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Ramirez JM, Carroll MS, Burgraff N, Rand CM, Weese-Mayer DE. A narrative review of the mechanisms and consequences of intermittent hypoxia and the role of advanced analytic techniques in pediatric autonomic disorders. Clin Auton Res 2023; 33:287-300. [PMID: 37326924 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-023-00958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of autonomic functions are typically characterized by disturbances in multiple organ systems. These disturbances are often comorbidities of common and rare diseases, such as epilepsy, sleep apnea, Rett syndrome, congenital heart disease or mitochondrial diseases. Characteristic of many autonomic disorders is the association with intermittent hypoxia and oxidative stress, which can cause or exaggerate a variety of other autonomic dysfunctions, making the treatment and management of these syndromes very complex. In this review we discuss the cellular mechanisms by which intermittent hypoxia can trigger a cascade of molecular, cellular and network events that result in the dysregulation of multiple organ systems. We also describe the importance of computational approaches, artificial intelligence and the analysis of big data to better characterize and recognize the interconnectedness of the various autonomic and non-autonomic symptoms. These techniques can lead to a better understanding of the progression of autonomic disorders, ultimately resulting in better care and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Michael S Carroll
- Data Analytics and Reporting, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Casey M Rand
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Marciante AB, Shell B, Farmer GE, Cunningham JT. Role of angiotensin II in chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension and cognitive decline. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R519-R525. [PMID: 33595364 PMCID: PMC8238144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00222.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep apnea is characterized by momentary interruptions in normal respiration and leads to periods of decreased oxygen, or intermittent hypoxia. Chronic intermittent hypoxia is a model of the hypoxemia associated with sleep apnea and results in a sustained hypertension that is maintained during normoxia. Adaptations of the carotid body and activation of the renin-angiotensin system may contribute to the development of hypertension associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia. The subsequent activation of the brain renin-angiotensin system may produce changes in sympathetic regulatory neural networks that support the maintenance of the hypertension associated with intermittent hypoxia. Hypertension and sleep apnea not only increase risk for cardiovascular disease but are also risk factors for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Activation of the angiotensin system could be a common mechanism that links these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B Marciante
- Breathing REsearch And THErapeutics (BREATHE) Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brent Shell
- Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - George E Farmer
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - J Thomas Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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O'Connor KM, Lucking EF, Bastiaanssen TFS, Peterson VL, Crispie F, Cotter PD, Clarke G, Cryan JF, O'Halloran KD. Prebiotic administration modulates gut microbiota and faecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations but does not prevent chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced apnoea and hypertension in adult rats. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102968. [PMID: 32861200 PMCID: PMC7475129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accruing to suggest that microbiota-gut-brain signalling plays a regulatory role in cardiorespiratory physiology. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), modelling human sleep apnoea, affects gut microbiota composition and elicits cardiorespiratory morbidity. We investigated if treatment with prebiotics ameliorates cardiorespiratory dysfunction in CIH-exposed rats. METHODS Adult male rats were exposed to CIH (96 cycles/day, 6.0% O2 at nadir) for 14 consecutive days with and without prebiotic supplementation (fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides) beginning two weeks prior to gas exposures. FINDINGS CIH increased apnoea index and caused hypertension. CIH exposure had modest effects on the gut microbiota, decreasing the relative abundance of Lactobacilli species, but had no effect on microbial functional characteristics. Faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, plasma and brainstem pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations and brainstem neurochemistry were unaffected by exposure to CIH. Prebiotic administration modulated gut microbiota composition and diversity, altering gut-metabolic (GMMs) and gut-brain (GBMs) modules and increased faecal acetic and propionic acid concentrations, but did not prevent adverse CIH-induced cardiorespiratory phenotypes. INTERPRETATION CIH-induced cardiorespiratory dysfunction is not dependant upon changes in microbial functional characteristics and decreased faecal SCFA concentrations. Prebiotic-related modulation of microbial function and resultant increases in faecal SCFAs were not sufficient to prevent CIH-induced apnoea and hypertension in our model. Our results do not exclude the potential for microbiota-gut-brain axis involvement in OSA-related cardiorespiratory morbidity, but they demonstrate that in a relatively mild model of CIH, sufficient to evoke classic cardiorespiratory dysfunction, such changes are not obligatory for the development of morbidity, but may become relevant in the elaboration and maintenance of cardiorespiratory morbidity with progressive disease. FUNDING Department of Physiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland. APC Microbiome Ireland is funded by Science Foundation Ireland, through the Government's National Development Plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric F Lucking
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Crispie
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Carotid body enlargement in hypertension and other comorbidities evaluated by ultrasonography. J Hypertens 2020; 37:1455-1462. [PMID: 30925145 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid body hyperactivity is important for sympathetic-related diseases and carotid body volume may partly reflect carotid bodies' activity. Our objective was to identify the association between carotid body volume and hypertension or other sympathetic-related diseases. METHODS Consecutive individuals, undergoing carotid ultrasonography, who were eligible for the inclusion criteria were included. The bilateral carotid bodies were detected and volumetric parameters were measured by carotid ultrasonography in clinical. Clinical data of included participants were collected and analysed. RESULTS A total of 1226 consecutive individuals underwent carotid ultrasonography. Carotid bodies were detected as solid, pebble-shaped, hypoechoic structures and the overall carotid body detection rate was 78.7% (965/1226). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses indicated that hypertension, chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic lung disease, smoking and high BMI were positively associated with carotid body enlargement. Compared with controls (2.63 μl), carotid body volume was significantly elevated in simple hypertensive (3.11 μl, P < 0.001), simple CHF (3.27 μl, P = 0.004) and simple smoking (3.47 μl, P < 0.001) groups. Moreover, the individuals with three comorbidities (4.05 μl) had significantly larger carotid bodies than those with one (3.23 μl, P < 0.001) or two comorbidities (3.46 μl, P = 0.017), suggesting that there existed a cumulative effect of comorbidities on carotid body volume. CONCLUSION Carotid body enlargement is strongly associated with hypertension and other sympathetic-related diseases or risk factors, and carotid body volume evaluated by carotid ultrasonography may be further explored as a promising screening and evaluation predictor for carotid body modulation therapy in patients with hypertension and other sympathetic-related diseases.
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Endothelin-1-Mediated Mechanisms in the Carotid Body Modulates Cardiovascular Responses in Rats Exposed to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pijacka W, Katayama PL, Salgado HC, Lincevicius GS, Campos RR, McBryde FD, Paton JFR. Variable role of carotid bodies in cardiovascular responses to exercise, hypoxia and hypercapnia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Physiol 2018; 596:3201-3216. [PMID: 29313987 DOI: 10.1113/jp275487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Carotid bodies play a critical role in maintaining arterial pressure during hypoxia and this has important implications when considering resection therapy of the carotid body in disease states such as hypertension. Curbing hypertension in patients whether resting or under stress remains a major global health challenge. We demonstrated previously the benefits of removing carotid body afferent input into the brain for both alleviating sympathetic overdrive and reducing blood pressure in neurogenic hypertension. We describe a new approach in rats for selective ablation of the carotid bodies that spares the functional integrity of the carotid sinus baroreceptors, and demonstrate the importance of the carotid bodies in the haemodynamic response to forced exercise, hypoxia and hypercapnia in conditions of hypertension. Selective ablation reduced blood pressure in hypertensive rats and re-set baroreceptor reflex function accordingly; the increases in blood pressure seen during exercise, hypoxia and hypercapnia were unaffected, abolished and augmented, respectively, after selective carotid body removal. The data suggest that carotid body ablation may trigger potential cardiovascular risks particularly during hypoxia and hypercapnia and that suppression rather than obliteration of their activity may be a more effective and safer route to pursue. ABSTRACT The carotid body has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic target for treating cardiovascular disease, but the potential impact of carotid body removal on the dynamic cardiovascular responses to acute stressors such as exercise, hypoxia and hypercapnia in hypertension is an important safety consideration that has not been studied. We first validated a novel surgical approach to selectively resect the carotid bodies bilaterally (CBR) sparing the carotid sinus baroreflex. Second, we evaluated the impact of CBR on the cardiovascular responses to exercise, hypoxia and hypercapnia in conscious, chronically instrumented spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. The results confirm that our CBR technique successfully and selectively abolished the chemoreflex, whilst preserving carotid baroreflex function. CBR produced a sustained fall in arterial pressure in the SH rat of ∼20 mmHg that persisted across both dark and light phases (P < 0.001), with baroreflex function curves resetting around lower arterial pressure levels. The cardiovascular and respiratory responses to moderate forced exercise were similar between CBR and Sham rats. In contrast, CBR abolished the pressor response to hypoxia seen in Sham animals, although the increases in heart rate and respiration were similar between Sham and CBR groups. Both the pressor and the respiratory responses to 7% hypercapnia were augmented after CBR (P < 0.05) compared to sham. Our finding that the carotid bodies play a critical role in maintaining arterial pressure during hypoxia has important implications when considering resection therapy of the carotid body in disease states such as hypertension as well as heart failure with sleep apnoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Pijacka
- Bristol CardioNomics Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Pedro L Katayama
- Bristol CardioNomics Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gisele S Lincevicius
- Bristol CardioNomics Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Cardiovascular Division - Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Cardiovascular Division - Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fiona D McBryde
- Cardiovascular Autonomic Research Cluster, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Bristol CardioNomics Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Cardiovascular Autonomic Research Cluster, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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McBryde FD, Hart EC, Ramchandra R, Paton JF. Evaluating the carotid bodies and renal nerves as therapeutic targets for hypertension. Auton Neurosci 2017; 204:126-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brasileiro-Santos MDS, Santos ADC. Neural mechanismsand post-exercise hypotension: The importance of experimental studies. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700si0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Morgan BJ, Bates ML, Rio RD, Wang Z, Dopp JM. Oxidative stress augments chemoreflex sensitivity in rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 234:47-59. [PMID: 27595979 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to intermittent hypoxia (CIH) elicits plasticity of the carotid sinus and phrenic nerves via reactive oxygen species (ROS). To determine whether CIH-induced alterations in ventilation, metabolism, and heart rate are also dependent on ROS, we measured responses to acute hypoxia in conscious rats after 14 and 21 d of either CIH or normoxia (NORM), with or without concomitant administration of allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor), combined allopurinol plus losartan (angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist), or apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor). Carotid body nitrotyrosine production was measured by immunohistochemistry. CIH produced an increase in the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia that was virtually eliminated by all three pharmacologic interventions. CIH caused a robust increase in carotid body nitrotyrosine production that was greatly attenuated by allopurinol plus losartan and by apocynin but unaffected by allopurinol. CIH caused a decrease in metabolic rate and a reduction in hypoxic bradycardia. Both of these effects were prevented by allopurinol, allopurinol plus losartan, and apocynin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Morgan
- John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health: University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Melissa L Bates
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zunyi Wang
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John M Dopp
- Pharmacy Practice Division, School of Pharmacy; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Morgan BJ, Adrian R, Wang ZY, Bates ML, Dopp JM. Chronic intermittent hypoxia alters ventilatory and metabolic responses to acute hypoxia in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1186-95. [PMID: 26917692 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00015.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the effects of chronic exposure to intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on chemoreflex control of ventilation in conscious animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CIH [nadir oxygen saturation (SpO2), 75%; 15 events/h; 10 h/day] or normoxia (NORM) for 21 days. We assessed the following responses to acute, graded hypoxia before and after exposures: ventilation (V̇e, via barometric plethysmography), V̇o2 and V̇co2 (analysis of expired air), heart rate (HR), and SpO2 (pulse oximetry via neck collar). We quantified hypoxia-induced chemoreceptor sensitivity by calculating the stimulus-response relationship between SpO2 and the ventilatory equivalent for V̇co2 (linear regression). An additional aim was to determine whether CIH causes proliferation of carotid body glomus cells (using bromodeoxyuridine). CIH exposure increased the slope of the V̇e/V̇co2/SpO2 relationship and caused hyperventilation in normoxia. Bromodeoxyuridine staining was comparable in CIH and NORM. Thus our CIH paradigm augmented hypoxic chemosensitivity without causing glomus cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Morgan
- John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin;
| | - Russell Adrian
- John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zun-Yi Wang
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Melissa L Bates
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - John M Dopp
- Pharmacy Practice Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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