, Cas12a protein and crRNA were delivered by the TRVe expression system for site-directed editing of genomic DNA in N. benthamiana 16c line constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Taker together, the TRV-based delivery system will be a simple and powerful means to rapidly co-express two non-fused foreign proteins at the whole level and facilitate functional genomics studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Meng-Jiao Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Jia-Liang Lai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zhi-You Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Qian-Sheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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Pfeifer K, Frieß JL, Giese B. Insect allies-Assessment of a viral approach to plant genome editing. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:1488-1499. [PMID: 35018716 PMCID: PMC9790436 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Insect Allies program of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has already sparked scientific debate concerning technology assessment-related issues, among which the most prevalent is that of dual use. Apart from the issues concerning peaceful applications, the technology also provides the blueprint for a potential bioweapon. However, the combination of a virus-induced genetic modification of crop plants in the field using genetically modified insect vectors poses a greater risk than the hitherto existing use of genetically modified organisms. The technology's great depth of intervention allows a number of sources for hazard and a tendency towards high exposure, but it is also encumbered with notable deficits in knowledge. These issues call for a thorough technology assessment. This article aims to provide an initial characterization from a technology assessment perspective, focusing on potential sources of risk for this novel invasive environmental biotechnology at an early stage of research and development. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1488-1499. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pfeifer
- Institute of Synthetic BioarchitecturesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Johannes L. Frieß
- Institute of Safety and Risk Sciences (ISR)University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bernd Giese
- Institute of Safety and Risk Sciences (ISR)University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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10
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Palmer L, Chuang L, Siegmund M, Kunert M, Yamamoto K, Sonawane P, O'Connor SE. In vivo characterization of key iridoid biosynthesis pathway genes in catnip (Nepeta cataria). PLANTA 2022; 256:99. [PMID: 36222913 PMCID: PMC9556426 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using virus-induced gene silencing, we demonstrated that the enzymes GES, ISY, and MLPL are responsible for nepetalactone biosynthesis in Nepeta cataria. Nepetalactone is the main iridoid that is found in the Nepeta genus and is well-known for its psychoactive effect on house cats. Moreover, there is a burgeoning interest into the effect of nepetalactone on insects. Although the enzymes for nepetalactone biosynthesis have been biochemically assayed in vitro, validation of the role that these enzymes have in planta has not been demonstrated. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a silencing method that relies on transient transformation and is an approach that has been particularly successful when applied to a variety of non-model plants. Here, we use a recently designed visual-marker dependent VIGS system to demonstrate that the nepetalactone biosynthetic enzymes GES, ISY, and MLPL impact nepetalactone biosynthesis in Nepeta cataria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lira Palmer
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ling Chuang
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marlen Siegmund
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Kotaro Yamamoto
- School of Science, Association of International Arts and Science, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Prashant Sonawane
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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11
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Marquez‐Molins J, Hernandez‐Azurdia AG, Urrutia‐Perez M, Pallas V, Gomez G. A circular RNA vector for targeted plant gene silencing based on an asymptomatic viroid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:284-293. [PMID: 35916236 PMCID: PMC9804161 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing for functional studies in plants has been largely facilitated by manipulating viral genomes with inserts from host genes to trigger virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) against the corresponding mRNAs. However, viral genomes encode multiple proteins and can disrupt plant homeostasis by interfering with endogenous cell mechanisms. To try to circumvent this functional limitation, we have developed a silencing method based on the minimal autonomously-infectious nucleic acids currently known: viroids, which lack proven coding capability. The genome of Eggplant latent viroid, an asymptomatic viroid, was manipulated with insertions ranging between 21 and 42 nucleotides. Our results show that, although larger insertions might be tolerated, the maintenance of the secondary structure appears to be critical for viroid genome stability. Remarkably, these modified ELVd molecules are able to induce systemic infection promoting the silencing of target genes in eggplant. Inspired by the design of artificial microRNAs, we have developed a simple and standardized procedure to generate stable insertions into the ELVd genome capable of silencing a specific target gene. Analogously to VIGS, we have termed our approach viroid-induced gene silencing, and demonstrate that it is a promising tool for dissecting gene functions in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Marquez‐Molins
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ‐ Universitat de València (UV)Parc Científic, Cat. Agustín Escardino 946980PaternaSpain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ‐ Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaCPI 8E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Andrea Gabriela Hernandez‐Azurdia
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ‐ Universitat de València (UV)Parc Científic, Cat. Agustín Escardino 946980PaternaSpain
| | - María Urrutia‐Perez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ‐ Universitat de València (UV)Parc Científic, Cat. Agustín Escardino 946980PaternaSpain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ‐ Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaCPI 8E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Gustavo Gomez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ‐ Universitat de València (UV)Parc Científic, Cat. Agustín Escardino 946980PaternaSpain
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12
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Bi X, Guo H, Li X, Zheng L, An M, Xia Z, Wu Y. A novel strategy for improving watermelon resistance to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus by exogenous boron application. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1361-1380. [PMID: 35671152 PMCID: PMC9366068 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mode controlling cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)-induced watermelon blood flesh disease (WBFD) is largely unknown. In this study, we have found that application of exogenous boron suppressed CGMMV infection in watermelon fruit and alleviated WBFD symptoms. Our transcriptome analysis showed that the most up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with polyamine and auxin biosynthesis, abscisic acid catabolism, defence-related pathways, cell wall modification, and energy and secondary metabolism, while the down-regulated DEGs were mostly involved in ethylene biosynthesis, cell wall catabolism, and plasma membrane functions. Our virus-induced gene silencing results showed that silencing of SPDS expression in watermelon resulted in a higher putrescine content and an inhibited CGMMV infection correlating with no WBFD symptoms. SBT and TUBB1 were also required for CGMMV infection. In contrast, silencing of XTH23 and PE/PEI7 (low-level lignin, cellulose and pectin) and ATPS1 (low-level glutathione) promoted CGMMV accumulation. Furthermore, RAP2-3, MYB6, WRKY12, H2A, and DnaJ11 are likely to participate in host antiviral resistance. In addition, a higher (spermidine + spermine):putrescine ratio, malondialdehyde content, and lactic acid content were responsible for fruit decay and acidification. Our results provide new knowledge on the roles of boron in watermelon resistance to CGMMV-induced WBFD. This new knowledge can be used to design better control methods for CGMMV in the field and to breed CGMMV resistant watermelon and other cucurbit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Bi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Huiyan Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
- Centre for Biological Disaster Prevention and ControlNational Forestry and Grassland AdministrationShenyangChina
| | - Lijiao Zheng
- Xinmin City Agricultural Technology Extension CentreShenyangChina
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
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13
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Zhou P, Dang J, Shi Z, Shao Y, Sang M, Dai S, Yue W, Liu C, Wu Q. Identification and characterization of a novel gene involved in glandular trichome development in Nepeta tenuifolia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:936244. [PMID: 35968082 PMCID: PMC9372485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.936244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nepeta tenuifolia is a medicinal plant rich in terpenoids and flavonoids with antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. The peltate glandular trichome (PGT) is a multicellular structure considered to be the primary storage organ for monoterpenes; it may serve as an ideal model for studying cell differentiation and the development of glandular trichomes (GTs). The genes that regulate the development of GTs have not yet been well studied. In this study, we identified NtMIXTA1, a GT development-associated gene from the R2R3 MYB SBG9 family. NtMIXTA1 overexpression in tobacco resulted in the production of longer and denser GTs. Virus-induced gene silencing of NtMIXTA1 resulted in lower PGT density, a significant reduction in monoterpene concentration, and the decreased expression of genes related to monoterpene biosynthesis. Comparative transcriptome and widely targeted metabolic analyses revealed that silencing NtMIXTA1 significantly influenced the expression of genes, and the production of metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, flavonoids, and lipids. This study provides a solid foundation describing a mechanism underlying the regulation of GT development. In addition, this study further deepens our understanding of the regulatory networks involved in GT development and GT development-associated metabolite flux, as well as provides valuable reference data for studying plants with a high medicinal value without genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peina Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjie Dang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Zunrui Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfang Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengru Sang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilin Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
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14
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Akbar S, Wei Y, Zhang MQ. RNA Interference: Promising Approach to Combat Plant Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105312. [PMID: 35628126 PMCID: PMC9142109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are devastating plant pathogens that severely affect crop yield and quality. Plants have developed multiple lines of defense systems to combat viral infection. Gene silencing/RNA interference is the key defense system in plants that inhibits the virulence and multiplication of pathogens. The general mechanism of RNAi involves (i) the transcription and cleavage of dsRNA into small RNA molecules, such as microRNA (miRNA), or small interfering RNA (siRNA), (ii) the loading of siRNA/miRNA into an RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC), (iii) complementary base pairing between siRNA/miRNA with a targeted gene, and (iv) the cleavage or repression of a target gene with an Argonaute (AGO) protein. This natural RNAi pathway could introduce transgenes targeting various viral genes to induce gene silencing. Different RNAi pathways are reported for the artificial silencing of viral genes. These include Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS), Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS), and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS). There are significant limitations in HIGS and VIGS technology, such as lengthy and time-consuming processes, off-target effects, and public concerns regarding genetically modified (GM) transgenic plants. Here, we provide in-depth knowledge regarding SIGS, which efficiently provides RNAi resistance development against targeted genes without the need for GM transgenic plants. We give an overview of the defense system of plants against viral infection, including a detailed mechanism of RNAi, small RNA molecules and their types, and various kinds of RNAi pathways. This review will describe how RNA interference provides the antiviral defense, recent improvements, and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Akbar
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yao Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Mu-Qing Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (Y.W.)
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
- Correspondence: or
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15
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Yang B, Wei Y, Liang C, Guo J, Niu T, Zhang P, Wen P. VvANR silencing promotes expression of VvANS and accumulation of anthocyanin in grape berries. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:743-753. [PMID: 34448083 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was applied to silence VvANR in cv. Zaoheibao grape berries, and the effects of VvANR silencing on berries phenotype; gene expression level of ANS, LAR1, LAR2, and UFGT; enzyme activity of ANS; and accumulations of anthocyanin and flavan-3-ol were investigated. At the third day after treatment, the VvANR silenced grape berries began to turn red slightly, which was 2 days earlier than that of the control group. And the flavan-3-ol content in VvANR-silenced grape berries had been remarkable within 1 to 5 days, the ANR enzyme activity in VvANR-silenced grapes extremely significantly decreased in 3 days, and LAR enzyme activity also decreased, but the difference was not striking. The ANS enzyme activity of the transformed berries was significantly higher than that of the control after 3 days of infection, and it was exceedingly significantly higher than that of the control after 5 to 10 days. The content of anthocyanin in transformed berries increased of a very marked difference within 3 to 15 days. pTRV2-ANR infection resulted in an extremely significant decrease in the expression of VvANR gene, and the expression of VvLAR1, VvLAR2, VvMYBPA1, VvMYBPA2, and VvDFR were also down-regulated. However, the expression of VvANS and VvUFGT was up-regulated significantly. After VvANR silencing via VIGS, VvANR expression in grape berries was extremely significantly decreased, resulting in decreased ANR enzyme activity and flavan-3-ol content; berries turned red and deeper in advance. In addition, VvANR silencing can induce up-regulation of VvANS and VvUFGT expression, significantly increase ANS enzyme activity, and increase of anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Changmei Liang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianyong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Tiequan Niu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Wen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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16
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Defense Strategies: The Role of Transcription Factors in Tomato-Pathogen Interaction. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020235. [PMID: 35205101 PMCID: PMC8869667 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tomato is one of the most cultivated and economically important vegetable crops throughout the world. It is affected by a panoply of different pathogens that cause infectious diseases that reduce tomato yield and affect product quality, with the most common symptoms being wilts, leaf spots/blights, fruit spots, and rots. To survive, tomato, as other plants, have developed elaborate defense mechanisms against plant pathogens. Among several genes already identified in tomato response to pathogens, we highlight those encoding the transcription factors (TFs). TFs are regulators of gene expression and are involved in large-scale biological phenomena. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of tomato TFs regarding defense responses to pathogen attack, selected for their abundance, importance, and availability of functionally well-characterized members. Tomato TFs’ roles and the possibilities related to their use for genetic engineering in view of crop breeding are presented. Abstract Tomato, one of the most cultivated and economically important vegetable crops throughout the world, is affected by a panoply of different pathogens that reduce yield and affect product quality. The study of tomato–pathogen system arises as an ideal system for better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance, offering an opportunity of improving yield and quality of the products. Among several genes already identified in tomato response to pathogens, we highlight those encoding the transcription factors (TFs). TFs act as transcriptional activators or repressors of gene expression and are involved in large-scale biological phenomena. They are key regulators of central components of plant innate immune system and basal defense in diverse biological processes, including defense responses to pathogens. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of tomato TFs regarding defense responses to biotic stresses. Hence, we focus on different families of TFs, selected for their abundance, importance, and availability of functionally well-characterized members in response to pathogen attack. Tomato TFs’ roles and possibilities related to their use for engineering pathogen resistance in tomato are presented. With this review, we intend to provide new insights into the regulation of tomato defense mechanisms against invading pathogens in view of plant breeding.
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Kumar G, Kumari K, Dasgupta I. RTBV-Based VIGS Vector for Functional Genomics in Rice: Methodology, Advances, Challenges, and Future Implications. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2408:117-131. [PMID: 35325420 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1875-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The availability of protocols for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in rice has opened up an important channel for the elucidation of gene functions in this important crop plant. Here, we present an updated protocol of a VIGS system based on Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) for gene silencing in rice. We present complete updated protocols for VIGS in rice, compare the system with other existing ones for monocots, identify some of the challenges faced by this system and discuss ways in which the vector could be improved for better silencing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.
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18
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Liu Q, Xu K, Yi L, Hou Y, Li D, Hu H, Zhou F, Song P, Yu Y, Wei Q, Guan Y, Hu P, Bu R, Chen E, Su X, Li H, Li C. A rapid, simple, and highly efficient method for VIGS and in vitro-inoculation of plant virus by INABS applied to crops that develop axillary buds and can survive from cuttings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:545. [PMID: 34800968 PMCID: PMC8605592 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one of the most convenient and powerful methods of reverse genetics. In vitro-inoculation of plant virus is an important method for studying the interactions between viruses and plants. Agrobacterium-based infiltration has been widely adopted as a tool for VIGS and in vitro-inoculation of plant virus. Most agrobacterium-based infiltration methods applied to VIGS and virus inoculation have the characteristics of low transformation efficiencies, long plant growth time, large amounts of plant tissue, large test spaces, and complex preparation procedures. Therefore, a rapid, simple, economical, and highly efficient VIGS and virus inoculation method is in need. Previous studies have shown that the selection of suitable plant tissues and inoculation sites is the key to successful infection. RESULTS In this study, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) mediated VIGS and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) for virus inoculation were developed in tomato plants based on the agrobacterium tumefaciens-based infiltration by injection of the no-apical-bud stem section (INABS). The no-apical-bud stem section had a "Y- type" asymmetric structure and contained an axillary bud that was about 1-3 cm in length. This protocol provides high transformation (56.7%) and inoculation efficiency (68.3%), which generates VIGS transformants or diseased plants in a very short period (8 dpi). Moreover, it greatly reduces the required experimental space. This method will facilitate functional genomic studies and large-scale disease resistance screening. CONCLUSIONS Overall, a rapid, simple, and highly efficient method for VIGS and virus inoculation by INABS was developed in tomato. It was reasonable to believe that it can be used as a reference for the other virus inoculation methods and for the application of VIGS to other crops (such as sweet potato, potato, cassava and tobacco) that develop axillary buds and can survive from cuttings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466000, China
| | - Lun Yi
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yalin Hou
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Puwen Song
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yongang Yu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Qichao Wei
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Ruifang Bu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Eryong Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Xiaojia Su
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Chengwei Li
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China.
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Abstract
Plant epidermis are multifunctional surfaces that directly affect how plants interact with animals or microorganisms and influence their ability to harvest or protect from abiotic factors. To do this, plants rely on minuscule structures that confer remarkable properties to their outer layer. These microscopic features emerge from the hierarchical organization of epidermal cells with various shapes and dimensions combined with different elaborations of the cuticle, a protective film that covers plant surfaces. Understanding the properties and functions of those tridimensional elements as well as disentangling the mechanisms that control their formation and spatial distribution warrant a multidisciplinary approach. Here we show how interdisciplinary efforts of coupling modern tools of experimental biology, physics, and chemistry with advanced computational modeling and state-of-the art microscopy are yielding broad new insights into the seemingly arcane patterning processes that sculpt the outer layer of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Riglet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Gatti
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Downing Site, CB2 3EJ, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Tuo D, Zhou P, Yan P, Cui H, Liu Y, Wang H, Yang X, Liao W, Sun D, Li X, Shen W. A cassava common mosaic virus vector for virus-induced gene silencing in cassava. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:74. [PMID: 34247636 PMCID: PMC8273954 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava is an important crop for food security and industry in the least-developed and developing countries. The completion of the cassava genome sequence and identification of large numbers of candidate genes by next-generation sequencing provide extensive resources for cassava molecular breeding and increase the need for rapid and efficient gene function analysis systems in cassava. Several plant virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) systems have been developed as reverse genetic tools for rapid gene function analysis in cassava. However, these VIGS vectors could cause severe viral symptoms or inefficient gene silencing. RESULTS In this study, we constructed agroinfection-compatible infectious cDNA clones of cassava common mosaic virus isolate CM (CsCMV-CM, genus Potexvirus, family Alphaflexiviridae) that causes systemic infection with mild symptoms in cassava. CsCMV-CM was then modified to a viral vector carrying the Nimble cloning frame, which facilitates the rapid and high-throughput cloning of silencing fragments into the viral genome. The CsCMV-based vector successfully silenced phytoene desaturase (PDS) and magnesium chelatase subunit I (ChlI) in different cassava varieties and Nicotiana benthamiana. The silencing of the ChlI gene could persist for more than two months. CONCLUSIONS This CsCMV-based VIGS system provides a new tool for rapid and efficient gene function studies in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiukun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wenbin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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21
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Tuo D, Yan P, Zhao G, Cui H, Zhu G, Liu Y, Yang X, Wang H, Li X, Shen W, Zhou P. An efficient papaya leaf distortion mosaic potyvirus vector for virus-induced gene silencing in papaya. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:144. [PMID: 34193861 PMCID: PMC8245588 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is regarded as an excellent model for genomic studies of tropical trees because of its short generation time and its small genome that has been sequenced. However, functional genomic studies in papaya depend on laborious genetic transformations because no rapid tools exist for this species. Here, we developed a highly efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for use in papaya by modifying an artificially attenuated infectious clone of papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV; genus: Potyvirus), PLDMV-E, into a stable Nimble Cloning (NC)-based PLDMV vector, pPLDMV-NC, in Escherichia coli. The target fragments for gene silencing can easily be cloned into pPLDMV-NC without multiple digestion and ligation steps. Using this PLDMV VIGS system, we silenced and characterized five endogenous genes in papaya, including two common VIGS marker genes, namely, phytoene desaturase, Mg-chelatase H subunit, putative GIBBERELLIN (GA)-INSENSITIVE DWARF1A and 1B encoding GA receptors; and the cytochrome P450 gene CYP83B1, which encodes a key enzyme involved in benzylglucosinolate biosynthesis. The results demonstrate that our newly developed PLDMV VIGS vector is a rapid and convenient tool for functional genomic studies in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Guopeng Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Xiukun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China.
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, 571101, Haikou, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources & Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101, Haikou, China.
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, 571101, Haikou, China.
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Construction of Infectious Clones of Begomoviruses: Strategies, Techniques and Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070604. [PMID: 34209952 PMCID: PMC8301103 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Begomovirus has a wide host range and threatens a significant amount of economic damage to many important crops such as tomatoes, beans, cassava, squash and cotton. There are many efforts directed at controlling this disease including the use of insecticides to control the insect vector as well as screening the resistant varieties. The use of synthetic virus or infectious clones approaches has allowed plant virologists to characterize and exploit the genome virus at the molecular and biological levels. By exploiting the DNA of the virus using the infectious clones strategy, the viral genome can be manipulated at specific regions to study functional genes for host–virus interactions. Thus, this review will provide an overview of the strategy to construct infectious clones of Begomovirus. The significance of established infectious clones in Begomovirus study will also be discussed. Abstract Begomovirus has become a potential threat to the agriculture sector. It causes significant losses to several economically important crops. Given this considerable loss, the development of tools to study viral genomes and function is needed. Infectious clones approaches and applications have allowed the direct exploitation of virus genomes. Infectious clones of DNA viruses are the critical instrument for functional characterization of the notable and newly discovered virus. Understanding of structure and composition of viruses has contributed to the evolution of molecular plant pathology. Therefore, this review provides extensive guidelines on the strategy to construct infectious clones of Begomovirus. Also, this technique’s impacts and benefits in controlling and understanding the Begomovirus infection will be discussed.
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Khakhar A, Voytas DF. RNA Viral Vectors for Accelerating Plant Synthetic Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668580. [PMID: 34249040 PMCID: PMC8261061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The tools of synthetic biology have enormous potential to help us uncover the fundamental mechanisms controlling development and metabolism in plants. However, their effective utilization typically requires transgenesis, which is plagued by long timescales and high costs. In this review we explore how transgenesis can be minimized by delivering foreign genetic material to plants with systemically mobile and persistent vectors based on RNA viruses. We examine the progress that has been made thus far and highlight the hurdles that need to be overcome and some potential strategies to do so. We conclude with a discussion of biocontainment mechanisms to ensure these vectors can be used safely as well as how these vectors might expand the accessibility of plant synthetic biology techniques. RNA vectors stand poised to revolutionize plant synthetic biology by making genetic manipulation of plants cheaper and easier to deploy, as well as by accelerating experimental timescales from years to weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Khakhar
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Daniel F. Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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24
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Kang WH, Park B, Lee J, Yeom SI. Tissue-Specific RNA-Seq Analysis and Identification of Receptor-Like Proteins Related to Plant Growth in Capsicum annuum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:972. [PMID: 34068172 PMCID: PMC8152994 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are a gene family of cell surface receptors that are involved in plant growth, development, and disease resistance. In a recent study, 438 pepper RLP genes were identified in the Capsicum annuum genome (CaRLPs) and determined to be present in response to multiple biotic stresses. To further understand the role of CaRLPs in plant growth and development, we analyzed expression patterns of all CaRLPs from various pepper tissues and developmental stages using RNA-seq. Ten CaRLP genes were selected for further analysis according to transcript levels with hierarchical clustering. The selected CaRLP genes displayed similarity of motifs within the same groups and structures typical of RLPs. To examine RLP function in growth and development, we performed loss-of-function analysis using a virus-induced gene silencing system. Three of the ten tested CaRLPs (CaRLP238, 253, and 360) in silenced plants exhibited phenotypic alteration with growth retardation compared to controls. All three gene-silenced peppers showed significant differences in root dry weight. Only CaRLP238 had significant differences in both root and shoot dry weight. Our results suggest that CaRLPs may play important roles in regulation of plant growth and development as well as function in defense responses to biotic stresses in the RLP gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hee Kang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Boseul Park
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Junesung Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Seon-In Yeom
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.P.); (J.L.)
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25
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Genome editing reagent delivery in plants. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:321-335. [PMID: 33728594 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing holds the potential for rapid crop improvement to meet the challenge of feeding the planet in a changing climate. The delivery of gene editing reagents into the plant cells has been dominated by plasmid vectors delivered using agrobacterium or particle bombardment. This approach involves the production of genetically engineered plants, which need to undergo regulatory approvals. There are various reagent delivery approaches available that have enabled the delivery of DNA-free editing reagents. They invariably involve the use of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), especially in the case of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. The explant of choice for most of the non-DNA approaches utilizes protoplasts as the recipient explant. While the editing efficiency is high in protoplasts, the ability to regenerate individual plants from edited protoplasts remains a challenge. There are various innovative delivery approaches being utilized to perform in planta edits that can be incorporated in the germline cells or inherited via seed. With the modification and adoption of various novel approaches currently being used in animal systems, it seems likely that non-transgenic genome editing will become routine in higher plants.
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26
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Jiang Z, Zhao Q, Bai R, Yu R, Diao P, Yan T, Duan H, Ma X, Zhou Z, Fan Y, Wuriyanghan H. Host sunflower-induced silencing of parasitism-related genes confers resistance to invading Orobanche cumana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:424-440. [PMID: 33721890 PMCID: PMC8133596 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Orobanche cumana is a holoparasitic plant that attaches to host-plant roots and seriously reduces the yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Effective control methods are lacking with only a few known sources of genetic resistance. In this study, a seed-soak agroinoculation (SSA) method was established, and recombinant tobacco rattle virus vectors were constructed to express RNA interference (RNAi) inducers to cause virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in sunflower. A host target gene HaTubulin was systemically silenced in both leaf and root tissues by the SSA-VIGS approach. Trans-species silencing of O. cumana genes were confirmed for 10 out of 11 target genes with silencing efficiency of 23.43%-92.67%. Knockdown of target OcQR1, OcCKX5, and OcWRI1 genes reduced the haustoria number, and silencing of OcEXPA6 caused further phenotypic abnormalities such as shorter tubercles and necrosis. Overexpression of OcEXPA6 caused retarded root growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The results demonstrate that these genes play an important role in the processes of O. cumana parasitism. High-throughput small RNA (sRNA) sequencing and bioinformatics analyses unveiled the distinct features of target gene-derived siRNAs in O. cumana such as siRNA transitivity, strand polarity, hotspot region, and 21/22-nt siRNA predominance, the latter of which was confirmed by Northern blot experiments. The possible RNAi mechanism is also discussed by analyzing RNAi machinery genes in O. cumana. Taken together, we established an efficient host-induced gene silencing technology for both functional genetics studies and potential control of O. cumana. The ease and effectiveness of this strategy could potentially be useful for other species provided they are amenable to SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Runyao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Diao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Zikai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Hada Wuriyanghan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
- Author for communication:
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27
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Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a versatile tool for genetic studies that has been applied to a variety of plant species. With the advent of more accessible genomic and transcriptomic technology applied to an increasing range of plants, tools such as VIGS are being adapted to more non-model plants to explore genes relevant to agriculture and chemical discovery. In this protocol, we adapted VIGS technology to target genes in Nepeta cataria (catnip) and Nepeta mussinii (catmint). These plants carry biochemical and economical value for their production of nepetalactone, an iridoid which provokes a strong reaction in both house cats and aphids. We describe a method to target magnesium chelatase subunit H (CHlH), a gene often targeted as a visual marker for VIGS. Furthermore, we describe a method to simultaneously target two genes in a single plant, which aids in the study of genes found in key biochemical steps in the production of nepetalactone. This approach, which was successfully applied in two members of the Lamiaceae family (mint), could be adapted to other members of the mint family with economical and chemical value.
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28
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Werner Ribeiro C, Dugé de Bernonville T, Glévarec G, Lanoue A, Oudin A, Pichon O, St-Pierre B, Courdavault V, Besseau S. ALSV-Based Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Apple Tree (Malus × domestica L.). METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2172:183-197. [PMID: 32557370 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0751-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a fast and efficient tool to investigate gene function in plant as an alternative to knock down/out transgenic lines, especially in plant species difficult to transform and challenging to regenerate such as perennial woody plants. In apple tree, a VIGS vector has been previously developed based on the Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) and an efficient inoculation method has been optimized using biolistics. This report described detailed step-by-step procedure to design and silence a gene of interest (GOI) in apple tree tissues using the ALSV-based vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
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29
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Li HL, Guo D, Wang Y, Zhu JH, Qu L, Peng SQ. Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing in Hevea brasiliensis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:562-567. [PMID: 33590039 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful gene-silencing tool that has been intensively applied in plants. To data, the application of VIGS in rubber tree has not yet been reported. In this study, we described the efficient gene silencing in rubber tree by VIGS. The gene encoding Hevea brasiliensis phytoene desaturase (HbPDS) was identified in rubber tree genome. Small interfering RNAs from HbPDS and the silencing gene fragment were predicted and a length of 399 bp was selected to be tested. We showed that the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-VIGS could induce effective HbPDS silencing in rubber tree. This study was the first to report VIGS in rubber tree. The present TRV-VIGS method could be used to perform reverse genetic approaches to identify unknown gene functions and might be further applied to produce gene silenced rubber tree plants, to advance functional gene of rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jia-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Long Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.,School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shi-Qing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.,Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Haikou, China
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30
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Salava H, Thula S, Mohan V, Kumar R, Maghuly F. Application of Genome Editing in Tomato Breeding: Mechanisms, Advances, and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E682. [PMID: 33445555 PMCID: PMC7827871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants regularly face the changing climatic conditions that cause biotic and abiotic stress responses. The abiotic stresses are the primary constraints affecting crop yield and nutritional quality in many crop plants. The advances in genome sequencing and high-throughput approaches have enabled the researchers to use genome editing tools for the functional characterization of many genes useful for crop improvement. The present review focuses on the genome editing tools for improving many traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, quality, and nutritional aspects of tomato. Many candidate genes conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, drought, and salinity stress have been successfully manipulated by gene modification and editing techniques such as RNA interference, insertional mutagenesis, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9). In this regard, the genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, which is a fast and efficient technology that can be exploited to explore the genetic resources for the improvement of tomato and other crop plants in terms of stress tolerance and nutritional quality. The review presents examples of gene editing responsible for conferring both biotic and abiotic stresses in tomato simultaneously. The literature on using this powerful technology to improve fruit quality, yield, and nutritional aspects in tomato is highlighted. Finally, the prospects and challenges of genome editing, public and political acceptance in tomato are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hymavathi Salava
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500064, India;
| | - Sravankumar Thula
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500064, India;
| | - Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Hu Q, Zeng M, Wang M, Huang X, Li J, Feng C, Xuan L, Liu L, Huang G. Family-Wide Evaluation of Multiple C2 Domain and Transmembrane Region Protein in Gossypium hirsutum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767667. [PMID: 34759949 PMCID: PMC8573151 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs) are a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins and show emerging roles in mediating protein trafficking and signaling transduction. Although, several studies showed that MCTPs play important roles during plant growth and development, their biological functions in cotton remain largely unknown. Here, we identify and characterize 33 GhMCTP genes from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and reveal the diverse expression patterns of GhMCTPs in various tissues. We also find that GhMCTP7, GhMCTP12, and GhMCTP17 are highly expressed in the main stem apex, suggesting their possible roles in shoot development. Through analyzing different cotton species, we discover plant heights are closely related to the expression levels of GhMCTP7, GhMCTP12, and GhMCTP17. Furthermore, we silence the expression of GhMCTP genes using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system in cotton and find that GhMCTP7, GhMCTP12, and GhMCTP17 play an essential role in shoot meristem development. GhMCTPs interact with GhKNAT1 and GhKNAT2 and regulate meristem development through integrating multiple signal pathways. Taken together, our results demonstrate functional redundancy of GhMCTPs in cotton shoot meristem development and provide a valuable resource to further study various functions of GhMCTPs in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhui Feng
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijie Xuan
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Lu Liu,
| | - Gengqing Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China
- *Correspondence: Gengqing Huang,
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32
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Wang M, Gao S, Zeng W, Yang Y, Ma J, Wang Y. Plant Virology Delivers Diverse Toolsets for Biotechnology. Viruses 2020; 12:E1338. [PMID: 33238421 PMCID: PMC7700544 DOI: 10.3390/v12111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a hundred years of research on plant viruses has led to a detailed understanding of viral replication, movement, and host-virus interactions. The functions of vast viral genes have also been annotated. With an increased understanding of plant viruses and plant-virus interactions, various viruses have been developed as vectors to modulate gene expressions for functional studies as well as for fulfilling the needs in biotechnology. These approaches are invaluable not only for molecular breeding and functional genomics studies related to pivotal agronomic traits, but also for the production of vaccines and health-promoting carotenoids. This review summarizes the latest progress in these forefronts as well as the available viral vectors for economically important crops and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Shilei Gao
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Wenzhi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Junfei Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA;
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA;
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Zhao J, Mejias J, Quentin M, Chen Y, de Almeida-Engler J, Mao Z, Sun Q, Liu Q, Xie B, Abad P, Favery B, Jian H. The root-knot nematode effector MiPDI1 targets a stress-associated protein (SAP) to establish disease in Solanaceae and Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1417-1430. [PMID: 32542658 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of effectors are secreted by the oesophageal glands of plant-parasitic nematodes, but their molecular mode of action remains largely unknown. We characterized a Meloidogyne incognita protein disulphide isomerase (PDI)-like effector protein (MiPDI1) that facilitates nematode parasitism. In situ hybridization showed that MiPDI1 was expressed specifically in the subventral glands of M. incognita. It was significantly upregulated during parasitic stages. Immunolocalization demonstrated MiPDI1 secretion in planta during nematode migration and within the feeding cells. Host-induced silencing of the MiPDI1 gene affected the ability of the nematode to infect the host, whereas MiPDI1 expression in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to M. incognita, providing evidence for a key role of MiPDI1 in M. incognita parasitism. Yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that MiPDI1 interacted with a tomato stress-associated protein (SlSAP12) orthologous to the redox-regulated AtSAP12, which plays an important role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. SAP12 silencing or knocking out in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to M. incognita. Our results suggest that MiPDI1 acts as a pathogenicity factor promoting disease by fine-tuning SAP-mediated responses at the interface of redox signalling, defence and stress acclimation in Solanaceae and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | | | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Sukarta OC, Townsend PD, Llewelyn A, Dixon CH, Slootweg EJ, Pålsson LO, Takken FL, Goverse A, Cann MJ. A DNA-Binding Bromodomain-Containing Protein Interacts with and Reduces Rx1-Mediated Immune Response to Potato Virus X. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100086. [PMID: 32715296 PMCID: PMC7371201 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant NLR proteins enable the immune system to recognize and respond to pathogen attack. An early consequence of immune activation is transcriptional reprogramming. Some NLRs have been shown to act in the nucleus and interact with transcription factors. The Rx1 NLR protein of potato binds and distorts double-stranded DNA. However, the components of the chromatin-localized Rx1 complex are largely unknown. Here, we report a physical and functional interaction between Rx1 and NbDBCP, a bromodomain-containing chromatin-interacting protein. NbDBCP accumulates in the nucleoplasm and nucleolus, interacts with chromatin, and redistributes Rx1 to the nucleolus in a subpopulation of imaged cells. Rx1 overexpression reduces the interaction between NbDBCP and chromatin. NbDBCP is a negative regulator of Rx1-mediated immune responses to potato virus X (PVX), and this activity requires an intact bromodomain. Previously, Rx1 has been shown to regulate the DNA-binding activity of a Golden2-like transcription factor, NbGlk1. Rx1 and NbDBCP act synergistically to reduce NbGlk1 DNA binding, suggesting a mode of action for NbDBCP's inhibitory effect on immunity. This study provides new mechanistic insight into the mechanism by which a chromatin-localized NLR complex co-ordinates immune signaling after pathogen perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavina C.A. Sukarta
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip D. Townsend
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Alexander Llewelyn
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Christopher H. Dixon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Erik J. Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars-Olof Pålsson
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Frank L.W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Cann
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Nishii K, Fei Y, Hudson A, Möller M, Molnar A. Virus-induced Gene Silencing in Streptocarpus rexii (Gesneriaceae). Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:317-325. [PMID: 32146689 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many members of the family Gesneriaceae are cultivated as ornamental plants, including Cape primrose (Streptocarpus) species. The range of plant architecture found in this genus has also made it a model to study leaf and meristem development and their evolution. However, the lack of tools to study gene functions through reverse genetics in Streptocarpus has limited the exploitation of its genetic potential. To aid functional genomic studies in Streptocarpus rexii, we sought to investigate virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Using the broad host range Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) to target the PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) gene of S. rexii, we show that infection with sap from Nicotiana benthamiana triggered VIGS efficiently. VIGS was most effective in the seedling leaves 8 weeks after sowing, but was limited in duration and systemic spread. This study reports the first successful use of VIGS in Streptocarpus and in the family Gesneriaceae. The inoculation of viral sap derived from N. benthamiana was able to overcome the difficulties of standard Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in this genus. Irrespective of its transient effect, this VIGS system will be useful to assess gene function at the cellular level and represent an important tool for further understanding molecular mechanisms in Streptocarpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Nishii
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK.
- Kanagawa University, 2946, Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1293, Japan.
| | - Yue Fei
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Michael Möller
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK
| | - Attila Molnar
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK.
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Li Y, Liu Y, Qi F, Deng C, Lu C, Huang H, Dai S. Establishment of virus-induced gene silencing system and functional analysis of ScbHLH17 in Senecio cruentus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:272-279. [PMID: 31891861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a technology for rapid gene functional analysis that depends on the degradation of viral RNA and is part of the natural defense mechanism in plants. Senecio cruentus is an important Compositae ornamental species that is plentiful and available in a variety of colors and has a typical blue variety that is rare in Compositae. These advantages make it a good material for studying the anthocyanin biosynthesis and blue flower formation mechanism. With the development of gene sequencing technology, the functions of many candidate genes that may be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in S. cruentus need to be identified. However, a stable and rapid genetic transformation system of S. cruentus is still lacking. Here, we screened two cultivars, 'Venezia' and 'Jseter', selected ScPDS and ScANS as test genes, and investigated the effect of developmental periods, bacterial cell concentrations and infection methods on gene silencing efficiency. The results showed that the silencing efficiency of S. cruentus leaves was low (13%), and it was less affected by the parameters. However, the transcription factor gene ScbHLH17 was still silenced by VIGS, which resulted in the loss of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, and the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ABP) structural genes, including ScCHI, ScDFR3 and ScANS, were decreased significantly. The result proved that ScbHLH17 was an important transcription factor that regulated flower color formation in S. cruentus. In addition, ScANS-silencing phenotypes were observed in S. cruentus capitulum by vacuum-infiltrating S1 stage buds for 10 min after scape injection. In general, the present study provided an important technical support for the study of anthocyanin metabolism pathways in S. cruentus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fangting Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyan Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) enables the targeted silencing of genes in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and has been used extensively to determine or support the physiological functions of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes. Here we describe detailed protocols involved in the application of VIGS to investigate BIA metabolism in opium poppy.
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Biolistic Approach for Transient Gene Expression Studies in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2124:125-139. [PMID: 32277451 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0356-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception in the late 1980s, the delivery of exogenous nucleic acids into living cells via high-velocity microprojectiles (biolistic, or microparticle bombardment) has been an invaluable tool for both agricultural and fundamental plant research. Here, we review the technical aspects and the major applications of the biolistic method for studies involving transient gene expression in plant cells. These studies cover multiple areas of plant research, including gene expression, protein subcellular localization and cell-to-cell movement, plant virology, silencing, and the more recently developed targeted genome editing via transient expression of customized endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Omics Potential in Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120607. [PMID: 31847327 PMCID: PMC6963460 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of omics technologies has drastically altered the way biologists conduct research. Basic plant biology and genomics have incorporated these technologies, while some challenges remain for use in applied biology. Weed science, on the whole, is still learning how to integrate omics technologies into the discipline; however, omics techniques are more frequently being implemented in new and creative ways to address basic questions in weed biology as well as the more practical questions of improving weed management. This has been especially true in the subdiscipline of herbicide resistance where important questions are the evolution and genetic basis of herbicide resistance. This review examines the advantages, challenges, potential solutions, and outlook for omics technologies in the discipline of weed science, with examples of how omics technologies will impact herbicide resistance studies and ultimately improve management of herbicide-resistant populations.
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Wang X, Chen X, Zhong L, Zhou X, Tang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Zheng H, Zhan R, Chen L. PatJAZ6 Acts as a Repressor Regulating JA-Induced Biosynthesis of Patchouli Alcohol in Pogostemon Cablin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236038. [PMID: 31801204 PMCID: PMC6928788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins act as negative regulators in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways of plants, and these proteins have been reported to play key roles in plant secondary metabolism mediated by JA. In this study, we firstly isolated one JAZ from P. cablin, PatJAZ6, which was characterized and revealed based on multiple alignments and a phylogenic tree analysis. The result of subcellular localization indicated that the PatJAZ6 protein was located in the nucleus of plant protoplasts. The expression level of PatJAZ6 was significantly induced by the methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Furthermore, by means of yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified two transcription factors that interact with the PatJAZ6, the PatMYC2b1 and PatMYC2b2. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of PatJAZ6 caused a decrease in expression abundance, resulting in a significant increase in the accumulation of patchouli alcohol. Moreover, we overexpressed PatJAZ6 in P. cablin, which down-regulated the patchoulol synthase expression, and then suppressed the biosynthesis of patchouli alcohol. The results demonstrate that PatJAZ6 probably acts as a repressor in the regulation of patchouli alcohol biosynthesis, contributed to a model proposed for the potential JA signaling pathway in P. cablin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xiuzhen Chen
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Liting Zhong
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yun Tang
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yanting Liu
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Junren Li
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Hai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, China;
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Likai Chen
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +020-3935-8066
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Ludman M, Fátyol K. The virological model plant, Nicotiana benthamiana expresses a single functional RDR6 homeolog. Virology 2019; 537:143-148. [PMID: 31493652 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The RNA dependent RNA polymerase, RDR6 is involved in a variety of processes including the biogenesis of endogenous regulatory small RNAs, maintaining post-transcriptional gene silencing of transgenes and establishing efficient antiviral RNA silencing. In the virological model plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, functional studies of RDR6 has so far only been depended on RNAi based methodologies. These techniques however have inherent limitations, especially in the context of antiviral RNA silencing. To overcome this issue, we created rdr6 mutant N. benthamiana by the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Using the mutant, most of the proposed functions of RDR6 was confirmed. Additionally, the rdr6 N. benthamiana plant recapitulated closely the phenotype of the equivalent Arabidopsis mutant. In summary, the rdr6 N. benthamiana described here may be employed as a model system not only for the better understanding of the role of RDR6 in pathogen elicited immune responses but in various developmental processes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Károly Fátyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
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42
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Levsh O, Pluskal T, Carballo V, Mitchell AJ, Weng JK. Independent evolution of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in two sister families under the Lamiids clade of flowering plants. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15193-15205. [PMID: 31481469 PMCID: PMC6802498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a means to maintain their sessile lifestyle amid challenging environments, plants produce an enormous diversity of compounds as chemical defenses against biotic and abiotic insults. The underpinning metabolic pathways that support the biosynthesis of these specialized chemicals in divergent plant species provide a rich arena for understanding the molecular evolution of complex metabolic traits. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic natural product first discovered in plants of the mint family (Lamiaceae) and is recognized for its wide range of medicinal properties and potential applications in human dietary and medical interventions. Interestingly, the RA chemotype is present sporadically in multiple taxa of flowering plants as well as some hornworts and ferns, prompting the question whether its biosynthesis arose independently across different lineages. Here we report the elucidation of the RA biosynthetic pathway in Phacelia campanularia (desert bells). This species represents the borage family (Boraginaceae), an RA-producing family closely related to the Lamiaceae within the Lamiids clade. Using a multi-omics approach in combination with functional characterization of candidate genes both in vitro and in vivo, we found that RA biosynthesis in P. campanularia involves specific activities of a BAHD acyltransferase and two cytochrome P450 hydroxylases. Further phylogenetic and comparative structure-function analyses of the P. campanularia RA biosynthetic enzymes clearly indicate that RA biosynthesis has evolved independently at least twice in the Lamiids, an exemplary case of chemotypic convergence through disparate evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Levsh
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Valentina Carballo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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Cody WB, Scholthof HB. Plant Virus Vectors 3.0: Transitioning into Synthetic Genomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:211-230. [PMID: 31185187 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses were first implemented as heterologous gene expression vectors more than three decades ago. Since then, the methodology for their use has varied, but we propose it was the merging of technologies with virology tools, which occurred in three defined steps discussed here, that has driven viral vector applications to date. The first was the advent of molecular biology and reverse genetics, which enabled the cloning and manipulation of viral genomes to express genes of interest (vectors 1.0). The second stems from the discovery of RNA silencing and the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies that allowed the convenient and widespread use of virus-induced gene silencing (vectors 2.0). Here, we briefly review the events that led to these applications, but this treatise mainly concentrates on the emerging versatility of gene-editing tools, which has enabled the emergence of virus-delivered genetic queries for functional genomics and virology (vectors 3.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Will B Cody
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
- Shriram Center for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Herman B Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
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Zeng H, Xie Y, Liu G, Wei Y, Hu W, Shi H. Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transient Overexpression and Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)-Based Gene Silencing in Cassava. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3976. [PMID: 31443292 PMCID: PMC6719147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) are very useful in functional genomics in plants. However, whether these methods are effective in cassava (Manihot esculenta), one of the most important tropical crops, remains elusive. In this study, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) as reporter genes in a transient expression assay. GFP or GUS could be detected in the infiltrated leaves at 2 days postinfiltration (dpi) and were evidenced by visual GFP and GUS assays, reverse-transcription PCR, and Western blot. In addition, phytoene desaturase (PDS) was used to show the silencing effect in a VIGS system. Both Agrobacterium GV3101 and AGL-1 with tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-MePDS-infiltrated distal leaves showed an albino phenotype at 20 dpi; in particular, the AGL-1-infiltrated plants showed an obvious albino area in the most distal leaves. Moreover, the silencing effect was validated by molecular identification. Notably, compared with the obvious cassava mosaic disease symptom infiltrated by African-cassava-mosaic-virus-based VIGS systems in previous studies, TRV-based VIGS-system-infiltrated cassava plants did not show obvious virus-induced disease symptoms, suggesting a significant advantage. Taken together, these methods could promote functional genomics in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Zeng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yanwei Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guoyin Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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45
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Basile A, Fambrini M, Tani C, Shukla V, Licausi F, Pugliesi C. The
Ha‐ROXL
gene is required for initiation of axillary and floral meristems in sunflower. Genesis 2019; 57:e23307. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Basile
- Institute of Life SciencesScuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE)University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Camilla Tani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE)University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Vinay Shukla
- Institute of Life SciencesScuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Institute of Life SciencesScuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE)University of Pisa Pisa Italy
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46
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Luo C, Wang ZQ, Liu X, Zhao L, Zhou X, Xie Y. Identification and Analysis of Potential Genes Regulated by an Alphasatellite (TYLCCNA) that Contribute to Host Resistance against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl China Virus and Its Betasatellite (TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB) Infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2019; 11:E442. [PMID: 31096636 PMCID: PMC6563268 DOI: 10.3390/v11050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, begomovirus/betasatellite disease complexes were found to be associated with alphasatellites, and their presence modulated disease symptoms and/or viral DNA accumulation in infected plants. However, the biological functions of alphasatellites during begomovirus/betasatellite infections remain unclear. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) associated with a betasatellite (TYLCCNB) is a widespread monopartite begomovirus in China. In the Yunnan province of China, the TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB disease complex is found in association with an alphasatellite (TYLCCNA). In this study, in order to explain the mechanisms underlying TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection and reductions in viral DNA accumulation caused by TYLCCNA, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles of Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings challenged by TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB or TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB/TYLCCNA using RNA sequencing. In total, 2272 and 1207 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified to respond to TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB and TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB/TYLCCNA infections, respectively. Compared with the DEGs in the TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB-infected N. benthamiana seedlings, the number of DEGs in plants co-infected with TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB + TYLCCNA was significantly reduced. Additionally, 36 DEGs were identified to be regulated by TYLCCNA, six of which were further analyzed using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach. Silencing of these six TYLCCNA responsive DEGs caused more severe disease symptoms and higher viral DNA accumulation levels, suggesting that TYLCCNA responsive DEGs may attenuate TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhan Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Xianan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Liling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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47
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Wang X, Ren Y, Li J, Wang Z, Xin Z, Lin T. Knock-down the expression of TaH2B-7D using virus-induced gene silencing reduces wheat drought tolerance. Biol Res 2019; 52:14. [PMID: 30894225 PMCID: PMC6427858 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drought is a major abiotic stress affecting global wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Exploration of drought-tolerant genes is essential for the genetic improvement of drought tolerance in wheat. Previous studies have shown that some histone encoding genes are involved in plant drought tolerance. However, whether the H2B family genes are involved in drought stress response remains unclear. Methods Here, we identified a wheat histone H2B family gene, TaH2B-7D, which was significantly up-regulated under drought stress conditions. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to further verify the function of TaH2B-7D in wheat drought tolerance. The phenotypic and physiological changes were examined in the TaH2B-7D knock-down plants. Results In the TaH2B-7D knock-down plants, relative electrolyte leakage rate and malonaldehyde (MDA) content significantly increased, while relative water content (RWC) and proline content significantly decreased compared with those in the non-knocked-down plants under drought stress conditions. TaH2B-7D knock-down plants exhibited severe sagging, wilting and dwarf phenotypes under drought stress conditions, but not in the non-knocked-down plants, suggesting that the former were more sensitive to drought stress. Conclusion These results indicate that TaH2B-7D potentially plays a vital role in conferring drought tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yongzhe Ren
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zeyu Xin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Tongbao Lin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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48
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Hashimoto M, Yamaji Y, Komatsu K. Analysis of Antiviral Resistance Signaling Pathways by Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2028:85-95. [PMID: 31228109 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9635-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the absence of antiviral chemicals, strategies to deploy antiviral resistance in plants are desirable. Deciphering antiviral resistance mechanisms has been extensively promoted by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique, which decreases the transcriptional level of the gene of interest via RNA silencing machinery triggered by the partial gene fragment inserted into a viral vector. This technique has contributed to addressing the function of a number of host genes, which are involved in signaling pathways leading to Resistance (R) protein-mediated resistance and the viral disease symptoms such as systemic necrosis. Here we describe the general VIGS protocol and its tips to analyze antiviral resistance mechanism using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS vector in tobacco plant Nicotiana benthamiana. In most cases, the knockdown of host genes by TRV vector is highly efficient and uniform at the whole plant level but is not associated with any severe symptoms. Using this method together with inoculation of a challenge virus and transient overexpression of a viral elicitor or another host signaling component by agroinfiltration, as well as measurement of hallmarks of antiviral responses, we can address the role of the host factors and the epistatic relationship between several host factors in the resistance signaling pathway against plant virus infection. The protocol described here using the highly susceptible host N. benthamiana to a variety of plant viruses provides the opportunity to study resistance mechanisms underlying many host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Komatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
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49
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Wahyudi A, Ariyani D, Ma G, Inaba R, Fukasawa C, Nakano R, Motohashi R. Functional analyses of lipocalin proteins in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:303-312. [PMID: 31892817 PMCID: PMC6905218 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two temperature-induced lipocalin genes SlTIL1 and SlTIL2, and a chloroplastic lipocalin gene SlCHL were isolated from 'Micro-Tom' tomato. The coding sequences of SlTIL1, SlTIL2 and SlCHL were 558, 558, and 1002 bp, respectively. By TargetP analysis, no characteristic transit peptides were predicted in the proteins of SlTIL1 and SlTIL2, while a chloroplastic transit peptide was predicted in the protein of SlCHL. The subcellular localization results indicated that SlTIL1 and SlTIL2 proteins were major localized in the plasma membrane, while SlCHL was localized in chloroplast. To understand the function of lipocalins, transgenic tomato over-expressed SlTIL1, SlTIL2 and SlCHL and their virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) plants were generated. The phenotypes were significantly affected when the SlTIL1, SlTIL2 and SlCHL were over-expressed or silenced by VIGS, which suggested that the three lipocalins played important roles in regulating the growth and development of tomato. In addition, the level of ROS (O2 - and H2O2) was low in SlTIL1, SlTIL2 and SlCHL over-expressed plants, while it was high in their silenced plants. The changes in the expression of SODs were consistent with the accumulations of ROS, which indicated that lipocalins might have an important role in abiotic oxidative stress tolerance in tomato plants. Especially SlTIL1 and SlTIL2 are localized around their membranes and protect them from ROS. The results will contribute to elucidating the functions of lipocalin in plants, and provide new strategies to improve the tolerance to abiotic stress in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anung Wahyudi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Politeknik Negeri Lampung-Indonesia, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta no.10 Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung-Indonesia
| | - Dinni Ariyani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Gang Ma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Inaba
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Chikako Fukasawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakano
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Reiko Motohashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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50
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Atsumi G, Kagaya U, Tabayashi N, Matsumura T. Analysis of the mechanisms regulating the expression of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes in hydroponically-grown Nicotiana benthamiana plants using virus-induced gene silencing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14804. [PMID: 30287831 PMCID: PMC6172274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites in plants play important roles in defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites have been extensively studied, the regulatory mechanism of gene expression involved in these pathways remains poorly understood. In this study, we develop a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system that enables a rapid analysis of the regulatory mechanism of genes involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, one of the largest groups in secondary metabolites, using hydroponically-grown Nicotiana benthamiana. Using VIGS, we successfully reduced the transcript levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (HMGR1), cycloartenol synthase 1 (CAS1), sterol side chain reductase 2 (SSR2) and S-adenosyl-L-Met-dependent C-24 sterol methyltransferase 1 (SMT1) in leaf, stem and root tissues in approximately 2 weeks. We identified novel feedback and feed-forward regulation of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes when CAS1, which encodes a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of sterols and steroidal glycoalkaloids, was down-regulated. Furthermore, the regulation of these genes differed among different tissues. These results demonstrate that our system can rapidly analyse the regulatory mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Atsumi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-17-2-1, Tsukisamuhigashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Uiko Kagaya
- Plant Biotechnology Center, Hokusan Co. Ltd, 27-4, Kitanosato, Kitahiroshima, Hokkaido, 061-1111, Japan
| | - Noriko Tabayashi
- Plant Biotechnology Center, Hokusan Co. Ltd, 27-4, Kitanosato, Kitahiroshima, Hokkaido, 061-1111, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-17-2-1, Tsukisamuhigashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8517, Japan
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